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Write a Narrative Account Analysing the Key Events in Relations Between the Superpowers, 1941-45

Write a Narrative Account Analysing the Key Events in Relations Between the Superpowers, 1941-45

Write a narrative account analysing the key events in relations between the superpowers, 1941-45. You may use the following information in your answer:  The Tehran Conference  The atomic bomb

In 1941, both the USA and the joined the Second World War on the side of the Allies. With Britain, they made up the ______. This alliance was based on the fact that both countries were allies against ______. This led to the ______Conference in 1943 which was the first time the ‘Big Three’ leaders met. The US President, ______got on well with the leader of the Soviet Union, ______. Stalin achieved most of what he wanted, more land from P______and Britain and the USA agreed to open up a second front against Germany. The leaders met again in Yalta in February 1945 when they were close to defeating ______. They managed to reach a number of agreements including dividing ______and ______into four zones. They also agreed that ______Europe would be part of the Soviet sphere of influence but that free elections would be held there. However, they could not agree on r______from Germany or P______. After Germany had surrendered they met again at ______. However, by now Roosevelt had died and his replacement, ______was determined to get tough with the Soviet Union and this increased tensions with Stalin. At the start of the conference the USA tested the ______. This led to even more distrust between Truman and Stalin as Stalin was angry that the USA had kept the bomb ______and it made him feel ______about the strength of the USA. Although they did agree on the division of Germany and Berlin into _____ zones, they still disagreed over Eastern Europe as Truman was angry that the Soviet Union had kept their troops there. Stalin, however, felt he had the right to have influence over Eastern Europe and saw it as an important b______z_____. As a result of this conference, tensions rose between the USA and Soviet Union, and an ______began between as Stalin tried to develop his own nuclear weapons. He also made sure that there were C______governments installed in countries in Eastern Europe.

Write a narrative account analysing the key ways in which the developed, 1945-47. You may use the following information in your answer:  The  The

Tensions began at the Potsdam Conference because…

After the Potsdam Conference, tensions continued to rise because of Stalin’s paranoia about the West so he tried to strengthen the Soviet Union by… (what he did regarding the atomic bomb and Eastern Europe)

This increased Truman’s suspicions of Stalin because…

Then, in 1946, the Long Telegram and Novikov Telegram (as well as Churchill’s speech) increased tension by…

This led to the Truman which…

The led to the Marshall Plan which…

This increased tensions further with Stalin who reacted by…

As a result, Europe was divided into two sides, the West financially allied to the USA, and the East controlled by the Soviet Union.

Write a narrative account analysing the key events in Berlin, 1945-49. You may use the following information in your answer:  Bizonia  The Berlin Airlift

In 1948 the Soviet leader, Stalin, became worried that the Soviet-occupied sector in East Berlin was being threatened by the actions of the Western powers. He was particularly concerned that the economic help being given to Western Germany such the Marshall Plan and the founding of an economic business area in West Berlin called Bizonia would be a threat to Soviet control. Stalin felt particularly threatened by the introduction of a new currency into Bizonia in June 1948. As a direct response, on June 15 1948, the USSR sealed off land and supply routes to West Berlin in an attempt to force the West stop their economic aid and perhaps even to handover West Berlin. This became known as the . However, in response to this the USA and Britain launched what became known as the Berlin Airlift. During the crisis planes delivering food and fuel landed in Berlin every minute to provide West Berliners with goods being blockaded. Stalin hoped that the USA and Britain might abandon the Airlift during the winter of 1947/48 but the pilots continued their dangerous mission. The Airlift continued for almost a year until June 1949 when its success led to the USSR abandoning the Blockade. As a result of the crisis West Berlin became seen as an important symbol of western power and influence and it encouraged the Western powers to consider supporting western Germany as an independent state. As a result of the Berlin Crisis, West Germany was established in May 1949 and the Soviets responded in October 1949 by establishing . This answer would get full marks because:  It sequences the events in the correct chronological order  It makes links

1 At the Conferences in Yalta and Potsdam, it was agreed

2 There were disagreements over how each country ran their zones and the USA and 6 Truman did not want to allow West Berlin UK untied their zones in to become Communist because… 1947 to create Bizonia. This made Stalin feel So he... even more ganged up on and he refused to cooperate with the West. 3 Stalins paranoia 7. Stalin could increased in March not… 1948 when

