Diagnosis of Irregular Disposal of Construction and Demolition Waste (CDW) in the City of Olinda/PE
Maria Júlia de Oliveira Holanda Civil Engineer, Master's Degree student in Civil Engineering Polytechnic School of Pernambuco, University of Pernambuco. e-mail: [email protected]
Diogo Henrique Fernandes da Paz Environmental Engineer, PhD student in Civil Engineering Polytechnic School of Pernambuco, University of Pernambuco. e-mail: [email protected]
Carolina Magalhães Figueredo Graduation student Polytechnic School of Pernambuco, University of Pernambuco. e-mail: [email protected]
Kalinny Patrícia Vaz Lafayette Professor Polytechnic School of Pernambuco, University of Pernambuco. e-mail: [email protected]
Maria do Carmo Martins Sobral Professor Geosciences and Technology Center Federal University of Pernambuco. e-mail: [email protected]
ABSTRACT CDW disposal in illegal areas causes a series of environmental impacts such as visual pollution, narrowing of river margins, causing floods, waters and soil pollution, inducing disposal of other types of tailings, and attractive for disease vectors. Performing a diagnosis, based on available knowledge on this type of waste, is fundamentally important to identify and analyze the problems and impacts resulting from this. The objective of this article is to make a diagnosis of the areas of improper CDW disposal in the city of Recife/PE and proposing possible solutions to the problem. The critical points of CDW disposal were defined using data made available by the Company of Maintenance and Urban Cleaning. From these data, CDW irregular disposal points were mapped in relation to neighborhoods, and Political-Administrative Region (PAR). A survey was made of the socioeconomic characteristics of each neighborhood and PARs, to correlate the irregular waste disposal points to the characteristics of the area. The data of the socioeconomic characteristics of each region were obtained on the Information Base of the 2010 Demographic Census of IBGE. From this analysis, a field survey was performed, where some critical points were visited, photographed, and evaluated. The results showed that PAR 7 is the one that generates the most waste, and presents the most irregular CDW disposal points, because they are the areas with the highest population and the most civil construction activity. KEYWORDS: Construction waste; Generation; Irregular disposal
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INTRODUCTION
The growth of the Brazilian economy has provided an intensification in the quantity of infrastructure works started in the country in recent years. With these numerous works, there was a growth in the generation of civil construction waste (CCW), which made the authorities, researchers, and society resume theirs efforts to face the difficulties management and proper final disposal of such waste. The absence of public policies that promote the inspection of waste management in relation to the generators causes several impacts, such as the emergence of several illegal stocks of the most remote areas of the urban perimeter and spending of the public administration with corrective management models. CDW disposal in illegal areas brings a series of environmental impacts such as visual pollution, the narrowing of river margins, causing floods, pollution of waters and soils, inducing other types of disposal of tailings, and attractive for disease vectors. In Brazil, legal devices were created to assist the municipalities and private companies in CDW management. The highlight is Resolution Nº 307 of the National Environmental Council (CONAMA), which established guidelines, criteria, and procedures for CDW management. Other laws such as Nº 12.305, which establishes the National Policy of Solid Waste (PNRS) (BRASIL, 2010b) and Decree Nº 7.404, of December 23, 2010 (BRASIL, 2010a), which regulated the PNRS, complement what was established in CONAMA Nº 307. CONAMA Nº 307/2002, established that the municipalities should develop, implement, and coordinate the Municipal Civil Construction Waste Management Program, and should establish technical guidelines and procedures for the exercise of the responsibilities of small generators, in accordance with the technical criteria of the local urban cleaning system. For Morais (2006), despite several Brazilian cities there have deployed models for CDW management, the vast majority of cities has been limited to act with corrective management of irregular disposal areas. In this way, the problem has deteriorated, reinforcing the urgency in the implementation of public policies to control the situation. On the other hand, differentiated management, which acts in a preventive way regarding CDW generation and reuse, constitutes the ideal solution for this problem. However, for the elaboration and implementation of a management plan, knowledge of the local reality is necessary. The achievement of a diagnosis, based on available knowledge on this type of waste, is fundamentally important to identify and analyze the problems and impacts resulting from this. Thus, the objective of this research is to carry out a comparative study between waste generation and improper CDW disposal areas in the city of Olinda/PE and present possible causes and consequences of this activity.
CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK
Characterization of the area
The municipality of Olinda has 389,494 inhabitants and is the third most populated city of the State of Pernambuco, with a territorial area of 41,681 km² and has the largest population density of the state, with 9.063,58 inhabitants/km² (IBGE, 2015). Olinda belongs to the Metropolitan Region of Recife, and has 32 neighborhoods (Figure 1). The city of Olinda is divided into 10 political-administrative regions, which include one or more of its 32 neighborhoods. Vol. 21 [2016], Bund. 15 5117
Figure 1: Location of the Political-Administrative Regions (PARs) of the city of Olinda/PE.
According to data collected with the Directors of Urban Cleaning of the city of Olinda, it was found that the Controlled Landfill of Aguazinha, which received the solid waste of the municipality, had been closed since December 2010, and since then the waste has been brought to the CTR Pernambuco, in Igarassu. Currently, around 450 ton/day of urban waste has been collected, approximately 30% being civil construction waste, deriving from buildings and reforms. The waste is collected through dump trucks, and brought to an transshipment and sorting area (TSA), located in the controlled landfill of Aguazinha, where the waste is transferred to a larger truck that takes the waste to the CTR Pernambuco. According to the information obtained by the DLU, there are no specific laws for CCW management in Olinda, nor is there an estimate for deployment of a Civil Construction Waste Management Project, however some guidelines adopted are oriented by CONAMA Resolution Nº 307 (2002). METHODOLOGY
We performed a field research that involved the identification of illegal waste disposal points, through direct observation and the mapping of these, in the neighborhoods of the city of Olinda. From the recognition of these points, we identified the geographic coordinates with a GPS device, plotting points using the program Google Earth, and areas were classified according to the types of waste (Class A, B, C, or D of CONAMA Nº 307/2002), their location in each neighborhood, number of inhabitants, type of existing paving, vegetation, among others, based on the research of Albuquerque (2015). Vol. 21 [2016], Bund. 15 5118
The data collection registered a total of 109 irregular disposal points in the neighborhoods, scattered throughout the 10 PARs. In the second step, the points raised were plotted on the environment of the Geographic Information System (GIS) with the use of free software QGIS 2.8.1, where information was included, such as the coordinates, municipality, neighborhood, streets, PAR, and composition of the waste. In addition, we identified the socioeconomic characteristics of each neighborhood, PAR, and microregion, such as population, permanent private households, and average income, to correlate the irregular disposal points of waste to the characteristics of the area. The data of the socioeconomic characteristics of each region were obtained on the basis of information from the 2010 Demographic Census of IBGE. Subsequently, an analysis of the data obtained was performed, in relation to the class and typology of waste, and the size of the irregular disposal areas.
CDW Generation
Irregular CDW Comparative Socioeconomic disposal Analysis Characteristics
Field data collection
Figure 2: Methodology used for performing the comparative analysis.
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Figure 3 shows the amount of improper disposal points by PAR in the city of Olinda, from a survey carried out in the field. It was observed that PAR 7, composed by neighborhoods of Jardim Atlântico, Casa Caiada, and Bairro Novo have the largest amount of mapped points. Figure 4 shows the amount of mapped points per km², where PAR 7 has the greatest amount of irregular disposal points. Vol. 21 [2016], Bund. 15 5119
PAR 10 PAR 1 PAR 2 PAR 9 PAR 3 PAR 4 8% 4% 5% PAR 8 4% 11% 1% 11% PAR 5 PAR 7 10% 33%
PAR 6 13%
Figure 3: Quantity of irregular CDW disposal points by PAR.
7.00
6.00
5.00
4.00
3.00
2.00 Quantity of points per km2 per pointsof Quantity 1.00
0.00 RPA 1 RPA 2 RPA 3 RPA 4 RPA 5 RPA 6 RPA 7 RPA 8 RPA 9 RPA 10 Political-Administrative Regions
Figure 4: Quantity of irregular CDW disposal points per km2 by PAR.
