Fitosociologia vol. 45 (1): 117-160, 2008 117

Forest vegetation of the Upper Valley of the Vomano River (central Italy)

E. Biondi1, S. Casavecchia1, A.R. Frattaroli2, G. Pirone2, S. Pesaresi1, L. Di Martino2, S. Galassi1, L. Paradisi1, F. Ventrone1, E. Angelini1 & G. Ciaschetti2 1Dipartimento di Scienze Ambientali e delle Produzioni Vegetali, Università Politecnica delle Marche, via brecce bianche, I-60131, Ancona; e.mail: [email protected] 2Dipartimento di Scienze Ambientali, Università dell’Aquila, Loc. Coppito, via Vetoio, I-67100 L’Aquila; e-mail: [email protected]

Abstract Here we present a phytosociological study of the forest vegetation of the Upper valley of the Vomano River, located on the Adriatic side of the central Apennines. The study area belongs to the National Park of Gran Sasso and Monti della Laga and is located in a particular area having a high lithological, geomorphological, lanscape and biological diversity. Ten forest associations were here found, which five are here described for the first time together with twelve new subassociations. The high diversity of the woods, demonstrates the important environmental diversity.

Key words: forest biodiversity, forest vegetation, phytosociology, Upper Valley of Vomano River.

Riassunto La vegetazione forestale dell’Alta Valle del Vomano (Italia centrale). Viene presentato lo studio fitosociologico della vegetazione forestale dell’Alta Valle del Fiume Vomano, situata nell’Appennino Centrale, nel versante a gravitazione adriatica. L’area indagata è compresa nel Parco Nazionale del Gran Sasso Monti della Laga, in un settore caratterizzato da un’elevata diversità litologica, geomorfologica, paesaggistica e biologica. Vengono individuate dieci associazioni forestali delle quali cinque risultano di nuova segnalazione assieme a dodici nuove subassociazioni. L’elevata diversità forestale riscontrata testimonia le forti diversità ambientali.

Parole chiave: Alta Valle del Vomano, biodiversità forestale, fitosociologia, vegetazione forestale.

Introduction where it is known as the Touristic-Cultural District of the ‘Strada Maestra’. This follows a stretch of state road Here we present a phytosociological study of the 80 (SS80) that has its origins in the Roman era (as Via forest vegetation of the Upper Valley of the Vomano Caecilia) and involves a territory of around 42,000 ha River, located on the Adriatic side of the central within the Municipalities of L’Aquila, Capitignano, Apennines. The study area is within the National Park Pizzoli and Campotosto in the Province of L’Aquila, of Gran Sasso and Monti della Laga in an area and of Crognaleto, Fano Adriano, Montorio al Vomano characterised by great lithological, geomorphological, and Pietracamela in the Province of Teramo (Fig. 1). landscape and biological diversity within which there The study area is characterised by great lithological, is the joining of the argillous-arenaceous chain of the geomorphological, landscape and biological diversity. Monti della Laga and the calcareous-dolomitic massif The area extends between the argillous-arenaceous of Gran Sasso. The floristic and ecological particularities chain of the Monti della Laga and the calcareous- of some of the phytocoenoses described are detailed dolomitic massif of Gran Sasso, separated by a long and compared with the literature data. The results stretch of the River Vomano that has dug out its own confirm the interest in the ecological and valley specifically in the transition zone of these two biogeographical profile of this Apennine area that still different lithologies; it also includes the Chiarino Valley maintains ‘ancient wood’ aspects despite the strong and Campotosto Lake (Fig. 2). impact that human activities have had on the forests in The northern sector of the District includes arenaceous past times. substrata of the Laga Flysch and it is characterised by an undulating morphology with ranges of modest altitude, the peaks of which reach maximum heights of The study area 1500-1700 m above sea level (asl). The plant landscape appears rather homogeneous, dominated by extensive The study area is within the central section of the woods that have grown along the slopes of the ridge, National Park of Gran Sasso and Monti della Laga, which alternate with grasslands used for animal grazing. 118

shrub communities that alternate with wide grasslands. The western sector of the District consists of the large basin of Campotosto Lake, on the banks of which there are fragmentary aspects of marsh vegetation.

Materials and Methods

The bioclimate study

For the climate classification, the data relative to the 30 years from 1967 to 1996 have been analysed from the thermopluviometric stations of Assergi (1040 m asl), Barisciano (810 m asl), Campo Imperatore (2140 m asl), Campotosto (1430 m asl) and Pietracamela (1030 m asl), and from the pluviometric stations of Cantoniera Ortolano (1010 m asl), Nerito (800 m asl), Fano Adriano (750 m asl) and Villa Vallucci (500 m asl). The bioclimate of the first five of these stations, for which the ombrothermic diagrams have been constructed Fig. 1 - The Strada Maestra District according to Walter & Lieth (1960-67) (Figs. 6-10), was analysed through the bioclimate indices and The southern sector includes the greater mountain classification of Rivas-Martìnez (1996; Rivas-Martìnez heights, particularly in the areas that have developed et al., 2002). Moreover, the monthly stress indices of on substrata of a carbonatic nature. Consequently, the cold and dryness of Mitrakos (1980, 1982) have been landscape is harsher, with very steep slopes that are in calculated. part eroded. The predominant vegetal formations are In the picture 3, 4, 5 the part relative to the study area represented by mesophilous woods and quite extensive of an unpublished phytoclimatic map of the Abruzzo

Fig.2 - Simplified lithological scheme of the Strada Maestra District 119

Fig. 3 - Bioclimate scheme

Fig. 4 - Thermotype scheme

Fig. 5 - Ombrotype scheme 120

Fig. 6 - Thermopluviometric diagram of the Assergi station Fig. 9 - Thermopluviometric diagram of the Campotosto station

Fig. 7 - Thermopluviometric diagram of the Barisciano station Fig. 10 - Thermopluviometric diagram of the Pietracamela station

region (1:200.000) is shown. The map was made through the interpolation of thermo-pluviometric data, relative to the same period, collected by 136 stations. The regressions were calculated for geographic areas characterized by prevailing expositions inside the idrographic basins; regressions with a coefficient > 0.7 were considered good. Rivas-Martìnez indexes and classification (Rivas-Martìnez, 1996; Rivas-Martìnez et al., 2002) were applied to the spazialized data.

The vegetation study

The vegetation survey was carried out in accordance with the phytosociological method of the sigmatista Fig. 8 - Thermopluviometric diagram of the Campo Imperatore school of Zurich-Montpellier that was later integrated station (Tüxen, 1978; Géhu & Rivas-Martìnez, 1981; Biondi, 1994, 1996; Rivas-Martìnez 1987; Rivas-Martìnez et al., 2002; Rivas-Martìnez, 2005; Géhu, 1988; Theurillat, 1992). 121

In the period of 2005 to 2007, 135 phytosociolgical (Iovc) indicated that all the stations are of a temperate

relevés were taken in the study area. To these there have oceanic bioclimate. The thermic index (It) and the

been added some relevés that have already been corrected thermic index (Itc) revealed the presence published, which are specifically from: Pedrotti (1982), of sub-supraMediterranean, upper supratemperate, as Tab. 1, of the eight relevés numbered 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 7, and upper orotemperate bioclimate belts. The 9, 12; from Biondi et al. (2002a), as Tab. 3, relevés 1-2, ombrotypes are between upper subhumid and low Tab. 4, relevés 1-5, Tab. 5, relevés 1-2, and Tab. 8, hyperhumid. relevés 1-2 and Pirone (2000), as Tab. 8, relevés 1-4. In The spatial analysis of the data based on the above- this way, a single phytosociological Table has been mentioned methodology allowed the construction of constructed that was subjected to multivariate analysis the bioclimate schemes reported in Fig. 3, 4 and 5. with the classification and ordering programmes of the Syntax 2000 package (Podani, 2001), from which we present the dendrogram of Fig. 11, with comments in the The vegetation Discussion on the individual typologies. Moreover, this includes a comparison between these relevés and others The relevés from the woods were initially grouped referring to analogous formations reported in the literature. in a single phytosociological table and then subjected The syntaxonomic classification used takes reference to cluster analysis with the aim of revealing not only mainly from Rivas-Martìnez et al. (2002), Biondi et al. similarities between the individual relevés, but in (2002b) and Blasi et al. (2004). particular also the main groups that define their likenesses and analogies at different syntaxonomic levels. In this way, it was possible to obtain the The bioclimate dendrogram shown in Fig. 11, in which it can be seen that the woods with a prevalence of turkey oak are The bioclimate investigation of the study area was linked to those with beech and with fir, and that they carried out on the basis of the data available for the can therefore be attributed to the same syntaxonomic five thermopluviometric stations (Assergi, order: Fagetalia sylvaticae (group III). At the same Barisciano, Campo Imperatore, Campotosto and time, there is an easily recognisable group I that joins Pietracamela) for the observation period of 1960 to the woody formations attributed to the Laburno- 1990. The bioclimate classification was carried out Ostryenion suballiance (hornbeam woods) that is according to the method of Rivas-Martìnez (Rivas- well separated from the white oak woods (group II). Martìnez et al., 1999, 2002), and is given in Tab. 1. In the same way, it can be seen that the group that The calculation of the corrected summer comprises the aspen woods of Populus tremula and ombrothermic index according to Rivas-Martìnez the hazel woods (group IV) is clearly autonomous.

Tab. 1 - Bioclimate classification based in the indices of Rivas-Martinez

STATION ALTITUDE MACROBIOCLIMATE BIOCLIMATE BIOCLIMATE BELT OMBROTYPE Assergi 1040 Temperate Oceanic Sub-supraMediterranean low humid Barisciano 810 Temperate Oceanic Sub-supraMediterranean upper sub-humid Campo Imperatore 2140 Temperate Oceanic Upper orotemperate low hyperhumid Campotosto 1430 Temperate Oceanic Upper supratemperate upper humid Pietracamela 1015 Temperate Oceanic Sub-supraMediterranean low humid

Fig. 11 - Dendrogram of all of the phytosociological relevés considered, published and not published 122

Beech and silver fir woods subassociation fagetosum sylvaticae (this phytocoenosis will be commented upon together In the study area, the beech woods are found between with the hop hornbeam woods) the altitudes of 900 m asl and about 1680 m asl, on To attribute the beech wood relevés to the associations various lithologies (limestone, marl, Gran Sasso and which will be described in the following pages, a Laga Flysch). They are mainly of old growth coppices, comparison was carried out with the syntaxa described often in high forest conversion and including examples for adjacent areas or those with analogous ecological of seed regenerated high forests. The dendrogram characteristics. In particular, the comparison was carried analysis (Fig. 12) shows two main clusters that can be out with the following (Tab. 2): interpreted as: - Cardamino kitaibelii-Fagetum sylvaticae Ubaldi et al. Cluster I: includes the beech and silver fir woods from ex Ubaldi 1995 (Tab. 1 in Biondi et al., 2002b), an the Illyrian-Apennine alliance Aremonio-Fagion and association described for the Umbria-Marche calcareous the Apennine suballiance Cardamino kitaibelii- Apennines; Fagenion sylvaticae. This includes two subclusters: - Dactylorhizo fuchsii-Fagetum Izco & Biondi 1992 (rel. Ia: grouping the relevés of dominant Abies alba of the 1-9 of Tab. 9 in Biondi et al., 1989), an association new association Cirsio erisithalis-Abietetum albae; described for the Serre di Burano, northern Umbria- Ib: grouping the slightly acidophilous microthermal Marche arenaceous Apennines; beech woods of the higher altitudes, referred to the - Solidagini-Fagetum Ubaldi 1995: (frequency columns new association Actaeo spicatae-Fagetum of Tab. 1, 2 and 3 in Longhitano & Ronsisvalle, 1974), sylvaticae, which is in turn made up of two relevés from southern Laga. subclusters: Moreover, the matrix of the synoptic columns was Ib1: including the subassociation lathyretosum veneti subjected to cluster analysis (binary similarity matrix and the subassociation pyroletosum secundae; between the columns to which the algorithm of complete Ib2: including the type subassociation (actaeaetosum linkage was applied) and the dendrogram of Fig. 13 spicatae); was obtained. From the comparison, it is seen that the Cluster II: includes the more thermophilous beech association Dactylorhizo fuchsii-Fagetum is very well woods attributed to the new association Potentillo differentiated with respect to the beech woods in the micranthae-Fagetum sylvaticae of the alliance District, by the presence of a good number of species, Geranio versicoloris-Fagion and the relevés that including: Carex sylvatica, Polystichum setiferum, have been attributed to the association Scutellario Moehringia trinervia, Euphorbia dulcis, Veronica columnae-Ostryetum carpinifoliae in the montana, Circaea lutetiana, Carpinus betulus and Arisarum proboscideum. The association Cardamino kitaibelii- Fagetum shows both its ecological and floristic autonomy. However, for the autonomy of the association Solidagini-Fagetum, it should be noted that the relevé chosen to typify the syntaxon (rel. 5 of Tab. 2 in Longhitano & Ronsisvalle, 1974) reveals aspects of short and strongly impoverished beech wood, missing the differential species, the same Moehringia trinervia, chosen to denominate the subassociation type (Ubaldi et al., 1987). Therefore, this indicates that the association was badly described and does not correspond to actual aspects of the beech wood found in the context of the Laga. Hence the choice was for

Fig. 12 - Dendrogram of the beech and silver fire woods relevés carried out in the studied area 123

Tab. 2 - Synoptic table of beech and silver fir woods

1 = Cirsio erisithalis-Abietetum albae (tab. 1 in Pedrotti, 1982) Pres. 2 = Cardamino kitaibelii-Fageum sylvatica (tab. 1 in Biondi et al., 2002b) 3 = Actaeo spicatae-Fagetum sylvaticae (ass. nova) 4 = Potentillo micranthae-Fagetum sylvaticae (ass. nova) 5 = Dactylorhizo fuchsii-Fagetum sylvaticae (rel. 1-9 of Table 9 in Biondi et al., 1989) 6 = Solidagini-Fagetum sylvaticae (tab. 2 in Longhitano & Ronsisvalle, 1974 ) 7 = Solidagini-Fagetum sylvaticae (tab. 1 Longhitano & Ronsisvalle, 1974) 8 = Solidagini-Fagetum sylvaticae (tab. 3 Longhitano & Ronsisvalle, 1974)

