Nicola Reggiani Digital Papyrology I Nicola Reggiani Digital Papyrology I Methods, Tools and Trends ISBN 978-3-11-053851-9 e-ISBN (PDF) 978-3-11-054747-4 e-ISBN (EPUB) 978-3-11-054760-3 This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-No-Derivatives 4.0 International License. For details go to https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data A CIP catalog record for this book has been applied for at the Library of Congress. Bibliographic information published by the Deutsche Nationalbibliothek The Deutsche Nationalbibliothek lists this publication in the Deutsche Nationalbibliografie; detailed bibliographic data are available in the Internet at http://dnb.dnb.de. © 2017 Nicola Reggiani, published by Walter de Gruyter GmbH, Berlin/Boston The book is published with open access at www.degruyter.com. Printing and binding: CPI books GmbH, Leck ♾ Printed on acid-free paper Printed in Germany www.degruyter.com Acknowledgments I owe my first acquaintance with Digital Papyrology to Professor Isabella Andorlini, who admittedly has been a pioneer in the systematic application of electronic re- sources to papyrological scholarship, from the effective use of textual databases to virtual restoration of fragmentary documents1, up to the digitization of the Greek medical papyri2. I still remember her passion in describing functionalities and ad- vantages of the digital tools, and her skilfulness in using them. My previous inter- ests in information technologies did the rest3. I would like to dedicate this work to Her, in memory of all this. My grateful thoughts then go to Fabian Reiter, who allowed me to hold a class of Digital Papyrology at the University of Trier during the Winter Semester 2016/17, which gave me really many useful and interesting suggestions about the topics discussed here. He also supported this publication, for which I wish to thank also Mirko Vonderstein and my other contact people at De Gruyter (Katrin Hofmann, Florian Ruppenstein), who have been so kind, patient and efficient in following all the publishing steps. I am grateful also to the students who actively took part into the Trier seminar (Julius Bergau, Spyridoula Bounta, Pia Geißel, Sara Marmai) for all the fruitful discussions we had together. I would like to mention also the Digital Papyrology seminars conducted by Rod- ney Ast, James Cowey and Lajos Berkes at the Institute of Papyrology of the Heidel- berg University directed by Prof. Andrea Jördens, the attendance of which has prov- en helpful for improving my experience in this rising field, as well as my participation in the digital classes of the “SunoikisisDC” programme (Leipzig Uni- versity), coordinated by Monica Berti. I also thank my colleagues and friends Davide Astori, Francesca Bertonazzi and Isabella Bonati, with whom I shared several phas- es of my research. I wish this thank-list were longer, because I would have loved to discuss all the topics and resources with more people. Unfortunately, unpredictable tragic circum- stances slightly affected the conclusion of the ERC DIGMEDTEXT project, from || The present volume is published in the framework of the Project “Online Humanities Scholarship: A Digital Medical Library Based on Ancient Texts” (DIGMEDTEXT, Principal Investigator Professor Isabella Andorlini), funded by the European Research Council (Advanced Grant no. 339828) at the University of Parma (see below, Appendix 2). 1 Cf. ANDORLINI 2008; ANDORLINI – REGGIANI 2012. 2 Cf. ANDORLINI 2017a; see below, esp. §§ 8.6–7. 3 REGGIANI 2012 represents the first outcome of my experience in this field, being the product of my involvement in a Digital Humanities seminar coordinated by Professor Anna Maria Tammaro at the University of Parma and stemming from the Digital Papyrology introductory seminars I held for Professor Andorlini’s classes. Open Access. © 2017 Nicola Reggiani, published by De Gruyter. This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 License. https://doi.org/10.1515/9783110547474-201 VI | Acknowledgments which this work stems (see Appendix 2), and bureaucratic demands forced me to complete the publication in too short a time. I hope that my benevolent readers will take what follows for what it is – a preliminary survey and a tentative theoretical, methodological, and epistemological arrangement of a rising and ever-changing subject, probably presented in too an Italianized English, for which I express all my sorrowful apologies – and will kindly agree to send me back advice, suggestions, remarks, criticism, so that a sharper manual can be envisaged in the near future of Digital Papyrology4. The present work is not exactly a handbook – most of the digital tools do al- ready offer detailed instructions and help guides, to which I gladly refer –, nor just a list of tools. Recent detailed surveys of the digital papyrological scenario already exist5 and they do not deserve to be updated or replaced. My aim is to analyse the electronic papyrological resources in details in order to pinpoint common trends, to sketch methodological outlines and to envisage an epistemology of Digital Papyrol- ogy, in view of the possible future developments6. Isabella Andorlini and Nicola Reggiani at the SoSOL Training Session, Duke University (Durham, NC), July 2010. || 4 An update web page is prospected at http://www.papirologia.unipr.it/dp/update.html. 5 BABEU 2011, 141–57; DELATTRE – HEILPORN 2014; QUENOUILLE 2016 (more Leipzig-focused). RUFFING 2000 and CAPASSO 2005, 227–35 are slightly outdated but are nice snapshots of past situations. 