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Index

Ancient Greek personal names are given in their familiar Anglo-Latin forms, Byzantine names, even the most familiar, as transliterations of their Greek spellings (using ch/ph for chi/phi), and modern Greek names in a largely phonetic spelling (using ch for chi, and f for phi except where ph- is so well established word-initially that f- spellings might hinder effective use of the index; so Philippídis not Filippídis etc.). No system is entirely adequate, and none will ever satisfy all bodies of opinion; no further justifi cation is therefore attempted. accent adjectives, developments in late antique/ ancient, based primarily on pitch Medieval Greek 289–92 modulation xx, 5, 41 Aelian 136 shift to stress-based system in Koine xx, 5, Aeolic (ancient dialect group) 14, 18, 20, 41, 118, 122, 162, 165, 167, 169–70 23–4, 25, 26 acclamations 325, 327–33 see also Boeotian; Lesbian; Thessalian accusative and infi nitive Aelius Aristides 135, 136, 140–1 replaces factive accusative and participle Aeschylus 56, 138 construction in ‘basic’ Koine 92–3 Aetolian League 87–8, 124–5 widely replaced by fi nite clauses in ‘basic’ Doric (North-West Greek) koine of 87–8 Koine (indirect statements and akritic songs 214–15, 333–4, 407 indirect commands) 93–4, 143, Albanian 227–9 156–7, 180 Alcaeus 50–1, 99 accusative case Alcman 53 as replacement for dative in northern Alexander the Great 79, 81 dialects of modern Greek 284–5, 384, Alexandria 79, 98, 99 449 Alexandrian poetry 98–9 as replacement for dative to mark indirect Aléxios I Komnenós 201–2, 213, 238–9 objects 116–17,COPYRIGHTED 179–80, 184–5, 337 Ancient MATERIAL Greek development of, as ‘default’ prepositional decline of local dialects of (excluding case 107–8, 154, 173, 180, 186, Attic) 84–8 246–7, 284–5, 341 defi ning characteristics of within Indo- in competition with genitive as indirect European family of languages 9–10 object marker 180, 184–5, 284, 337, literary and offi cial dialects of (excluding 384 Attic) 43–65 Achaean (putative prehistoric dialect local dialects of 13–41 group) 18 prehistory and early history of 13–24 Achaean League 87–8, 124–5 see also under names of individual dialects Doric koine of 87–8 Anna Komnené 201, 213–14 Achilles Tatius 136 the Alexiad of 238–40, 264–8 494 Index

Antigonids 80 prestige of ancient, as a factor in the rise Antioch 79, 245 of Attic 67–70, 73–7 Antiphon 68 Attalus II, king of Pergamum 95 aorist Attalus III, king of Pergamum 125 active/passive forms of in Medieval Attic declension, eliminated from the Greek 303, 318 Koine 83 merger with perfect 102, 131–2, 154, Attic dialect 176–8, 245, 302, 318, 330 adopted as offi cial language by the middle forms replaced by passive 103, Macedonian court 80–3 130, 256 advocated as basis for a modern middle forms replaced by perfect standard 427, 439 active 247, 256, 341 as a learned language in Roman/Byzantine/ see also past tense paradigms Ottoman periods 133–41, 213–14, aphaeresis 276–7, 329, 332, 336, 353 231–42, 417–18 Apókopos 367–8 as a literary dialect (classical period) 56–9, Apollonius of Rhodes 98 67–72 Apostolic Fathers 152–4 as an offi cial dialect (classical Appian 136 period) 40–1, 73–7 Arab conquests, in Byzantine empire 195–6 Athenian, in the Hellenistic/Roman Aramaic 114, 148–9 periods 101–5, 163–5 Arcadian dialect 14, 18, 21, 25, 27, 36–7 classical 3, 13–14, 16, 19, 22, 27, 40–1, Arcado-Cypriot (ancient dialect group) 14, 56–9, 67–77 16, 18, 22 early development as a ‘standard’ archaic Greek poetry 43–56 language 67–77 see also under names of individual poets see also Great Attic; Koine (Hellenistic/ Archilochus 49–50 Roman) Archimedes 98 orthography of xviii–xx, 3, 40–1, 85–6 Arianism 192–3 see also Atticism Aristophanes 67, 75–6, 101, 104 Attic-Ionic (ancient dialect group) 14, 15, Armenia 209 16, 22–3 Armenian, as a literary language (early see also Attic; Ionic medieval) 209 Atticism Arrian 136, 146 Atticist grammars and lexica 137–9 article (defi nite) ‘errors’ in Atticizing authors (Roman/ development of in Medieval Greek 289 