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Chinczycy Graja W GO okladka_PRO_okladki 25.08.2015 13:54 Page 1 P PAWEŁ BEHRENDT AWEŁ URODZONY W ROKU BAWOŁA (1985), ABSOLWENT STOSUNKÓW MIĘDZYNARODOWYCH NA B UNIWERSYTECIE SZCZECIŃSKIM. ODLAT EHRENDT ZAINTERESOWANY POLITYKĄ, HISTORIĄ I KULTURĄ DALEKIEGO WSCHODU. EKSPERT CENTRUM STUDIÓW POLSKA-AZJA, SZEF DZIAŁU AKTUALNOŚCI PORTALU KONFLIKTY.PL, AUTOR KILKUDZIESIĘCIU ARTYKUŁÓW DOTYCZĄCYCH STOSUNKÓW MIĘDZYNARODOWYCH, KONFLIKTÓW ORAZ HISTORII W AZJI WSCHODNIEJ, PUBLIKOWANYCH M. IN. W „NAJWYŻSZYM CZASIE” I „TORII”. W swojej pierwszej książce po raz pierwszy w Polsce w przystępny sposób przed- stawia skomplikowane relacje między państwami Dalekiego Wschodu. Sta- ra się znaleźć odpowiedź na pytanie, czy Chińczycy będą rozgrywać wiel- C ką partię szachów, czy też swojej narodowej gry go? HIŃCZYCYGRAJĄWGO *** Rosnące znaczenie i asertywność Chin na arenie międzynarodowej dopro- wadziło do traktowania ich jako głównego rywala Stanów Zjednoczonych. Wrażenie to utwierdza bliska często współpraca Pekinu z Moskwą. Nie jest to jednak do końca prawda. Chinom nie podoba się wiele działań podej- mowanych przez Waszyngton, jednak relacje z Rosją mają wymiar czysto pragmatyczny. Wspaniałego przykładu dostarczył początek kryzysu ukraińs- kiego w lutym 2014. Kiedy minister spraw zagranicznych Rosji Siergiej Ławrow stwierdził, że oba państwa są sojusznikami i liczy na poparcie Chin spot- kał się z bardzo ostrą odprawą. W oficjalnym oświadczeniu chiński MSZ stwierdził, że żadnego sojuszu nie ma, a konflikt powinien zostać rozwiązany pokojowo. Pekin ani razu nie uznał zasadności roszczeń Kremla i zacho- wał ścisłą neutralność w konflikcie. Warto tutaj dodać, że sami Rosjanie czę- sto uznają Chińczyków za większe zagrożenie niż Amerykanów. Nie ma co ukrywać, wielu chińskich przywódców chętnie ujrzałoby powrót stosunków chińsko-rosyjskich do ram zdefiniowanych przez Traktat Nerczyński z roku 1689, w którym car Piotr Wielki uznał się wasalem Państwa Środka... FRAGMENTY KSIĄŻKI B W IBLIOTEKA OLNOŚCI BIBLIOTEKA WOLNOŚCI Paweł Behrendt CHIŃCZYCY GRAJĄ W GO BiBlioteka Wolności Warszawa 2015 © Copyright by 3S Media Sp. z o.o. Paweł Behrendt Redakcja: Maciej Sołdan Skład: Grzegorz Lipka Projekt graficzny okładki i wersja elektroniczna: Radoslaw Watras Wydawca: 3S MEDIA Sp. z o.o. ul. Lisa Kuli 7/1 01-512 Warszawa Zamówienia: tel. 22-831 62 38, 606 888 882 Druk: Totem Wydanie ISBN: 978-83-61935-38-4 Warszawa 2015 Seria: BIBLIOTEKA WOLNOŚCI 4 WSTĘP Chińczycy grają w go ........................................................................7 CZĘŚĆ I Państwo Środka, czyli ProPaganda i real Politik made in china ..........................................................12 1. Biała Księga i budowa mocarstwa ...............................................12 2. Państwo Środka, Bizancjum i Jedwabny Szlak ..........................16 3. „Niebiańska Wróżka” i „Boski Statek”, czyli Chińczycy w kosmosie ..........................................................24 4. Gwiezdne Wojny po Pekińsku ......................................................31 5. Pierwszy Chiński lotniskowiec .....................................................36 6. Chińskie nowości lotnicze i nie tylko ...........................................44 7. Chińscy hakerzy ............................................................................51 8. Kolejna Biała Księga.....................................................................55 9. Amerykańska sprzedaż broni dla Tajwanu .................................62 10. Zamieszanie z lotniskowcami i nie tylko ...................................68 11. Biała Księga 2015 .......................................................................72 CZĘŚĆ II JaPonia ..............................................................................................77 12. Japonia wraca do gry ..................................................................77 13. Japonia potęgą w przemyśle zbrojeniowym? .............................81 14. Wybory 2012 ................................................................................91 15. Japonia po wyborach...................................................................96 16. Doktryna Abe ..............................................................................101 17. JSDF i Abe...................................................................................107 18. BBN po japońsku i szpiedzy w Warszawie ................................113 19. Nowa interpretacja konstytucji ..................................................116 5 CZĘŚĆ III wielka draka o małe wysPy .............................................................126 20. Spór o miedze w sosie słodko-kwaśnym .....................................126 21. Panda, a sprawa chińska ............................................................133 