DOCUMENT RESUME ED 472 797 FL 801 560 AUTHOR Spaeth, Carole, Ed. TITLE Notes on Literacy, 2001. INSTITUTION Summer Inst. of Linguistics, Dallas, TX. ISSN ISSN-0737-6707 PUB DATE 2001-00-00 NOTE 209p.; Published quarterly. AVAILABLE FROM International Academic Bookstore, SIL International, 7500 West Camp Wisdom Road, Dallas, TX 75236 (annual subscription: U.S., $20.95; outside U.S., $23.95). Tel: 972-708-7404; e- mail: [email protected]. PUB TYPE Collected Works Serials (022) JOURNAL CIT Notes on Literacy; v27 n1-4 2001 EDRS PRICE EDRS Price MF01/PC09 Plus Postage. DESCRIPTORS Adult Education; Bantu Languages; Bilingual Education; Bilingualism; Community Education; Cultural Differences; Dictionaries; Foreign Countries; Leadership Training; *Literacy Education; Literature; Minority Groups; Nontraditional Education; Reading Instruction; Second Language Instruction; *Sociolinguistics; Womens Education IDENTIFIERS Benin; Cambodia; Ghana; Kenya; Malaysia; Native Language; Philippines ABSTRACT These four issues include the following articles: "Cheke Holo Orthography: Local Tradition Clashes with a Linguist's Concerns" (Freddy Boswell); "Avoiding Tone Marks: A Remnant of English Education?" (Mike Cahill); "Nontraditional Education among the Iranun, a Malaysian Ethnic Minority" (Karla Smith); "Learning Well: The Socioliteracy of Some Incipient Literate Women in a Ghanaian Community" (Merieta Johnson); "Training National Partners for Leadership: Priorities for Training as Capacity Building" (Susan Malone); "Cumulative Index 1966-2001"; "Factors Affecting Community Literacy Programs: Assessment and Response" (Barbara Trudell); "Mother-Tongue Education in Schools in Tharaka Language Group of Kenya" (Leila Schroeder); "The Recent History of Education in Cambodia" (Ari Vitikainen); "Orthography Challenges in Bantu Languages" (William Gardner); "Training Nationals in Literature Production: An Experience in Northwestern Benin" (JeDene Reeder and Elizabeth L. White); "Transitional Literature among the Cotabato Manobo, Philippines" (Nida Guil-an Apang); and "Pedagogical Dictionaries: Ho-hum or Gung-ho?" (Louise Maranz). The issues also include reviews of books on such topics as training for transformation, misreading reading, reading instruction that works, evaluating literacy for development efforts, foundations of bilingual education and bilingualism, teaching adult second language learners, and using newspapers in classrooms. (Adjunct ERIC Clearinghouse for ESL Literacy Education.) (SM) Reproductions supplied by EDRS are the best that can be made from the ori inal document. 1' NotesonLiteracy Volume 27.1 2001 Volume 27.2 2001 Volume 27.3 2001 Volume 27.4 2001 PERMISSION TO REPRODUCE AND U.S. DEPARTMENT OF EDUCATION DISSEMINATE THIS MATERIAL HAS Ott e of Educational Research and Improvement INFORMATION BEEN GRANTED BY ED CATIONAL RESOURCES CENTER (ERIC) This document has been reproduced as received from the person or organization originating it. Minor changes have been made to improve reproduction quality. TO THE EDUCATIONAL RESOUR S INFORMATION CENTER (ERIC) Points of view or opinions stated inthis document do not necessarily represent 1 official OERI position or policy. BEST COPY AVAILABLE NOTES ON LITERACY Volume 27.1 2001 CONTENTS ARTICLES Cheke Ho lo Orthography: Local Tradition Clashes with a Linguist's Concerns Freddy Boswell 3 Avoiding Tone Marks: A Remnant of English Education? Mike Cahill 13 Nontraditional Education Among the Iranun, a Malaysian Ethnic Minority Karla Smith 23 Learning Well: The Socioliteracy of Some Incipient Literate Women in a Ghanaian Community Merieta Johnson 33 REPORT Training National Partners for Leadership: Priorities for Training as Capacity Building Susan Malone 39 REVIEW Training for Transformation: A Handbook for Community Development Workers by Anne Hope and Sally Timmel Reviewed by Alex Dotse 47 MEMORIAM A Tribute to Leah Walter Steve Walter 51 0 Summer Institute of Linguistics 7500 West Camp Wisdom Road 0 Dallas, Texas 75236 NOTES ON LITERACY Notes on Literacy is published quarterly by SIL International, and serves field literacy programs by sharing information of a practical and theoretical nature with literacy field workers. Opinions expressed in this publication do not necessarily express official policy of SIL International. Prior permission to use articles, either in full or in part, must be obtained from the editor. This quarterly publication is available either by annual subscription, or by individual copies of available issues. For information, or to place a subscription or order copies, contact: International Academic Bookstore Summer Institute of Linguistics, Inc. 7500 West Camp Wisdom Road Dallas, Texas 75236 USA Phone: (972) 708-7404 Fax: (972) 708-7433 E-mail: [email protected] To