Byzantine) 141, 213–14, 233–4, forms of used as relative pronouns 186, 235–6, 239–40 293–4, 336 impact on ‘higher’ Koine writing in the Asia Minor Roman empire 135–7, 145–6 Christians deported from 431 impact on learned Christian writing Greek in 13, 18, 20, 75, 76, 81, 90, (Roman period) 155–9 113–14, 170, 207, 208–9, 212, 384, in the Roman, Byzantine and Ottoman 398–404, 406 periods 133–41, 213–14, 231–42, Asianism 99–100, 134–5 264–8, 417–18 Atatürk, Mustafa Kemal 430 in the Second Sophistic (Roman athematic verbs, replaced 102, 187, 303–5 period) 133–41 Athenian, Old (modern dialect group) see moderated in 3rd century ad (‘literary’ Old Athenian Koine) 136–7 Athens origins, as reaction to Asianism 99–100 as capital of modern Greece 383, 428 principal markers of 138–9, 157–8, in the Hellenistic period 101–2 267–8 Index 495 augment, in Medieval Greek/Modern Greek marking of defi niteness in 402 dialects 319, 327, 342, 386, 395, Turkish infl uence on 403–4 399, 426 Carthage 124 Avars 195 Cassius Dio 137 chain effects, in development of Greek vowel Balkan Sprachbund 227–9 system 160–3 ‘barbarian’ invasions of Roman empire 193 Chariton 101 Basil, St (the Great) 155 Charlemagne 199 ‘be’, verb transferred to middle Chatzidákis, Yeóryios 455 paradigm 154, 256, 303–4 Choniátes, Michaél 202 Bergadés 367–8 Choniátes, Nikétas 202, 213, 264 Bértos, Neílos (Nathanaél) 226 choral lyric 53–6 Bessaríon, Cardinal 220, 230 Chortátsis, Yeóryios 392–3 bilingualism Christianity/Christian literature 134, 147–59, Greek–Coptic 111–13, 169–70 191, 192–3, 195, 197–8, 199, 202–3, Greek–Latin 98, 126–32, 196–7 204–5, 225–6, 253–8, 373–4, 419–21 Greek–Romance 345–9, 367, 368, 396, Chronicle of the Morea 216, 349–57 397, 415 vernacular language of 349–51, 353–7 Greek–Semitic 106–7, 111, 114, 147–9 chronicles 222–5 Greek–Turkish 379–81, 398–9, 402–4, early/middle Byzantine 245–53 315–16, 418–19 in later medieval vernacular 216, 349–57 Bithynia 80, 125 Chrysostom, John 155, 225 Bithynian dialect (modern) 113 Cicero 69, 126 Boeotian dialect (ancient) 13, 14, 19, 22, 23, Clement of Alexandia 155, 223 24, 25, 26, 84–7 Cleopatra 125 koineization of 84–7 clitic pronouns see pronouns, personal orthography of 27, 33, 85–6 (clitic) principal characteristics of 32–3, 86 common Greek (hypothetical source of Bulgarian 227–9 ancient dialects) 9–10, 16 Bulgars 197–8, 199, 325–6 compensatory lengthening 27, 38, 41 language (Turkic) 325 complement clauses, fi nite variants replace Byron, Lord 377 accusative + infi nitive in Koine 93–4, Byzantine state 143, 157 at its height 197–200 compounds (nominal/adjectival), popularity decline and fall of 200–5 of in medieval vernacular 330, 332–3, established 194–7 342 importance of Greek culture conditional periphrases within 210–14 forms of in late antique/Medieval Greek see under future indicative Callimachus 98 shift of to pluperfect function in Medieval Callinicus 156–7, 237–8 Greek 297, 300–1 calques (French-/English-based), in written conjugation, anomalies levelled out of Great Greek of Attic/Koine 73, 102–3 modern period 221, 421, 447 consonant system see also loanwords/loan translations summary of changes in Hellenistic/Roman Cappadocian (modern dialect periods 170–2 group) 113–14, 274, 382, 398, summary of changes in middle 401–2, 403–4 ages 274–6, 281–3 as part of an ‘eastern’ Koine 402, 404 Constantine the Great 134, 155, 191, breakdown of gender system in 401–2 192–3 496 Index

Constantinople Danubian principalities (Moldavia and educated (Greek) speech of, in modern Wallachia) 373, 375, 415, 417, 421, period 384, 421, 448–51 427 educated speech of, in medieval dative case period 338, 341–2 absence in ‘vernacular’ literature (12th falls to the Ottoman Turks 205 century onwards) 337, 350 founded 155, 193 decline of in Koine/early medieval Greeks hounded out of 433 vernacular (replaced by accusative/ taken and sacked by the fourth genitive/prepositional phrases) 97, crusade 203 107–8, 116–17, 179–80, 184–5, 186, contract verbs 284–5 interaction with other imperfective classes obsolete in early modern colloquial 387, in medieval