Because…

4 Stalin became even more worried in June 1948 when the allies introduced a new currency, the Deutschmark, into Trizonia without 8 This resulted in the end of the Blockade in consulting him. May 1949 because… 5 This made Stalin want to force the This resulted in… West out of Berlin because…

So he…

Write a narrative account analysing development of the , 1945-57. You may use the following information in your answer:  Hiroshima  ICBMs

The H- Bomb was 1,000 times more powerful than the A- Bomb

The ICBM could fire a nuclear missile 4,500 km.

The Arms Race began in July in 1945 when the USA tested their atomic bomb. Then in August 1945…

Stalin reacted by…

The USA wanted to stay ahead of the Soviet Union so…

This meant that the USA and Soviet Union both had destructive nuclear weapons and also large supplies of conventional weapons and a large military. Even though this cost a lot of money, both side wanted to be ahead in the arms race so…

This resulted in…

This meant that…

Write a narrative account analysing events in Hungary, 1956

Put these events in order

At the same time as the in Hungary, Britain and France carried out an illegal invasion of Suez in Egypt (this was called the ). The USA and UN were both distracted so took no action over Hungary. In 1955, Rakosi had become the leader of Hungary, again. He was hated for being a brutal dictator who used violence against his people to stay in power. His economic policies were also unsuccessful leading to poor living standards. In July 1956, Khrushchev orders that Erno Gero (another hardline Communist) replaces Rakosi as leader. The image of Stalin’s destroyed statue worries Khrushchev. He sends in Soviet troops and tanks who enter the capital city, Budapest, to restore order. They open fire, killing 12 and wounding more than 100. Nagy replaces Gero as leader. With no help from the West, Hungary is quickly taken back under Soviet control. The Soviet Union orders that the ‘hardline’ Communist Janos Kadar replaces Nagy leader. Kadar promises Nagy safe passage out of the country, but he is kidnapped and taken to Romania where he is executed in 1958. Khrushchev cannot allow Hungary to leave the . 200,000 Soviet troops and 6,000 tanks return to Hungary. The Hungarians fight back leading to bitter fighting, but they are no match for the Soviet troops. 20,000 Hungarians and 7,000 Soviet troops are killed. 200,000 Hungarians become refugees. Nagy has talks with Khrushchev who agreed to remove Soviet tanks from Hungary. He was also told by the US Secretary of State that Hungary ‘can count on us’. This made Nagy feel confident to propose reforms including.  Free elections  Free speech and press.  Free trade with the West.  Hungary to leave the Warsaw Pact.  Hungary to become a neutral country (not part of the Communist East or Capitalist West). Hungarians hoped that with Rakosi no longer leader, they would have more freedom. This does not happen. There are protests throughout Hungary about life under Soviet control. The protests demand free elections, a free press and the withdrawal of Soviet troops. They also re-bury victims of Rakosi’s repression. Statues of Stalin are torn down.

Explain the importance of the creation of NATO for the development of the Cold War, 1949-55

The creation of NATO was important in worsening relations between the East and West and increasing Cold War tensions because:  It increased Stalin’s suspicions of the West because

 In 1955, West Germany joined NATO which worried the Soviet Union even more so they established the Warsaw Pact. This meant that there were two opposing military alliances. This increased tensions because

Write a narrative account analysing the key events tensions over Berlin, 1958-63. You may use the following information in your answer:  Khrushchev’s ultimatum over Berlin  The

Explain two consequences of the .

Write a narrative account analysing the key events in , 1968-9 You may use the following information in your answer:  The  The

Explain the importance of the Soviet invasion of for relations between the USA and Soviet Union

The Soviet Union’s invasion of Afghanistan was important because it worsened relations. The USA had been looking for a reason to end D______and this allowed them to do this. President C______ordered the Senate to not ratify ______2 and he made the C______D______which said that the USA would take m______a______to protect its interests in the Persian Gulf. He also placed s______on the Soviet Union and the USA secretly sent m______and w______to the (who the Soviet Union was fighting against in Afghanistan). Relations also worsened when the USA organised a b______of the Moscow Olympics in 1980 and persuaded over 60 other countries to do the same. They then held their own L______G______instead. This humiliated the Soviet Union and they retaliated by boycotting the Los Angeles O______in 1984.