From collecting the socioeconomic characteristics of each PAR, Table 1 presents the relationship between irregular disposal points identified with the area of each PAR, population, number of households, and average income. Figures 5 and 6 show the location of the mapped irregular disposal points, in relation to the quantity of households and average family income, respectively, of the census sectors.
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Table 1: Irregular disposal points, and their relationship with the socioeconomic characteristics of the PARs. CDW Critical Points/ Households/ PAR Area (km²) Population Households Income Generation points Km² points (ton/dia) PAR 1 2.27 33036 9545 555 5 2.21 1909 25.44 PAR 2 3.97 53075 15472 506 5 1.26 3094 40.87 PAR 3 5.35 50323 14685 718 12 2.24 1224 38.75 PAR 4 1.86 22157 6799 929 1 0.54 6799 17.06 PAR 5 3.00 30631 9126 961 11 3.63 830 23.59 PAR 6 3.44 30021 8861 768 14 4.07 633 23.12 PAR 7 6.12 63452 19931 2865 36 5.88 554 48.86 PAR 8 3.47 32562 9497 1038 12 3.46 791 25.07 PAR 9 7.58 20339 5845 582 4 0.53 1461 15.66 PAR 10 3.09 41599 12908 1059 9 2.91 1434 32.03 TOTAL 19.92 219243 64488 740 48 - - 168.82
Figure 5: Location of irregular disposal points in comparison with households per census sector. Vol. 21 [2016], Bund. 15 5121
Figure 6: Location of irregular disposal points in comparison with average income per census sector.
It was observed that the PARs 6 and 7 have the largest population, number of households and average family income and that it is an area of intense civil construction activity, which explains the fact of more irregular disposal points having been found in this region due to the greater difficulty in waste management. On the other hand, when relating the amount of households per irregular disposal point, it was identified that PAR 4 has the best situation, because only one significant critical point was mapped, which causes a rate of 0.54 Points/km². As a way to compare the amount of waste generated in each PAR with improper waste disposal, we estimated the CDW generation, through the index presented by Paz et al. (2013), to be 0.77 kg/inhab. day, or 280 kg/inhab. year. Figure 7 presents CDW generation per PAR. It is observed that there was a correlation between the estimate of CDW generation and the amount of mapped points in the city of Olinda, where PAR 7, for having a greater population, generates more daily construction waste, making a differentiated management necessary, especially in these places, to reduce the environmental impacts of this activity. PARs 4 and 9 have the lowest rates CDW generation, and were the regions with the least amount of mapped points per km².
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60.00
50.00
40.00
30.00
20.00
10.00 CDW Generation (t/day) 0.00 RPA 1 RPA 2 RPA 3 RPA 4 RPA 5 RPA 6 RPA 7 RPA 8 RPA 9 RPA 10 Political-Administrative Regions Figure7: Estimate of CDW generation per PAR.
With the purpose of conducting an analysis by district, Table 2 presents the relationship between the irregular disposal points and the socioeconomic characteristics of each neighborhood that composes the municipality of Olinda/PE.