Greek 307–12 440 paradigmatic confusion between different residual in educated colloquial (from 12th classes of; development of in Medieval century) 284, 341–2 Greek 313–16, 350 restricted popular use in Roman/early co-ordination/parataxis in ‘popular’ Byzantine periods 152, 246–7, 255, Greek throughout the ages 107, 151, 245, 330 410 retained in ‘formal’ written styles Coptic throughout Roman/Byzantine/ as an administrative language 191, Ottoman/modern periods 138, 246–7, 209–10 255, 262, 264, 284, 341–2, 418, as a literary language 191, 209–10 422–3, 453 inﬂ uence on vernacular Egyptian declensional anomaly, levelled out in Attic/ Koine 111–13, 169, 170 Koine 82–3, 102, 285–6 Cretan dialect degemination ancient 25, 27, 29–30 absence of in Cypriot (and other south- medieval 216–17, 360–2, 366–8 eastern dialects) 274, 363 modern 277, 281, 283, 382, 392–8 in late antique/Medieval Greek 274 Cretan Renaissance 361–2, 392–3 Dellapórtas, Linárdos 366–7 Crete Delmoúzos, Aléxandros 457–60 medieval 360–1 demonstrative pronouns see pronouns, modern 382, 392–3 demonstrative crusades 202–3 Demosthenes 69, 72, 79 Crusius, Martin 416 ‘demotic’ Greek in modern period Cynicism 98 exempliﬁ ed 406–11, 423–6, 442–5, Cypriot dialect 446–52 ancient 14, 18, 21, 121, 274 historical morphology of 284–323 forming part of an ‘eastern’ Koine historical phonology of 274–7, 281–4 (Hellenistic/Roman) 113–14, 402 now distanced from modern standard 411, medieval 216–17, 274–5, 356–7, 360, 460, 461–2 362–6 see also standard Modern Greek modern 274–5, 281, 382, 306–7, Psycháris and 446–52, 454–7, 459 391–2 Solomós and 442–5 phonological characteristics of medieval/ see also demoticism modern 362–4 demoticism (20th century) syllabary (ancient) 12–13 educational aims of the movement 457–60 Cyprus linked with left-wing politics 457–62 medieval 198, 360 progress of 454–62 modern 339, 433–5, 436, 437 roots of 419–21, 442–5 Index 497

‘demoticizing’ written styles, for practical/ Educational Society 458–60 educational purposes 418–21 Egypt 80, 88–9, 111 dialects (ancient) see under Ancient Greek Koine in 111–13, 114–22, 163–87 decline of 84–8 see also bilingualism, Greek–Coptic dialects (medieval/modern) Elean (ancient North-West Greek northern group, origins and principal dialect) 30–1, 121, 123 markers of 338, 384, 404–6 elegiac and iambic poetry (ancient) 49–50 survey of major divisions (Pontic and Epictetus 146–7 Cappadocian/south-eastern/Cretan- Epicureanism 98 Cycladic/Peloponnesian-Heptanesian/ Erotókritos, language of 393–8 Tsakonian/Old Athenian/northern/ Euclid 98 South Italian) 381–4 Euripides 56, 80, 138 see also under names of individual dialects Eusebius 140, 155, 223, 251 dictatorship Eustáthios, Bishop 201–2 of Metaxás 431 exegesis of Christian texts 225–6, 256–8 of ‘the Colonels’ 434–5, 461–2 Digenés Akrities, epic of 214–15, 333–7 Faliéros, Marínos 367 impact as model for ‘vernacular’ fi nal consonants, prehistoric loss of (other literature 215–16, 334 than [n, r, s]) 10 diglossia 3–5 fi nal [n] in antiquity 84–8 (Koine vs. local dialect), in Ancient Greek 171–2 99–100, 133–7 (Attic vs. Koine) in medieval and modern Cypriot 274–5, in Byzantium 151–66 (learned vs. 363 vernacular) in Medieval and Modern Greek 274–5, in the modern period 413–27, 438–62 327, 353, 411, 424, 450 (semi-)resolved 461–6 fi rst declension (a-stems) Diocletian 191 begins to merge with third declension in Diodorus Siculus 131 Hellenistic/Roman Koine 120–1, Dionysius of Halicarnassus 126 181 Dodecanese, medieval literature from 391 merger with third declension continued in Doric (ancient dialect group) Medieval/Modern Greek 286–8, in literature 53–6, 66, 99 425 koines 87–8 origin of imparisyllabic paradigms see North-West Greek; Peloponnesian in 287–8 Doric; West Greek simplifi ed in Medieval Greek 285–6 Doúkas, Neófytos 439 folk songs 215, 333–4, 406–11 dual number and demoticism 406–7 abandoned in Great Attic/Koine 73, 138 oral/demotic character of 334, 336–7, 406–11, 320–1 East Greek (ancient dialect group/putative standardization of language of 406–7, source thereof) 10, 