Associations 18672345

Species of the association Cirsio erisithalis-Abietetum albae Abies alba Miller V V ....II.3 Cirsium erisithales (Jacq.) Scop. V I I I . . . . 4 Vaccinium myrtillus L. V . I III . I . . 4 Pyrola secunda L. V . . I . II . . 3 Daphne mezereum L. V . I I . II . . 4 Veronica urticifolia Jacq. IV III II II . II III . 6 Rosa pendulina L. IV ....I..2 Calamagrostis arundinacea (L.) Roth III I ...... 2

Species of the association Solidagini-Fagetum sylvaticae Galium rotundifolium L. . II II II . . . . 3

Species of the association Cardamino kitaibelii-Fageum sylvaticae Anemone nemorosa L. ....IV...1 Adoxa moschatellina L. ....I...1

Species of the association Actaeo spicatae-Fagetum sylvaticae Lathyrus vernus (L.) Bernh. III II II I . IV I . 6 Taxus baccata L. II II I I IV III . . 6 Oxalis acetosella L. II IV I I . II . . 5 Actaea spicata L. II . . . I III . . 3 Festuca altissima All. II ....II..2 Epipactis atropurpurea Rafin...... II..1

Species of the association Potentillo micranthae-Fagetum sylvaticae Lilium bulbiferum L. ssp. croceum (Chaix) Baker I . . . I I II II 5 Potentilla micrantha Ramond I .....IIII3 Quercus cerris L...... IIIVIV3 Teucrium siculum Rafin. . . I I . . I . 3

Species of the association Dactylorhizo fuchsii-Fagetum sylvaticae Carex sylvatica Hudson II III I I . I . IV 6 Polystichum setiferum (Forsskal) Woynar ....IVIIIIV4 Euphorbia dulcis L. III . . . II . I III 4 Veronica montana L. . I . I . I . III 4 Moehringia trinervia (L.) Clairv. . . II I . . . III 3 Carpinus betulus L...... III2 Circaea lutetiana L...... III1 Arisarum proboscideum (L.) Savi ...... II1

Chracteristic and differential species of the suballiance Cardamino kitaibelii-Fagenion and of the alliance Aremonio-Fagion Epilobium montanum L. III I III II II II I I 8 Saxifraga rotundifolia L. IV III I I IV IV I . 7 Adenostyles australis (Ten.) Nyman IV III II I IV IV I . 7 Polystichum aculeatum (L.) Roth III II II I III IV I . 7 Cardamine enneaphyllos (L.) Crantz II I . I IV III I . 6 Geranium nodosum L. IV . . I V IV II V 6 Polygonatum multiflorum (L.) All. . . II I . III II . 4 Cardamine kitaibelii Becherer ....IVIIII.3 Cardamine heptaphylla (Vill.) O. E. Schulz ....III...1 Anemone ranunculoides L. ....II...1 Anemone trifolia L. ssp. trifolia ....I...1

Chracteristic and differential species of the alliance Geranio versicoloris-Fagion Daphne laureola L. III III V II V IV V . 7 Acer obtusatum W. et K. I II I . . II III II 6 Pulmonaria apennina Cristof. & Puppi ....IIVIVIV4 Pulmonaria officinalis L. II I II I . . . . 4 Lathyrus venetus (Miller) Wohlf. ....IIIIIIIII4 Cyclamen hederifolium Aiton ....IIII.3 124

Characteristic species of the order Fagetalia sylvaticae Fagus sylvatica L. VVVVVVVV8 Galium odoratum (L.) Scop. V IV II II IV V I III 8 Orchis maculata L. ssp. fuchsii (Druce) Hylander V II III II II III III IV 8 Cardamine bulbifera (L.) Crantz II III III I IV IV II II 8 Melica uniflora Retz. IV . I I I IV III V 7 Neottia nidus-avis (L.) L. C. Rich. II I II I I II II . 7 Poa nemoralis L. II I I IV . I I I 7 Dryopteris filix-mas (L.) Schott II II III I II I . II 7 Aremonia agrimonoides (L.) DC. III I II I . IV IV . 6 Sorbus aucuparia L. IV I I I . II . . 5 Stellaria nemorum L. I II I I . I . . 5 Pyrola minor L. III III II I . I . . 5 Paris quadrifolia L. I II . I I I . . 5 Arum maculatum L. . I I . III II . I 5 Lilium martagon L. III . . . III III I . 4 Acer pseudoplatanus L. III . . . I II III . 4 Ilex aquifolium L. II . I . III II . . 4 Salvia glutinosa L. II . II . . . I I 4 Euonymus latifolius (L.) Miller I ....IIII.3 Listera ovata (L.) R.Br...... IIIII3 Rosa arvensis Hudson ....IIIIIII.3 Epipactis microphylla (Ehrh.) Swartz ....III.3 Milium effusum L. . . I . I I . . 3 Stellaria holostea L. ....IIIII.3 Athyrium filix-foemina (L.) Roth II . . I . . . . 2 Acer platanoides L. I . I . . . . . 2 Poa sylvicola Guss...... II.I2 Tilia platyphyllos Scop...... III.2 Allium ursinum L. (s.l.) ....III..2 Ulmus glabra Hudson .....I.I2 Bromus ramosus Hudson . I I . . . . . 2 Doronicum columnae Ten. ....II..2 Symphytum tuberosum L. ....II.I.2 Polystichum lonchitis (L.) Roth II ...... 1 Epipogium aphyllum (Schmidt) Swartz I ...... 1 Galanthus nivalis L. ....I...1 Corydalis cava (L.) Schweigg. et Koerte ....I...1 Scilla bifolia L. ....I...1 Epipactis gracilis B. & H. Baumann ....I...1 Anemone apennina L. ....I...1 Epipactis muelleri Godfery ....I...1 Polygonatum odoratum (Miller) Druce ....I...1 Hordelymus europaeus (L.) Harz .....I..1 Crataegus laevigata (Poir.) DC...... II.1 Asperula taurina ...... I.1 Fraxinus excelsior L...... I.1 Primula veris L...... I.1 Pulmonaria picta ...... I.1

Characteristic species of the class Querco-Fagetea Viola reichenbachiana Jordan ex Boreau IV V V IV VVVV8 Mycelis muralis (L.) Dumort. IV III IV III III IV IV III 8 Sanicula europaea L. IV V IV III VVVV8 Primula vulgaris Hudson I II III III IV III IV I 8 Hepatica nobilis Miller I I I II IV IV III II 8 Solidago virgaurea L. IV I I II II III II IV 8 Euphorbia amygdaloides L. III II IV I II IV V . 7 Prenanthes purpurea L. V IV . II I IV I II 7 Ajuga reptans L. II . I I II III I V 7 Hieracium gr. murorum V V III IV . I I IV 7 Luzula sylvatica (Hudson) Gaudin V . II III I I II III 7 Brachypodium sylvaticum (Hudson) Beauv. III . I II I II II III 7 Campanula trachelium L. . . I I II II II II 6 Geum urbanum L. III IV IV IV II . I . 6 Hedera helix L. . . I I II I III IV 6 Cephalanthera longifolia (Hudson) Fritsch . III I I II I II . 6 Festuca heterophylla Lam. IV . . . IV III V III 5 Ruscus hypoglossum L. I I . . I I . II 5 Monotropa hypopitys L. . . IIIII.5 Sorbus aria (L.) Crantz IV . I . . II I . 4 Carex digitata L. IV ....IIIII4 Laburnum anagyroides Medicus II . I . . . I II 4 Acer campestre L. . . I . . II II III 4 Luzula forsteri (Sm.) DC. IV . . . I I III . 4 125

Hieracium sylvaticum (L.) L. II . . . II III III . 4 Tamus communis L...... IIIIIV3 Cephalanthera damasonium (Miller) Druce .....IIIII3 Prunus avium L. . . I . . . I II 3 Quercus pubescens Willd. I . I I . . . . 3 Viola alba Besser ssp. dehnhardtii (Ten.) W. Becker .....IIIIII3 Fraxinus ornus L. . . I . . . II II 3 Corylus avellana L. . . I . . . III I 3 Cephalanthera rubra (L.) L. C. Rich. . . I . . I I . 3 Mercurialis perennis L. ....IIIII.3 Luzula sieberi Tausch . II . . . I . . 2 Ostrya carpinifolia Scop. . . I . . . II . 2 Viburnum lantana L. . . . I . I . . 2 Rubus caesius L...... IIII.2 Vicia sepium L...... III.2 Hieracium racemosum W. et K...... II.2 Lonicera xylosteum L...... III2 Populus tremula L. . . I . . . . . 1 Pyrus communis L. . . I . . . . . 1 Sambucus nigra L...... I..1 Carpinus orientalis Miller ...... I.1 Platanthera chlorantha (Custer) Rchb...... I.1 Sorbus torminalis (L.) Crantz ...... I.1 Laburnum alpinum (Miller) Berchtold et Presl ...... I.1 Sorbus domestica L...... I1 Melittis melissophyllum L...... I1

Other species Fragaria vesca L. V II III II IV III III I 8 Geranium robertianum L. III IV III II III III I II 8 Ranunculus lanuginosus L. I I II III I I III II 8 Juniperus communis L. III . II I . I III I 6 Veronica officinalis L. IV II II II . I I . 6 Epipactis helleborine (L.) Crantz . III III II . II II II 6 Aquilegia vulgaris II I I I . I . . 5 Pteridium aquilinum (L.) Kuhn . . I II . I V IV 5 Rosa canina L. sensu Bouleng. . I I I . I I . 5 Crataegus monogyna Jacq. . I I . III I . IV 5 Rubus glandulosus Bellardi V V V IV . . . . 4 Clematis vitalba L. . . I I . . II IV 4 Platanthera bifolia (L.) Rchb. . . I . . I I II 4 Heracleum sphondylium L. ssp. ternatum (Velen.) Brummit . I I . . I I . 4 Rubus idaeus L. II . I . I I . . 4 Polypodium vulgare L. . . IIII..4 Aegopodium podagraria L...... IIIIIIII3 Digitalis micrantha Roth II . I . . . I . 3 Erica arborea L. III . I I . . . . 3 Rubus hirtus W. et K. ....IVIVIII.3 Veronica chamaedrys L. . . I I . I . . 3 Lonicera caprifolium L...... IIII3 Cruciata glabra (L.) Ehrend. . . I . . . III II 3 Cornus sanguinea L. . . I . . . I I 3 Dactylis glomerata L. . . I I . . I . 3 Cytisus scoparius (L.) Link . . I II . . I . 3 Agrostis tenuis Sibth. . I III IV . . . . 3 Acinos arvensis (Lam.) Dandy . I II I . . . . 3 Melampyrum sylvaticum L. . III I I . . . . 3 Myosotis discolor Pers. . I I II . . . . 3 Serapias lingua L. . I I I . . . . 3 Helleborus foetidus L. ....III.3 Salix caprea L. ....III.3 Senecio fuchsii Gmelin ....IIII.3

Accidental species 2 9 27 17 3 20 23 10 the attribution of the subacidophilous beech woods to ACTAEO SPICATAE-FAGETUM SYLVATICAE ass. nova two new syntaxa, which identify one corresponding to (Tab. 3) Potentillo micranthae-Fagetum, with aspects of actaeaetotosum spicatae subass. typus (rel. type n. 3 of thermophilous short beech woods, and the other Tab. 3) identified with the association Actaeo spicatae-Fagetum aceretosum obtusati subass. nova (rel. type n. 12 of Tab. 3) refers to microthermic mesophilous beech woods of pyroletosum secundae subass. nova (rel. type n. 17 of Tab. 3) altitudes greater that 1400 m asl and spreading at lower This new association includes the beech woods of heights into fresh and humid areas only. the upper supratemperate bioclimatic belt that grow on 126

the formations of Gran Sasso Flysch in part covered by is included within the alliance Aremonio agrimonioidis- large sparse masses and by calcareous deposits of fluvio- Fagion sylvaticae and the suballiance Cardamino glacial origins, and on the carbonatic substrata of Mount kitaibelii-Fagenion sylvaticae. San Franco that have been decarbonated due to leaching. The details in Tab. 3, as shown in Fig. 12, allow three These woods grow on deep and acidic soils, in different distinct aspects to be revealed for the association Actaeo locations within the study area and mainly in Prati di spicatae-Fagetum sylvaticae, which are interpreted as Tivo and in the Rio Arno Valley. These are ancient different subassociations: woods that are very important from the conservation subassociation actaeaetosum spicatae (subcluster 1a): point of view, made up of floristically rich microthermic corresponding to the typical form of the beech wood; beech woods, for which the composition is slightly subassociation pyroletosum secundae (subcluster 1b): acidophilous, with different differential species with refers to the higher altitude aspects, found at the foot respect to the high neutro-basophilous beech woods of of Mount San Franco, on carbonatic substrata, under geomorphological conditions of low slope where there is reasonable acidification of the soil, as shown by the presence of the following differential species: Pyrola secunda and Pyrola minor; subassociation aceretosum obtusati (cluster 1c): includes the more thermophilous formations of lower altitudes, in areas of the low, supratemperate bioclimatic belt, characterised by the descent of mesophilous elements, corresponding to the characteristic and differential species of the association, of the alliance and of the suballiance of the upper, supratemperate bioclimatic belt. They can therefore be interpreted as transition phytocoenosis with the association Potentillo micranthae-Fagetum sylvaticae, of the alliance Geranio versicoloris- Fagion. The differential species of the subassociation are: Acer obtusatum, Quercus cerris, Mercurialis perennis, Fig. 13 - Dendrogram of the comparison among beech and Prenanthes purpurea, Poa sylvicola, Actaea spicata and silver fir woods of Apennines (1 = Cirsio erisithalis-Abietetum Listera ovata. albae; 2 = Cardamino kitaibelii-Fageum sylvaticae; 3 = Actaeo spicatae-Fagetum sylvaticae; 5 = Potentillo micranthae- POTENTILLO MICRANTHAE-FAGETUM SYLVA- Fagetum sylvaticae; 6 = Dactylorhizo fucsii-Fagetum TICAE ass. nova (Tab. 4) sylvaticae; 7-9= Solidagini-Fagetum sylvaticae) fagetosum sylvaticae subass. nova (rel. type n. 2 of Tab. 4) abietetosum albae subass. nova (rel. type n. 11 of Tab. 4) Within the thermophilous beech woods of the low the association Cardamino kitaibelii-Fagetum supratemperate bioclimatic belt, the dendrogram of Fig. sylvaticae, for which it represents the ecological and 12 separates a group of relevés (IIa) that are referred to biogeographical vicariante. the new association Potentillo micranthae-Fagetum The characteristic species of the new association are: sylvaticae, included in the central-southern Apennine Actaea spicata, Lathyrus vernus, Epipactis atrorubens, alliance Geranio versicoloris-Fagion sylvaticae. Festuca altissima and Daphne mezereum, which are The species that are characteristic and differential of species with a prevalence in central Europe-Asia, while the new syntaxon are: Quercus cerris, Potentilla the acidophilous differential species with respect to micrantha, Acer pseudoplatanus, Crataegus laevigata, Cardamino-Fagetum are: Oxalis acetosella, Veronica Lathyrus vernus, Cytisus villosus and Knautia drymeia. urticifolia and Prenanthes purpurea. On the contrary, These are differential with respect to Lathyro veneti- Pulmonaria apennina indicates the marly component Fagetum sylvaticae: Pulmonaria apennina, Aremonia of the substrate and the mesophily of the phytocoenosis. agrimonoides, Orchis maculata, Luzula sylvatica, The association Actaeo spicatae-Fagetum sylvaticae Lilium bulbiferum ssp. croceum, Cephalanthera 127

Pres.

