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Louis-Thomas Villaret De Joyeuse: Admiral and Colonial Administrator (1747-1812) Kenneth Gregory Johnson

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Louis-Thomas Villaret De Joyeuse: Admiral and Colonial Administrator (1747-1812) Kenneth Gregory Johnson Florida State University Libraries Electronic Theses, Treatises and Dissertations The Graduate School 2006 Louis-Thomas Villaret de Joyeuse: Admiral and Colonial Administrator (1747-1812) Kenneth Gregory Johnson Follow this and additional works at the FSU Digital Library. For more information, please contact [email protected] THE FLORIDA STATE UNIVERSITY COLLEGE OF ARTS AND SCIENCES Louis-Thomas Villaret de Joyeuse: Admiral and Colonial Administrator (1747-1812) By KENNETH GREGORY JOHNSON A Dissertation submitted to the Department of History in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy Degree Awarded: Summer Semester, 2006 Copyright © 2006 Kenneth Gregory Johnson All Rights Reserved The members of this Committee approve the thesis of Kenneth Gregory Johnson defended on 17 May 2006 _______________________ Donald Horward Professor Directing Thesis _______________________ Mohammed Kabbaj Outside Committee Member _______________________ Michael Creswell Committee Member _______________________ Jonathan Grant Committee Member _______________________ Matt Childs Committee Member The Office of Graduate Studies has verified and approved the above named committee members. ii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS It is only thanks to the assistance and support of numerous people that this dissertation could be possible. First and foremost, I wish to thank my major professor and mentor, Dr. Donald D. Horward, Chevalier de Légion d’Honneur and Commandeur de l’Ordre de Palme Académiques. This work never would have become what it is without his mentoring guidance, invaluable editing, and constant support. Almost a year after his retirement, he selflessly spent weeks reading drafts of this manuscript. It is an extreme honor to be one of the final students of such a prestigious and respected Napoleonic scholar. I could only hope that this work will prove to be a lasting testament to his mentorship. My studies at Florida State University over the last five years have been graciously facilitated in thanks to the generous gifts of Ben Wieder, Skip Vichness, George Knight and Baron Roger Jomini. Without their financial support, I would have never been able to undertake the extensive research that allowed this dissertation to reach its fullest potential. Furthermore, I would have been unable to attend various conferences to present the product of my research. Their generosity has my eternal gratitude. I am also thankful to the three distinguished professors Matt Childs, Michael Creswell, and Jonathan Grant who have helped guide me through my graduate studies. Beyond their assistance with this dissertation, their instruction and guidance has helped to make me a better scholar and historian. I have learned a lot from them and I am deeply grateful. I wish to thank Debbie Perry and Chris Pignatiello, who have graciously aided me with all of the bureaucratic paperwork associated with graduate school. I must also express great thanks to Dr. Mohammed Kabbaj, who has graciously given up his time to sit on my committee. The invaluable support and camaraderie of fellow classmates and colleagues: Rick Black, Mike Bonura, Mary Cooney, Jolynda Chenicek, Tim Fitzpatrick, Jeff Graceffo, Karen Greene, Joe Horan, Josh Moon, Alexander Mikaberidze, Jason Musteen, and Jack Sigler. Not only has their criticism during our seminars lead to improvements in my work, but their friendship has made my experience truly enjoyable. My other compatriots in arms have been the wonderful staff in Special Collections over the years: Lucia Patrick, Burt Altman, Patricia Brinkley, Michael Matos, Alice Motes, Julie Uhland, Chad Underwood, Deborah Rouse and Marianne Donnell have made the countless hours iii I spent in the library enjoyable. Their extraordinary assistance eased my research and their companionship during the long hours in Special Collections kept me sane; they put the ‘special’ in Special Collections. The accumulation of the vast amount of archival material essential to this dissertation has been greatly facilitated by the staves of the Centre des archives d’Outre-Mer in Aix-Provence, the Service Historique de l’Armée de terre at Château de Vincennes, Paris and the Archives Départementales du Gers in Auch. At the Service Historique de la Marine, I must give special thanks to Brigitte Westelli, Isabelle Dieu, Annie Molton, Monique Frêlon, Alain Morgat and Karine la Boucq for helping me during my research. I would also like to thank Saulais Brigitte at the Archive Départementales of Cote d’Armor for her extraordinary assistance in my mad dash to track down the decedents of Villaret de Joyeuse. She went above the call of