14–15, 16, 19–24, 460 24–6, 36–41 Fóskolos, Márkos Andónios 393 ecclesiastical Greek (ancient/ Frederick Otto, Prince (= King Otto of medieval) 155–9, 220–1, 256–8, Greece) 378, 428 270–1, 419–20 Friendly Society 376–7 educated speech (late Byzantine/early future indicative modern) 338, 341–2, 384–8, 419–21, decline of through sound change; 448–9, 451 alternations with present indicative/ as factor in development of modern aorist subjunctive 117, 129, 156, 240, standard 383–4 256, 264, 298–9, 317, 330 498 Index future indicative (Cont’d) see also Ancient Greek; Atticism; decline of through sound change; growth bilingualism; ‘demotic’ of infi nitival and ‘subjunctive’ Greek; diglossia; katharévousa; Koine; periphrases (future and standard Modern conditional) 117, 130–1, 174, 228–9, Greek; vernacular 256, 298–302, 317, 341, 350–1, 355, Gregory, St, of Nazianzus 155 387, 392, 396, 412 Gregory, St, of Nyssa 155

Galen 137 hagiography 213, 225–6, 253–6 gender, breakdown of distinctions of in Hannibal 124 Pontic/Cappadocian 401–2 Hebrew 106, 107, 147–52 generics, in late antiquity/early middle Heliodorus 101 ages 248, 256 Hellenistic period, defi ned 80 genitive case Hellenistic poetry 98–9 as indirect object marker in southern Heptanesian dialects (modern, = dialects of dialects (modern) and standard the Ionian islands) 382, 384 Modern Greek 284, 384 role in formation of modern as replacement for dative to mark indirect standard 382–4, 386–8, 442–4, 448 object 116, 180, 184–5, 284–5 Herákleios 195–6 in competition with accusative as indirect Hermas (the Shepherd) 153 object marker 116–17, 179–80, Herodas 105 184–5, 284–5, 337, 384 Herodes Atticus 136 Germanós, St 197, 256–8 Herodotus 60–4, 74, 231, 233, 239–40, gerunds, development of from active 242 participles see participles hesychasts 204–5 Glínos, Dimítris 459 Hippocrates 63 Glykás, Michaél 215, 227, 337 Hipponax 105 Gorgias 68–9, 100 Homer 44–9 Great Attic (the basis for the Koine) 75–7, infl uence of language of 49–59 80–3 markers of 82 iconoclasm 197–8, 251, 257 Great Idea, the (modern Greek imperfect indicative irredentism) 428–31 endings of see past tense paradigms Greece, modern 428–37 modal use in late antique/Byzantine civil war in 432–3 Koine 154, 237–8 German occupation of 431–2, 460 modal use with na[na] in medieval irredentism (the Great Idea) 428–31 vernacular 299 joins the EC (now EU) 436–7 imperfect passive paradigm, remodelled in relations with Turkey 428–31, 433–7 Medieval Greek 320–3 war of independence 377–8 imperfective stem formation, remodelled in Greek culture (ancient), impact of on Roman Medieval Greek 303–16, 276 world 132–7 infi nitives Greek language articular in eastern Roman empire and its Byzantine elimination of from medieval successor 125–6, 196–7, 207–12 vernacular 297 in Hellenistic world 88–9 expanded in Hellenistic/Roman/ in Ottoman empire 374, 379–81 Byzantine Koine 94–6, 129–30, origins and development of modern 156–7, 245, 260, 262 standard 382–3, 385–8, 411, 448–9, partly preserved in South Italian and 451, 461–5 Anatolian dialects 389–91, 400 Index 499

use of, steadily reduced in late antique/ Kekauménos 222, 262–4 Medieval/early Modern Greek 93–4, kleftic ballads 375, 407 105, 129, 157, 173, 245, 271, 296–7, klefts 374–5, 376 336–7, 341, 387, 389–91, 411 Kodrikás, Panayótis 440–2 see also accusative and infi nitive; Koine (Byzantine) subjunctive as a spectrum of written styles (archaizing) interrogative pronouns see pronouns, academic/ecclesiastical 220–1, 268–70 interrogative administrative (offi cial) 221–2, 270–1 Ionic (ancient dialect group) 13, 14, 18, 22, Christian exegesis and 27, 37–40 hagiography 225–6, 253–8 Atticization of 76–7 chronography 222–5, 245–53 demise as a written variety 77 other secular writing 222, 258–68 development of regional standard as inherited from antiquity 220, 245–51, (offi cial) 14, 60–1, 76 253–6 early regularization of anomalies in 73 Atticized/belletristric variety of 213–14, in elegiac/iambic verse of archaic 233–7 period 49–50 see also Attic dialect; Atticism in Homer 44–9 defi ned to exclude writing