1126 2228

N-NW NW N

1111214

...... 7

...... 8

1111. . .11

1111. .+6

2222.+.14 1111. . . 4 1111.++14 3333. . . 4 1122. . .14 1111. . . 4

112211+10

++++ . . . 4 ++++ . . . 4

...... 5 ...... 5 ...... 4

.....1+.11

...... 7 .....1..5

NNNNN

lvaticae

y

enion s

g

....1.2+...... 6

....+.2.....

Cardamino kitaibelii-Fa

and of the suball.

....2.2+..1.+.

456789101112*1314151617*18

lvaticae

lvaticae

y

y

......

ion s

etum s

g

g

.....1.1.+...... +.2.1.2+.2+++11..+10

icatae-Fa

p

......

...... +++3

500 400 250 500 300 300 200 400 300 500 250 250 250 300 300 200 150 150

rimonioidis-Fa

g

Actaeo s

e n. 17)

e n. 3)

e n. 12)

yp

yp

yp

Aremonio a

ass. nova

us (rel. t

yp

lvaticae

roletosum secundae

y

aceretosum obtusati

py

ecies of the association

ecies of the all.

subass. t

(subass. nova) (rel. t

p

p

etum s

(subass. nova) (rel. t

g

icatae

p

icatae-Fa

p

ecies of the subass.

ecies of the subass.

p

p

roletosum secundae

) 2

) 40 15 40 35 12 30 10 40 10 30-35 10 40 40 45 45 15 15 15

Actaeo s

aceretosum obtusati

actaeaetosum s

py

¡

subass.

subass. subass.

Tab. 3 - Rel. n. 1 2 3* Altitude (m asl) 1455 1387 1360 1419 1391 940 1400 1098 1360 1680 1528 1015 1015 1030 1030 1420 1680 1670 Exposure NW W-NW NE W NNW NW NNO N ONO NW Slope ( Coverage(%) 100 100 90 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 95 85 85 Area (m

Characteristic and differential s

Differential s

Differential s

Characteristic and differential s

G rhiz EURASIAT. Lathyrus vernus (L.) Bernh. 2.2 3.3 2.2 1.2 2.2 1.2 1.1 . 2.3 . 2.2 . . H scap EUROP.-CAUC. Prenanthes purpurea L. 1.2 1.1 2.3 . + 1.2 . + 1.2 2.2 . 1 1 + + . . . 12 H scap ENDEM. Pulmonaria apennina Cristof. & Puppi + 1.1 + . 1.2 1.2 . . + +.2 . G rhiz EURASIAT. Actaea spicata L. 2.2 . 1.2 . 1.2 + + +.2 . . . 1 1 + + . . . 10 NP EUROSIB. Daphne mezereum L. . +.2 . . + + 1.1 . + +.2 1.1 G rhiz EUROP.-CAUC. Epipactis atrorubens (Hoffm. Ex Bernh.) Besser 1.1 +.2 . 1.1 + H caesp C EUROP-SUBATL. Festuca altissima All. 2.3 . + + . . . +.2 . 2.3 H scap CENTROSEUROP. Veronica urticifolia Jacq. . . 1.2 . +.2 +.2 . +.2 . 1.2 G rhiz CIRCUMBOR. Oxalis acetosella L. . . +.2 . . + . +.2 . 2.3

P scap SEEUROP. Acer obtusatum W. et K. . +.2 G rhiz EURASIAT. Listera ovata (L.) R.Br. G rhiz CENTRO-EUROP. Arum maculatum L. G rhiz NMEDIT.MONT. Geranium nodosum L. 1.2 2.2 3.4 2.2 1.2 3.3 2.2 . 2.3 2.2 . H caesp EURIMEDIT. Poa sylvicola Guss. H ros NESTENOMEDIT. Aremonia agrimonoides (L.) DC. 1.2 1.1 1.2 2.2 1.2 . + . + . +.2 G rhiz EUROP.-CAUC. Mercurialis perennis L. H scap OROF. SEUROP. Saxifraga rotundifolia L. 1.2 1.2 1.2 1.1 1.2 + + +.2 1.2 +.2 . P scap NEURIMEDIT. Quercus cerris L. G rhiz EURASIAT. Polystichum aculeatum (L.) Roth 1.1 + . . + . + . . 1.1 . 1 1 + + 1 2 . 11 H scap NE-MEDIT.-MONT. Adenostyles australis (Ten.) Nyman 1.2 . 1.2 1.2 1.2 + 1.1 +.2 + 2.2 G rhiz OROF. SE-EUROP. Cardamine kitaibelii Becherer + Ch rept CIRCUMBOR. Pyrola secunda L. + . . . 1.2 G rhiz EURASIAT. Polygonatum multiflorum (L.) All. + H ros CIRCUMBOR. Pyrola minor L. G rhiz SE-EUROP. Cardamine enneaphyllos (L.) Crantz . . 2.2 P scap PALEOTEMP. Taxus baccata L. 3.3 . . 3.3 + + + 1.1 . + 2.2 H scap EURASIAT. Epilobium montanum L. 1.2 1.1 1.1 1.2 + . + . . + P caesp EUROP. Sorbus aucuparia L. . +.2 . . + + . . . + 128

.....10

.....7

2223318

.....+.8 ....+.+8

555555518

2222. . .15 2211+1114 222221112

111112.17 111111117 222211.14

332222.11

2222. . . 7

++++ . . . 9

...... 10

...... 6

...... 3

...... 9 ...... 8

...... 6

...... 14

.... + + ++.1+9 + + ....

...... 14

++++

.....1.2...... 3

...... 2

...... 1 ...... 1

++++++ .

...... 1.+3

...... +...2

....

...... +...... 2

...... 1.1.+...... 3

...... +...... 2

...... +++.11.5

...... +.2.1.3...... 2..3 ......

....+.2...... ++...3

....+..1.1...... 2 ...... +.+...... 2

...... ++...2

...... +...... 1

....1.22.3...1.2.

...... 11++.116 ...... + + ++...4 + + ......

lvaticae

etea

y

g

etalia s

g

uerco-Fa

Fa

Q

ecies of the order

ecies of the class

p

p

Characteristic and differential s

Characteristic and differential s

P scap CENTROEUROP. Fagus sylvatica L. 5.5 5.5 5.5 5.5 5.5 5.5 5.5 5.5 5.5 5.5 5.5 G rhiz EUROP.-CAUC. Galium odoratum (L.) Scop. 2.3 2.3 2.3 2.3 2.2 1.2 2.3 +.2 2.3 1.2 2.2 + + H scap PALEOTEMP. Sanicula europaea L. 2.3 2.2 2.3 2.3 3.4 3.3 2.3 +.2 2.3 2.3 1.2 H caesp PALEOTEMP. Melica uniflora Retz. + . +.2 1.2 + + . +.2 + . . G rhiz CENTROEUROP. Cardamine bulbifera (L.) Crantz . . 2.2 . + . 1.1 1.1 + . . G bulb EURASIAT. Lilium martagon L. . + . . 1.1 + + . 1.1 . +.2 . . 1 1 1 + . 10 H caesp EUROP.CAUC. Festuca heterophylla Lam. + 1.1 1.2 1.2 1.2 + +.2 + 1.2 +.2 G bulb Orchis maculata L. ssp. fuchsii (Druce) Hylander . + . . + + + . + . . G rhiz CIRCUMBOR. Polystichum setiferum (Forsskal) Woynar 2.3 . 1.1 . . . + 1.1 . 1.2 . . . 1 1 . . . 7 G rhiz EURASIAT. Neottia nidus-avis (L.) L. C. Rich. + +.2 H caesp PALEOTEMP. Brachypodium sylvaticum (Hudson) Beauv. . 1.2 . + 1.2 1.2 + . + P caesp MEDIT.MONT. Euonymus latifolius (L.) Miller P caesp EURIMEDIT. Ilex aquifolium L. . + . 1.2 . . . 1.1 G bulb EURASIAT. Allium ursinum L. (s.l.) G rhiz SUBCOSMOP. Dryopteris filix-mas (L.) Schott 1.2 G rhiz OROF. SE-EUROP. Doronicum columnae Ten. + . . 1.2 H caesp EUROP.-WESTASIAT. Carex sylvatica Hudson . . . +.2 . . + . . + H scap Stellaria nemorum L. ssp. glochidisperma Murb. . . 1.2 NP SMEDIT.SUBATL. Rosa arvensis Hudson G rhiz EURASIAT. Paris quadrifolia L. . . + H caesp OROF. SEEUROP. Luzula sylvatica (Hudson) Gaudin + . . 3.3 G rhiz CIRCUMBOR. Milium effusum L. + G rhiz EUROP.-CAUCAS. Epipactis microphylla (Ehrh.) Swartz. H caesp CIRCUMBOR. Poa nemoralis L. P scap EUROP.CAUC. Ulmus glabra Hudson . 1.1 P scap EUROP.-CAUC. Tilia platyphyllos Scop. H rept EURASIAT.-MONT. (-AMER.) Veronica officinalis L. . . . +.2 H caesp EUROP.-CAUCAS. Hordelymus europaeus (L.) Harz . . . +.2 H caesp OROF. S-EUROP.H scap EUROSIB. Luzula sieberi Tausch Viola reichenbachiana Jordan ex Boreau 2.3 2.2 1.1 2.2 1.1 1.2 1.2 + + 2.2 2.2 H scap EUROP.CAUC. Mycelis muralis (L.) Dumort. 1.1 1.1 + 1.1 Ch suffr EUROP.CAUC. Euphorbia amygdaloides L. 1.2 1.1 . . 2.2 1.1 + + 1.2 1.1 . P caesp SUBATL. Daphne laureola L. 1.2 2.2 1.2 1.2 1.2 1.1 . 1.1 . . . 1 1 + + 1 + . 13 NP Rubus hirtus W. et K. . 3.2 1.2 . 4.4 . . 1.1 . . 2.2 G rhiz CIRCUMBOR. Hepatica nobilis Miller +.2 2.3 . 2.2 + 2.2 . . + 1.2 1.2 . . + + . . 1 11 H ros EUROP.CAUC. Primula vulgaris Hudson + 2.2 . + 1.2 1.2 + +.2 + . . + + H rept EUROSIB. Fragaria vesca L. . +.2 . . + . +.2 H scap CIRCUMBOR. Solidago virgaurea L. 1.2 1.1 2.2 2.2 2.2 1.2 . + + 1.2 H scap EUROSIB. Hieracium sylvaticum (L.) L. + 1.1 1.2 2.2 2.3 2.2 . + . + H rept EUROP.CAUC. Ajuga reptans L. + . +.2 . + . + . + +.2 +.2 G rhiz EURIMEDIT. Cephalanthera damasonium (Miller) Druce + + . . + + . . . +.2 + G rhiz SEUROP.SUDSIB. Lathyrus venetus (Miller) Wohlf. H scap PALEOTEMP. Campanula trachelium L. + +.2 . . + + . . . + . 1 1 Ch scap EUROP.-CAUC. Stellaria holostea L. P scap EUROP.CAUC. Acer campestre L. P caesp PALEOTEMP. Sorbus aria (L.) Crantz . 1.1 . + . + 129

1111. . .10 2211. . . 8

...... 4

-----132

...... 4

....

...... 2

...... 2 ...... 2

...... 2

...... 1

...... 2

....+...... 2

...... 1 ...... 1

...... 1.1...... 2

61221- -23

...... +.11..+..4 ...... +...++.....3 ...... +...++.....3

....1.2+...... 2 ....+..+.2...... 2 ...... 1.2.1.2...... 2 ...... ++.....2 ...... 11.....2 ...... 11...2

....+...... 1 ...... + ...... 1 + ...... +...... 1 ...... +...... 1 ...... +1 ...... +...... 1

...... 1.++..3 ....1.1...+...... 2 ...... ++.....2 ...... +12

...... ++.....2 ...... ++...2 ...... ++...2

Other species

Accidental species -

P scap EUROP.CAUC. pseudoplatanus Acer L. P caesp EUROP.-CAUC. Sambucus nigra L. G rad EURIMEDIT. Tamus communis L. G rhiz EURIMEDIT. Ruscus hypoglossum L. 1.2 H scap EUROSIB. sepium L. Vicia . 1.1 . . + G rhiz EURASIAT. Cephalanthera longifolia (Hudson) Fritsch . . . + + P caesp SUD-EUROP. Viburnum lantana L. H caesp EURIMEDIT. Luzula forsteri (Sm.) DC. H scap Hieracium gr. murorum H caesp EURASIAT. Carex digitata L. G Bulb OROF. CENTROEUROP. Lilium bulbiferum L. ssp. croceum (Chaix) Baker G bulb NSTENOMEDIT. Cyclamen hederifolium Aiton H scap SEEUROP. Ptilostemon strictus (Ten.) Greuter . 3.3 G bulb PALEOTEMP. Platanthera bifolia (L.) Rchb. . + G par CIRCUMBOR. hypopitys Monotropa L. . . . + H scap EUROP.CAUC. racemosum Hieracium W. et K. H rept EUROP. montana Veronica L. P lian EURIMEDIT. Hedera helix L. G rhiz EURASIAT. Cephalanthera rubra (L.) L. C. Rich. H scap S-EUROP.-SUDSIB. Veronica chamaedrys L. H ros Viola alba Besser ssp. dehnhardtii (Ten.) W. Becker

T scap SUBCOSMOP. robertianum Geranium L. 1.1 + 1.2 2.2 . + . . . 1.2 . G rhiz EUROSIB. Aegopodium podagraria L. . 3.3 1.2 . . 1.1 2.2 G rhiz PALEOTEMP. Epipactis helleborine (L.) Crantz 1.1 . . + . . + . + NP EURASIAT. Rubus caesius L. + . . 1.1 . 2.2 . . . 1.2 H scap EUROP.CAUC. Ranunculus lanuginosus L. P caesp CIRCUMBOR. Juniperus communis L. P caesp PALEOTEMP. Crataegus monogyna Jacq. NP PALEOTEMP. canina L. Rosa sensu Bouleng. H ros PALEOTROP. Polypodium cambricum L. + . . +.2 NP S-EUROP.-SUDSIB. pendulina Rosa L. . 2.2 . . . 1.2 H bienn EURIMEDIT. Arctium minus (Hill) Bernh. . + . . +.2 H ros EURIMEDIT. Silene italica (L.) Pers. . . . + H scap EUROP. Laserpitium latifolium L. H scap PALEOTEMP. Aquilegia vulgaris L. H scap S-EUROP.-SUDSIB. Anthriscus nemorosa (Bieb.) Sprengel 130

Pres.

