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French Creoles

A Comprehensive and Comparative Grammar

French Creoles: A Comprehensive and Comparative Grammar is the first

complete reference to present the morphology, grammar, and syntax of a representative selection of French creoles in one volume.

The book is organised to promote a thorough understanding of the grammar of French creoles and presents its complexities in a concise and readable form. An extensive index, cross-referencing, and a generous use of headings provide readers with immediate access to the information they require.

The varieties included within the volume provide a representative collection of French creoles from the Indian, Atlantic, and Pacific Oceans, including: Mauritian Creole, Seychelles Creole, Réunion Creole (where relevant), Haitian Creole, Martinique Creole, Guadeloupe Creole, Guyanese French Creole, Karipuna, St. Lucia Creole, Louisiana Creole, and Tayo.

By providing a comprehensive description of a range of French creoles in a clear and non-technical manner, this grammar is the ideal reference for all linguists and researchers with an interest in Creole studies and in French, descriptive and historical linguistics.

Anand Syea is Reader in Linguistics at the University of Westminster (London) and a native speaker of Mauritian Creole.

Routledge Comprehensive Grammars

Comprehensive Grammars are available for the following languages: Bengali Burmese Cantonese Catalan Chinese Danish Dutch French Creoles Greek Indonesian Japanese Kazakh Modern Welsh Modern Written Arabic Panjabi Slovene Swedish Turkish Ukrainian

French Creoles

A Comprehensive and Comparative Grammar

Anand Syea

First published 2017 by Routledge 2 Park Square, Milton Park,Abingdon, Oxon OX14 4RN

and by Routledge 711Third Avenue, NewYork, NY 10017

Routledge is an imprint of th e T a ylor & Francis Group, an informa business

© 2017 Anand Syea The right of Anand Syea to be identified as author of this work has been asserted by him in accordance with sections 77 and 78 of the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988.

All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reprinted or reproduced or utilised in any form or by any electronic, mechanical, or other means, now known or hereafter invented, including photocopying and recording, or in any information storage or retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publishers.

Trademark notice: Product or corporate names may be trademarks or registered trademarks, and are used only for identification and explanation without intent to infringe.

British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data

A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library

Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data

A catalog record for this book has been requested ISBN: 978-1-138-01564-7 (hbk) ISBN: 978-1-315-38858-8 (ebk)

Typeset in Sabon and Gill Sans by Apex CoVantage, LLC

To my family and my very good friend, Robert Leyland

Contents

  • List of tables
  • xv

xvii xviii xix
Acknowledgements List of abbreviations List of symbols

  • 1
  • Introduction
  • 1

1.0 Introduction 1.1 Theories of creole development
1.1.1 Monogenesis theory
122

  • 1.1.2 Substratist theory
  • 3

  • 1.1.3 Superstratist theory
  • 3

  • 1.1.4 Universalist theory
  • 4

1.1.5 Feature pool hypothesis – an ecological approach
1.2 Contemporary debates
56
1.3 The comparative approach 1.4 About this book
79

  • 1.5 About the French creoles
  • 10

10 11 12 13
1.5.1 The Atlantic French creoles 1.5.2 The French creoles of the Americas 1.5.3 The French creoles of the Indian Ocean 1.5.4 The French creole of New Caledonia (Pacific)

  • 2
  • Nouns
  • 14

2.0 Introduction 2.1 General 2.2 Nouns in French
2.2.1 Subcategories of nouns
14 14 16 16

vii

Contents

2.2.2 Gender 2.2.3 Number 2.2.4 Agreement 2.2.5 Word order
18 20 21 23 23 25 28 31 35 35 41
2.3 Nouns in the French creoles
2.3.1 Subcategories of nouns 2.3.2 Gender 2.3.3 Number 2.3.4 Definiteness and specificity 2.3.5 Bare nouns 2.3.6 Noun-noun constructions 2.3.7 Nouns and derivational morphology

