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Revista General De Marina Fundada En 1877 Agosto-Septiembre 2014 Primer Centenario Del Inicio Revista De La Primera Guerra Mundial

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Revista General De Marina Fundada En 1877 Agosto-Septiembre 2014 Primer Centenario Del Inicio Revista De La Primera Guerra Mundial REVISTA GENERAL DE MARINA FUNDADA EN 1877 AGOSTO-SEPTIEMBRE 2014 PRIMER CENTENARIO DEL INICIO REVISTA DE LA PRIMERA GUERRA MUNDIAL. GENERAL PERSPECTIVA NAVAL DEL CONFLICTO DE MARINA CARTA DEL DIRECTOR 203 ANTECEDENTES HISTÓRICOS Y CAUSAS DEL CONFLICTO 205 Agustín Ramón Rodríguez González, doctor en Histo- ria contemporánea, Real Academia de la Historia FACTORES ESTRATÉGICOS DE LA PRIMERA GUERRA MUNDIAL 221 José María Blanco Núñez, capitán de navío (RR) FUNDADA EN 1877 PRIMERA GUERRA MUNDIAL EN EL MEDI- AÑO 2014 TERRÁNEO 243 Marcelino González Fernández, capitán de navío AGOSTO-SEPT. (RR) TOMO 267 BATALLA NAVAL DE JUTLANDIA Y LA POLÉMI- CA ACTUACIÓN DE LOS ALMIRANTES JELLI- COE Y BEATTY 265 Mariano Juan Ferragut, capitán de navío (RR) COMBATES NAVALES EN EL PACÍFICO Y ATLÁNTICO SUR. CORONEL Y MALVINAS 283 José Manuel Gutiérrez de la Cámara Señán, capitán de navío (RR) LA GUERRA NAVAL SUBMARINA, 1914-1918 299 José María Treviño Ruiz, almirante (RR) LOS CRUCEROS AUXILIARES ALEMANES Y LA GUERRA DEL CORSO DURANTE LA GRAN GUERRA 315 Francisco Font Betanzos, doctor en Náutica y Transporte Marítimo LA GRAN GUERRA EN LA MAR Y LAS VIOLACIO- NES DEL DERECHO DE LA GUERRA MARÍ- TIMA 327 José Luis Rodríguez-Villasante y Prieto, general consejero togado LA NEUTRALIDAD ESPAÑOLA Y SU REPERCU- SIÓN EN LA MARINA MERCANTE 341 José Cervera Pery, general auditor (RR), licenciado en Geografía e Historia, correspondiente de la Real Academia de la Historia LA COOPERACIÓN ESPAÑOLA EN LA PRO- TECCIÓN DE LOS BUQUES HOSPITALES DURANTE LA PRIMERA GUERRA MUNDIAL 349 Manuel Gracia Rivas, coronel médico (RR) LA ARMADA ANTE EL CONFLICTO 359 Alejandro Anca Alamillo, marinero reservista hono- rífico e investigador naval LAS KAISERLICHEMARINE Y KAISERLICHE UND KÖNIGLICHE KRIEGSMARINE. EL BOTÍN DE Nuestra portada: Composi- LOS VENCEDORES. (VAE VICTIS) 379 ción conmemorativa Albert Campanera i Rovira del Primer Centenario del inicio de la Primera Guerra Mundial. LIBROS Y REVISTAS (Portada: J. J. Álvarez Mon- tero). EDITA: Depósito legal: M. 1.605-1958 ISSN: 0034-9569 NIPO: 083-14-016-5 (edición en papel) NIPO: 083-14-015-X (edición en línea) Director: Capitán de navío Antonio M. PÉREZ FERNÁNDEZ Corrección de estilo: REVISTA GENERAL DE MARINA Diseño gráfico y maquetación: REVISTA GENERAL DE MARINA Impresión: Imprenta del Cuartel General de la Armada Dirección y Administración: Cuartel General de la Armada - Montalbán, 2 - 28071 MADRID Teléfono: 91 379 51 07. Fax: 91 379 50 28 Correo electrónico: [email protected] Publicidad: Editorial MIC C/ Artesiano, s/n (Pol. Ind. Trobajo del Camino). 24010 León Tel.: 902 271 902 / Fax: 902 371 902 [email protected] / [email protected] Precio ejemplar (IVA incluido): Suscripción anual (IVA incluido): España 1,65 € España 14,88 € Unión Europea 2,10 € Unión Europea 19,57 € Otras naciones 2,25 € Otras naciones 20,16 € VENTA EN ESTABLECIMIENTOS BURGOS.—Librería Del Espolón. Espolón, 30 CÁDIZ.—Librería Jaime. Corneta Soto Guerrero, s/n FERROL.—Kiosko Librería. Sol, 65 / Central Librera Ferrol S. L., Dolores, 2 MADRID.