.1.2

....8 ....7

....6 ....6

....5

....4

222212 221111

11119

111115 11119

11118

555515 111115 112215

11225 11115

.....5

...... 5

....119

....226

...... 114

...... 2

...... + +6 + ...... + +...5 ...... +

......

...... 2

34567891011*12131415

etum

g

.....1.11.1...... 3

...... 1

...... 2.1...... 2

ion

g

....21.21.14.22.21.22.2

.... ++...... 2 ...... +..+.....2 ...... 1.22.2 + +116 + ...... 1.22.2 ....1...... 1 ...... 11..2 ...... + ......

...... 112 ...... 112

....1......

.... +1.2..+.+.2....4 ...... + +114 + ...... +... + +3 + ...... +...

- 250 250 300 250 400 - 300 400 300 500 200 200 200 200

lvaticae

y

Potentillo micranthae-Fa

etalia s

g

ass. nova

e n.11 )

Fa

yp

Geranio versicoloris-Fa

e n. 2)

lvaticae

y

yp

etum s

abietetosum albae

g

ecies of the association

ecies of the all.

ecies of the order

p

p

p

subass. nova (rel. t

subass. nova (rel. 10-15; rel. t

ecies of the subass.

p

lvaticae

y

) 2

) - 30 7 7 30 40 - 18 30-40 20 20 30 30 30 30

Potentillo micranthae-Fa

¡

etosum s

g

a

Tab. 4 - f

abietetosum albae

Rel. n. 1 2*

Altitude (m asl)Characteristic and differential s 869 1170 1081 1227 1210 1318 1030 802 990 1180 1140 1110 1110 1080 1080 Exposure NW N N W-NW W-SW SW W W-NW NE N N-NW W/NW W/NW W/NW W/NW Slope ( Coverage(%) - 100 100 100 85 100 100 100 100 100 98 95 95 95 95 Area (m

Differential s

Characteristic and differential s Characteristic and differential s

H scap ENDEM. Pulmonaria apennina Cristof. & Puppi 1.1 2.2 2.1 +.2 . (+.2) 2.1 . + . 2.2 P scap N-EURIMEDIT. Quercus cerris L. H ros NE-STENOMEDIT. Aremonia agrimonoides (L.) DC. +.1 1.1 + 2.2 . . +.1 . 1.1 2.2 1.2 . . + + 10 H ros EURIMEDIT. Potentilla micrantha Ramond 1.1 +.1 1.1 . . 1.2 1.1 + . + + G bulb Orchis maculata L. ssp. fuchsii (Druce) Hylander + + . + + . +.1 . . 1.1 + P scap EUROP.-CAUC. Acer pseudoplatanus L. . 2.1 . . + . . . + 1.1 2.2 + + . . 7 P caesp CENTRO-EUROP. Crataegus laevigata (Poir.) DC. 1.1 1.1 . 1.1 1 . . 2.2 . . + H caesp OROF. SE-EUROP. Luzula sylvatica (Hudson) Gaudin . +.1 1.1 . . 1.2 . . + + 1.2 G bulb Lilium bulbiferum L. ssp. croceum (Chaix) Baker + + . + . . + . + G rhiz EURASIAT. Cephalanthera longifolia (Hudson) Fritsch +.1 +.1 . 1.1 . . + . . . + G rhiz PALEOTEMP. Epipactis helleborine (L.) Crantz + + 1.1 . . . + . . 1.2 G rhiz EURASIAT. Lathyrus vernus (L.) Bernh. 1.1 H scap SE-EUROP. Knautia drymeia Heuffel H scap CENTRO-S-EUROP. Veronica urticifolia Jacq. . 1.1 . . . 1.2 . . + 1.2 1.2 P caesp W-STENOMEDIT. Cytisus villosus Pourret P scap OROF. S-EUROP. Abies alba Miller H scap ALPINO-APPENNINICA Pulmonaria picta Rouy G rhiz OROF. SE-EUROP. Cardamine kitaibelii Becherer H scap ENDEM.G rhiz SE-EUROP. Teucrium siculum Rafin. Cardamine enneaphyllos (L.) Crantz +

P caesp SUBATL. Daphne laureola L. 1.1 1.1 2.1 1.1 1 + 1.1 + 1.1 1.1 1.1 G rhiz OROF. SE-EUROP.P scap Asperula taurina L. SE-EUROP. Acer obtusatum W. et K. + . . . 1 1.2 . . 1.1 . 1.2 G rhiz EURASIAT.H scap EUROP.-CAUC. Listera ovata (L.) R.Br. Ranunculus lanuginosus L. + + +.2 . . . +.1 . . + + . + . 1 8 G rhiz S-EUROP.-SUDSIB. Lathyrus venetus (Miller) Wohlf. . . 2.2 1.2 . 1.2 . . +.2 . . P scap S-EUROP.-SUDSIB. Fraxinus ornus L. 1.1 + . . 1 . . . 1.1 . . + + . . 6 G bulb N-STENOMEDIT.P scap CENTRO-EUROP. Cyclamen hederifolium Aiton Fagus sylvatica L. . . . 4.4 5.5 + 5.5 . 5.5 2.3 4 5.5 5.5 5.5 5.5 5.5 5.5 H scap EUROSIB. Viola reichenbachiana Jordan ex Boreau 1.1 2.1 2.2 1.2 2 1.2 1.1 1.1 + 2.2 2.2 H scap PALEOTEMP. Sanicula europaea L. 3.2 3.2 3.2 1.1 1 1.2 2.1 1.1 2.2 3.3 2.3 H caesp PALEOTEMP. Melica uniflora Retz. 1.1 . 1.1 1.1 + . + + + NP S-MEDIT.-SUBATL. Rosa arvensis Hudson . 1.1 . + . + . . +.2 + +.2 . . + + 8 H scap EURASIAT. Cruciata glabra (L.) Ehrend. + . . . + . + . + . + + + . . 7 G rhiz N-MEDIT.-MONT. Geranium nodosum L. 2.2 . . +.2 2 . . . 2.2 G rhiz EURASIAT. Neottia nidus-avis (L.) L. C. Rich. . +.1 . + . . +.1 . . . + + + . . 6 G rhiz EUROSIB. Aegopodium podagraria L. 1.1 +.1 1.1 + P caesp MEDIT.-MONT. Euonymus latifolius (L.) Miller 1.1 1.1 . 1.1 G rhiz CENTRO-EUROP. Cardamine bulbifera (L.) Crantz G rhiz EURASIAT. Polygonatum multiflorum (L.) All. . . . + P scap EUROP.-CAUC. Tilia platyphyllos Scop. . . . + . . 2.1 . . 2.2 1.2 H caesp PALEOTEMP. Brachypodium sylvaticum (Hudson) Beauv. G rhiz EUROP.-CAUC. Mercurialis perennis L. G rhiz CIRCUMBOR. Polystichum setiferum (Forsskal) Woynar P scap C-EUROP.-CAUCAS. Carpinus betulus L. 2.2 H scap OROF. S-EUROP. Saxifraga rotundifolia L. . +.1 +.1 G rhiz CENTRO-EUROP. Euphorbia dulcis L. . . . + + 131

....5 ....5

....4

....8

111115 111113

33227 22117

221114

11118

...... 8

....

...... 3

...... 2

...... 4

......

....+.+....3 ...... 2

...... 1.2....2 ....+.2...... 2

...... 1 ...... 1

...... 1

1693-3-4- -11

...... 1

...... +.2.+.2....3

...... 1

...... +.+ + +..5 + ...... +.+

...... +++.

....21.2...... 2 ...... + +2 + ...... + +2 + ...... 112 ...... + +2 + ...... 112

.... +...... 1 ...... 1.2...... 1 ...... +...... 1 ...... +...... 1 ...... +...... 1 ...... 2.2....1

....2...+.1.2....3

....1+...... 2 .... +.....+....2 ...... 2.2+...... 2 ...... 1.1.2.2....2 ...... 1.21.1....2

.... +...... 1 ...... +...... 1 ...... +...... 1 ...... 3.3...... 1 ...... +...... 1 ...... +.2...... 1 ...... 1.2.....1

...... +1.12.21.2+.2....5

....11.2....1.2....3 ....11.2....+....3 ...... +.2. + +..3 + ...... +.2.

etea

g

Querco-Fa

ecies of the class

p

Characteristic and differential s

Other species

Accidental species 2 1 -

H caesp CIRCUMBOR. Poa nemoralis L. G rhiz EURASIAT. Polystichum aculeatum (L.) Roth H scap EUROP.-CAUC. Prenanthes purpurea L. H scap EUROSIB. Thalictrum aquilegifolium L. H scap SUBCOSMOP. Urtica dioica L. Ch scap EUROP.-CAUC. Stellaria holostea L. P scap EUROP.-CAUC. Tilia platyphyllos Scop. + G rhiz EUROP.-CAUC. Galium odoratum (L.) Scop. . 2.2 H scap NE-MEDIT.-MONT. Adenostyles australis (Ten.) Nyman . . +.1 G bulb EUROSIB. Platanthera chlorantha (Custer) Rchb. H ros W-EUROP.(SUBATL.) Primula veris L. H rept EURASIAT. Veronica officinalis L. G rhiz EUROP.-CAUC. Epipactis microphylla (Ehrh.) Swartz. H scap EURASIAT. Epilobium montanum L. P scap EUROP.-CAUC. Fraxinus excelsior L.

H caesp EUROP.-CAUC. Festuca heterophylla Lam. 1.1 1.1 1.1 + 2 3.4 1.1 1.1 + + 1.2 Ch suffr EUROP.-CAUC. Euphorbia amygdaloides L. 1.1 2.1 + + 1 1.2 . + + . +.2 H scap EUROP.-CAUC. Mycelis muralis (L.) Dumort. 1.1 1.1 2.2 + 1 + 1.1 + . + + + + . . 12 H ros EUROP.-CAUC. Primula vulgaris Hudson 1.1 1.1 2.2 1.1 1 . 2.1 1.1 1.1 + . + + . . 11 G rhiz CIRCUMBOR. Hepatica nobilis Miller . . 2.2 2.2 . 2.3 1.1 2.2 +.2 . 1.2 + + . . 9 P lian EURIMEDIT. Hedera helix L. 2.2 . 2.2 + 1 1.2 1.1 2.2 . . . + + . . 9 H ros Viola alba Besser ssp. dehnhardtii (Ten.) W. Becker . . . + 1 +.2 . . + . + 1 1 + + 9 H scap EUROSIB. Hieracium sylvaticum (L.) L. 1.1 1.1 2.1 + . 2.2 1.1 + + H rept EUROSIB. Fragaria vesca L. + 1.1 1.1 . 1 . . . + . +.2 . . + + 8 H caesp EURIMEDIT. Luzula forsteri (Sm.) DC. . . 1.1 . + . + . . + + + + . . 7 P caesp EUROP.-CAUC. Corylus avellana L. 2.2 . . 1.1 . . 1.1 NP Rubus hirtus W. et K. 1.1 2.1 . + P caesp CIRCUMBOR. Ostrya carpinifolia Scop. 3.3 H scap EUROSIB. Vicia sepium L. +.1 1.1 1.1 . . . + . . . + H scap CIRCUMBOR. Solidago virgaurea L. . +.1 . + . 2.2 . . + . + P lian EUROP.-CAUC. Clematis vitalba L. . . . + . 1.2 . . . 1.2 . + + . . 5 H scap PALEOTEMP. Campanula trachelium L. . +.1 +.2 + + P scap EUROP.-CAUC. Acer campestre L. . . 2.1 . + . . . 1.1 . +.2 H rept EUROP.-CAUC. Ajuga reptans L. . 1.1 P caesp S-EUROP.-SUDSIB. Laburnum anagyroides Medicus G bulb PALEOTEMP. Platanthera bifolia (L.) Rchb. . . . + P caesp EUROP.-CAUC. Lonicera xylosteum L. . . 2.1 1.1 H scap EUROP.-CAUC. Hieracium racemosum W. et K. . . 1.1 . . 2.2 G rhiz EURIMEDIT. Cephalanthera damasonium (Miller) Druce . . . + P lian S-EUROP.-SUDSIB. Lonicera caprifolium L. . . . + H scap CIRCUMBOR. Geum urbanum L. G par CIRCUMBOR. Monotropa hypopitys L. P caesp PONTICA Carpinus orientalis Miller P scap PONTICO Prunus avium L. H scap Hieracium gr. murorum G rhiz ENDEM. Helleborus bocconei Ten. . . . + P caesp S-EUROP.-SUDSIB. Cornus mas L. . . . + P caesp PALEOTEMP. Sorbus torminalis (L.) Crantz P caesp PALEOTEMP. Sorbus aria (L.) Crantz G bulb EURASIAT. Lilium martagon L. P caesp OROF. S-EUROP. Laburnum alpinum (Miller) Berchtold et Presl G rhiz Symphytum tuberosum L. ssp. tuberosum H caesp EURASIAT. Carex digitata L. G rhiz EURASIAT. Cephalanthera rubra (L.) L. C. Rich.

