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Perceptionsjournal of International Affairs PERCEPTIONSJOURNAL OF INTERNATIONAL AFFAIRS 50 Years of Emigration from Turkey to Germany - A Success Story? Şule TOKTAŞ 50 Years after the Labour Recruitment Agreement with Germany: The Consequences of Emigration for Turkey Ahmet İÇDUYGU Politics, Symbolics and Facts: Migration Policies and Family Migration from Turkey to Germany Can M. AYBEK Trends in Student Mobility from Turkey to Germany Başak Bilecen SÜOĞLU Integration and/or Transnationalism? The Case of Turkish-German Transnational Space Deniz SERT 50 Years and Beyond - The ‘Mirror’ of Migration: German Citizens in Turkey Bianca KAISER Turkey-EU Migration: The Road Ahead Philip MARTIN Book Reviews Summer 2012 Volume XVII - Number 2 ISSN 1300-8641 PERCEPTIONS Editor in Chief Bülent Aras Deputy Editors Şaban Kardaş • Mesut Özcan Book Review Editor Şule Toktaş Managing Editor Engin Karaca International Advisory Board Nuri Yurdusev Middle East Technical University Fuat Keyman Sabancı University Talip Küçükcan Marmara University Ayşe Kadıoğlu Sabancı University Mustafa Kibaroğlu Okan University Pınar Bilgin Bilkent University Burhanettin Duran Istanbul Şehir University Selçuk Çolakoğlu Yıldırım Beyazıt University Tuncay Kardaş Sakarya University Oktay Tanrısever Middle East Technical University Şaban Kardaş TOBB-ETU Mesut Özcan Center for Strategic Research Homepage: http://www.sam.gov.tr The Center for Strategic Research (Stratejik Araştırmalar Merkezi- SAM) conducts research on Turkish foreign policy, regional studies and international relations, and makes scholarly and scientific assessments of relevant issues. It is a consultative body of the Turkish Ministry of Foreign Affairs providing strategic insights, independent data and analysis to decision makers in government. As a nonprofit organization, SAM is chartered by law and has been active since May 1995. SAM publishes Perceptions, an English language journal on foreign affairs. The content of the journal ranges from security and democracy to conflict resolutions, and international challenges and opportunities. Perceptions is a quarterly journal prepared by a large network of affiliated scholars. PERCEPTIONS is a refereed journal and is included in the International Political Science Abstracts (IPSA), Index Islamicus, PAIS Index and the CSA Index. To subscribe, write to the Center for Strategic Research, Dr. Sadık Ahmet Caddesi No: 8, Balgat / 06100 Ankara - TURKEY Phone: (+90 312) 292 40 76 - 292 22 30 Fax: (+90 312) 253 42 03 e-mail: [email protected] Printed in Ankara by: AFŞAROĞLU MATBAASI ISSN 1300-8641 PERCEPTIONSJOURNAL OF INTERNATIONAL AFFAIRS Summer 2012 Volume XVII Number 2 TABLE OF CONTENTS Guest Editor: Şule TOKTAŞ 1 Editorial Introduction: 50 Years of Emigration from 5 Turkey to Germany - A Success Story? Şule TOKTAŞ 50 Years after the Labour Recruitment 11 Agreement with Germany: The Consequences of Emigration for Turkey Ahmet İÇDUYGU Politics, Symbolics and Facts: Migration 37 Policies and Family Migration from Turkey to Germany Can M. AYBEK Trends in Student Mobility from Turkey to 61 Germany Başak Bilecen SÜOĞLU Integration and/or Transnationalism? The 85 Case of Turkish-German Transnational Space Deniz SERT 50 Years and Beyond - The 'Mirror' of 103 Migration: German Citizens in Turkey Bianca KAISER 125 Turkey-EU Migration: The Road Ahead Philip MARTIN 145 Book Reviews PERCEPTIONS - Summer 2012 Editorial Perceptions continues to publish special in Turkey. Our cooperation with the issues, and this one examines 50 years of relatively new institution of the Prime migration from Turkey to Germany. The Ministry, Presidency for Turks Abroad emigration process is a multi-dimensional and Related Communities, will continue and multi-faceted one and needs to be with specific projects on issues of joint studied from different perspectives and interest. Also Perceptions’s book review through an interdisciplinary approach. editor Şule Toktaş edited this special As migration from Turkey to German issue and I would like to thank her for has been happening for half a century, her efforts in bringing this collection it is time to evaluate the past, raise together. questions about current issues, and think The first article in this issue, entitled about the future. Turkey’s new foreign ‘50 Years after the Labour Recruitment policy puts a renewed emphasis on the Agreement with Germany: The Turkish population abroad and Turkish Consequences of Emigration for migrants in Germany are of major Turkey’, is by Ahmet İçduygu. The interest in the new policy. The Center for author provides the facts and figures that Strategic Research (SAM) will continue to outline the process of emigration from organize academic events on this issue Turkey to Germany and demarcates its with a particular