based on infl uence of, on literary/offi cial colloquial varieties (for which see Attic 67–75 vernacular) 220 literary standard based on 60–5 late, as basis for educated written style of Ioustinianós (Justinian) 194–5 17th/18th centuries 221, 226–7, irredentism (modern Greek) 428–31 271–2 Isocrates 69, 99–100, 134, 136 middle-late, as emerging written style isoglosses (ancient) 15–17, 18–24 combining modern syntax with ancient Istanbul (= Constantinople after 1930) 433 morphology/lexicon 224–5, 226–7, Italian, South (modern dialect group) 383, 251–3, 258–68, 68–70, 270–1, 341–2 388–91 Koine (Hellenistic/Roman) infi nitives preserved in 389–91 as concrete expression of the notion Italós, Ioánnes 201 ‘Greek’ 87 as a continuum of spoken dialects 84, Jewish(-Christian) literature in Koine 106–8, 88–9, 110–14 147–52 as extension of Great Attic (an offi cial see also Semitic substrate in Jewish Greek variety) 77, 80–3, 88–96, 141–3 Justinian see Ioustinianós as language of technical/philosophical discourse 98 Kakridís, Ioánnis 460 as literary dialect in Hellenistic/Roman Kálvos, Andréas 443 periods 96–8, 146–54, 253–6 Kapodístrias, Count Ioánnis 377, 378 early development of 80–3, 90–4 Karamanlís, Konstandínos 433, 435–6 in Asia Minor (‘eastern’ Koine) 113–14 Karamanlís, Kóstas 437 in Egypt 106–8, 111–13, 114–21 Katartzís, Dimítrios 421 in the Middle East 113 katharévousa (‘purifying’ language) 411, in ‘old’ Greece 84–7, 88 421, 445–6, 451, 452–4, 458, 459, impact of Attic/Atticism 460, 461, 462, 464–5 on Christian writing in 155–6, 157–8 demise of, as distinct variety 464–5 on offi cial/literary styles of 134–6, impact on development of standard 144–6, 155–6, 157–8 Modern Greek 461–5 in contact with Latin 126–32 origins and development of 439–42, in popular Christian writing 137, 147–57, 445–6, 452–4 253–6 500 Index

Koine (Hellenistic/Roman) (Cont’d) language question literary reactions to, in Hellenistic origins of the modern debate 426–7 world 98–100 progress and resolution of 438–66 morphological/syntactic developments see also diglossia in 92–6, 97, 102–3, 105, 107–10, Latin 114–17, 120–2, 172–87 inﬂ uence on Greek 126–32, 143 phonological developments in 117–20, rapid decline of, in Byzantine 122, 160–3, 170–2 empire 196–7, 207–8 spoken varieties of, in Roman empire Lausanne, treaty of 431 in Athens 163–5 Lesbian (ancient dialect) 14, 18, 23–4, 25, in Egypt 114–17, 165–70, 172–87 26, 27, 34–5, 50–2 status and role in Hellenistic revival of in Roman times 84 kingdoms 88–90, 96–8, 100–8 Linear A 1 status and role in ‘old’ Greece 83–8 Linear B see Mycenaean Greek status and role in Roman empire 124–6 loanwords/loan translations survival of ‘Ionic’ vocabulary in 97–8 from Ancient Greek into written varieties in Roman empire (stylistic katharévousa 447–8 levels) 144–59 from Ancient Greek into modern Koine (in Ottoman empire) demotic 447–8 as inherited from Byzantium 413–19 from English 421, 466 developed as written standard (de facto from French into medieval vernacular 345, ‘ofﬁ cial’ language of independent 349, 366 Greece) 422–3, 426–7, 441–2 from French into written styles, including Koine (modern) katharévousa 221, 421, 447 as range of spoken/written styles from Italian into medieval vernacular 345, subsumed under standard Modern 397, 415, 443 Greek 464–5 from Latin into Hellenistic/Roman as written standard in 17th to early 19th Koine 127–8, 245 centuries 422–3, 426–7, 441–2 from Romanian into modern koineization, of ancient dialects 84–8 vernacular 415 Kolokotrónis, Theódoros 377 from Turkish into modern Komnené, Anna 201, 213, 238–40 vernacular 379–81, 402, 403–4, 411, metaphrase of the Alexiad 264–8 415, 418–19, 447 prose style of the Alexiad 238–40 Longus 101, 136 Komnenós, Aléxios I 200–2, 213, 238, 240 Lucian 136 Konstantínos VII Porphyrogénnetos 198, Lysias 68–9, 138 222, 258–62 different stylistic ‘levels’ used by 259–62 Macedonia Konstantínos VIII Palaiológos 205 partly incorporated into modern Greek Koraís, Adamándios 439–42 state 429 linguistic programme of 439 rise of ancient 79–80 Kornáros, Vitséntzos 393, 394 Macedonian dynasty (Byzantine) 198 see also Erotókritos Macedonian language (ancient) 79–80 Kostandás, Dimítrios 421 Macedonian language (modern) 227 Kritóboulos, Michaél 231, 240–2 Machairás, Leóndios 360, 362–6 Makários, Archbishop 435 Laconian (ancient dialect) 19, 27, 28–9, 53 Makriyánnis, General 381, 411 revival of written use in Roman period Malálas, Ioánnes 224, 245–51 84 Manassés, Konstantínos 224, 227 see also Tsakonian Manzikert (Malazgirt), battle of 200 Index 501