22. Nacjonalizacja, czyli wielkiej draki ciąg dalszy .........................138 23. Nie tylko Senkaku.......................................................................142 24. Nowy wymiar sporu: chińska Strefa Identyfikacji Obrony Powietrznej ..................................................................................153 25. Symptomy odprężenia.................................................................158 26. Tymczasem na Morzu Południowochińskim .............................163 27. Platforma wiertnicza na spornych wodach ................................167 28. Sztuczne wyspy zamiast platformy wiertniczej ........................171 Cz. IV dwie koree .......................................................................................176 29. Stulecie urodzin Kim Ir-sena .....................................................176 30. Kimowie nie składają broni ........................................................182 31. Koreańskie zbrojenia ..................................................................185 32. Północnokoreański przemyt w Panamie ....................................191 33. Nowy sojusznik Kremla ..............................................................195 Cz. V Belle ePoque ...................................................................................199 34. Co premier Abe naprawdę chciał powiedzieć? ...........................199 35. Chiny a Niemcy ...........................................................................203 36. Czy amerykańska droga do potęgi, to dobry wzór dla Chin? ....207 37. Westernizacyjne paradoksy Azji ................................................211 Indeks nazwisk .................................................................................225 6 Wstęp Chińczycy grają w go d początku XXI wieku dwa lata okazały się mieć duże zna- Oczenie dla Chin i całego regionu Azji Wschodniej. Pierwszym był rok 2008 i letnie Igrzyska Olimpijskie w Pekinie. Chiny zade- monstrowały wtedy całemu światu swoją potęgę oraz jak bardzo Państwo Środka rozwinęło się w ciągu poprzednich 30 lat. Jednak z perspektywy czasu dużo ważniejszy może okazać się rok 2012. Podczas, gdy Stary Kontynent przygotowywał się, a następnie prze- żywał Mistrzostwa Europy w piłce nożnej w Polsce i na Ukrainie, w Azji Wschodniej doszło do kilku znaczących wydarzeń. Rok został otwarty i zamknięty prze Koreańską Republikę Ludowo-Demokratyczną. Najpierw byliśmy świadkami całego te- atru gróźb związanego z przygotowaniami do obchodów 100 rocz- nicy urodzin Kim Ir-sena. Wreszcie w grudniu doszło do udanego te- stu międzykontynentalnego pocisku balistycznego, zakamuflowane- go, jako wyniesienie na orbitę satelity badawczego. W międzyczasie doszło do poważnego zaostrzenia stosunków pomiędzy Chinami a Japonią i Państwami basenu Morza Południowochińskiego. Tworzony na Zachodzie obraz Azji Wschodniej nie zawsze miał wiele wspólnego z rzeczywistością. Różnorodność regionu po prostu prowadzi do uproszczeń, także w postrzeganiu polityki. Jak zauwa- 7 żył George Friedman w Następnej dekadzie, w latach 70-tych Azję Wschodnią postrzegano, jako region wyjątkowo niestabilny, obec- nie postrzega się ją jako wyjątkowo stabilną i wszelkie doniesie- nia o napięciach z tej części świata budzą ogólne zdziwienie. Przed 40 laty postrzeganie regionu kształtowała wojna w Indochinach, nie- wielu zwracało uwagę na rodzące się cudy gospodarcze Singapuru, Korei Południowej i Tajwanu. Obecnie wszyscy widzą dynamicz- nie rozwijające się gospodarki, chociaż ciągle pokutują różne mity, ale mało kto zwracał uwagę na liczne napięcia, które często uległy wzmocnieniu właśnie w skutek boomu gospodarczego. Gwałtowna industrializacja, którą Europa przechodziła w XIX stuleciu, także w Azji Wschodniej zaowocowała pojawieniem się silnych nacjona- lizmów ze wszystkimi tego konsekwencjami. W ostatnich latach nasze postrzeganie międzynarodowej polityki i geopolityki w szczególności, ukształtowała koncepcja wielkiej partii szachów przedstawiona przez Zbigniewa Brzezińskiego w Wielkiej Szachownicy. Chiny nie pasują jednak do tej koncepcji, często zaska- kują, podejmują pozornie nielogiczne działania, wprawiając polityków i analityków w zdumienie. Problem ten zdiagnozował w artykule dla Asia Times Online ze stycznia 2010 francuski sinolog David Gosset1. Jego zdaniem rozwiązanie problemu jest banalnie proste: Chińczycy nie grają w szachy, tylko w weiqi, znane na Zachodzie pod japońską nazwą go. Zasady tej gry są diametralnie różne od szachów, zwycię- stwo odnosi się nie poprzez zbijanie figur lub zaszachowanie króla przeciwnika, tylko przez otoczenie swoimi kamieniami jak najwięk- szego obszaru planszy. Sama plansza podzielona jest 19 pionowymi i 19 poziomymi liniami, które tworzą 361 przecięć, na których gracze kładą na przemian czarne i białe
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