Index Ancient Greek personal names are given in their familiar Anglo-Latin forms, Byzantine names, even the most familiar, as transliterations of their Greek spellings (using ch/ph for chi/phi), and modern Greek names in a largely phonetic spelling (using ch for chi, and f for phi except where ph- is so well established word-initially that f- spellings might hinder effective use of the index; so Philippídis not Filippídis etc.). No system is entirely adequate, and none will ever satisfy all bodies of opinion; no further justifi cation is therefore attempted. accent adjectives, developments in late antique/ ancient, based primarily on pitch Medieval Greek 289–92 modulation xx, 5, 41 Aelian 136 shift to stress-based system in Koine xx, 5, Aeolic (ancient dialect group) 14, 18, 20, 41, 118, 122, 162, 165, 167, 169–70 23–4, 25, 26 acclamations 325, 327–33 see also Boeotian; Lesbian; Thessalian accusative and infi nitive Aelius Aristides 135, 136, 140–1 replaces factive accusative and participle Aeschylus 56, 138 construction in ‘basic’ Koine 92–3 Aetolian League 87–8, 124–5 widely replaced by fi nite clauses in ‘basic’ Doric (North-West Greek) koine of 87–8 Koine (indirect statements and akritic songs 214–15, 333–4, 407 indirect commands) 93–4, 143, Albanian 227–9 156–7, 180 Alcaeus 50–1, 99 accusative case Alcman 53 as replacement for dative in northern Alexander the Great 79, 81 dialects of modern Greek 284–5, 384, Alexandria 79, 98, 99 449 Alexandrian poetry 98–9 as replacement for dative to mark indirect Aléxios I Komnenós 201–2, 213, 238–9 objects 116–17,COPYRIGHTED 179–80, 184–5, 337 Ancient MATERIAL Greek development of, as ‘default’ prepositional decline of local dialects of (excluding case 107–8, 154, 173, 180, 186, Attic) 84–8 246–7, 284–5, 341 defi ning characteristics of within Indo- in competition with genitive as indirect European family of languages 9–10 object marker 180, 184–5, 284, 337, literary and offi cial dialects of (excluding 384 Attic) 43–65 Achaean (putative prehistoric dialect local dialects of 13–41 group) 18 prehistory and early history of 13–24 Achaean League 87–8, 124–5 see also under names of individual dialects Doric koine of 87–8 Anna Komnené 201, 213–14 Achilles Tatius 136 the Alexiad of 238–40, 264–8 494 Index Antigonids 80 prestige of ancient, as a factor in the rise Antioch 79, 245 of Attic 67–70, 73–7 Antiphon 68 Attalus II, king of Pergamum 95 aorist Attalus III, king of Pergamum 125 active/passive forms of in Medieval Attic declension, eliminated from the Greek 303, 318 Koine 83 merger with perfect 102, 131–2, 154, Attic dialect 176–8, 245, 302, 318, 330 adopted as offi cial language by the middle forms replaced by passive 103, Macedonian court 80–3 130, 256 advocated as basis for a modern middle forms replaced by perfect standard 427, 439 active 247, 256, 341 as a learned language in Roman/Byzantine/ see also past tense paradigms Ottoman periods 133–41, 213–14, aphaeresis 276–7, 329, 332, 336, 353 231–42, 417–18 Apókopos 367–8 as a literary dialect (classical period) 56–9, Apollonius of Rhodes 98 67–72 Apostolic Fathers 152–4 as an offi cial dialect (classical Appian 136 period) 40–1, 73–7 Arab conquests, in Byzantine empire 195–6 Athenian, in the Hellenistic/Roman Aramaic 114, 148–9 periods 101–5, 163–5 Arcadian dialect 14, 18, 21, 25, 27, 36–7 classical 3, 13–14, 16, 19, 22, 27, 40–1, Arcado-Cypriot (ancient dialect group) 14, 56–9, 67–77 16, 18, 22 early development as a ‘standard’ archaic Greek poetry 43–56 language 67–77 see also under names of individual poets see also Great Attic; Koine (Hellenistic/ Archilochus 49–50 Roman) Archimedes 98 orthography of xviii–xx, 3, 40–1, 85–6 Arianism 192–3 see also Atticism Aristophanes 67, 75–6, 101, 104 Attic-Ionic (ancient dialect group) 14, 15, Armenia 209 16, 22–3 Armenian, as a literary language (early see also Attic; Ionic medieval) 209 Atticism Arrian 136, 146 Atticist grammars and lexica 137–9 article (defi nite) ‘errors’ in Atticizing authors (Roman/ development of in Medieval Greek 289 Byzantine) 141, 213–14, 233–4, forms of used as relative pronouns 186, 235–6, 239–40 293–4, 336 impact on ‘higher’ Koine writing in the Asia Minor Roman empire 135–7, 145–6 Christians deported from 431 impact on learned Christian writing Greek in 13, 18, 20, 75, 76, 81, 90, (Roman period) 155–9 113–14, 170, 207, 208–9, 212, 384, in the Roman, Byzantine and Ottoman 398–404, 406 periods 133–41, 213–14, 231–42, Asianism 99–100, 134–5 264–8, 417–18 Atatürk, Mustafa Kemal 430 in the Second Sophistic (Roman athematic verbs, replaced 102, 187, 303–5 period) 133–41 Athenian, Old (modern dialect group) see moderated in 3rd century ad (‘literary’ Old Athenian Koine) 136–7 Athens origins, as reaction to Asianism 99–100 as capital of modern Greece 383, 428 