—Cuartel General de la Armada. Fundación Museo Naval, Montalbán, 2 / Ministerio de Defensa. Pedro Teixeira, 15, bajo / Almacén del Centro de Publicaciones. Camino de los Ingenieros, 6 / Librería Moya. Carretas, 29 / Diálogo Libros. Diego de León, 2 SANTANDER.—Librería Estudio. Avenida de Calvo Sotelo, 21 SEVILLA.—Museo Marítimo Torre del Oro. Paseo de Cristóbal Colón, s/n ZARAGOZA.—Publicaciones ALMER. Cesáreo Alierta, 8 VENTA ELECTRÓNICA [email protected] CARTA DEL DIRECTOR Estimados y respetados lectores: OMO todos los años el número correspon- diente al bimestre agosto-septiembre de nuestra REVISTA tiene carácter monográfico. Si el correspondiente al año 2013 lo dedicá- bamos a unas de las personalidades más relevantes del siglo XVIII, de nuestra Histo- ria y de la Armada, Jorge Juan Santacilia, con ocasión del tercer centenario de su nacimiento; en esta ocasión, ya que el 28 de julio se ha conme- morado el primer centenario del inicio de la primera conflagración mundial, la que por su magnitud ha sido denominada como la Gran Guerra, en la que se vieron inmersas todas las grandes potencias industriales y militares de la época y que provocó grandes cambios políticos, dedicaremos este número a tratar algunos de los aspectos más significativos de dicha conflagración, pero obviamente desde la perspectiva naval del conflicto. Como decía Jovellanos: las fuerzas navales de un Estado fueron siempre el principal instrumento de sus triunfos, y su marina mercante el más abundante caudal de prosperi- dad; de hecho si hacemos un recorrido por la Historia veremos que prácticamente todas las guerras, hasta las de características más terrestres, como las napoleónicas, se han resuelto finalmente mediante el dominio del mar, y en el caso que nos ocupa no podía ser de otra manera; ya que fue el bloqueo marítimo con todas sus secuelas económicas lo que dio al traste con el inmenso poderío de Alemania, a la que de nada le sirvieron sus victo- rias en tierra ni su colosal industria, condicionada por una mentalidad claramente conti- nental y por su situación geoestrégica en nada favorable para ejercer el dominio positivo del mar. A pesar del espantoso coste de vidas humanas, cifrado en cerca de diez millones de muertos y en más de veintiuno de heridos, a los que hay que sumar otros ocho millones de desaparecidos en los distintos frentes de batalla, la inmensa mayoría en tierra; la gran mayoría de tratadistas especializados coinciden en que la lucha continental no decidió el resultado de la contienda ya que a la firma del armisticio, y a pesar de las graves pérdidas sufridas, el Ejército alemán estaba aún en condiciones de haber seguido resistiendo por un tiempo casi indefinido. Como escribió un gran historiador inglés combatiente en dicho conflicto, Liddell Hart, capitán de infantería del Ejército inglés, en su obra A History of the first World War: Si el historiador del futuro tuviese que elegir alguna fecha decisiva para el resultado de la Gran Guerra, probablemente escogería la del 2 de agosto de 1914, antes siquiera de que la contienda hubiese comenzado, cuando Winston Churchill envió a la Armada británica, a las 0125 de dicho día, la orden de movilización general. Esa orden no ganaría ningún Trafalgar, pero pesaría más que ningún otro factor en la consecución 2014] 203 CARTA DEL DIRECTOR de la victoria de los aliados. Porque la Armada inglesa fue el instrumento del bloqueo, y a medida que la niebla de la guerra va deshaciéndose y dando paso a la clara luz de los años de