  • in the French creoles
  • 44

  • 46
  • 2.4 Concluding remarks

  • 3
  • Determiners
  • 47

3.0 Introduction 3.1 General
47 47 49 49 50 51 52 53 59 61 74 78 84
3.2 Determiners in French
3.2.1 The definite article 3.2.2 The indefinite article 3.2.3 The partitive article
3.3 Determiners in the French creoles
3.3.1 Loss of French definite articles 3.3.2 The indefinite article 3.3.3 The definite determiner 3.3.4 The demonstrative determiner 3.3.5 The possessive determiner
3.4 Concluding remarks

  • 4
  • Pronouns
  • 85

4.0 Introduction 4.1 General
85 85 86 86 90 90 91 92 93
4.2 Pronouns in French
4.2.1 Personal pronouns 4.2.2 Demonstrative pronouns 4.2.3 Possessive pronouns 4.2.4 Reflexive pronouns 4.2.5 Impersonal/expletive pronouns
4.3 Pronouns in the French creoles

viii

Contents

4.3.1 Personal pronouns in the French creoles

4.3.1.1 Personal   pronouns in the IOC 4.3.1.2 Personal   pronouns in Haitian 4.3.1.3 Personal   pronouns in Lesser
Antillean creoles

93 93 96

98
100 101

4.3.1.4 Personal   pronouns in Guyanese 4.3.1.5 Personal   pronouns in Karipuna 4.3.1.6 Personal   pronouns in Louisiana Creole  102

4.3.2 Demonstrative pronouns in the French creoles

4.3.2.1 Demonstrative   pronouns in the IOC 4.3.2.2 Demonstrative   pronouns in Haitian 4.3.2.3 Demonstrative   pronouns in
Lesser Antillean creoles

104 104 105

106 107

  • 4.3.2.4
  • Demonstrative pronouns in

Guyanese and Karipuna
4.3.2.5 Demonstrative   pronouns in
Louisiana Creole

4.3.3 Possessive pronouns in the French creoles

4.3.3.1 Possessive   pronouns in the IOC 4.3.3.2 Possessive   pronouns in the Atlantic
French creoles

108 110 110

111

4.3.3.3 Possessive   pronouns in Karipuna and Lousiana Creole

112 115 115 119
4.3.4 Reflexive pronouns in the French creoles

4.3.4.1 Reflexive   pronouns in the IOC 4.3.4.2 Reflexive   pronouns in Haitian 4.3.4.3 Reflexive   pronouns in Lesser
Antillean creoles

121 122

4.3.4.4 Reflexive   pronouns in Guyanese and Karipuna
4.3.4.5 Reflexive   pronouns in Louisiana
Creole
4.3.4.6 Reflexive   pronouns in Tayo

4.3.5 Impersonal/expletive pronouns in the French creoles
123 124

126 126 127 129

4.3.5.1 Impersonal/expletive   pronouns in the IOC
4.3.5.2 Impersonal/expletive   pronouns in Haitian
4.3.5.3 Impersonal/expletive   pronouns in Lesser Antillean creoles

ix

Contents

4.3.5.4 Impersonal/expletive   pronouns in Guyanese and Karipuna

130

4.3.5.5 Impersonal/expletive   pronouns in Louisiana Creole

132 134 135

  • 4.3.5.6
  • Impersonal/expletive pronouns in Tayo

4.4 Concluding remarks

  • 5
  • Adjectives
  • 136

5.0 Introduction 5.1 General 5.2 Adjectives in French
5.2.1 Adjectives as modifiers
136 136 137 137 138 139 139 140 141 143 144 145 145 146 148 151 152 153 155 156 159 161 162