make inquiries, comments, or submit manuscriptsfor possible publication, contact the editor (address below). See the back cover for guidelines for submitting articles. Editor of Notes on Literacy International Literacy Office 7500 W. Camp Wisdom Road Dallas, Texas 75236 USA E-mail: [email protected] International Literacy Coordinator: Pat Kelley Editor: Carole Spaeth Compositor: Rhonda L. Hartell ISSN 0737-6707 © 2001 SIL International All rights reserved 4 Notes on Literacy 27.1:3-12. Cheke Ho lo Orthography: Local Tradition Clashes with a Linguist's Concerns Freddy Boswell Freddy Boswell has worked as a linguist and translation advisor with the Cheke Ho lo people of Solomon Islands since 1989. His wife, Bekah, worked primarily in literacy materials production. Currently, the Boswells are based in Dallas, where Freddy serves as International Translation Coordi- nator for SIL. Introduction Cheke Holo, referred to in shortened form as Holo, is an Austronesian lan- guage found primarily on Santa Isabel island of Solomon Islands and spo- ken by at least 8,000 people as their first language. Potentially a couple of thousand other folk from neighboring language groups speak Cheke Holo as a second or third language. As a language name, Cheke Holo means "language of the interior of the island". The two major dialects are Maringe and Hograno and are located in the southern half of Santa Isabel on the eastern and western sides of the island, respectively. Cheke Holo is classi- fied as Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Western Oceanic. The major features of Cheke Holo phonology have been documented in Boswell (1999). As stated in that paper, linguists Geoffrey White (White et al.1988) and David Bosma (1981a) both attempted to apply their phonological analyses to produce what they regarded as an improved or- thography, but these efforts were met with firm resistance. In the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries linguists and missionaries had helped the Holo people to write down their language, and the orthography used at that time has in turn been passed down to successive generations of Holo speakers.' Before looking at the proposed revised orthography, a 1Some sources need to be uncovered, oral or written, which can help us to determine exactly how the Cheke Holo language was first written, and then analyse any changes which may have occurred between then and now. Codrington (1885) and Ray (1926) provide the earliest published documentation of the language, but a history of the actual spelling by the people themselves is unfortunately not available. All I have ever been told is, "This is the way we have always written it." Further interaction yields the information that "early missionaries wrote it down". That statement generates many more questions than it answers, but does tell 3 5 4 Notes on Literacy 27.1 (2001) chart of the consonantal phonemes is presented followed by a historical representation of the orthography. Chart of consonantal phonemes LabialAlveolar Palato- VelarGlottal alveolar Stops and vl p t t$ k ? affricates aspirated ph th kh vd b d d3 g o vl prenasalisation illb 9 Fricatives vl f s x h vd v z y Nasals vl TV 1,) ti 6 vd m m ñ 13 Lateral ap- vl ) proximants vd 1 Trill vl r vd r me there is some history that needs uncovering. I know of no current source for accessing that information. 6 BOSWELL: Cheke Ho lo Orthography 5 Historical representation of the orthography Consonantal Historical phoneme representation Ph ph t t th th k k kh kh 0 b b d d mb bh gh tf ch d3 f f z z Y g x gh h h m m rn mh n n nh '3 nh n gn gnh 1 1 lh rh 6 Notes on Literacy 27.1 (2001) Bosma's suggested revised orthography: Reasons and representation The basic revision, as described by Bosma (1981a) concerned the repre- sentation of two different type sound patterns: (1) those reflecting a range of voiceless consonants, and (2) those reflecting voiced velar stops and nasals. He suggested eleven changes in the orthography. These are noted in the chart at the end of this section. For the range of voiceless consonants, the first problem concerns the repre- sentation of what he called "strengthened consonants."2 As noted inthe phoneme chart above, all of the nasals, laterals, and trills have voiceless counterparts.3 The voiceless sound was described by Bosma (1981a) as the production of the consonantal sound preceded by a puff of air. He repre- sented this sound in the language by the letter 'h' preceding the consonant. Thus, /ruata/ `interior' was spelled as hmata (though historically spelled mhata) and /Qanai/ 'eight' was spelled as hnanai (historically nhanai). Bosma felt that the placement of the h before the nasal stop represented what the people knew emically was happening in the productionof the stop,