principal markers of 138–9, 157–8, in the Hellenistic period 101–2 267–8 Index 495 augment, in Medieval Greek/Modern Greek marking of defi niteness in 402 dialects 319, 327, 342, 386, 395, Turkish infl uence on 403–4 399, 426 Carthage 124 Avars 195 Cassius Dio 137 chain effects, in development of Greek vowel Balkan Sprachbund 227–9 system 160–3 ‘barbarian’ invasions of Roman empire 193 Chariton 101 Basil, St (the Great) 155 Charlemagne 199 ‘be’, verb transferred to middle Chatzidákis, Yeóryios 455 paradigm 154, 256, 303–4 Choniátes, Michaél 202 Bergadés 367–8 Choniátes, Nikétas 202, 213, 264 Bértos, Neílos (Nathanaél) 226 choral lyric 53–6 Bessaríon, Cardinal 220, 230 Chortátsis, Yeóryios 392–3 bilingualism Christianity/Christian literature 134, 147–59, Greek–Coptic 111–13, 169–70 191, 192–3, 195, 197–8, 199, 202–3, Greek–Latin 98, 126–32, 196–7 204–5, 225–6, 253–8, 373–4, 419–21 Greek–Romance 345–9, 367, 368, 396, Chronicle of the Morea 216, 349–57 397, 415 vernacular language of 349–51, 353–7 Greek–Semitic 106–7, 111, 114, 147–9 chronicles 222–5 Greek–Turkish 379–81, 398–9, 402–4, early/middle Byzantine 245–53 315–16, 418–19 in later medieval vernacular 216, 349–57 Bithynia 80, 125 Chrysostom, John 155, 225 Bithynian dialect (modern) 113 Cicero 69, 126 Boeotian dialect (ancient) 13, 14, 19, 22, 23, Clement of Alexandia 155, 223 24, 25, 26, 84–7 Cleopatra 125 koineization of 84–7 clitic pronouns see pronouns, personal orthography of 27, 33, 85–6 (clitic) principal characteristics of 32–3, 86 common Greek (hypothetical source of Bulgarian 227–9 ancient dialects) 9–10, 16 Bulgars 197–8, 199, 325–6 compensatory lengthening 27, 38, 41 language (Turkic) 325 complement clauses, fi nite variants replace Byron, Lord 377 accusative + infi nitive in Koine 93–4, Byzantine state 143, 157 at its height 197–200 compounds (nominal/adjectival), popularity decline and fall of 200–5 of in medieval vernacular 330, 332–3, established 194–7 342 importance of Greek culture conditional periphrases within 210–14 forms of in late antique/Medieval Greek see under future indicative Callimachus 98 shift of to pluperfect function in Medieval Callinicus 156–7, 237–8 Greek 297, 300–1 calques (French-/English-based), in written conjugation, anomalies levelled out of Great Greek of Attic/Koine 73, 102–3 modern period 221, 421, 447 consonant system see also loanwords/loan translations summary of changes in Hellenistic/Roman Cappadocian (modern dialect periods 170–2 group) 113–14, 274, 382, 398, summary of changes in middle 401–2, 403–4 ages 274–6, 281–3 as part of an ‘eastern’ Koine 402, 404 Constantine the Great 134, 155, 191, breakdown of gender system in 401–2 192–3 496 Index Constantinople Danubian principalities (Moldavia and educated (Greek) speech of, in modern Wallachia) 373, 375, 415, 417, 421, period 384, 421, 448–51 427 educated speech of, in medieval dative case period 338, 341–2 absence in ‘vernacular’ literature (12th falls to the Ottoman Turks 205 century onwards) 337, 350 founded 155, 193 decline of in Koine/early medieval Greeks hounded out of 433 vernacular (replaced by accusative/ taken and sacked by the fourth genitive/prepositional phrases) 97, crusade 203 107–8, 116–17, 179–80, 184–5, 186, contract verbs 284–5 interaction with other imperfective classes obsolete in early modern colloquial 387, in medieval Greek 307–12 440 paradigmatic confusion between different residual in educated colloquial (from 12th classes of; development of in Medieval century) 284, 341–2 Greek 313–16, 350 restricted popular use in Roman/early co-ordination/parataxis in ‘popular’ Byzantine periods 152, 246–7, 255, Greek throughout the ages 107, 151, 245, 330 410 retained in ‘formal’ written styles Coptic throughout Roman/Byzantine/ as an administrative language 191, Ottoman/modern periods 138, 246–7, 209–10 255, 262, 264, 284, 341–2, 418, as a literary language 191, 209–10 422–3, 453 infl uence on vernacular Egyptian declensional anomaly, levelled out in Attic/ Koine 111–13, 169, 170 Koine 82–3, 102, 285–6 Cretan dialect degemination ancient 25, 27, 29–30 absence of in Cypriot (and other south- medieval 216–17, 360–2, 366–8 eastern dialects) 274, 363 modern 277, 281, 283, 382, 392–8 in late antique/Medieval Greek 274 Cretan Renaissance 361–2, 392–3 Dellapórtas, Linárdos 366–7 Crete Delmoúzos, Aléxandros 457–60 medieval 360–1 demonstrative pronouns see pronouns, modern 382, 392–3 demonstrative crusades 202–3 Demosthenes 69, 72, 79 Crusius, Martin 416 ‘demotic’ Greek in modern period Cynicism 98 exemplifi ed 406–11, 423–6, 442–5, Cypriot dialect 446–52 ancient 14, 18, 21, 121, 274 historical morphology of 284–323 forming part of an ‘eastern’ Koine historical phonology of 274–7, 281–4 (Hellenistic/Roman) 113–14, 402 now distanced from modern standard 411, medieval