Mauríkios 328, 329 in Medieval/Modern Greek 284–96 Mavrokordátos, Aléxandros 417, 418 see also under individual topics Medieval Greek (spoken) nominative, as default case for ‘topical’ principal morphological/syntactic adjuncts 148–9, 181–3, 245–6 developments 277–81, 284–323 for nominative absolute see also principal phonological participles developments 274–7, 281–4 Normans 200, 212, 238–9 see also Koine (Byzantine) northern dialects (modern) 382, 404–6 Menander, conservatism of language North-West Greek (ancient dialect of 102–5 group) 13, 14, 15, 16, 21–2, 23, 24, metaphrases (transposition of texts between 25, 30–2 registers) 213, 227, 264–8 North-West Greek Koine (Hellenistic/ Metochités, Theódoros 220 Roman) 87–8 middle voice Noumás (perodical of demoticist loss of distinct aorist/future forms of, in movement) 457, 460 Hellenistic/Roman Koine 103, 130, 256 Oikonómos, Konstandínos 439 mime 101, 105 Old Athenian (modern dialect group, now Mithridates, king of Pontus 125 largely defunct) 274, 276, 283, 382, Moisiódax, Iosípos 421–3, 439 384 Moldavia see Danubian principalities Old Athenian School (modern literary monophysitism 195, 209, 210 movement) 445 Morea (= Peloponnese), despotate of 204, optative 205, 349 decline/elimination of from Koine 82, Móschos, Ioánnis 225–6, 253–6 102–3, 130, 143 Mycenaean Greek (and Linear B script) xviii, replacements for 130 1–2, 10–13, 19–21, 22 retention as Atticizing trait (Roman/ Byzantine/Ottoman) 138, 141, 233, nasal sufﬁ xes, extended in imperfective 234, 240 stems in medieval vernacular Origen 155, 223 305–7 Orthodox church National Language Society 457 in Byzantine empire 195, 197–8, 199, 204, National Schism 430 205 Navaríno, battle of 377 role of in Ottoman period; linguistic negative polarity items, in Medieval/Modern implications 373–4 Greek 347–8 see also Christianity/Christian literature neologism, in written Modern Greek of 19th orthography century 442, 447–8 conservatism of Greek, and Neroulós, Iákovos Rízos 442 implications 3–4 neuter paradigms, in late antique/Medieval of Boeotian 27, 33, 85–6 Greek 288–9 of classical Attic (basis for Koine and New Comedy 101–5 modern standard) xviii–xx, 3, 40–1, New Testament 114, 147–52 85–6 as model for ‘popular’ literary Otto, King see Frederick Otto, Prince language 137, 152–5, 253–6 Ottoman empire possible Semitisms in 147–9 decline of 374–7 ‘Nika’ riot 194–5, 248–50 expansion of 204–5, 373 nominal morphology and syntax fate of Greek speakers in 373–8, in Hellenistic/Roman Koine see Koine 428–31 (Hellenistic/Roman) Ottoman Turks 204–5, 371–8 502 Index

Palaiológos, Andrónikos 343 Philo 106 Palamás, Kostís 455 Philostratus 134 Pállis, Aléxandros 456 Phocian (ancient dialect) 16, 31–2 Pamphylian (ancient dialect) 15, 111 Phokás, Nikephóros 198, 331 Papadópoulos, Yeóryios 434, 435 phonological developments Papandréou, Andréas 436, 437 in Hellenistic/Roman Koine see Koine Papandréou, George Andréas 437 (Hellenistic/Roman) Papandréou, Yeóryios 432, 434, 461 in Medieval/Modern Greek 274–7, 281–4 papyri (Egyptian) 90, 101, 105, 114–17, Phótios 199, 220 172–87 Phrygia/Phrygian 113–14, 208–9 participles, decline of in Roman Koine/ Phrynichus 138–9, 149–50, 154 medieval vernacular 94, 97, 131–2, Pindar 53, 54–6 181–3, 245–6, 253, 255, 297–8 Pisidian 113–14, 208–9 past tense paradigms, remodelled 109–10, Planoúdes, Máximos 204, 221, 268–70 143–4, 176–8, 318–19, 320–3, 350, Plato 69, 71–2, 134, 138 384 pluperfect see under perfect indicative Patriarchate, role of in Ottoman empire Plutarch 79, 96, 131, 136 374 political verse form (decapentesyllable) Pausanias 136 in Erotókritos 393–4 