G rhiz COSMOPOL. Pteridium aquilinum (L.) Kuhn 1.1 1.1 +.1 + . 1.1 2.2 + + 1.2 1.2 P caesp CIRCUMBOR. Juniperus communis L. 1.1 1.1 2.1 + . + . . + 1.2 + G rad EURIMEDIT. Tamus communis L. +.1 NP EURASIAT. Rubus caesius L. Ch suffr SUBATL. Helleborus foetidus L. + . . + . . + H scap CIRCUMBOR. Prunella vulgaris L. H caesp SUBATL. Brachypodium rupestre (Host) R. et S. H scap CENTRO-EUROP. Senecio fuchsii Gmelin 132

longifolia and Epipactis helleborine. name Solidagini-Fagetum Ubaldi 1995 and at the same The association describes the thermophilous and time the previously described subassociations were subacidophilous beech woods on Grand Sasso and Laga validated (Ubaldi, 1995). flysch, within a low, supratemperate bioclimate, and in From an analysis of the Table of Pedrotti and a the Abruzzo Apennines it substitutes the association comparison with the beech woods that we have Staphyleo pinnatae-Fagetum sylvaticae described for described for the Strada Maestra District, it actually the flyschoid substrata of the Tuscany-Romagna and emerges that a large number of the relevés closely Marche Apennines (Ubaldi & Speranza, 1985). In the represent the actual fir woods that definitely have their Upper Valley of the Vomano it is one of the most own autonomy, both floristic and ecological, with common forest typologies. respect to the corresponding beech woods. Indeed, these The subassociation abietetosum albae includes are woods with a dominance of silver fir, with the beech aspects of the rocky beech wood with Abies alba on dominated, which are differentiated by the following sandstone and large conglomerates. The subassociation group of species: Abies alba, Vaccinium myrtillus, is differentiated by Veronica urticifolia and Abies alba Pyrola secunda, Cirsium erisithales, Daphne mezereum, and by the absence of species that need deeper soil (eg. Veronica urticifolia, Pyrola minor, Oxalis acetosella and Lathyrus vernus, Lilium croceum, Cephalanthera Festuca altissima. From the same, there is also the longifolia, etc.). identification of the subassociation ericetosum arboreae (rel. type subass. n. 6 of Tab. 5), differentiated by: CIRSIO ERISITHALIS-ABIETETUM ALBAE ass. nova Calamagrostis arundinacea, Erica arborea, (Tab. 5) Brachypodium sylvaticum, Melampyrum nemorosum abietetosum albae (rel. type n. 1 of Tab. 5) and Digitalis micrantha that represent the more ericetosum arboreae (rel. type n. 6 of Tab. 5) aridophilous and thermophilous aspects. In the Laga district, fir woods are not very frequent and often they are seen as mixed woods with beech and Turkey oak woods silver fir. In the studied area, the fir woods form nuclei of very limited sizes that grow within almost pure beech In the Upper Valley of the Vomano, after the beech woods, corresponding to the dry rocky outcrops where woods, the turkey oak woods represent the most they find the optimum for their growth as they have no extended forest typology, mainly managed as coppice inhibiting competition from the beech. with standards. For a comparison of the data of the same In 1982, during the International Phytosociology physiognomies relative to the adjacent territories, the Excursion in Italy, Pedrotti published a Table in the relevés of turkey oak in the study area were compared guide book for the excursion concerning the fir-beech with other mesophilous Apennine turkey oak woods of woods seen in the context of the northern Laga, between the suballiance Pulmonario apenninae-Carpinenion Marche (Corte Valley) and Abruzzo (Martese Wood). betuli of the alliance Erythronio dentis-canis- The 16 relevés in the Table were attributed to the Carpinetum betuli to reveal analogies with syntaxa association Veronico urticifoliae-Fagetum Montacchini already described or, in contrast, to look for possible 1972, analogous to that published in the same year by differences. With this aim, the synoptic Table (6) was Feoli & Lagonegro (1982) that attributed the beech created, the columns of which represent the synthetic wood relevés of the Laga published by Longhitano & values of the following syntaxa: Ronsisvalle (1974) to this syntaxon. Later, in a revision Carici sylvaticae-Quercetum cerris Catorci & study of the mesophilous woods of the Italian peninsula, Orsomando 2001; the same relevés were attributed to a new association Centaureo montanae-Carpinetum betuli Ubaldi et al. named Dactylorhizo-Fagetum (Ubaldi et al., 1987), for 1987 ex Ubaldi 1995; which, and still with reference to the three Tables Salvio glutinosae-Quercetum cerris Ubaldi 2003, published by Longhitano & Ronsisvalle (1974), there Salvio glutinosae-Quercetum cerris subass. are four subassociations: juniperetosum, vaccinietosum, arisaretosum Ubaldi 2003, moehringietosum and abietetosum. The association Listero ovatae-Quercetum cerris Di Pietro & Tondi Dactylorhizo-Fagetum was incorrectly described, in that 2005, it was not given the type relevé and moreover the name Aremonio agrimonioidis-Quercetum cerris Blasi, had already been used by Izco & Biondi (1992), and Fortini, Grossi & Presti 2005. therefore, a few years later, this was corrected with the The synoptic Table was subjected to cluster analysis 133

+++7 +++7

+++3

....3

....3 ....3 ....3

++++6

.....3

...... 2 ...... 1

lvaticae

y

ion s

......

....++++.24 ....1.2+.2+.21.14 ....+.22.31.11.14 .....

+++++++ . 7

g

800 500 200 400 500 500 500 400

lvaticae

rimonioidis-Fa

y

g

etalia s

g

lvaticae

y

Fa

Aremonio a

enion s

ass. nova

g

e n. 6)

e n. 3) yp

ericetosum arboreae

yp

ecies of the all.

ecies of the order

p

p

(rel. t

(rel. t

Cardamino kitaibelii-Fa

ecies of the subass.

p

)

2

abietetosum albae

ericetosum arboreae

- Cirsio erisithalis-Abietetum albae

Tab. 5 subass.

subass.

Characteristic and differential species of the association Rel. n. n. 1*23456*78Pres. Rel.

Altitude (m asl) 1450 1350 1500 1375 1350 1480 1450 1400 Exposure NW NW N NE W-NW W-NW W-NW W-NW Slope (%) 55 55 30 20 35 50 45 55 Coverage(%) 100 100 98 100 100 100 100 100 Area (m Differential s

Characteristic and differential s

and of the suball.

Characteristic and differential s

P scap OROF. SEUROP. Abies alba Miller 5.2 5.3 5.3 5.2 3.3 5.2 4.4 4.3 8 Ch frut CIRCUMBOR. Vaccinium myrtillus L. 2.3 2.2 3.4 1.2 2.3 4.4 4.4 4.4 8 Ch rept CIRCUMBOR. Pyrola secunda L. +.2 + +.2 +.2 +.2 +.2 1.2 +.2 8 H scap OROF. S-EUROP. Cirsium erisithales (Jacq.) Scop. + + + . 1.1 NP EUROSIB. Daphne mezereum L. + + + . +.2 H scap CENTROSEUROP. Veronica urticifolia Jacq. . . 1.2 1.1 1.1 1.2 1.1 +.2 6 H ros CIRCUMBOR. Pyrola minor L. . 1.1 +.2 + . + . . 4 G rhiz CIRCUMBOR. Oxalis acetosella L. 1.2 1.2 +.2 H caesp SUBATL. Festuca altissima All. + . + +

H caesp EURASIAT. Calamagrostis arundinacea (L.) Roth . . 1.1 . . 2.2 +.2 1.1 4 P caesp STENOMEDIT. Erica arborea L. H caesp PALEOTEMP. Brachypodium sylvaticum (Hudson) Beauv. T scap EURASIAT. Melampyrum nemorosum L. H scap ENDEM. Digitalis micrantha Roth

P caesp EUROP. Sorbus aucuparia L. + + +.2 . + + 1.1 + 7 H scap OROF. SEUROP. Saxifraga rotundifolia L. 1.1 + + . + + +.2 . 6 G rhiz NMEDIT.MONT. Geranium nodosum L. 2.2 2.2 . . 1.2 1.1 1.1 +.2 6 H scap NE-MEDIT.-MONT. Adenostyles australis (Ten.) Nyman 1.2 +.2 + . +.2 + . . 5 G rhiz EURASIAT. Polystichum aculeatum (L.) Roth 1.2 1.1 . . +.2 . + . 4 H scap EURASIAT. Epilobium montanum L. + + . . + + . . 4 G rhiz EURASIAT. Lathyrus vernus (L.) Bernh. + + 1.1 . + . . . 4 G rhiz SE-EUROP. Cardamine enneaphyllos (L.) Crantz + + P caesp MEDIT.MONT.P scap CENTROEUROP. Euonymus latifolius (L.) Miller Fagus sylvatica L. . + 4.3 3.3 1.1 4.2 3.3 2.2 3.3 2.2 8 H scap EUROP.-CAUC. Prenanthes purpurea L. 1.1 + 1.1 1.1 + 1.1 . + 7 G rhiz EUROP.-CAUC. Galium odoratum (L.) Scop. 1.2 1.1 +.2 + 1.1 +.2 + . 7 G bulb Orchis maculata L. ssp. fuchsii (Druce) Hylander H caesp PALEOTEMP. Melica uniflora Retz. + + . . H scap PALEOTEMP. Sanicula europaea L. 1.2 1.1 + . 1.1 + . . 5 H rept EURASIAT.-MONT. (-AMER.) Veronica officinalis L. 1.1 . . + . + 1.1 + 5 H ros NESTENOMEDIT. Aremonia agrimonoides (L.) DC. +.2 . +.2 . . . +.2 + 4 G rhiz CENTROEUROP. Euphorbia dulcis L. + + . . . + + . 4 G rhiz CENTROEUROP. Cardamine bulbifera (L.) Crantz + + . + G rhiz EURASIAT. Neottia nidus-avis (L.) L. C. Rich. + + . + H ros SUBCOSMOP. Athyrium filix-foemina (L.) Roth + . +.2 + 134

....1

++++6 ++++6

++++8

.....3

.....1

....+3

....+.3 ....+.3 ...... 2

.....+.22

...... 1

...... 2

...... 1 ...... 1

...... 1 ...... 1 ...... 1

....+..+.22

.....+..1

...... +1 ...... +1

....+...1

++++++1.1+.28 ++++ .+.2++.27

etea

g

Querco-Fa

ecies of the class

p

Characteristic and differential s

Other species

H scap Hieracium gr. murorum + 1.1 1.1 1.1 +.2 1.1 1.2 +.2 8 H caesp OROF. SEEUROP. Luzula sylvatica (Hudson) Gaudin H rept EUROSIB. Fragaria vesca L. H scap EUROSIB. Viola reichenbachiana Jordan ex Boreau +.2 + + . 1.1 . +.2 + 6 H caesp EUROP.CAUC. Festuca heterophylla Lam. + . + . +.2 + + +.2 6 H caesp EURASIAT. Carex digitata L. + + . . P caesp PALEOTEMP. Sorbus aria (L.) Crantz + + . . H scap EUROP.CAUC. Mycelis muralis (L.) Dumort. + . . (+) + + + . 5 H scap CIRCUMBOR. Solidago virgaurea L. +.2 + + . . + . + 5 H caesp EURIMEDIT. Luzula forsteri (Sm.) DC. + . . . + +.2 +.2 + 5 H caesp CIRCUMBOR. Poa nemoralis L.P scap EUROP.CAUC. . Acer pseudoplatanus L. . + . . + . + + . 1.1 + 3 + . . . 4 H scap CENTRO-EUROP. Pulmonaria officinalis L. (= P. apennina ?) +Ch suffr EUROP.CAUC. +.2 Euphorbia amygdaloides L. + . + (+) . . + . 4 G rhiz CIRCUMBOR. Polystichum lonchitis (L.) RothP caesp SUBATL. +.2 + Daphne laureola L. + + . . + . . + 4 G rhiz EURASIAT. Actaea spicata L.G bulb EURASIAT. + Lilium martagon L. + + + + . + . . . 4 G rhiz SUBCOSMOP. Dryopteris filix-mas (L.) SchottH scap CIRCUMBOR. . . Geum urbanum L. . + + . . + . + 2 . . +.2 + . . 4 P caesp EURIMEDIT. Ilex aquifolium L. H rept EUROP.CAUC. Ajuga reptans L. . . + . + . . + 3 G rhiz EURASIAT. Paris quadrifolia L.H caesp EUROP.-WESTASIAT. Carex sylvatica Hudson +.2 + +.2 + H scap Stellaria nemorum L. ssp. glochidisperma Murb.P scap PALEOTEMP. +.2 Taxus baccata L. + . . . + . . . 2 P scap EUROP.-CAUC. Acer platanoides L.P caesp SEUROP.SUDSIB. . Laburnum anagyroides Medicus . . + . + G rhiz EUROSIB. Epipogium aphyllum (Schmidt) Swartz H scap EUROSIB. Hieracium sylvaticum (L.) L. . . + . . + . . 2 G rhiz EURIMEDIT. Ruscus hypoglossum L. + G Bulb OROF. CENTROEUROP. Lilium bulbiferum L. ssp. croceum (Chaix) Baker + H ros EURIMEDIT. Potentilla micrantha Ramond + G rhiz CIRCUMBOR. Hepatica nobilis Miller . + NP Rubus glandulosus Bellardi + + + 1.1 H ros EUROP.CAUC. Primula vulgaris Hudson . . + NP S-EUROP.-SUDSIB. Rosa pendulina L. +.2 1.2 . . + +.2 1.2 +.2 6 P caesp SE-EUROP. Quercus pubescens Willd. T scap SUBCOSMOP. Geranium robertianum L. + . . . + . + + 4 P scap SEEUROP. Acer obtusatum W. et K. P caesp CIRCUMBOR. Juniperus communis L. . + . . . + +.2 + 4 NP CIRCUMBOR. Rubus idaeus L. + . + H scap OROF. EURASIAT. Salvia glutinosa L. + . . . + . . . 2 H caesp SUBCOSMOP. Avenella flexuosa (L.) Parl. . . . + . . . +.2 2 H scap PALEOTEMP. Aquilegia vulgaris L. + + H scap EUROP.CAUC. Ranunculus lanuginosus L. 135

(similarity matrix between columns, binary similarity CYTISO VILLOSI-QUERCETUM CERRIS ass. nova ratio, complete linkage algorithm) from which the cytisetosum villosi subass. nova holotypus Tab. 7 Rel. n. 2 dendrogram shown in Fig. 14 was obtained. This aceretosum obtusati subass. nova holotypus Tab. demonstrates clearly how the turkey oak woods of the 7 Rel. n. 20 Upper Valley of the Vomano (cluster II) are different stellarietoum holostei subass. nova Holotype Tab. 7 Rel. n. from both those of the Tuscany-Marche and Umbria- 26 Marche arenaceous marl Apennines (cluster Ib), as well This association includes the subacidophilous and as those of the Lazio slopes of Monti della Laga and of semimesophilous turkey oak woods of the low, Umbria and Molise (cluster Ia). In particular, with supratemperate bioclimatic belt, which becomes respect to the turkey oak woods of Listero ovatae- mesotemperate only in the cooler areas. These turkey oak Quercetum cerris, which are geographically the closest woods grow on flyschoid substrata with a prevalently with respect to those we have studied, those of the Upper south-eastern exposure, often in contact with chestnut Valley of the Vomano have numerous differential woods. The association is included in the Apennine species, including: Cytisus villosus, Melica uniflora, suballiance Pulmonario-Carpinenion betuli of the eastern Teucrium siculum, Carpinus betulus, Hedera helix, alliance Erythronio dentis-canis-Carpinion betuli. Lathyrus vernus, Veronica urticifolia, Tamus communis, The characteristic and differential species are: Cytisus etc. In the final analysis, the turkey oak woods in the villosus, Melica uniflora, Carpinus betulus, Teucrium study sector were indeed more thermophilous and less siculum and Fraxinus ornus. hygrophilous with respect to those described for the Within the new syntaxon, the typical aspect is Lazio slopes of Monti della Laga, also because of the represented by the subassociation cytisetosum villosi, for looser substrata with less water retention. Therefore, it which the differential species coincide with those is necessary to describe a new association, which is characteristics of the association. Two further aspects have illustrated below. also been identified, formalised at the level of subassociation: - aceretosum obtusati (Tab. 7 rels. 15-25), of lower heights, relative to coenoses of more thermoxerophilous character, for which the differential species are: Ostrya carpinifolia, Acer obtusatum, Cephalanthera longifolia, Rubus caesius, Hepatica nobilis, Hieracium sylvaticum, and Carpinus orientalis, almost all with an eastern barycentre and typical of submontane oak woods. - stellarietosum holostei (Tab. 7 rels. 26-29), relative to the coenoses of a mesohygrophilous character, for which the differential species are: Stellaria holostea, Lilium bulbiferum subsp. croceum, Carex sylvatica, Polygonatum multiflorum and Cephalanthera damasonium. The subassociation is also differentiated by the abundant presence of Carpinus betulus.