Table 2: Improper CDW disposal points and socioeconomic characteristics of the microregions of the city of Recife/PE Critical Households/ PAR Neighborhood Points/km² Population Households Income (R$) Points points Alto do Sol Nascente 3 11.5 2256 646 215.3 507 Alto da Bondade 2 2.2 9288 2644 1322 486 1 Passarinho - - 5115 1470 - 466 Caixa D'água - - 13898 4076 - 572 São Benedito - - 2479 709 - 745 Alto da Conquista - - 6975 2153 - 450 Águas Compridas - - 20579 5929 - 547 2 Sapucaia 3 3.4 13853 4044 1348 490 Aguazinha 2 2.9 11668 3346 1673 538 Peixinhos 3 1.0 36002 10778 3592 650 3 Sítio Novo 7 18.4 5105 1526 218 699 Salgadinho 2 1.0 9216 2381 1190 804 Jardim Brasil 1 0.8 17057 5267 5267 955 4 Vila Popular - - 5100 1532 - 903 5 Ouro Preto 11 3.6 30631 9126 829 961 Fragoso 11 3.9 21608 6387 580 857 6 Alto da Nação - - 4284 1252 - 500 Bultrins 3 7.0 4129 1222 407 948 Jardim Atlântico 17 4.8 39182 12097 711 1505 7 Casa Caiada 12 8.5 15372 5049 420 3581 Bairro Novo 7 5.9 8898 2785 397 3509 Monte - - 6696 1885 - 800 Guadalupe - - 5150 1460 - 582.00 Amaro Branco 3 11.1 4174 1219 406 839 8 Bonsucesso - - 2959 807 - 685 Amparo - - 2003 573 - 1366 Carmo - - 1835 595 - 2378 Varadouro 3 4 6067 1835 611 706 Vol. 21 [2016], Bund. 15 5123
Santa Tereza 6 10.2 3678 1123 187 951.00 Tabajara 4 3.6 12932 3724 931 660 9 Base Rural - - 7407 2121 - 503 10 Rio Doce 9 2.9 41599 12908 1434 1059
It was observed that the neighborhood of Jardim Atlântico has the greatest amount of irregular disposal points (17 points), one of the neighborhoods having highest average family income (R$ 1,505.00). In some points of the neighborhood large volumes of waste that had accumulated in the streets were identified, and in some places waste in wastelands were identified, areas that could be used for installation of Receiving Units of Small Volumes.
Figure 8: Irregular disposal points in the neighborhood of Jardim Atlântico. Source: the authors (2016)
The neighborhoods of Bairro Novo and Casa Caiada are the most noble neighborhood of Olinda, with average family of R$ 3.500,00 approximately, and have an intense civil construction activity of multi-family buildings, mainly in areas close to the seafront (Figure 9).
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Figure 9: Irregular disposal points in the neighborhood of Jardim Atlântico.
The municipality of Olinda does not have an adequate structure that favors the correct management of waste, as waste Transhipment and Sorting Areas (TSA), Receiving Units of Small Volumes (RUSV), recycling plants, and inert landfills. In this way, many construction companies use irregular disposal as a simpler and cheaper solution than transporting waste to the city of Recife (Figure 10).
Figure 10: Irregular disposal points in the neighborhood of Casa Caiada. Source: the authors (2016)
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On the other hand, we also found in less noble neighborhoods, such as Sapucaia and Tabajara, irregular disposal points from small generators, whose waste accumulates over time, due to the lack of structure of regular collection of the city (Figure 11). We observed in these places a large quantity of mixed waste, mainly recyclable waste, and pruning, which differentiates it from waste from great generators.
Figure 11: Irregular disposal points in the neighborhoods of Sapucaia and Tabajara. Source: the authors (2016)
From the survey performed, an analysis of the types and classes of waste, and the size of the locations of irregular disposal was performed. Figure 12 shows the amount of points containing each class of CDW, according to CONAMA Resolution Nº 307/2002.
109 102
89
69 61
49
29 11 9 2
-11 Class A Class B Class C Class D
Figure 12: Quantity of points containing each class of CDW.
It was found that 94% of irregular disposal points of waste have Class A waste, such as: concrete, mortar, bricks, ceramics, etc, which relates to the fact that approximately 87% of the volume of the CDW generated in the works are Class A (Peace, 2014). This waste may be recycled as aggregates to be reused in civil construction. Vol. 21 [2016], Bund. 15 5126
In relation to waste Class B, it was observed that 56% of points had waste such as wood, metal, paper, cardboard, or cement bags, considered recyclable waste to other destinations. In addition, in 10% of points, waste considered as not recyclable was found. In this case, the materials that were contaminated with other types of waste, such as organic, which make recycling unviable, were considered class C. and in only 2% of the points waste class D was found, such as paints and solvents.
100 90 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0
Figure 13: Quantity of points containing each type of waste.
It was observed that the concrete is the most predominant type of waste in irregular disposal points, with 81%, followed by ceramic materials (52%), sand and gravel (50%), wood (34%), and paper/cardboard (30%). Figure 14 shows the result of the analysis of the size of the irregular disposal points by direct observation. Points deriving from small generators were considered small points, i.e. that generate less than 1 m³/day of waste, and that the municipality could collect. The points of medium size are those that fulfill a stationary bucket of 6 m³, while the points of large size are those that need more than a stationary bucket to be collected, generally the points being in vacant lots.