Peloponnesian dialects (modern) 382–3 in folk songs 393–4, 408 as principal vernacular component of origins and development of 327–9, 336 modern standard 383 Polybius 97–8, 100 Peloponnesian Doric (ancient dialect Pontic (modern dialect group) 113, 114, group) 13, 14, 15, 16, 18, 22, 23, 24, 274, 276, 281, 382, 398–403, 404 26, 28–30 as part of an ‘eastern’ Koine 402, 404 local tenacity of 87–8 marking of defi niteness in 402 perfect (and pluperfect) indicative partial breakdown of gender marking conditional periphrases acquire pluperfect in 401–2 function 297, 300–1 retention of infi nitives in Ofi tic dialect emergence/development of periphrases of 389–90, 400 for 131–2, 176–8, 297–8, 300–1, Pontus 80, 125, 203, 382, 398, 402 346–7, 387, 396, 425 ‘Poor Pródromos’ (Ptochopródromos), poems forms of perfect merge with aorist see of 215, 337–42 under aorist Constantinopolitanisms in 338 forms of perfect replace aorist middles/ mixed language of 215, 338, 341–2 irregular aorist actives 181, 188, pre-Greek languages of the Balkan 269–70 peninsula 9, 19 Pergamum 79, 90, 95, 125 prepositional phrases periphrases see future indicative; perfect expanded adverbial use in basic Koine/ indicative medieval vernacular 97, 107–8, 284–5 Persia 63, 66, 67, 79, 80, 124, 195 replacing possessive pronouns in Koine Persian invasions of the east Roman/ (Hellenistic) 92, 104, 143 Byzantine empire 195, 252 prepositions personal lyric 50–3 reduced in number in medieval see also Alcaeus; Sappho vernacular 262, 284–5 person-number morphology, development of supported by adverbs in medieval in medieval vernacular 316–23 vernacular 262, 285, 345 Petcheneks 200, 201, 238, 260 with accusative as default case in basic Phanariots 375, 417 Koine/medieval vernacular 108, 154, Philippídis, Daniíl 421 173, 180, 284–5, 341, 342, 355 Index 503 prescriptive grammar, origins of the in the Ottoman period 417–18, 422–3 tradition 99 in Psycháris’ written demotic 451–2 present tense paradigms, development of in in the Roman empire 126, 133–7, 155–6 medieval vernacular 319–20 Rhodes, Doric koine of 87 Priene 81, 90 Roídis, Emmanouíl 446 Pródromos, Theódoros 201, 227, 337–8 Romance languages Prokópios 231–2 in contact with Greek in later middle pronouns, in late antique/Medieval/Modern ages 345–9, 367, 368, 396, 397, Greek 415 demonstrative 128–9, 148–9, 250, 295–6, romances (literary genre) 327 Byzantine (learned) 212, 214, 217 indefi nite 292–3, 347–8 Byzantine (vernacular) 217–19, 342–5, interrogative 293 357–9 personal (clitic) 108–9, 173, 174, 332, ‘mixed’ language of 215–16, 218–19, 354–5 334, 344–5, 359 and word order/word-order Hellenistic and Roman 100–1 change 108–9, 173, 277–81, 341, Romania (Danubian principalities)/ 348, 395–7 (Cretan), 401 (Pontic), Romanian 227–9, 373–4, 375, 415, 411 417, 421, 427 personal (strong/emphatic) 97, 104, 107, Romanós II 331 186, 296, 356–7 Rome refl exive 356–7 Greek and Roman cultures in relative 186–7, 262, 293–5, 336, 341 contact 132–3 Protagoras 68 history of the later empire 191–3 Protobulgarian inscriptions 325–7 philhellenism in 134 Proto-Indo-European 9, 16 progressive domination of the Hellenistic Psellós, Michaél 199, 233–4 world 124–5 Psycháris, Jean 446–51, 454, 455, 456, 457, see also bilingualism, Greek–Latin; Latin; 458, 459 loanwords/loan translations artifi ciality of demotic of 448, 451 Rus/Russians 198, 200, 258, 260 Constantinopolitanisms of My Journey 449–51 Sachlíkes, Stéphanos 366 critique of katharévousa 447–8 Salah ad-Din (Saladin) 202 Ptolemies 80, 125, 166 Sappho 50–2, 99 second declension (o-stems) quantitative metathesis 38 development of ‘short’ forms in [-is/-in] < [-ios/-ion] 175–6 Rangavís, Aléxandros Rízos 445 short-form neuters standardized in Rangavís, Konstandínos 452 medieval vernacular 175–6, 288, 333 rebétika 407 Second Sophistic 133–7, 213 ‘reduced’ paradigms (verbs in velar and Seféris, Yórgos (Yeóryios Seferiádis) 456, vowel stems) 310–12 467 refl exive pronouns see pronouns, Seljuk Turks 200, 202, 212, 238 refl exive Semitic substrate in Jewish Greek 106–7, relative pronouns see pronouns, relative 111, 114, 147–9 rhetoric Septuagint 106–8 in ancient Athens 67–9, 134 Hebraisms in 106, 107 in Byzantium 212–14, 233, 338, 344 language of 106–8 in the Cretan Renaissance 397 Serbian 227–9 in the Hellenistic world 99–100 Simítis, Kóstas 437 504 Index

