Los Destructores De La Clase Cannon En La Marina De Guerra Del Perú

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Los Destructores De La Clase Cannon En La Marina De Guerra Del Perú LOS DESTRUCTORES DE LA CLASE CANNON EN LA MARINA DE GUERRA DEL PERÚ LOS DESTRUCTORES DE LA CLASE CANNON EN LA MARINA DE GUERRA DEL PERÚ THE DESTRUCTORS OF THE CANNON CLASS IN THE MARINA DE GUERRA DEL PERÚ Ernesto Piero Bazzetti De los Santos Universidad Ricardo Palma [email protected] RESUMEN A raíz de una conferencia, en la que se tocaron algunos temas relacionados a unidades navales que sirvieron en nuestra armada, recibí la propuesta de investigar sobre unidades navales, yo sabía que Jorge Ortiz Sotelo, había estudiado brillantemente el historial de los submarinos peruanos y John Rodríguez Asti; los cruceros; cuestión que no podía repetir, así que empecé esta investigación sobre los destructores en la Marina de Guerra del Perú. En esta primera entrega veremos el historial de los destructores escolta de la clase CANNON. Veremos una breve introducción sobre estas unidades, los buques que sirvieron en diversas armadas, destacando las sudamericanas, también sus especificaciones técnicas, para luego pasar a su historial en la armada estadounidense, su incorporación e historial en nuestra armada, las unidades que en la actualidad se han preservado. PALABRAS CLAVE destructor, armada, escolta, submarino, crucero. ABSTRACT Following a conference, which touched on some issues related to naval units that served in our Navy, I received the proposal to investigate naval units, I knew that Jorge Ortiz Sotelo, had studied brilliantly the history of Peruvian submarines and John Rodríguez Asti; cruises; I could not repeat, so I started this investigation about the destroyers in the Peruvian Navy. In this first installment, we will see the history of the escort destroyers of the CANNON class. We will see a brief introduction about these units, the ships that served in different navies, highlighting the South American ones, also their technical specifications, to later pass to their history in the US Navy, their incorporation and history in our Navy, the units that currently they have been preserved. KEYWORDS destroyer, armed, escort, submarine, cruise. Recibido: 5-10-18 / Aceptado: 30-11-18 Aula y Ciencia. Vol. 10. N° 14, 2018, pp. 97-152 | 97 ERNESTO PIERO BAZZETTI DE LOS SANTOS HISTORIA Y NOTAS La Cannon era una clase de destructores de escolta construida por los Estados Unidos para la escolta de convoyes y la guerra antisubmarina durante la Segunda Guerra Mundial. Fueron construidos entre 1943 y 1944, el buque que dio inicio a esta clase fue el USS CANNON1 (DE- 99), comisionado el 26 de septiembre de 1943 en los astilleros Dravo Corporation de Wilmington, Delaware. La Cannon fue la tercera clase consecutiva de destructores de escolta estadounidenses después de las clases Evarts y Buckley de los que difería principalmente en el sistema de propulsión. El casco de los destructores de la clase Cannon se basaba en el de la clase Buckley. Las unidades de esta clase, eran más ligeras que los destructores regulares, porque fueron diseñados para realizar tareas de segunda línea, tenían un tamaño mayor al de las fragatas y corbetas regulares, su velocidad máxima era de 21 nudos, no contaban con armamento pesado y estuvieron equipados con motores menos potentes ya que su objetivo era no llegar a la velocidad máxima de alrededor de 30 nudos de las unidades de combate, sino tener una velocidad menor para escoltar a los convoyes. La propulsión era conocida como del tipo DET (Diesel Electric Tándem).La propulsión tipo DET reemplazó a la planta de propulsión turboeléctrica (TE) y fue la principal diferencia con los destructores de la clase Buckley, la clase que precedió a los Cannon. Tenía cuatro motores diesel con una potencia total de 6000 hp, que accionaban los generadores que producían electricidad para los motores eléctricos en tándem. Este sistema fue diseñado para proporcionar a los buques una velocidad máxima de 21 nudos, pero en la práctica no excedían los 18 nudos. A su vez, la propulsión DET fue sustituida por una planta diesel de transmisión directa (FMR) en el diseño de la siguiente clase de destructores, la clase Edsall. La capacidad interna de combustible era de 315 toneladas, el radio de acción de 10800 millas a una velocidad económica de 12 nudos. La tripulación la componían normalmente 15 oficiales y 201 suboficiales y marineros. 