White oak woods Fig. 14 - Dendrogram of the comparison among turkey oak woods of Apennines belonging to the suballiance Pulmonario In the Upper Valley of the Vomano, the white oak woods apenninae-Carpinenion betuli. (1= Carici sylvaticae- cover a fairly limited area, growing in the upper, Quercetum cerris; 7= Aremonio agrimonioidis-Quercetum mesotemperate bioclimate belt and they are also found in cerris; 6= Listero ovatae-Quercetum cerris; 2= Centaureo the upper, mesotemperate belt with edapho-xerophilous montanae-Carpinetum betuli; 8= Salvio glutinosae- aspects. From the studies carried out, it has been shown Quercetum cerris; 9= Salvio glutinosae-Quercetum cerris that in the territory it is possible to recognise two typologies subass. arisaretosum; 3= Cytiso villosi-Quercetum cerris of white oak woods, of which one is neutro-basophilous subass. cytisetosum villosi; 4= Cytiso villosi-Quercetum cerris and grows on calcareous-marl and Bisciaro formation subass. aceretosum obtusati; 5= Cytiso villosi-Quercetum substrata, and the other is sub-acidophilous and typical of cerris subass. stellarietosum holostei the flyschoid substrata of the Laga Flysch formations. 136

Tab. 6 - Synoptic table of turkey oak woods

1 = Carici sylvaticae-Quercetum cerris Catorci & Orsomando 2001 Pres. 2 = Centaureo montanae-Carpinetum betuli Ubaldi et al. 1987 ex Ubaldi 1995 3 = Cytiso villosi-Quercetum cerris ass. nova cytisetosum villosi subass. nova 4 = Cytiso villosi-Quercetum cerris ass. nova aceretosum obtusati subass. nova 5 = Cytiso villosi-Quercetum cerris ass. nova stellarietosum holostei subass. nova 6 = Listero ovatae-Quercetum cerris Di Piedri & Tondi 2005 7 = Aremonio agrimonioidis-Quercetum cerris Blasi et al. 2005 8 = Salvio glutinosae-Quercetum cerris Ubaldi 2003 9 = Salvio glutinosae-Quercetum cerris arisaretosum Ubaldi 2003

Associations 176289345

Species of the association Carici sylvaticae-Quercetum cerris Platanthera chlorantha (Custer) Rchb. V . II II . . II I . 5 Lilium martagon L. IV I I II ....II5 Cyclamen hederifolium Aiton IV I I I . . . I . 5 Sorbus aria (L.) Crantz III I I ...... 3 Anemone apennina L. III I ...... 2 Galanthus nivalis L. IV . I ...... 2 Cardamine kitaibelii Becherer III I ...... 2 Silene viridiflora L. II . I ...... 2 Anemone nemorosa L. III ...... 1 Aristolochia pallida Willd. III ...... 1 Scilla bifolia L. III ...... 1 Senecio fuchsii Gmelin II ...... 1 Quercus petraea (Mattuschka) Liebl. II ...... 1 Ruscus aculeatus L. I ...... 1 Adoxa moschatellina L. I ...... 1 Cardamine graeca L. I ...... 1 Luzula sieberi Tausch I ...... 1 Ribes alpinum L. I ...... 1 Doronicum columnae Ten. I ...... 1

Species of the association Aremonio agrimonioidis-Quercetum cerris Aremonia agrimonoides (L.) DC. II V V I II III I V IV 9 Primula vulgaris Hudson ssp. vulgaris V IV V IV IV V IV III II 9 Ligustrum vulgare L. II V I V II ....5 Geranium versicolor L. . IV .....I.2 Fraxinus excelsior L. . I ...... 1 Cardamine heptaphylla (Vill.) O. E. Schulz . I ...... 1 Allium pendulinum Ten. . I ...... 1 Luzula sieberi Tausch ssp. sicula (Parl.) Pign. . I ...... 1 Acer lobelii Ten. . I ...... 1

Species of the association Listero ovatae-Quercetum cerris Dactylorhiza fuchsii (Druce) Soo subsp. fuchsii . I IV III V V III II . 7 Listera ovata (L.) R.Br. . I IV . IV . III . . 4 Knautia drymeia Heuffel . . IV . . . II . III 3 Viola odorata L. . I V ...... 2 Moehringia trinervia (L.) Clairv. . . II ...... 1 Ranunculus nemorosus DC. . . I ...... 1 Aruncus dioicus (Walter) Fernald . . I ...... 1 Hieracium lachenalii Gmelin . . I ...... 1 Viola canina L. . . I ...... 1

Species of the association Centaureo montanae-Carpinetum betuli Carpinus betulus L. V IV I V II V III II . 8 Lonicera xylosteum L. . . V III . IV IV I . 5 Asarum europaeum L. . . . V . III . . . 2 Centaurea montana L. . . . III .....1 Anemone trifolia L. . . . III II ....2 Iris graminea L. . . . III .....1

Species of the association Salvio glutinosae-Quercetum cerris Luzula forsteri (Sm.) DC. V . II . V III IV IV III 7 Salvia glutinosa L. . . IV . IV III III III II 6

Species of the subassociation arisaretosum Astragalus glycyphyllos L. . I IV I . IV IV II II 7 Potentilla micrantha Ramond I I III . . III . III III 6 Arisarum proboscideum (L.) Savi .....III...1 Arum maculatum L...... V...1 Carex digitata L...... II...1

Species of the association Cytiso villosi-Quercetum cerris subass. cytisetosum villosi Cytisus villosus Pourret ...... IVIIIIII3 Teucrium siculum Rafin...... IIIIII.2 137

Species of the subassociation aceretosum obtusati Ostrya carpinifolia Scop. I . II . IV III II V II 7 Acer obtusatum W. et K. IV III II IV III IV . V . 7 Cephalanthera longifolia (Hudson) Fritsch I . I . . . I IV . 4 Rubus caesius L. I . . V . . . IV . 3 Carpinus orientalis Miller . I .....I.2 Ptilostemon strictus (Ten.) Greuter ...... IIIV.2

Species of the subassociation stellarietosum holostei Lilium bulbiferum L. ssp. croceum (Chaix) Baker III II I II IV III I I V 9 Polygonatum multiflorum (L.) All. I II . I . II I I III 7 Stellaria holostea L. IIII....I.V4 Senecio nemorensis L...... III1

Chracteristic and differential species of the all. Erythronio dentis-canis-Carpinion betuli and of the suball. Pulmonario apenninae-Carpinenion betuli Pulmonaria apennina Cristof. & Puppi IV IV IV III III III II I V 9 Rosa arvensis Hudson VVVVVVIVIVV9 Daphne laureola L. V V I IV . III V V V 8 Carex sylvatica Hudson IV I I III IV IV . I IV 8 Crataegus laevigata (Poir.) DC. IV III IV IV IV V . II IV 8 Cornus mas L. III I . II IV III II I . 7 Acer pseudoplatanus L. I I III I . . III II III 7 Euonymus latifolius (L.) Miller II II . III . . II I IV 6 Pyrus pyraster Burgsd. II II V V III ....5 Aegopodium podagraria L. . . I I . III . II V 5

Characteristic species of the order Fagetalia sylvaticae Festuca heterophylla Lam. V I V V II III IV V V 9 Melica uniflora Retz. V IV I V IV V II IV V 9 Fagus sylvatica L. IV IV II III II IV III II IV 9 Cruciata glabra (L.) Ehrend. IV I IV II V IV IV III IV 9 Sanicula europaea L. III III III . V V IV V II 8 Prunus avium L. III I V . IV IV IV III II 8 Geranium nodosum L. . . I IV III V II II III 7 Poa nemoralis L. III I IV . . . III I II 6 Brachypodium sylvaticum (Hudson) Beauv. IV III V I . . II V . 6 Cardamine bulbifera (L.) Crantz III III . II . III . I III 6 Ilex aquifolium L. I II . III . . I I II 6 Ulmus glabra Hudson . I I I . . I I III 6 Euphorbia dulcis L. III . II I . III I . . 5 Galium odoratum (L.) Scop. II II I I . III . . . 5 Symphytum tuberosum L. III . I II . III . . . 4 Polystichum setiferum (Forsskal) Woynar II I ....III.4 Lathyrus vernus (L.) Bernh. . I . I . . II I . 4 Dryopteris filix-mas (L.) Schott . . I I . . I II . 4 Populus tremula L. I . II . . . I I . 4 Hieracium murorum L. s.l. . . . I . . III II II 4 Veronica officinalis L. II .....II.3 Saxifraga rotundifolia L. I I .....I.3 Tilia platyphyllos Scop. . I .....IIII3 Anemone ranunculoides L. I I ...... 2 Mercurialis perennis L. I II ...... 2 Ruscus hypoglossum L. I I ...... 2 Hieracium sylvaticum (L.) L. II . I ...... 2 Sorbus aucuparia L...... II.2 Abies alba Miller . I ....I..2 Milium effusum L. . I .....I.2 Asperula taurina L. . I .....I.2 Lamiastrum galeobdolon ssp. flavidum (F.Hermann) Ehrend. et Pola. cfr. . I .....I.2 Poa sylvicola Guss. . . I . . . II . . 2 Myosotis sylvatica Hoffm...... II.2 Hordelymus europaeus (L.) Harz . . . I . . . I . 2 Acer platanoides L. pl...... IIII2 Epipactis purpurata Sm...... II.2 Veronica urticifolia Jacq...... II.2 Prenanthes purpurea L...... III2 Tilia cordata Miller ...... I..1 Stellaria nemorum L. ssp. glochidisperma Murb...... I.1 Primula veris L...... I.1 Lathraea squamaria L...... I.1 Euonymus verrucosus Scop...... I.1 Polystichum aculeatum (L.) Roth ...... I.1

Characteristic species of the class Querco-Fagetea Quercus cerris L. VVVVVVVVV9 Hedera helix L. IV V I V IV V IV V III 9 Acer campestre L. III VVVVVIIIIIV9 Viola reichenbachiana Jordan ex Boreau V III V II V V III V III 9 Corylus avellana L. III III III I II V III III V 9 Lathyrus venetus (Miller) Wohlf. V II III III III V I III III 9 138

Viola alba Besser ssp. dehnhardtii (Ten.) W. Becker . II II III III II III IV V 8 Lonicera caprifolium L. III VVVVV .IVIV8 Campanula trachelium L. III I II . II III I IV V 8 Bromus ramosus Hudson . I V III III III III I III 8 Fraxinus ornus L. II II . I III . III IV III 7 Cephalanthera damasonium (Miller) Druce II I I . II II I . III 7 Hepatica nobilis Miller V I I III II IV . III . 7 Euphorbia amygdaloides L. III III I III . . III V IV 7 Mycelis muralis (L.) Dumort. II II III I . . IV IV III 7 Sorbus torminalis (L.) Crantz II I . V II . I I III 7 Neottia nidus-avis (L.) L. C. Rich. II III III II . . II I II 7 Tamus communis L. . III . I V IV II III III 7 Ajuga reptans L. . I I . IV V II III III 7 Epipactis helleborine (L.) Crantz ssp. Muelleri . II III I . . III II IV 6 Malus sylvestris Miller II I III I . III . III . 6 Solidago virgaurea L. ssp. virgaurea II . I I II V . II . 6 Digitalis micrantha Roth . . II . . . III III II 4 Melittis melissophyllum L. III I . I . . . I . 4 Quercus pubescens Willd. II . I . . . I I . 4 Laburnum anagyroides Medicus II . I . . . II I . 4 Sorbus domestica L. II . I . . . I . . 3 Ornithogalum pyrenaicum L. I I I ...... 3 Pyrus communis L...... IIIIV3 Rubus canescens DC. . . I ....I.2 Stachys officinalis (L.) Trevisan . . I II .....2 Castanea sativa Miller . . II ....II.2 Polypodium vulgare L. . . I ....I.2 Cephalanthera rubra (L.) L. C. Rich. I . I ...... 2 Viburnum lantana L. . . I II .....2 Lathyrus niger (L.) Bernh. . . . II . II . . . 2 Serratula tinctoria L. ..II.....2 Hieracium racemosum W. et K. . . I ....I.2 Ulmus minor Miller pl. . . I ....I.2 Oenanthe pimpinelloides L. I ...... 1 Acer monspessulanum L. . I ...... 1