duty, taking me back into the archival stacks to dig for traces of Villaret de Joyeuse’s ancestors. Furthermore, I am deeply indebted to Dominique de Boixo Villaret de Joyeuse and Ramond Machetto-Calpi for their kind hospitality. They opened up their home to a stranger for several days so I could pour over the massive stacks of Villaret de Joyeuse’s remaining personal papers. I would also like to thank our friends, Eric and Samia (?) ,for lodging us on several occasions in Paris. I would have never been able to enter graduate school if it had not been for the guidance and training from my undergraduate professor at California State University, Northridge, and dear friend, Dr. Stephen Bourque. Since I had transferred into the History Department from Computer Science, I required a lot of direction and assistance. Without him, I would have never achieved my full potential and gone on for my graduate degree. Finally, and most important, I must thank my wife, Marie-Eve, for her encouraging love, support, and personal sacrifice, as well as for her priceless assistance with translations. Without her, my proficiency in French would never have been sufficient to finish this work. Merci beaucoup, mon amour! Secondly, I wish to thank my parents, Steve and Dana, for their loving support and encouragement. I am also indebted to Marie-Eve’s mother, Danielle Deviscourt, who always welcomed us in Avignon and has generously served as my overseas research assistant, scouting Villaret de Joyeuse’s personal papers for me and going to the Centre des archives d’Outre-Mer in Aix-Provence to order microfilm. Merci beaucoup from a grateful son- in-law! iv TABLE OF CONTENTS List of Figures ..……..…………………………………………………………….…… vi Abstract ..…………..…………………………………………………………………. viii INTRODUCTION ……………….…………………………………………..………………... 1 1. CHILDHOOD AND EARLY CAREER………...………………………….……………... 8 2. REVOLUTIONARY CAREER ………………..……………………………..…………… 35 3. THE PRAIRIAL CAMPAIGN ..………………………………………….…….…………. 71 4. ATLANTIC NAVAL OPERATIONS (1794-1796)……………………….…….………… 103 5. DIRECTORY POLITICS AND COLONIAL AFFAIRES …………..…………….…….. 149 6. LA REPRISE DE POSSESSION” OF MARTINIQUE (1802-1803)……………...……… 184 7. MARTINIQUE AND MARITIME OPERATIONS (1804-1805)………………………… 208 8. DECLINE AND FALL OF MARTINIQUE (1806-1809)………………………….……… 231 EPILOGUE …………………………………………………………………………………… 267 CONCLUSION ………………………………………….…….………………....…………… 270 APPENDICES …..……………………………………………..………………….………….. 274 GLOSSARY…………………………………………………………………………………... 276 BIBLIOGRAPHY ………………………………………………..……………………….…. 278 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCH ……………………………..…………………………….….... 303 v LIST OF FIGURES Figure 1. Louis-Thomas Villaret de Joyeuse (1747-1812)…………………………….. 2 From Villaret de Joyeuse Family Collection Figure 2. Villaret de Joyeuse Family Crest ..………………………………………….. 9 Figure 3. Eastern India and Gulf of Bengal ..………………………………………….. 13 Figure 4. Saint Domingue……………………………………………………………… 40 From Roussier, Lettres du Général Leclerc Figure 5. North Plain…………………………………………………………………… 45 Figure 6. Vendéan Coast………………………………………………………………… 53 Figure 7. Western France and La Manche……………………………………………….. 80 Figure 8. Engagement of 29 May………………………………………………………… 90 From Mahan, Influence of Sea Power upon the French Revolution Figure 9. End of 29 May engagement…………………………………………………… 90 From Mahan, Influence of Sea Power upon the French Revolution Figure 10. Battle of 13 Prairial…………………………………………………………… 93 From Mahan, Influence of Sea Power upon the French Revolution Figure 11. Winter Cruise (December 1794-January 1795)………………………………. 114 Figure 12. First Battle of Île de Groix (9:00 AM)………………………………………. 128 Figure 13. First Battle of Île de Groix (10:00-10:30 AM)………………………………. 130 Figure 14. First Battle of Île de Groix (Afternoon)……………………………………… 131 Figure 15. Invasion of Saint Domingue………………………………………………… 179 Based on map from Ott, The Haitian Revolution Figure 16. Landing at Le Cap……………………………………………………………. 180 Figure 17. Windward Islands – 1802 (Post-Amiens)……………………………………… 185 Figure 18. Martinique…………………………………………………………………….. 187 Figure 19. Windward Islands – End of 1803……………………………………………… 204 vi Figure 20. Bay of Fort-de-France………………………………………………………… 210 Modified from Duffy’s Soldiers, Sugar, and Seapower, 66. Figure 21. Pierre-Clément Laussat……………………………………………………….. 212 From Villiers’ Les Dernières Années de la Louisiane française, 401. Figure 22. Top View of Diamond Rock…………………………………………………. 223 Modified from Stuart and Eggleston’s His Majesty’s Sloop-of-War Diamond Rock, 31. Figure 23. Fort-de-France region (shows British batteries during attack)……………….. 249 From Poyen, Les Guerres des Antilles, 1793-1815. Figure 24. Defensive works around Fort-de-France…………………………………...... 250 From M.E.S. Law’s “The Royal Artillery at Martinique,1809” Figure 25. Attack on Martinique…………………………………………………….…… 252 From Fortescue’s History of the British Army, vol. 7 Figure 26. - Statue of
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