Small Medium Large
10%
39%
51%
Figure 14: Size of the irregular disposal points.
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We verified, therefore, that half of the points found (56 points) are of medium size, i.e. passible to be collected by a bucket, while 11 points are considered large, and are priorities to be collected by the city hall.
CONCLUSIONS
The results showed that the PAR 7 is the one that has the most irregular disposal points, with 5.88 points/km2 and 554 households per points, and it is estimated that the region generates approximately 48.86 ton/day. A difference was found between irregular disposal points deriving from large and small generators, in relation to the typology of the waste found. We also identified that there was a correlation between the average family income of the neighborhoods and the population with the amount of improper disposal points, because there is a greater CDW generation of and a more civil construction activity. Finally, we found that the need for a specific law covering the differentiated management of CDW in the city of Olinda, which increases the inspection and obliges the large and small generators to properly dispose of waste. For this reason, the city hall should install TSAs and RUSV at strategic points in the municipality, and encourage recycling practices, to facilitate the installation of Class A waste processing plants.
REFERENCES
1. ALBUQUERQUE, D.M.S. Impacto socioambiental da deposição irregular dos resíduos da construção e demolição na cidade do Recife/PE. 2015. 179 p. Dissertação (Mestrado em Engenharia Civil) – Escola Politécnica de Pernambuco, Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, Recife, 2015. 2. BRASIL. Decreto n° 7.404, de 23 de dezembro de 2010. Regulamenta a Lei n° 12.305, de 2 de agosto de 2010. Diário Oficial da República Federativa do Brasil, 2010a. 3. ______. Lei n° 12.305, de 2 de agosto de 2010. Institui a Política Nacional de Resíduos Sólidos. Diário Oficial da República Federativa do Brasil, 2010b. 4. CONSELHO NACIONAL DO MEIO AMBIENTE (CONAMA). Resolução nº 307, de 5 de julho de 2002. Brasília, 2001. 5. MORAIS, G.M.D. Diagnóstico da deposição clandestina de resíduos de construção e demolição em bairros periféricos de Uberlândia: Subsídios para uma gestão sustentável. 115 f. 2006. Dissertação (Mestrado em Engenharia Civil) – Faculdade de Engenharia Civil, Universidade Federal de Uberlândia. Uberlândia, 2006. 6. PAZ, D.H.F. Desenvolvimento de um sistema de apoio ao gerenciamento de resíduos sólidos da construção civil em canteiros de obras de edificações urbanas. 2014. 161 p. Dissertação (Mestrado em Engenharia Civil) – Escola Politécnica de Pernambuco, Universidade de Pernambuco. Recife, 2014. 7. PAZ, D.H.F.; CARDOSO, F.C.N.; LAFAYETTE, K.P.V.; ALENCAR, S.F. Estimativa da geração atual de resíduos da construção e demolição (CDW) nos municípios brasileiros. In: Encontro Internacional sobre Gestão Empresarial e Meio Ambiente, 15, São Paulo/SP. Anais... São Paulo/SP, 2013.
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8. Diogo Henrique Fernandes da Paz, Francisco Cardoso dos Santos Neto, Kalinny Patrícia Vaz Lafayette, Filipa Malafaya: “Analysis of Sustainability Indicators on the Management Construction Sites CDW in Recife, Brazil” Electronic Journal of Geotechnical Engineering, 2015 (20.26): 12791-12800. Available at ejge.com.
Editor’s note. This paper may be referred to, in other articles, as: Maria Júlia de Oliveira Holanda, Diogo Henrique Fernandes da Paz, Carolina Magalhães Figueredo, Kalinny Patrícia Vaz Lafayette, and Maria do Carmo Martins Sobral: “Diagnosis of Irregular Disposal of Construction and Demolition Waste (CDW) in the City of Olinda/PE” Electronic Journal of Geotechnical Engineering, 2016 (21.15), pp 5115-5128. Available at ejge.com.