In 1980, the US elected R______as their new president. He vowed to win the C_____ W____, partly by winning the arms race. The invasion of Afghanistan was important for this as it cost the Soviet Union $8 b______a year (and led to the deaths of 15,000 Soviet soldiers) and meant that they could not afford to keep up with the USA. This was one reason for G______‘New Thinking’ when he became leader in 1985 which eventually led to improved relations with the USA. Write a narrative account analysing the key events of the Cold War, 1981-89. You may use the following information in your answer:  Reagan’s Strategic Defence Initiative  The INF

1981: R______becomes the US President. In the , he calls the Soviet Union an ‘Evil Empire’ and says that the USA will win the Cold War by supporting anti-Communist fighters and spending more money on w______.

1983: Reagan announces the Strategic Defense Initiative (nicknamed ‘S______W______’)

1985: G______becomes leader of the Soviet Union. He realises that the Soviet Union is nearly bankrupt and therefore cannot afford to compete with the USA in the a______r______. There was also unrest in many satellite states such as in P______, where the group, S______was banned for protesting against the Communist government. His ‘new thinking’ eventually led to better relationships with President Reagan.

1987: In Reagan and Gorbachev’s third summit meeting in 1987 in Washington the agreed the INF Treaty and they signed it at the in 1988. This Treaty agreed to remove medium range land m______and led to the destruction of 2,692 weapons by 1991.

1988: Gorbachev announces an end to the B______D______which would allow countries in Eastern Europe more freedom to decide how they would be governed. This encouraged people from these countries to believe that they could make changes to improve their standard of living and freedom.

1989: Eastern European countries stop being Communist and the ______is knocked down after Soviet troops stop patrolling it. This is a symbolic end of the Cold War and also demonstrates the end of Soviet control over Eastern Europe and the end of the W______P______.

Explain the importance of Gorbachev’s ‘new thinking’ for Eastern Europe.

Explain the importance of the for the end of the Cold War.

Gorbachev’s Sinatra Doctrine was important as it allowed Eastern European countries to decide whether to remain C______allies of the S______U______. By making it clear that he would not stop countries from becoming d______and opening up to the West he allowed to f_____ in Eastern Europe leading to the fall of the B______W_____. This was important as it reduced t______between the USA and Soviet Union because B______no longer remained a divisive issue between East and West.

The Sinatra Doctrine was also important as it led to the end of the B______D______and the collapse of the W______P______. Military cooperation ended in early 19___ and the Pact was formally dissolved in July 19___. This significantly reduced tension as E______was no longer d______into two armed camps. Both sides could now agree to the START Agreement which reduced m______stockpiles. The ending Brezhnev Doctrine was also important as states within the Soviet Union asked for the i______and the government could not use force to keep them under control. The Soviet Union itself was d______in December 1991, ending the C______W____.

Do Now

Part A: Whose doctrine?

______Doctrine ______Doctrine

______Doctrine

______Doctrine Part B: In what year…

The Cuban Missile Crisis The building of the Berlin Wall The Grand Alliance formed The beginning of the Berlin Blockade and Airlift The end of the Berlin Blockade and Airlift The Prague Spring and Soviet invasion of Czechoslovakia The Hungarian Uprising and Soviet invasion of Hungary The Yalta and Potsdam Conferences The INF treaty was signed The Truman Doctrine and Marshall Pan The Bay of Pigs The Soviet Invasion of Afghanistan The Helsinki Accords SALT 1 was signed The Long and Novikov telegrams The Tehran Conference The The end of the Soviet Union The U2 crisis (the shooting down of Gary Powers) and the Paris Summit (which Gorbachev walked out of) Kennedy’s ‘Ich Bin Ein Berliner’ speech Gorbachev becomes leader of the Soviet Union The creation of NATO The creation of the Warsaw Pact The creation of Khrushchev’s first Berlin Ultimatum

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