focus on its relevance fundamental aspects. After providing a for policy making. historical synopsis, he examines the push This special issue is published in and pull factors behind the movements cooperation with the Presidency for Turks of people across borders, the waves of Abroad and Related Communities. SAM migration over the years, and the change coordinates its activities with related in the content and context of these waves. state institutions and it has a growing Additionally, he explores the similarities network of think-tanks and universities. and differences between migration to For example, we have published a paper Germany and migration to other regions by Mehmet Görmez, President of the in the world, including Australia, the Directorate of Religious Affairs, in SAM Middle East, and other areas of Europe. Papers and will continue to publish Dr. İçduygu also provides insights reports and papers on institutions with a regarding the impact of emigration role in the foreign policy-making process on the Turkish social, economic and 1 political life, and gives an assessment of studies and development studies. In this labour emigration from Turkey in the article, the author examines the results last 50 years. obtained from qualitative research that Migration from Turkey to Germany, was carried out with doctorate students however, did not consist solely of labour in Germany, and reflects on the fact that migration and also included movements the experiences of international students of people to reunite with families, as well are indicative of the opportunities and as to study, as the two following articles the infrastructure both in the sending and discuss. In his article, ‘Politics, Symbolics receiving countries. Dr. Bilecen-Süoğlu and Facts: Migration Policies and Family argues that decisions by highly skilled Migration from Turkey to Germany’, immigrants concerning their future are Can M. Aybek examines family migration shaped by policies on immigration and with a focus on German immigration education, along with visa and labour policies. He provides demographic market regulations. figures and substantial data concerning Deniz Sert, in the article ‘Integration family reunions after the initial wave of and/or Transnationalism? The Case of guest workers emigrated from Turkey Turkish-German Transnational Space’, to Germany. Basing his argument on a carries the discussion to transnational theory of symbolic politics, he analyzes spaces, another crucial aspect of the political discussions that emerged immigration in a globalized world. By concerning Germany’s policies regarding using empirical research conducted family migration from the 1960s to using semi-structured and life-course the early 2000s, and concludes that qualitative interviews with Turkish- the German policy was underpinned German immigrants and their significant by anti-immigration sentiment. others, the study reveals a wide variety Although the last decade has witnessed of transnational contacts, activities, a partial reversal, this process has been and orientations. The article shows that accompanied by measures that limit cross-border activities and orientations migration and integration. undergirded by transnational practices As regards student migration from are frequent in the German-Turkish case. Turkey to Germany, Başak Bilecen- One finding of the research indicates that Süoğlu examines the brain drain/brain there is a positive correlation between gain/brain circulation arguments in her cross-border activities and orientations, article ‘Trends in Student Mobility from and inter-cultural and integration-related Turkey to Germany’. The movement of practices. The author, after analyzing highly skilled workers across national these varieties in light of the theory borders is a pressing subject in migration on transnationalism and integration, 2 concludes that transnationalism and In the last article of this special issue integration are mutually supportive on migration from Turkey to Germany, processes and that there is a positive, Philip Martin draws a comparative concurrent and mutually beneficial analysis of Turkey as a migrant sending relationship between them, rather than and receiving country. The author makes a mere co-existence. an overall assessment of migration from Turkey to the EU, and reviews the Taking up the issues of transnational general trends of migration out of and spaces and the globalized nature of into Turkey while providing insights international migration, Bianca Kaiser, about guest worker recruitment and in ‘50 Years and Beyond - The Mirror integration in Western Europe. Martin of Migration: German Citizens in also highlights the recent changes in Turkey’, provides a detailed analysis Turkey’s country profile as regards the of the
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