5.2.1.1 Post-nominal   adjectives 5.2.1.2 Pre-nominal   adjectives 5.2.1.3 Pre-   and post-nominal adjectives

5.2.2 Adjective order 5.2.3 Agreement between adjectives and nouns 5.2.4 Adjectives as heads and complements 5.2.5 Adjectives as nouns and adverbs 5.2.6 Comparative and superlative adjectives
5.3 Adjectives in the French creoles
5.3.1 Post-nominal adjectives 5.3.2 Pre-nominal adjectives 5.3.3 Pre- and post-nominal adjectives 5.3.4 Adjective order 5.3.5 Adjectives as heads and complements 5.3.6 Adjectives as nouns and adverbs 5.3.7 Comparative and superlative adjectives 5.3.8 Adjective reduplication 5.3.9 Adjective compounds
5.4 Concluding remarks

  • 6
  • Adverbs
  • 163

6.0 Introduction 6.1 General
163 163 165 166 173 178 179
6.2 Adverbs in French 6.3 Adverbs in the French creoles
6.3.1 Adverb order 6.3.2 Adverb reduplication
6.4 Concluding remarks

x

Contents

  • 7
  • Prepositions
  • 180

7.0 Introduction 7.1 General 7.2 Prepositions in French 7.3 Prepositions in the French creoles
7.3.1 Absence of French grammatical prepositions 7.3.2 The semantics of prepositions 7.3.3 The syntax of prepositions

7.3.3.1 Preposition   reanalysis

7.4 Concluding remarks
180 180 182 183 183 190 196 199 202

  • 8
  • Verbs
  • 203

8.0 Introduction 8.1 General 8.2 Verbs in French
203 203 205 206 211 211 214 214 220 224 225 228 229 231 236 240 245 248 252
8.2.1 French verb morphology
8.3 Verbs in the French creoles
8.3.1 Morphology of verbs 8.3.2 Typology of verbs in the French creoles

8.3.2.1 Transitive   verbs 8.3.2.2 Ditransitive   verbs 8.3.2.3 Unaccusative   verbs 8.3.2.4 Unergative   verbs 8.3.2.5 Ergative   verbs

8.3.3 Complex-transitive verbs 8.3.4 Raising verbs 8.3.5 Control verbs 8.3.6 Existential verbs 8.3.7 Causative verbs 8.3.8 Serial verbs
8.4 Concluding remarks

  • 9
  • Tense, mood, and aspect
  • 254

9.0 Introduction 9.1 General 9.2 Tense, mood, and aspect in French 9.3 Tense, mood, and aspect in the French creoles
9.3.1 Tense in the French creoles

9.3.1.1 Present   tense

254 254 256 258 263 263

xi

Contents

9.3.1.2 Past   tense 9.3.1.3 Future   tense

9.3.2 Aspect in the French creoles 9.3.3 Modality in the French creoles
9.4 Order of tense, modal, aspect markers 9.5 Concluding remarks
269 272 275 284 294 297

  • 10 Negation
  • 299

10.0 Introduction 10.1 General 10.2 Negative sentences in French 10.3 Negative sentences in the French creoles 10.4 Negative words in the French creoles 10.5 Concluding remarks
299 299 301 305 311 316

  • 11 Clause structure and word order
  • 318

11.0 Introduction 11.1 General
318 318 319 322 325 330 333 342 351
11.2 Typology of sentences in French 11.3 Typology of sentences in the French creoles 11.4 Word order in the French creoles 11.5 Structure of sentences in the French creoles 11.6 Subject-less and object-less sentences 11.7 Independent verb-less sentences 11.8 Concluding remarks

  • 12 Clausal complements and complementisers
  • 353

12.0 Introduction 12.1 General 12.2 Clausal complements and complementisers in French 12.3 Clausal complements and complementisers in the French creoles
353 353 355

359 360 364 367 369
12.3.1 Clausal complements and complementisers in the IOC
12.3.2 Clausal complements and complementisers in Haitian
12.3.3 Clausal complements and complementisers in Lesser Antillean creoles
12.3.4 Clausal complements and complementisers in St. Lucian

xii

Contents

12.3.5 Clausal complements and complementisers in Guyanese
12.3.6 Clausal complements and complementisers in Karipuna
371 373
12.3.7 Clausal complements and complementisers in Louisiana Creole
12.4 Small clause complements in the French creoles 12.5 Concluding remarks
374 377 381