Slavs, occupy the Balkan peninsula 195, 196 synizesis, in Ancient and Medieval Greek 38, Smyrna (Izmir) 430–1, 433 165, 169, 276, 329, 336, 411, 424 Socrates 68 Syria 80, 125, 136, 245, 333 Sofi anós, Nikólaos 384, 385, 387 Syriac 114, 136, 245 16th-century grammar of educated as a literary language 131, 209 colloquial 385–8 Solomós, Dionysios 443, 445 themes (Byzantine military/administrative as a demoticist 443–5 districts) 196 sophists 67–9, 133–7 breakdown of administration based Sophocles 56, 57–9, 138 on 200 Sophron 101 Theocritus 89, 98, 99 south-eastern dialects (modern dialect Theodoret 157–8 group) 274, 277, 281, 362–4, 382, Theophánes 224, 251–3, 258 see also Cypriot 391–8 Theophanó 330, 331–2 South Italian dialects (modern dialect Thessalian (ancient dialect) 13, 14, 23, 24, group) 274, 276, 383, 388–91, 25, 26, 27, 33–4, 121, 169, 404–5 405 third-declension (consonant-stems/i- and infi nitive preserved in 389–91 u-stems/eu-stems) Soútsos, Aléxandros 446 nominative/accusative plural of consonant Soútsos, Panayótis 446 stems fall together 117, 123, 175, Spanéas 217, 227, 337, 357 286–7, 387 standard Modern Greek (SMG) progressive merger of with fi rst declension as the new Koine 465–6 (masculine and feminine distinct from traditional demotic nouns) 120–1, 181, 286–8, 350, 387, varieties 397, 410–11, 462–5 425 origins, development, and characteristics Thrasymachus 68 of 383, 384–8, 410–11, 418–21, Thucydides 64, 68, 70–1, 231 439–40, 447–9, 451, 462–6 style of 68, 73, 74, 75 stylistic varieties of 466–70 Timaríon 337 Stoicism 98 tragedy, language of Athenian 56–9, 67, 83 Strabo 136 transposition (of texts between registers) see subjunctive metaphrases clauses introduced by ‘fi nal’ conjunctions Triandafyllídis, Manólis 459, 460, 461, 462 replace accusative + infi nitive and demotic grammar of 460, 461 control infi nitives 93–4, 105, 129, Triklínios, Demétrios 204 143, 156, 173–4, 245, 271, 296–7, Tróilos, Ioánnis Andréas 393 301–2, 355, 388 Tsakonian 88, 274, 382 formal renewal with (”i) na [(i)na] (+ future Turkey, relations with Greece since use), na [na] becoming a mood independence 428–31, 433, 434, 435, marker 152, 228–9, 277–8, 280, 436, 437 298–9, 301, 341, 355, 387, 412 Turkish merge with present/future indicative impact on Greek 379–81, 402–4, 411, through sound change 117, 129, 415, 418 317–18 infl uence on Cappadocian 402, 403–4 subordination and word order, in Medieval infl uence on Pontic 402–3 Greek 277–81 Tzétzes, Ioánnes 201, 227 suffi xes (imperfective stem), in the medieval Tzimiskés, Ioánnes 198, 331 vernacular 306–13, 354 Symeón Metaphrastés 213 Venice, rise of/role in Byzantine see also metaphrases affairs 200–3 Index 505

Venizélos, Elefthérios 429–31, 458 vowel system verb morphology and syntax in Hellenistic/Roman Koine 160–70 in Hellenistic/Roman Koine see Koine in the middle ages 274, 283, 404–6 (Hellenistic/Roman) VSO order, conditioned by clitic placement/ in Medieval/Modern Greek 277–81, standardized 296–323 in medieval vernacular 108–9, 173, see also under individual topics 277–81 vernacular, early modern (including vernacular literature) 379–411, 423–6 Wallachia see Danubian principalities see also ‘demotic’ Greek; educated speech war of independence 377–8 vernacular, medieval (spoken and West Greek (ancient dialect group/putative written) 214–20, 273–323, 325–68 source thereof) 13, 15, 16, 18, 19, 20, emergence in literature 214–19, 333–4, 21, 22, 23, 24–6, 27, 28–32 337–8, 342–5, 357–9 koines based on 87–8 morphological/syntactic developments tenacity of 87–8 in 277–81, 284–323 word order/word-order change 108–9, 173, phonological developments in 274–7, 277–81, 341, 348, 396–7, 401, 411 281–4 see also under names of speciﬁ c texts Ypsilándis, Aléxandros Prince 377 Vernardákis, Dimítrios 446 Vilarás, Ioánnis 443 Zonarás, Ioánnes 224