98 | Aula y Ciencia. Vol. 10. N° 14, 2018, pp. 97-152 LOS DESTRUCTORES DE LA CLASE CANNON EN LA MARINA DE GUERRA DEL PERÚ Con respecto al armamento este consistía en tres cañones de 76 mm en montajes simples; dos cañones de 40 mm en un montaje doble; ocho cañones de 20 mm en montajes simples; un lanzador triple para torpedos de 533 mm; un lanzador de cohetes antisubmarinos; ocho lanzadores de cargas de profundidad y dos lanzaderas a popa para cargas de profundidad. La electrónica de los destructores de la clase Cannon estaba compuesta por un radar de búsqueda en superficie, un radar de búsqueda aérea, un sistema de control de tiro y un sonar. De los 116 barcos ordenados, 44 fueron cancelados, por lo que finalmente se construyeron 72. Durante la guerra seis naves fueron entregadas directamente a las fuerzas navales de Francia Libre, en donde se les denominó como clase Sénégalais, a diferencia de los destructores estadounidenses, los franceses carecieron del lanzador de torpedos. Y ocho unidades en servicio con la armada estadounidense fueron transferidas a la Marinha do Brasil. Finalizada la contienda las unidades permanecieron en servicio tanto en la Marine Nationale como en la Marinha do Brasil. Ninguno de los destructores de la clase Cannon se perdió en la guerra. El BRP RAJAH HUMABON2 (FF-11) de la Armada Filipina, es en la actualidad el único buque de esta clase en servicio activo en el mundo. LOS OTROS CANNON Terminada la guerra muchos destructores Cannon fueron transferidos a doce armadas, incluyendo nuestra Marina de Guerra del Perú, como parte del Programa de Asistencia Mutua de Defensa (MDAP). Si hacemos un rápido análisis, de las 72 naves construidas, 53 pasaron a formar parte de doce armadas, por lo que solo 19 quedaron en los Estados Unidos siendo su final el desguace. Aquí presentamos unos cuadros en donde aparecen los países que incorporaron destructores de la clase Cannon en sus armadas. Para un mejor entendimiento los hemos separado por continentes. Cuatro armadas europeas recibieron destructores de la clase Cannon. Como hemos mencionado anteriormente, durante la guerra la armada de la Francia Libre recibió seis unidades que fueron: Aula y Ciencia. Vol. 10. N° 14, 2018, pp. 97-152 | 99 ERNESTO PIERO BAZZETTI DE LOS SANTOS UNIDAD N° ANTERIORMENTE N° ALGÉRIEN F701 USS CRONIN DE-107 SÉNÉGALAIS F702 USS CORBESIER DE-106 SOMALI F703 USS SOMALI DE-111 HOVA F704 USS HOVA DE-110 MAROCAIN F705 USS MAROCAIN DE-109 TUNISIEN F706 USS CROSLEY DE-108 Finalizada la Segunda Guerra Mundial, la Marine Nationale recibió ocho unidades adicionales, lo que convierte a Francia en el mayor usuario de destructores de la clase Cannon con catorce naves en total, estas unidades fueron: UNIDAD N° ANTERIORMENTE N° ARABE F717 USS SAMUEL S. MILES DE-183 KABYLE F718 USS RIDDLE DE-185 BAMBARA F719 USS SWEARER DE-186 SAKALAVE F720 USS WINGFIELD DE-194 TOUAREG F721 USS BRIGHT DE-747 SOUDANAIS F722 USS CATES DE-763 BERBÉRE F723 USS CLARENCE L. EVANS DE-113 MALGACHE F724 USS BAKER DE-190 La Armada Real de los Países Bajos recibió seis unidades que fueron: UNIDAD N° ANTERIORMENTE N° VAN AMSTEL F806 USS BURROWS DE-105 BITTER F807 USS RINEHART DE-196 VAN EWIJCK F808 USS GUSTAFSON DE-182 DUBOIS F809 USS O’NEILL DE-188 ZEEUW F810 USS EISNER DE-192 VAN ZIJLL F811 USS STERN DE-187 100 | Aula y Ciencia. Vol. 10. N° 14, 2018, pp. 97-152 LOS DESTRUCTORES DE LA CLASE CANNON EN LA MARINA DE GUERRA DEL PERÚ La Armada Griega recibió cuatro unidades que fueron: UNIDAD N° ANTERIORMENTE N° AETOS D01 USS SLATER DE-766 IERAX D31 USS EBERT DE-768 LEON D54 USS ELDRIDGE DE-173 PANTHIR D67 USS GARFIELD THOMAS DE-193 La Marina Militare italiana recibió tres unidades que fueron: UNIDAD N° ANTERIORMENTE N° ALDEBARÁN F-590 USS THORNHILL DE-195 ALTAIR F-591 USS GANDY DE-764 ANDRÓMEDA F-592 USS WESSON DE-184 También cinco armadas asiáticas recibieron esta clase buques. La Armada de la República China recibió cuatro unidades que fueron: UNIDAD N° ANTERIORMENTE N° TAI HO DE-23 USS THOMAS DE-102 TAI CHONG DE-24 USS BREEMAN DE-104 TAI HU DE-25 USS BOSTWICK DE-103 TAI CHAO DE-26 USS CARTER DE-112 La Fuerza Marítima de Autodefensa del Japón recibió dos unidades, una de ellas, el HAYSUHI sería transferido a la Armada Filipina, las unidades japonesas fueron: UNIDAD N° ANTERIORMENTE N° ASAHI DE-262 USS AMICK DE-168 HAYSUHI DE-263 USS ATHERTON DE-169 La Armada de la República de Corea recibió dos unidades, ambas Aula y Ciencia. Vol. 10. N° 14, 2018, pp. 97-152 | 101 ERNESTO PIERO BAZZETTI DE LOS SANTOS serían transferidas a la Armada Filipina que los canibalizó y utilizó como fuente de repuestos, los buques coreanos fueron: UNIDAD N° ANTERIORMENTE N° KYONG KI F-71 USS MUIR DE-770 KANG WON F-72 USS SUTTON DE-771 La Real Armada de Tailandia recibió una unidad, que fue: UNIDAD N° ANTERIORMENTE N° PIN KAO DE-1 USS HEMMINGER DE-746 Por último la Armada Filipina recibió originalmente dos unidades, como ya hemos indicado, más tarde recibió una unidad japonesa y las dos coreanas que se canibalizaron, por lo que los buques filipinos fueron en total cinco: UNIDAD N° ANTERIORMENTE N° DATU SIKATUNA PF-5 USS AMICK DE-168 RAJAH HUMABON PF-11 HAYSUHI DE-263 DATU KALANTIAW PS-76 USS BOOTH DE-170 KYONG KI F-71 KANG WON F-72 Tres países sudamericanos también recibieron buques de la clase Cannon.
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