  • 13 Relative clauses
  • 382

13.0 Introduction 13.1 General
382 382 384 387 387 391
13.2 Relative clauses in French 13.3 Relative clauses in the French creoles
13.3.1 Relative clauses in the IOC 13.3.2 Relative clauses in Haitian 13.3.3 Relative clauses in Martinican, Guadeloupean,
St. Lucian, and Guyanese
13.3.4 Relative clauses in Karipuna 13.3.5 Relative clauses in Louisiana Creole 13.3.6 Relative clauses in Tayo
13.4 Non-finite relative clauses in the French creoles 13.5 Free relatives in the French creoles 13.6 Concluding remarks
394 398 400 403 404 406 408

  • 14 Questions
  • 410

14.0 Introduction 14.1 General 14.2 Questions in French 14.3 Questions in the French creoles
14.3.1 Yes/no questions
410 410 412 415 415 418 418 431 433 435 436 438 439 441
14.3.2 Wh-questions

14.3.2.1 Direct   wh-questions 14.3.2.2 Indirect   wh-questions 14.3.2.3 Long   wh-questions 14.3.2.4 Multiple   wh-questions 14.3.2.5 Wh-in-situ   questions

14.3.3 Verification tag questions
14.4 A note on questions in Tayo 14.5 Concluding remarks

xiii

Contents

  • 15 Cleft, topic, and dislocated constructions
  • 443

15.0 Introduction 15.1 General 15.2 Cleft, topic, and left dislocated constructions in French 15.3 Cleft, topic, and left dislocated constructions in the
French creoles
443 443 445

447 448 448 454
15.3.1 Cleft constructions

15.3.1.1 Cleft   constructions in the IOC 15.3.1.2 Cleft   constructions in Haitian 15.3.1.3 Cleft   constructions in Martinican and Guadeloupean
15.3.1.4 Cleft   constructions in St. Lucian 15.3.1.5 Cleft   constructions in Guyanese 15.3.1.6 Cleft   constructions in Karipuna 15.3.1.7 Cleft   constructions in Louisiana Creole 15.3.1.8 Summary

458 460 461 463 463 464

  • 466
  • 15.3.2 Topic constructions

15.3.2.1 T opic   constructions in the French creoles  467

15.3.2.1.1 Topic constructions in the IOC
15.3.2.1.2 Topic constructions in Haitian
467 470
15.3.2.1.3 Topic constructions in
Martinican and Guadeloupean
15.3.2.1.4 Topic constructions in
Karipuna
471 473
15.3.2.1.5 Topic constructions in
Louisiana Creole
15.3.3 Dislocated constructions in the French creoles

15.3.3.1 Left   dislocated constructions in the IOC

474 475

475

15.3.3.2 Left   dislocated constructions in Haitian  478 15.3.3.3 Left   dislocated constructions in Martinican and Guadeloupean
15.3.3.4 Left   dislocated constructions in
Guyanese and St. Lucian