Other species Fragaria vesca L. V II V I IV IV V V IV 9 Prunus spinosa L. I . IV I IV V III III II 8 Cornus sanguinea L. I III III II V V . III V 8 Juniperus communis L. I . IV I II II IV II IV 8 Geum urbanum L. II III V . II II V III IV 8 Crataegus monogyna Jacq. III IV V III V V . IV . 7 Pteridium aquilinum (L.) Kuhn II I II . III V V IV . 7 Vicia sepium L. . II I I . III I IV III 7 Clematis vitalba L. . II V . IV III III II II 7 Brachypodium rupestre (Host) R. et S. ssp. rupestre . . I I III II I I V 7 Rubus hirtus W. et K. . V V . II . III II III 6 Veronica chamaedrys L. . . III I II . IV I II 6 Carex flacca Schreber ssp. flacca . . I I II II III II . 6 Euonymus europaeus L. IV III . I II III . . . 5 Silene italica (L.) Pers. I . I . . . II II II 5 Rubus ulmifolius Schott . . I . III IV II II . 5 Dactylis glomerata L. . . IV . II . IV II III 5 Ranunculus lanuginosus L. . II III . . . II III III 5 Clinopodium vulgare L. I . III I . . . IV . 4 Helleborus bocconei Ten. II . . II IV IV . . . 4 Epilobium montanum L. I . I . . . II I . 4 Geranium robertianum L. . II IV ....IIII4 Genista tinctoria L. ssp. tinctoria . . I . . . II I II 4 Rosa canina L. sensu Bouleng. ....IIIIII.III4 Coronilla emerus L. ssp. emeroides (Boiss. et Spruner) Hayek . . I . . II I I . 4 Hypericum montanum L. II . I . . . I . . 3 Cruciata laevipes Opiz III . I ....III.3 Cytisus sessilifolius L. I I II ...... 3 Galium aparine L. . III II . . . II . . 3 Helleborus foetidus L. . II ....III.3 Buglossoides purpurocaerulea (L.) Johnston . I I ....I.3 Cytisus scoparius (L.) Link . . III . . . II II . 3 Sedum cepaea L. . . I . . . I I . 3 Aquilegia vulgaris L. . . I . . . I . II 3 Thalictrum aquilegifolium L. . . . I . . . I II 3 Arum italicum Miller I I ...... 2 Rumex sanguineus L. . I I ...... 2 Ribes uva-crispa L. . I I ...... 2 Alliaria petiolata (Bieb.) Cavara et Grande . I I ...... 2 Chaerophyllum hirsutum L. . I II ...... 2 Scutellaria columnae All. . I .....I.2 Chaerophyllum temulum L. . . III ....I.2 Heracleum sphondylium L. ssp. ternatum (Velen.) Brummit . . III . . . II . . 2 Orchis purpurea Hudson . . II . II ....2 Prunella vulgaris L. . . I . . . II . . 2 139

Campanula rapunculus L. . . I . . . III . . 2 Trifolium medium L. . . I . . . II . . 2 Campanula persicifolia L. . . I . . . I . . 2 Lapsana communis L. ssp. communis . . I ....I.2 Chaerophyllum aureum L. . . I ....I.2 Teucrium chamaedrys L. . . I .....II2 Cyclamen repandum S. et S. . . . III II ....2 Bunium bulbocastanum L. ....IIII...2 Vicia cracca L...... II.2 Urtica dioica L...... II.2 Epipactis microphylla (Ehrh.) Swartz ...... II.III2 Trifolium ochroleucum HUdson ...... III.II2 Silene vulgaris (Moench) Garcke ...... III2 Arabis turrita L...... III2 Peucedanum verticillare (L.) Koch ...... IIII2

Accidental species 4 - 8 7 - - 12 3 -

CYTISO SESSILIFOLII-QUERCETUM PUBESCENTIS Sesleria nitida, Quercus dalechampii, Carpinus Blasi, Feoli & Avena 1982 (Tab. 8: ril. 1-4) orientalis, Loranthus europaeus, Cephalanthera This association describes the deciduous woods with longifolia, Colutea arborescens and Genista tinctoria. a dominance of white oak, with subcontinental character, The association therefore describes the rich in central European and Euro-Asiatic elements subacidophilous oak woods of the Valley of the Vomano (Blasi et al., 1982). dominated by Quercus pubescens, with a local co- The characteristic and differential species are: dominance of Quercus virgiliana and Quercus Juniperus oxycedrus subsp. oxycedrus, Cytisus dalechampii, chorologically characterised by the sessilifolius, Cytisus spinescens, Rosa canina and relevant presence of eastern elements. Teucrium chamaedrys, all included in Tab. 8. To these For the positioning in the superior syntaxonomic unit, can be added, as local differentiators, Sorbus aria and reference is made to the suballiance Cytiso sessilifolii- Digitalis micrantha. Quercenion pubescentis and to the alliance Carpinion These woods are often degraded and are strongly cut, orientalis. and they grow in the more western sectors of the territory, in correspondence with the calcareous-marl Hop hornbeam woods outcrops of the Marl with Cerrogna and of the Bisciaro formations. The most significant nuclei woods of this The mixed woods with a dominance of hop hornbeam association are found in the Cerqueto and Arischia are overall little represented in the study area, and they territories, while a large part of the areas with potential are found with limited stretches along the slopes of the for this forest typology are often occupied by low, upper-supratemperate, mesotemperate bioclimatic substitution coenoses, in particular made up of belt, in contact with the turkey oak woods of the anthropic planting of the European black (Austrian) association Cytiso villosi-Quercetum cerris with respect pine (Pinus nigra). to which they represent the edapho-xerophilous aspects. Indeed, these woods grow in correspondence to the CHAMAECYTISO HIRSUTI-QUERCETUM PU- arenaceous and dry conglomerate outcrops where water BESCENTIS ass. nova drains more rapidly. (Tab. 8: ril. 5-18; holotypus ril. 13) The relevés in the territory of the Strada Maestra A peculiar typology of the wood of Quercus District show strong analogies with the Apennine pubescens is that which is found on Laga Flysch endemic association Scutellario columnae-Ostryetum substrata (with alternating arenaceous and turbiditic to which they have therefore been attributed, and within clay), in a mesotemperate bioclimatic belt. The major which they possibly represent a slightly more part of these coenoses is located between 680 and 940 acidophilous aspect. m asl. These are oak woods with a subacidophilous character, which are different in comparison with the SCUTELLARIO COLUMNAE-OSTRYETUM other coenoses of Quercus pubescens, for which we CARPINIFOLIAE Pedrotti, Ballelli & Biondi ex propose the new associated Chamaecytiso hirsuti- Pedrotti, Ballelli, Biondi, Cortini & Orsomando 1980 Quercetum pubescentis, for which the characteristic and (Tab. 9) differential species are: Chamaecytisus hirsutus, This association has been described for the calcareous 140

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...... 2 +.1..+++2.32.22.22.2..3.22.3..+.13 ...... 2 ...... +1.13.22.11.11.21.22.22.3....9 ...... +..++.+++..+.21.2....8 ...... 2.2..1.1+1.1+.2+.2+....7 ...... +..2.23.21.12.2...... 5 ...... 2.12.1...... 2 ...... 111.2 ...... +...... 11++5 ...... +...... +...... +1+16 ...... ++...+.....++117 ...... +...... +...... +...... 1+..4 ...... 1 +...... +.+.4 ...... 1

...... +.. +.111.1+1.1+++.2.+.2.+.+114 +...... +.. +. + +121+.....1.1++...+1.13 + +. +......

.....1. +...... 2+....+1.1+2.22.+.10 .....1.

5 20 15 20 5 15 15 20 25 15 30 35 10 5 20 20

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200 150 150 200 150 200 200 200 100 200 100 100 200 300 150 150

NW E SE E SW E-N S S-SE SE NE S E E-NE E-S NNE NNW

1130 1040 1045 1180 1050 950 1360 1090 1130 900 890 870 930 960 790 780

lvaticae

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p

p

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Altitude (m asl) aceretosum obtusati Exposure c stellarietosum holostei Slope ( Tab. 7 - Rel. n. Coverage(%) 1 2* 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 95 100 100 90 100 100 100 100 100 90 100 100 95 100 100 100 100 100 95 90 100 Area (m

Quercus cerris L. Cytisus villosus Pourret + 1 . 1 + . . . + 1 2 1 + . . 1 . 1.1 1.1 1.1 . . + +.2 . . . 1 + 17 Melica uniflora Retz. . + Fraxinus ornus L. . + . . + + Carpinus betulus L. . . 1 . . 1 + 1 . . . 2 1 + Teucrium siculum Rafin. 1 + . + + + + Characteristic and differential s Differential s

Ostrya carpinifolia Scop. Acer obtusatum W. et K. Cephalanthera longifolia (Hudson) Fritsch Rubus caesius L. Rosa arvensis Hudson 1 1 + Hepatica nobilis Miller Prunus avium L. . 1 1 2 + 2 + . . + . . 2 2 + 2 + . . + + . . 1.1 . . . + . 16 Carpinus orientalis Miller Salvia glutinosa L. . 1 1 3 + 2 . . . 1 + . . . 1 . 1.2 . . + . +.2 + Lonicera caprifolium L. Stellaria holostea L. Differential s Pulmonaria apennina Cristof. & Puppi Lilium bulbiferum L. ssp. croceum (Chaix) Baker Aegopodium podagraria L. Carex sylvatica Hudson Euonymus latifolius (L.) Miller . . . + + + Polygonatum multiflorum (L.) All. Platanthera chlorantha (Custer) Rchb. . + + . . . + Cephalanthera damasonium (Miller) Druce Characteristic and differential s Characteristic and differential s

Daphne laureola L. + 1 + 1 1 1 . Euphorbia amygdaloides L. . . . 1 + + . . Cruciata glabra (L.) Ehrend. + + Corylus avellana L. . 1 2 2 + . 1 2 3 Digitalis micrantha Roth . + . + . + 1 + + . + + Aremonia agrimonoides (L.) DC. Acer pseudoplatanus L. Hieracium gr. murorum

Fagus sylvatica L. + Bromus ramosus Hudson 1 + 1 . . + . + . 1 . . 1 . + Lathyrus venetus (Miller) Wohlf. Orchis maculata L. ssp. fuchsii (Druce) Hylander + + + + . 1 Listera ovata (L.) R.Br. + + + . + 141

++++ . +26

....1...17

...... 1.1....11

....+...... 1..12

...... 1.1+....7

112112.2.2.12.22.2

...... +...... 5

2.2...... +...+.2+.+..11

22121. .+.2

33221

...... +.2...... 18

.1.21.11++1.11.12.11.21.1+1.2++..21

...... 4

...... +...... 3

1.1. + +1..+..+.+.2+.2.1.2++.+20 + 1.1.

111+..22.+..1.2+.2++1119 +1.1.22.21.1++. 112111

...... +...... +..+...7 ......

.1.2.

.....1...++.21.12.12.12.2....++..12

..... +...... +....4 .....

...... + +++...... +.+19 + ......

...... 1.2.+..4

...... 111..+.1.2.++....+.++.11

..... +...... 2.11.1...... 5 .....

11 .12 2.11.21+11.1 .120 1111. +.1112. .22.31.11.12.1.++1.13.41.

11.+.. +....11+.++ .20 11111. +1. ++1. .1 . .1.11.1+++.2+1+.

...... 1

...... +...... ++1.2+2.21.11.1..+...1+12 ......

221212211. .32122.23.22.1+1.11.1++.22.3121226

.... +2 +...... 1.12.2.+.2...2+..8 +2 ....

...... +.1.11.1.++....++7 ...... 1.22.1...+.2..+1.+6

.....2...... 1.2+++..5

...... ++.+.+..4 ....1 + +...... +...... 4 + ....1 .....1...1 +...... 3 .....1...1

...... 1.1+.2.+..3 ..... +...... +...... +....3 ...... +...... 11..3 ...... ++...... 2 ...... 1...... +...... 2 ...... 1+..2 ...... +....1 ...... +....1

...... 2...... 1 ...... +...... 1 ...... +...... 1 ...... +.....1 ...... +.2....1 ...... 1.1....1 ...... +.2....1 ...... +...... 1 ...... +...... 1 ...... +...... 1 ...... +......

...... 1. +. +11++...1.11.1..2.21.11+1115 +...... 1...... +...... +1.1+1.11.1+.+++1++13 ......

...... 331..22.+++.+++1.2....12

...... 111. +..+.22.1+1.1+..1.1+....11 ...... 111.

......

...... +++.2...+++...... 6 ...... +...... 1+...... ++5 ......

..... +....1...... +.2+...... 4 .....

1121222.121111+11.22.2+1.11.1+. 132 1+12.21.22.12.12.. .22 112312. . +11121.+2.12.22.21.21.21.21.2+. .1

11111.

etea

g

Querco-Fa

ecies of the class

p

Poa nemoralis L. . 1 + 1 2 . 2 2 Geranium nodosum L. Neottia nidus-avis (L.) L. C. Rich. . + + . + + Potentilla micrantha Ramond Crataegus laevigata (Poir.) DC. Polystichum setiferum (Forsskal) Woynar . + . + . + . . . + Lathyrus vernus (L.) Bernh. + 1 Ulmus glabra Hudson Ilex aquifolium L. . . + 2 Acer platanoides L. pl. Epilobium montanum L. Poa sylvicola Guss. Populus tremula L. . . + . . . + Tilia platyphyllos Scop. Dryopteris filix-mas (L.) Schott Cardamine bulbifera (L.) Crantz Saxifraga rotundifolia L. Epipactis purpurata Sm. Senecio nemorensis L. Lapsana communis L. Primula veris L. Abies alba Miller + Geranium versicolor L. Stellaria nemorum L. ssp. glochidisperma Murb. Milium effusum L. Festuca heterophylla Lam. . Lathraea squamaria L. Fragaria vesca L. Asperula taurina L. Sanicula europaea L. Hordelymus europaeus (L.) Harz Viola reichenbachiana Jordan ex Boreau + . + 1 + + . . Euonymus verrucosus Scop. Hedera helix L. . . Tilia cordata Miller Geum urbanum L. + 1 1 + 1 1 + Polystichum aculeatum (L.) Roth Mycelis muralis (L.) Dumort. . + Chaerophyllum temulum L Viola alba Besser ssp. dehnhardtii (Ten.) W. Becker Euphorbia dulcis L Luzula forsteri (Sm.) DC. 2 1 . . 1 1 . 1 1 1 . . 1 1 + + 1.2 2.1 1.1 + . . + . . . + 1 . 18 Primula vulgaris Hudson Characteristic and differential s Acer campestre L. Campanula trachelium L. Ajuga reptans L. + + . . . + Brachypodium sylvaticum (Hudson) Beauv. Vicia sepium L. + Veronica chamaedrys L. + 1 . + + + . + + . + . + + Ptilostemon strictus (Ten.) Greuter Tamus communis L. . . + Lonicera xylosteum L. . 1 . . + 1 + . .