la posguerra, se ve que dicho bloqueo toma proporciones cada vez mayores y se revela con mayor claridad como el agente decisivo de la lucha. Y es que el bloqueo fue como esas camisas de fuerza que solían aplicarse en los calabozos norteamericanos a los prisioneros indisciplinados, que comenzaban a inmovilizar al preso, para ir después ahogando su respiración, y, cuanto más comprimían y más se prolongaba el tratamiento, menor capacidad de resistencia dejaban al prisionero y más desmoralizadora era la sensación de impotencia de este. La máxima de Francis Bacon: Es indudable que el que domina el mar domina también la situación y puede proseguir o limitar las hostilidades a voluntad, ha sido corroborada en este caso por muchos analistas, para los que la disputa del control del mar fue la autén- tica clave de la contienda, pues al prolongarse la guerra, que inicialmente se presumía de corta duración, el aprovisionamiento por vía marítima de alimentos y materias primas fue esencial. Para este ambicioso proyecto hemos recurrido a la colaboración de académicos, histo- riadores, expertos profesionales de la mar e investigadores navales, quienes a través de doce artículos nos presentarán la perspectiva naval de la Gran Guerra. Partiendo de los obligados antecedentes históricos y causas del conflicto, se analizarán los factores estratégicos de los contendientes, se presentarán algunas de las principales acciones navales en los escenarios del Mediterráneo, Atlántico y Pacífico, y se tratará de forma más detallada la participación de dos tipos de unidades navales que protagonizaron algunas de las más destacadas acciones en el conflicto, los cruceros auxiliares y los submarinos que se consagraron como un arma formidable. Posteriormente se analizarán las violaciones de Derecho de la Guerra Marítima y el destino final de las unidades nava- les de los contendientes perdedores. Para finalizar, tres artículos tratarán algunas facetas de las implicaciones que para España tuvo el conflicto. Si bien es cierto que España, a los diecinueve días de comenza- das las hostilidades, en la Gaceta de Madrid del 16 de agosto, declaraba y ordenaba la estricta neutralidad de sus súbditos; también lo es que no por ello dejó de estar involucrada colateralmente ante el curso de los acontecimientos. Por una parte, la incapacidad de nuestra flota para de ejercer un control efectivo en nuestras aguas territoriales, por la escasez de unidades, dio lugar a violaciones de nuestra neutralidad y las consecuentes denuncias de los contendientes, las más comunes que reali- zaron los aliados eran referidas al abastecimiento clandestino de submarinos alemanes y a posibles comunicaciones o instrucciones que recibían desde nuestras costas, mientras las alemanas se centraron en el transporte comercial español, cuyas exportaciones eran esti- madas como contrabando a favor de los aliados. Ello incidió en el despliegue de nuestras unidades navales y en la labor de inteligencia desarrollada por la Armada que estuvo a un gran nivel. Por otra, está la mediación del rey Alfonso XIII en el asunto de las violaciones del estatus de los buques hospitales, para cuya solución se embarcaron en buques hospitales aliados, como comisarios de inspección, a un número significativo de oficiales de la Armada; así como las consecuencias para el tráfico mercante nacional, algunas de cuyas unidades fueron hundidas durante el conflicto.
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