478 481

15.3.3.5 Left   dislocated constructions in
Karipuna and Louisiana Creole

15.4 Concluding remarks
482 484

xiv

Bibliography Index
486 495

Tables

  • 2.1
  • Determiner-less (bare) nouns in English, French,

  • and the IOC
  • 36

  • 44
  • 2.2

3.1
Derivational morphology in French Agglutinated indefinite articles in Louisiana Creole and the IOC The demonstrative determiners in the French creoles French attributive possessive determiner The possessive determiner in the French creoles French personal pronoun system
57 75 79 79 87
3.2 3.3 3.4 4.1 4.2 4.3 4.4 4.5 4.6 4.7 4.8 4.9
French absolute possessive pronouns IOC personal pronoun system
91 93 96 97
Réunion Creole personal pronoun system Haitian personal pronoun system Lesser Antillean personal pronoun system Guyanese personal pronoun system Karipuna personal pronouns
98
100 101 102 109 110 114 115 125
Louisiana Creole personal pronoun system
4.10 Demonstrative pronouns in the French creoles 4.11 Possessive pronouns in the IOC 4.12 Absolute possessive pronouns in Réunion Creole 4.13 Possessive pronouns in the French creoles 4.14 Reflexive pronouns in the French creoles 4.15 Distribution of the impersonal, pleonastic/expletive pronouns in the French creoles
5.1 6.1 6.2 6.3 6.4
134 158 168 169 170 171
Distribution of comparative markers in the French creoles Types of adverbs in the IOC Types of adverbs in Haitian Creole Types of adverbs in Martinican Types of adverbs in Karipuna

xv

Tables

6.5 Types of adverbs in Louisiana Creole 8.1 Existential verbs in the French creoles 8.2 Causative verbs in the French creoles 9.1 Inventory of tense, mood, and aspect markers in the French creoles
9.2 Summary of modality markers in the French creoles
11.1 Referential, arbitrary, and expletive null subjects and objects in the French creoles
172 244 247

283 293

342 424 485
14.1 Question words in the French creoles 15.1 Topic, cleft, and left dislocation in the French creoles

xvi

Acknowledgements

I am immensely grateful to Paul Bennett for his detailed comments on the chapters in this book. I would also like to thank him for his support, kindness, and generosity over the last thirty-odd years.

I am also grateful to Alain Kihm from CNRS (Paris) for reading and commenting on some of the chapters.

I would also like to thank members of GDRI-Seepicla group (including Anne Zribi-Hertz, Olivier Bonami, and Emmanuel Schang, amongst others) for inviting me to be part of the European research group on French creoles. The meetings I attended were very fruitful and inspiring and gave me plenty to think about when it came to planning this book.

My thanks also to the University of Westminster for granting me research leave for one semester to work on this book.

Finally, I thank my wife, Susan, for her support and my daughter, Emma, for her support and help with proofreading the manuscript. Needless to say all errors remain my own.

xvii

Abbreviations

ADVP AP
Adverbial phrase Adjectival phrase
Lit M
Literally Martinican Creole Mauritian Creole Negative Noun phrase Perfective Plural Prepositional phrase Present
COMP Complementiser DDEF DEM DET EMPH Emphasiser Eq Fr FUT G
MC NEG NP PERF PLU PP PRES PROG QREL SSt. L T1s 2s 3s 1p 2p 3p
Dominican Definite Demonstrative Determiner

Equative French Future
Progressive Question marker Relative pronoun Seychelles Creole St. Lucian Creole Tayo Creole First person singular Second person singular Third person singular First person plural Second person plural Third person plural
Guyanese French Creole Guadeloupean Creole Haitian Creole Habitual Indian Ocean creoles (Seychelles, Mauritius, Rodrigues) Irrealis Karipuna Creole Louisiana Creole
Gu HHAB IOC

