Write a narrative account analysing the key events in relations between the superpowers, 1941-45. You may use the following information in your answer: The Tehran Conference The atomic bomb In 1941, both the USA and the Soviet Union joined the Second World War on the side of the Allies. With Britain, they made up the ___________________________. This alliance was based on the fact that both countries were allies against ________________. This led to the __________ Conference in 1943 which was the first time the ‘Big Three’ leaders met. The US President, _______________ got on well with the leader of the Soviet Union, ______________. Stalin achieved most of what he wanted, more land from P______________ and Britain and the USA agreed to open up a second front against Germany. The leaders met again in Yalta in February 1945 when they were close to defeating ______________. They managed to reach a number of agreements including dividing ___________ and _________ into four zones. They also agreed that ___________ Europe would be part of the Soviet sphere of influence but that free elections would be held there. However, they could not agree on r______________ from Germany or P___________. After Germany had surrendered they met again at _____________. However, by now Roosevelt had died and his replacement, _____________ was determined to get tough with the Soviet Union and this increased tensions with Stalin. At the start of the conference the USA tested the ____________ ________. This led to even more distrust between Truman and Stalin as Stalin was angry that the USA had kept the bomb _________ and it made him feel ___________ about the strength of the USA. Although they did agree on the division of Germany and Berlin into _____ zones, they still disagreed over Eastern Europe as Truman was angry that the Soviet Union had kept their troops there. Stalin, however, felt he had the right to have influence over Eastern Europe and saw it as an important b________ z_____. As a result of this conference, tensions rose between the USA and Soviet Union, and an _____ ________ began between as Stalin tried to develop his own nuclear weapons. He also made sure that there were C____________ governments installed in countries in Eastern Europe. Write a narrative account analysing the key ways in which the Cold War developed, 1945-47. You may use the following information in your answer: The Potsdam Conference The Marshall Plan Tensions began at the Potsdam Conference because… After the Potsdam Conference, tensions continued to rise because of Stalin’s paranoia about the West so he tried to strengthen the Soviet Union by… (what he did regarding the atomic bomb and Eastern Europe) This increased Truman’s suspicions of Stalin because… Then, in 1946, the Long Telegram and Novikov Telegram (as well as Churchill’s Iron Curtain speech) increased tension by… This led to the Truman Doctrine which… The Truman Doctrine led to the Marshall Plan which… This increased tensions further with Stalin who reacted by… As a result, Europe was divided into two sides, the West financially allied to the USA, and the East controlled by the Soviet Union. Write a narrative account analysing the key events in Berlin, 1945-49. You may use the following information in your answer: Bizonia The Berlin Airlift In 1948 the Soviet leader, Stalin, became worried that the Soviet-occupied sector in East Berlin was being threatened by the actions of the Western powers. He was particularly concerned that the economic help being given to Western Germany such the Marshall Plan and the founding of an economic business area in West Berlin called Bizonia would be a threat to Soviet control. Stalin felt particularly threatened by the introduction of a new currency into Bizonia in June 1948. As a direct response, on June 15 1948, the USSR sealed off land and supply routes to West Berlin in an attempt to force the West stop their economic aid and perhaps even to handover West Berlin. This became known as the Berlin Blockade. However, in response to this the USA and Britain launched what became known as the Berlin Airlift. During the crisis planes delivering food and fuel landed in Berlin every minute to provide West Berliners with goods being blockaded. Stalin hoped that the USA and Britain might abandon the Airlift during the winter of 1947/48 but the pilots continued their dangerous mission. The Airlift continued for almost a year until June 1949 when its success led to the USSR abandoning the Blockade. As a result of the crisis West Berlin became seen as an important symbol of western power and influence and it encouraged the Western powers to consider supporting western Germany as an independent state. As a result of the Berlin Crisis, West Germany was established in May 1949 and the Soviets responded in October 1949 by establishing