6 I must also anticipate that I will deal mostly with Greek and Latin Papyrology. Demotic will not be forgotten, since it constitutes a fundamental linguistic and cultural source for Graeco-Roman Egypt. Conversely, egyptological digital resources, though very promising and Egypt-related as well, will not be taken into consideration; for a recent survey of them, see WOUTER – VAN KEER 2014. Table of Contents 1 Tablets of the Mind (An Introduction) | 1 1.1 Papyrology in the Digital Vanguard | 2 1.2 Issues in Digital Papyrology | 8 2 Digital Bibliographies and Bibliographical Standards | 14 2.1 Bibliographie Papyrologique | 14 2.2 Trismegistos Bibliographies |22 2.3 The Checklist of Editions |23 2.4 A Flock without a Shepherd (On Bibliographical Standards) | 29 2.5 Special Bibliographies | 32 3 Cataloguing Metadata | 37 3.1 The Heidelberger Gesamtverzeichnis | 39 3.2 The Literary Catalogues: Mertens-Pack3 and the Leuven Database of Ancient Books | 47 3.3 Thrice Greatest Trismegistos | 56 3.4 Fifty Shades of Papyri, or: What Do We Catalogue? | 74 3.5 Extant, Would-Be, and Passed Away Digital Thematic Catalogues | 79 3.6 Digital Catalogues of Papyrological Collections | 92 3.7 Envisaging Virtual Corpora of Papyri | 114 4 Indexing Words | 118 4.1 Wörterlisten | 119 4.2 General Dictionaries / Glossaries | 123 4.3 Thematic Dictionaries / Glossaries (Lexica) | 124 4.4 Prosopographies and Onomastica | 131 4.5 Indexes of Emendations | 134 5 Virtual Papyrology | 137 5.1 Imaging Papyri Digitally for Preserving and Reading | 138 5.2 Reading Invisible Ink | 141 5.3 Virtual Restorations and Reunifications | 146 5.4 Digital Palaeography | 151 5.5 How Virtual Papyrology Redesigns Papyrology | 160 6 Papyrological Mass Media | 162 6.1 Websites of Institutions (Associations, Research Centres, Collections) | 162 6.2 Papyrological P.R. | 166 VIII | Table of Contents 6.3 Thematic Highlights and Online Exhibitions | 168 6.4 Staying Papyrologically Digitally Tuned | 170 6.5 Good and Bad Digital Practices: Overcoming Cultural Boundaries and Purchasing Papyri Online | 172 6.6 Digital Publications | 173 7 New Trends in Digital Papyrology | 178 7.1 Quantitative Analysis of Textual Data: Past and Future of Computational Linguistics Applied to Papyrology | 178 7.2 Quantitative Analysis of Metadata: Social Network Analysis in Papyrology | 189 7.3 Integrated Scholarly Workspaces | 197 8 From Textual Databases to Digital Scholarship | 202 8.1 Digital Encoding of Papyrus Texts: Theory and Practice | 202 8.2 The Earliest Textual Databases | 207 8.3 The Thesaurus Linguae Graecae and the Duke Databank of Documentary Papyri | 210 8.4 The Papyrological Navigator | 222 8.5 The Papyrological Editor | 232 8.6 From Digital Editions to Digital Scholarship | 241 8.7 New Standards for Digital Literary Papyri | 250 9 The Shape of Things to Come (Not A Conclusion) | 255 Appendix 1. Clarysse’s software | 271 Appendix 2. The DIGMEDTEXT Project | 273 Bibliography | 277 Indices | 303 I. Individuals and Institutions | 303 II. Digital Resources | 306 III. Conspectus Siglorum | 311 IV. General Keywords | 313 1 Tablets of the Mind (An Introduction) Papyrology is known for its many resources and working tools. Dorothy J. Thompson1 Being a set of (electronic) ways of treating human information and knowledge, Digi- tal Humanities can be considered as the direct heir of those cognitive ‘technologies’ that have been analysed – in relation with men’s knowledge and memory – in Joce- lyn P. Small’s monograph2 titled after the phrase with which the ancient Greeks metaphorically used to call memory, i.e. “tablets of the mind”, φρενῶν δέλτοι3. Small’s essay shows that the problem of the relationship between creating infor- mation material (‘data’) and the ways of accessing it is definitely ancient, and that the transition from human ‘memory’ – the very first tool for storing and retrieving information! – to artificial intelligence is just a technological and chronological swerve, not a conceptual one – after all, it is not by chance if we still speak of elec- tronic memory devices. || 1 THOMPSON 2007, 37. 2 SMALL 1997 (cf. the review by THOMAS 2000). 3 Aeschyl. Prom. 789; cf. NIEDDU 1984. Open Access. © 2017 Nicola Reggiani, published by De Gruyter. This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 License. https://doi.org/10.1515/9783110547474-001 2 | 1 Tablets of the Mind (An Introduction) Human memory – the Mother of the Muses – is the business of the humanist.