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    Code-switching Between Structural and Sociolinguistic Perspectives linguae & litterae Publications of the School of Language & Literature Freiburg Institute for Advanced Studies Edited by Peter Auer, Gesa von Essen and Frick Werner Editorial Board Michel Espagne (Paris), Marino Freschi (Rom), Ekkehard König (Berlin), Michael Lackner (Erlangen-Nürnberg), Per Linell (Linköping), Angelika Linke (Zürich), Christine Maillard (Strasbourg), Lorenza Mondada (Basel), Pieter Muysken (Nijmegen), Wolfgang Raible (Freiburg), Monika Schmitz-Emans (Bochum) Volume 43 Code-switching Between Structural and Sociolinguistic Perspectives Edited by Gerald Stell and Kofi Yakpo DE GRUYTER ISBN 978-3-11-034354-0 e-ISBN (PDF) 978-3-11-034687-9 e-ISBN (EPUB) 978-3-11-038394-2 ISSN 1869-7054 Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data A CIP catalog record for this book has been applied for at the Library of Congress. Bibliographic information published by the Deutsche Nationalbibliothek The Deutsche Nationalbibliothek lists this publication in the Deutsche Nationalbibliografie; detailed bibliographic data are available on the Internet at http://dnb.dnb.de. © 2015 Walter de Gruyter GmbH, Berlin/Munich/Boston Typesetting: Meta Systems Publishing & Printservices GmbH, Wustermark Printing and binding: Hubert & Co. GmbH & Co. KG, Göttingen ♾ Printed on acid-free paper Printed in Germany www.degruyter.com Contents Acknowledgements VII Gerald Stell, Kofi Yakpo Elusive or self-evident? Looking for common ground in approaches to code-switching 1 Part 1: Code-switching
  • Endangered Languages and Languages in Danger IMPACT: Studies in Language and Society Issn 1385-7908

    Endangered Languages and Languages in Danger IMPACT: Studies in Language and Society Issn 1385-7908

    IMPACT Endangered Languages studies and Languages in Danger in language Issues of documentation, policy, and language rights and Luna F i l i p o v i ´c society Martin Pütz 42 JOHN BENJAMINS PUBLISHING COMPANY Endangered Languages and Languages in Danger IMPACT: Studies in Language and Society issn 1385-7908 IMPACT publishes monographs, collective volumes, and text books on topics in sociolinguistics. The scope of the series is broad, with special emphasis on areas such as language planning and language policies; language conflict and language death; language standards and language change; dialectology; diglossia; discourse studies; language and social identity (gender, ethnicity, class, ideology); and history and methods of sociolinguistics. For an overview of all books published in this series, please see http://benjamins.com/catalog/impact General Editors Ana Deumert Kristine Horner University of Cape Town University of Sheffield Advisory Board Peter Auer Marlis Hellinger University of Freiburg University of Frankfurt am Main Jan Blommaert Elizabeth Lanza Ghent University University of Oslo Annick De Houwer William Labov University of Erfurt University of Pennsylvania J. Joseph Errington Peter L. Patrick Yale University University of Essex Anna Maria Escobar Jeanine Treffers-Daller University of Illinois at Urbana University of the West of England Guus Extra Victor Webb Tilburg University University of Pretoria Volume 42 Endangered Languages and Languages in Danger. Issues of documentation, policy, and language rights Edited by Luna Filipović and Martin Pütz Endangered Languages and Languages in Danger Issues of documentation, policy, and language rights Edited by Luna Filipović University of East Anglia Martin Pütz University of Koblenz-Landau John Benjamins Publishing Company Amsterdam / Philadelphia TM The paper used in this publication meets the minimum requirements of 8 the American National Standard for Information Sciences – Permanence of Paper for Printed Library Materials, ansi z39.48-1984.
  • Language Use and Language Attitudes in New Caledonia with Particular Reference to French Creole Tayo Anu Bissoonauth-Bedford University of Wollongong, Anu@Uow.Edu.Au

    Language Use and Language Attitudes in New Caledonia with Particular Reference to French Creole Tayo Anu Bissoonauth-Bedford University of Wollongong, [email protected]