East Germany. This answer would get full marks because: It sequences the events in the correct chronological order It makes links 1 At the Conferences in Yalta and Potsdam, it was agreed 2 There were disagreements over how each country ran their zones and the USA and 6 Truman did not want to allow West Berlin UK untied their zones in to become Communist because… 1947 to create Bizonia. This made Stalin feel So he... even more ganged up on and he refused to cooperate with the West. 3 Stalins paranoia 7. Stalin could increased in March not… 1948 when Because… 4 Stalin became even more worried in June 1948 when the allies introduced a new currency, the Deutschmark, into Trizonia without 8 This resulted in the end of the Blockade in consulting him. May 1949 because… 5 This made Stalin want to force the This resulted in… West out of Berlin because… So he… Write a narrative account analysing development of the arms race, 1945-57. You may use the following information in your answer: Hiroshima ICBMs The H- Bomb was 1,000 times more powerful than the A- Bomb The ICBM could fire a nuclear missile 4,500 km. The Arms Race began in July in 1945 when the USA tested their atomic bomb. Then in August 1945… Stalin reacted by… The USA wanted to stay ahead of the Soviet Union so… This meant that the USA and Soviet Union both had destructive nuclear weapons and also large supplies of conventional weapons and a large military. Even though this cost a lot of money, both side wanted to be ahead in the arms race so… This resulted in… This meant that… Write a narrative account analysing events in Hungary, 1956 Put these events in order At the same time as the protests in Hungary, Britain and France carried out an illegal invasion of Suez in Egypt (this was called the Suez Crisis). The USA and UN were both distracted so took no action over Hungary. In 1955, Rakosi had become the leader of Hungary, again. He was hated for being a brutal dictator who used violence against his people to stay in power. His economic policies were also unsuccessful leading to poor living standards. In July 1956, Khrushchev orders that Erno Gero (another hardline Communist) replaces Rakosi as leader. The image of Stalin’s destroyed statue worries Khrushchev. He sends in Soviet troops and tanks who enter the capital city, Budapest, to restore order. They open fire, killing 12 and wounding more than 100. Nagy replaces Gero as leader. With no help from the West, Hungary is quickly taken back under Soviet control. The Soviet Union orders that the ‘hardline’ Communist Janos Kadar replaces Nagy leader. Kadar promises Nagy safe passage out of the country, but he is kidnapped and taken to Romania where he is executed in 1958. Khrushchev cannot allow Hungary to leave the Warsaw Pact. 200,000 Soviet troops and 6,000 tanks return to Hungary. The Hungarians fight back leading to bitter fighting, but they are no match for the Soviet troops. 20,000 Hungarians and 7,000 Soviet troops are killed. 200,000 Hungarians become refugees. Nagy has talks with Khrushchev who agreed to remove Soviet tanks from Hungary. He was also told by the US Secretary of State that Hungary ‘can count on us’. This made Nagy feel confident to propose reforms including. Free elections Free speech and press. Free trade with the West. Hungary to leave the Warsaw Pact. Hungary to become a neutral country (not part of the Communist East or Capitalist West). Hungarians hoped that with Rakosi no longer leader, they would have more freedom. This does not happen. There are protests throughout Hungary about life under Soviet control. The protests demand free elections, a free press and the withdrawal of Soviet troops. They also re-bury victims of Rakosi’s repression. Statues of Stalin are torn down. Explain the importance of the creation of NATO for the development of the Cold War, 1949-55 The creation of NATO was important in worsening relations between the East and West and increasing Cold War tensions because: It increased Stalin’s suspicions of the West because In 1955, West Germany joined NATO which worried the Soviet Union even more so they established the Warsaw Pact. This meant that there were two opposing military alliances. This increased tensions because Write a narrative account analysing the key events tensions over Berlin, 1958-63. You may use the following information in your answer: Khrushchev’s ultimatum over Berlin The Berlin Wall Explain two consequences of the Cuban Missile Crisis. Write a narrative account analysing the key events in Czechoslovakia, 1968-9 You may use the following information in your answer: The Prague Spring The Brezhnev Doctrine Explain the importance of the Soviet invasion of Afghanistan for relations between the USA and Soviet Union The Soviet Union’s invasion of Afghanistan was important because it worsened relations.