    University of Wollongong Research Online Faculty of Law, Humanities and the Arts - Papers Faculty of Law, Humanities and the Arts 2018 Language use and language attitudes in New Caledonia with particular reference to French Creole Tayo Anu Bissoonauth-Bedford University of Wollongong, [email protected] Publication Details Bissoonauth-Bedford, A. (2018). Language use and language attitudes in New Caledonia with particular reference to French Creole Tayo. Pacific Dynamics: Journal of Interdisciplinary Research, 2 (1), 80-88. Research Online is the open access institutional repository for the University of Wollongong. For further information contact the UOW Library: [email protected] Language use and language attitudes in New Caledonia with particular reference to French Creole Tayo Abstract New Caledonia has an unusual language dynamic in comparison to other French overseas territories. In most of these islands, a French Creole is usually the lingua franca and has a lower status than French. In contrast, in New Caledonia the French Creole, called Tayo, is a minority language and comes in contact with French, English and 28 Indigenous languages (also called Kanak languages). The 2014 ec nsus population revealed a multi-ethnic and multicultural NewCaledonian population. It did not, however, record the rate of multilingualism in speakers. Results from a recent sociolinguistic study on patterns of language use and language attitudes revealed that French is perceived as the 'cement language' that binds all Neo-Caledonians. English on the other hand, is considered the global language of the Pacific, nda as such is more valued than Indigenous and migrant languages by the younger generations.

  • Possession in South Pacific Contact Languages

    Possession in South Pacific contact languages JEFF SIEGEL This paper examines possessive marking in Pidgin Fijian as an example of morpholo^al simplicity in a restricted pid^n. This is attributed to a process UNIVERSITY OF NEW ENGLAND of simplification or lack of development in early second language acquisition. Here the only effect of the substrate languages appears to be in corxstituent ordering. The paper then goes on to look at morphological expansion in possessive marking in an expanded pidgin (or according to some, a Creole): Melanesian Pidgin (MP). This is attributed to functional transfer from the substrate languages in extended second language use. While many core features of the Central Eastern Oceanic substrate are found in MP the overt marking of alienable versus inalienable possession is not. One explanation is that this feature is "functionally expendable" or "inessential" in language (McWhorter 2002). However, the paper argues that the absence of formal marking of the alienable-iruilienable distinction in MP can be best accounted for by availabiUcy constraints that prevented transfer of this feature at an earlier stage of development. The goal of this paper is to identify processes that affect possessive marking in language contact by examining two contact languages of the South Pacific: Pidgin Fijian and Melanesian Pidgin. For each language, some background information is given, linguistic features in general and possessive marking in particular are described, and the processes that most likely account for these features are discussed. 1. Pidgin Fijian 1.1 Background Pidgin Fijian, spoken in Fiji, is a restricted pidgin—that is, a pidgin used only for limited intergroup communication.
  • MEDIU11454.Pdf

    MEDIU11454.Pdf

    Auxiliary Verb Constructions OXFORD STUDIES IN TYPOLOGY AND LINGUISTIC THEORY series editors: Ronnie Cann, University of Edinburgh, William Croft, University of New Mexico, Scott DeLancey, University of Oregon, Martin Haspelmath, Max Planck Institute Leipzig, Nicholas Evans, University of Melbourne, Anna Sie- wierska, University of Lancaster published ClassiWers: A Typology of Noun Categorization Devices Alexandra Y. Aikhenvald Auxiliary Verb Constructions Gregory D. S. Anderson Pronouns D. N. S. Bhat Subordination Sonia Cristofaro The Paradigmatic Structure of Person Marking Michael Cysouw IndeWnite Pronouns Martin Haspelmath Anaphora Yan Huang Copulas Regina Pustet The Noun Phrase Jan RijkhoV Intransitive Predication Leon Stassen Co-Compounds and Natural Coordination Bernhard Wa¨lchli published in association with the series The World Atlas of Language Structures edited by Martin Haspelmath, Matthew Dryer, Bernard Comrie, and David Gil In Preparation Reciprocals Nicholas Evans Applicative Constructions David Peterson Double Object Constructions Maria Polinsky Auxiliary Verb Constructions GREGORY D. S. ANDERSON 1 3 Great Clarendon Street, Oxford ox2 6dp Oxford University Press is a department of the University of Oxford. It furthers the University’s objective of excellence in research, scholarship, and education by publishing worldwide in Oxford New York Auckland Cape Town Dar es Salaam Hong Kong Karachi Kuala Lumpur Madrid Melbourne Mexico City Nairobi New Delhi Shanghai Taipei Toronto With offices in Argentina Austria Brazil Chile Czech Republic France Greece Guatemala Hungary Italy Japan Poland Portugal Singapore South Korea Switzerland Thailand Turkey Ukraine Vietnam Oxford is a registered trade mark of Oxford University Press in the UK and in certain other countries Published in the United States by Oxford University Press Inc., New York ß Gregory D.S.
  • 'National' and 'Official' Languages Across the Independent Asia-Pacific

    'National' and 'Official' Languages Across the Independent Asia-Pacific

    PORTAL Journal of RESEARCH ARTICLE Multidisciplinary ‘National’ and ‘Official’ Languages Across the International Studies Independent Asia-Pacific Vol. 16, No. 1/2 2019 Rowena Ward Corresponding author: Dr Rowena Ward, School of Humanities and Social Inquiry, Faculty of Law, Humanities and the Arts, University of Wollongong, Northfields Ave Wollongong, NSW 2522, Australia. Email: [email protected] DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5130/portalv16i1/2.6510 Article History: Received 15/03/2019; Revised 02/08/2019; Accepted 16/08/2019; Published 13/11/2019 © 2019 by the author(s). This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International Abstract (CC BY 4.0) License (https:// creativecommons.org/licenses/ In November 2018 New Caledonians went to the polls to vote on whether the French by/4.0/), allowing third parties territory should become an independent state. In accordance with the terms of the 1998 to copy and redistribute the Noumea Accord between Kanak pro-independence leaders and the French government, New material in any medium or format and to remix, Caledonians will have the opportunity to vote on the same issue again in 2020 and should they transform, and build upon the vote for independence, a new state will emerge. In another part of Melanesia, the people of the material for any purpose, even Autonomous Region of Bougainville (ARB) will vote on 23 November 2019 on whether to commercially, provided the original work is properly cited secede from Papua New Guinea and form an independent state. With the possibility of two and states its license.
  • International Cooperation Programs for the Protection and Promotion of Languages and Linguistic Diversity

    International Cooperation Programs for the Protection and Promotion of Languages and Linguistic Diversity

    CLT/CEI/DCE/209 14 April 2011 DIRECTORY International cooperation programs for the protection and promotion of languages and linguistic diversity Key programs, organizations and resources Cambridge Endangered Languages and Cultures Group The Cambridge Group for Endangered Languages and Cultures (CELC) pursues an interdisciplinary approach to the theory, methodology and practice of endangered ... groups.pwf.cam.ac.uk/celc Childhood Bilingualism Research Centre - Bangor University (Wales, UK) The first research centre in the UK to focus specifically on bilingualism, including the areas of: Neuroscience , Experimental‐Developmental, Corpus‐Based, Survey & Ethnography, Speec, focusing on bilingualism http://www.bilingualism.bangor.ac.uk/ DoBeS ‐ Volkswagen Foundation In 2000 the Volkswagen Foundation started the DOBES programme in order to document languages that are potentially in danger of becoming extinct within a few years time. Currently, 30 documentation teams are working, and it is the expectation that there will be calls for concrete documentation projects until 2007. http://www.mpi.nl/DOBES International Mother Language Day ‐ The World Association for Christian Communication (Ontario, Canada) WACC promotes communication for social change. WACC’s key concerns are media diversity, equal and affordable access to communication and knowledge, media and gender justice, and the relationship between communication and power. Activities: advocacy, education, training, and the creation and sharing of knowledge. Focus: works with faith‐based and secular partners at grassroots, regional and global levels, giving preference to the needs of the poor, marginalised and dispossessed. Mother Language Day calls for concerted action to protect linguistic diversity and to promote multilingualism. http://www.waccglobal.org Linguistic Investigation – SIL Internationa (Dallas, Texas) Faith‐based non‐profit organization committed to serving language communities worldwide as they build capacity for sustainable language development.