Clematis vitalba L. . . + . . . + + 1 1 Pyrus communis L. + . . . + Cornus mas L.

Malus sylvestris Miller Sorbus torminalis (L.) Crantz Anthriscus sylvestris (L.) Hoffm. . . . + . 1 + 1 Laburnum anagyroides Medicus . 1 . . . + Veronica urticifolia Jacq. 142

.1.7

.1.5

.2.5

.1.4

....19

....7

.....11

.....+2+18

++++

....+1.1+...+.15

.....+++...1115

.....++.+...+1+12

...... 7

....332....1.1....+.1.13

1211 +.1211 .+. . .1.1..1.2

...... ++.....+.2...... 7

.1.1.. + .1.1..

...... +...... 5 ......

1.1...... 4

.2.1.31 +3 +2...2.21.11.12.2 +3 .2.1.31

...... +...... ++..5 ......

....11.

...... 1 + +.1...... + ...... 1

.... + +...... +...... + ....

2313212

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4436154121141-11112-41731122

...... 1++...+...... 4 ...... 211.2...... 3 ...... +..1.2...... +....3 ...... +...... +...... 3 ...... +2..1...... 3 ...... +...+...2 ...... +... +...... 2 +...... +....2.2....2 ...... +....1 ...... +.....1 ...... 1..1 ...... 1.1...... 1 ...... +.2....1 ...... +....1

...... 11+.+1.1...1.1.++1110 ...... + +.111.1+.2.2.1.1....+.2+...112 + ...... +....1.21.1+...+....+.9 +.1 + ...... 2.2.+1.1.1.21.11.1+....7 ...... +. +1....1.1.2.+.1.1++..+.+.11 +...... +.2+.+.

...... 1...... +.+...... ++317 ...... 1......

...... +..1....++....++....6 ...... 223...... +++.....6 .... +. + +...... + + +. ....

...... 1.+..+.+...... +5

...... +1.1+.+.+.....5 .... +...... +...1.1+...... 4 +......

...... ++...... +.

1112 +11 +2212. . +11 .3.1112 . .1.11.13.33.32.21.1

Solidago virgaurea L. ssp. virgaurea Castanea sativa Miller Quercus pubescens Willd. Veronica officinalis L. Sorbus aucuparia L. Prenanthes purpurea L. Sorbus domestica L. Cyclamen hederifolium Aiton Hieracium racemosum W. et K. Ulmus minor Miller pl. Lilium martagon L. Melittis melissophyllum L. Lamiastrum galeobdolon ssp. flavidum (F.Hermann) Ehrend. et Pola. Scutellaria columnae All.

Other species Cornus sanguinea L. Pteridium aquilinum (L.) Kuhn Prunus spinosa L. Silene italica (L.) Pers. Juniperus communis L. 2 + + Epipactis helleborine (L.) CrantzCrataegus monogyna Jacq. 1 . . + . + . Dactylis glomerata L. . + . . + . + 1 + + 1 1 . + . + Ranunculus lanuginosus L. Cytisus scoparius (L.) Link . . + + 1 . . 1 Astragalus glycyphyllos L. + + . + . + . + . 1 1 1 + 1 . . +.2 Carex flacca Schreber ssp. flaccaClinopodium vulgare L. . 1 Rubus hirtus W. et K. . .

Brachypodium rupestre (Host) R. et S. Trifolium ochroleucum HUdson + + Campanula rapunculus L. + . . + . . + . 1 + . . + + Helleborus foetidus L. Rubus ulmifolius Schott Knautia drymeia Heuffel

Geranium robertianum L. Genista tinctoria L. . + Prunella vulgaris L. + Epipactis microphylla (Ehrh.) Swartz . + + Cruciata laevipes Opiz Sedum cepaea L. Trifolium medium L. . . + 1 Peucedanum verticillare (L.) Koch

Accidental species - 143

res.

...... 7

...... +1.18

....+1.11.1+.1.112

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....+.5 ...... +..+..

...... +++5

....+.2...... 3

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...... 4 ...... +...... 2.3...1.2+1.1+1.21.19 ....+..3 ...... +....

...+.+...7 ...... +1.1+1.1.+.

.....++.2....+..+5

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inion orientalis

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p

p

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...1112.....7 ....+.+1.1.1.2..1.2.+.+.

..+2.+.....4 .....+.2+.1+..+......

...... 1.2.....+.2+.2...3 ....2.2...... ++3 ...... 2 ....1.2.+...... 2 ....+...... +...

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12345678910111213*1415161718P

20 15 40 30-35 30 30 - 35-40 35 40 28 25 30 20 10 25 25 15

150 150 300 300 350 250 - 250 300 200 100 150 300 100 250 300 400 250

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p

p

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Altitude (m asl) 900 780 740 760 800 898 927 930 771 681 719 937 811 749 814 850 782 791 Tab. 8 - Exposure SE N W-SW SW N-NW W E-SE S-SW S W-SW E NW SW W W W-NW N-NW W-NW Chamaec Slope ( Rel. n. Coverage(%) - 80 90 95 85 95 80 100 90 90 90 100 90 100 95 98 90 95 Area

Characteristic and differential s

Characteristic and differential s

Characteristic and differential s

Characteristic and differential s

Characteristic and differential s

Ch suffr EURIMEDIT. Teucrium chamaedrys L. . 1 +.2 . + 1.1 1.1 + 2.2 1.2 . +.2 1.2 + . + . + 13 P caesp OROF. SWEUROP. Cytisus sessilifolius L. 3 2 3.3 2.2 + 2.2 . 2.3 NP PALEOTEMP. Rosa canina L. sensu Bouleng. 1 . + + . 1.1 . . . + . +.2 . . . +.2 . . 7 P caesp PALEOTEMP. Sorbus aria (L.) Crantz + . 1.1 1.1 P caesp EURIMEDIT. Juniperus oxycedrus L. . . + + H scap ENDEM. Digitalis micrantha Roth . . + + Ch suffr ENDEM. Chamaecytisus spinescens (Presl) Rothm. 1 Ch suffr EUROSIB. Chamaecytisus hirsutus (L.) Link H caesp ENDEM. Sesleria nitida Ten. P scap SE-EUROP. Quercus dalechampii Ten. P caesp PONTICA Carpinus orientalis Miller . . + . 3.3 . . +.2 . + . . + . . 3.4 3.3 + 8 P ep EUROP.CAUC. Loranthus europaeus Jacq. G rhiz EURASIAT. Cephalanthera longifolia (Hudson) Fritsch . . + . 1.2 P caesp EURIMEDIT. Colutea arborescens L. . + . . + 2.2 Ch suffr EURASIAT.P caesp CIRCUMBOR. Genista tinctoria L. Ostrya carpinifolia Scop. + . 1.1 2.3 2.2 +.2 . + 1.1 1.2 1.1 1.1 2.2 2.1 1.1 3.3 2.3 3.3 16 NP Coronilla emerus L. ssp. emeroides (Boiss. et Spruner) Hayek (pl.) . . 2.3 1.1 + 2.2 . 1.2 + 2.3 +.2 + . 2.2 1.1 . . + 12 P caesp CIRCUMBOR. Juniperus communis L. 2 . . . 2.3 1.1 2.2 1.1 . 2.2 . . 4.5 . + 2.2 2.2 2.2 11 P caesp EURASIAT. Cornus sanguinea L. 1 . + + . 3.2 . 3.4 . 2.2 . 1.3 . 1.1 2.2 . 1.1 . 10 P scap SEEUROP. Acer obtusatum W. et K. . . + . 2.2 + . + + 1.2 P scap SE-EUROP. Quercus virgiliana (Ten.) Ten. . . 1.2 2.2 . . . 1.2 2.2 4.5 2.2 4.4 H bienn EUROP.-CAUC. Inula conyza DC. + . + . . + H scap EUROSIB. Peucedanum cervaria (L.) Lepeyr. . . + H scap PONTICA Buglossoides purpurocaerulea (L.) Johnston H scap PALEOTEMP. Sanicula europaea L. H scap ENDEM. Teucrium siculum Rafin. G Bulb OROF. CENTROEUROP Lilium bulbiferum L. ssp. croceum (Chaix) Baker P caesp S-EUROP.-SUDSIB.P caesp Laburnum anagyroides Medicus SEEUROP. Quercus pubescens Willd. . + 4 3 4.4 3.4 4.5 5.5 4.4 5.5 3.3 3.4 3.4 1.1 4.4 4.4 4.4 4.4 4.4 4.4 18 H scap OROF. SE-EUROP.P scap Peucedanum verticillare (L.) Koch SEUROP.SUDSIB. Fraxinus ornus L. 2 3 3.4 3.4 . 1.2 . 2.3 1.1 3.4 2.1 1.2 1.2 2.1 2.2 + + 1.1 16 H ros Viola alba Besser ssp. dehnhardtii (Ten.) W. Becker . . +.2 +.2 +.2 +.2 . . . 1.1 + + . + 1.1 1.2 + + 12 P lian EURIMEDIT. Lonicera etrusca Santi . . + + P caesp SEUROP.SUDSIB. Cornus mas L. . 1 H scap SUBCOSMOP. Agrimonia eupatoria L. + . . . + Ch suffr SUBATL. Helleborus foetidus L. P caesp PALEOTEMP. Sorbus torminalis (L.) Crantz . . + . + H scap EUROP.-CAUC. Stachys officinalis (L.) Trevisan G rhiz EURIMEDIT. Limodorum abortivum (L.) Swartz + H scap EUROSIB. Serratula tinctoria L. P scap NEURIMEDIT. Quercus cerris L. H ros NESTENOMEDIT. Aremonia agrimonoides (L.) DC. . + . . + NP SMEDIT.SUBATL. Rosa arvensis Hudson . 1 . . 1.2 P scap CENTROEUROP. Fagus sylvatica L. G rhiz SEUROP.SUDSIB. Lathyrus venetus (Miller) Wohlf. P scap EUROP.-CAUC. Acer pseudoplatanus L. + H scap EUROSIB. Viola reichenbachiana Jordan ex Boreau 144

.... 5

++++ 13

....2.212 .....10

+++++ 9

+++++ 7

.....+2.2.9

.....+...+.+6

..+...3 .....+......

....++..1.11.1+1.1+12

......

....1.2...+.+++8

...... 2

...... 2

...... 1.2+.2+.2.++.+1.18

...... +++4

...... 2 ...... +......

++..2+. + . . + . + . 10 ++++ .1..2.+

...... +.+ 6 ....+...+.+.2+...+.

....+.2+.+.2...... 4

....1.2...... 1 ...... 1 ....+...... 1.1...... 1 ...... 22.1 ...... 2.2..

....+...... 1.1++.2.4 ....+.....3 ....2.2..+...... +. ....1.2..+...... 3.3.3 ....2.2...... +.2.23 ....2.2...... 2.2.1.13

...11.....2 ...... 1.1...... +.

...... 2 ....2.2...... +...... 11..2 ...... 1.1..+...... 1 ....+...... 1 ....+...... 2.3...... 1 ....+.2...... 1 .....1.1...... 1 ...+.....1 ...... +...... 1 ...... +...... 1 ...... +...... +.2...1 ...... 1 ...... +...... 1 ...... +...... +1 ...... +1

...... 1.21.11.2..+.21.11.11.11.1+.29

....1.22.1.1.2.+.2.1.1+++.2...8 ....+..1.1.....

..12...+....5 .....1.21.1.1.1++......

...... 2.2++.1.2.....4 ....++...... ++.2...4

..+...... 3 .....++.....+...... 1.2...... +.2+.23 ...... 1.1+2.23

53126513241321-7255

etea

g

uerco-Fa

Q

ecies of the class

p

Characteristic and differential s

Other species

Accidental species

P scap PONTICO Prunus avium L. + + 1.1 + + H caesp PALEOTEMP. Melica uniflora Retz. P scap EUROP.CAUC. Acer campestre L. . + G rhiz EURASIAT. Neottia nidus-avis (L.) L. C. Rich. G rad EURIMEDIT. Tamus communis L. + . + + 1.2 P caesp CENTROEUROP. Crataegus oxyacantha L. P lian EURIMEDIT. Hedera helix L. . . + 1.1 . 2.2 . . . 1.2 + + . . +.2 . 2.2 + 9 P scap C-EUROP.-CAUCAS. Carpinus betulus L. P scap EURIMEDIT. Sorbus domestica L. . . + + 1.3 H caesp EURIMEDIT. Luzula forsteri (Sm.) DC. H scap Solidago virgaurea L. ssp. virgaurea H ros EUROP.CAUC. Primula vulgaris Hudson G rhiz CIRCUMBOR. Hepatica nobilis Miller H scap Hieracium gr. murorum H caesp PALEOTEMP. Brachypodium sylvaticum (Hudson) Beauv. . 3 . . 1.2 P caesp AVV. Robinia pseudoacacia L. . + H scap PALEOTEMP. Campanula trachelium L. G rhiz EURIMEDIT. Cephalanthera damasonium (Miller) Druce + . . . + P scap CENTROEUROP. Malus sylvestris Miller P caesp EUROP.-CAUC. Corylus avellana L. H scap CIRCUMBOR. Geum urbanum L. H scap EUROP.CAUC. Mycelis muralis (L.) Dumort. H caesp EUROP.CAUC. Festuca heterophylla Lam. H scap EUROP.CAUC. Hieracium racemosum W. et K. P scap AVV. Malus domestica Borkh. P caesp EUROP.CAUC. Lonicera xylosteum L. P scap EUROSIB. Populus tremula L. P caesp OROF. S-EUROP. Laburnum alpinum (Miller) Berchtold et Presl G bulb NSTENOMEDIT. Cyclamen hederifolium Aiton H rept EUROP.CAUC. Ajuga reptans L. H scap EUROSIB. Hieracium sylvaticum (L.) L. G par CIRCUMBOR. Monotropa hypopitys L. H scap C-EUROP. Melittis melissophyllum L.

P lian EUROP.CAUC. Clematis vitalba L. + . + + +.2 + . +.2 . 2.2 + +.2 . . H scap SEEUROP. Ptilostemon strictus (Ten.) Greuter + . + + 1.2 1.1 . +.2 . . . + 1.2 +.2 + + 1.1 + 13 H caesp SUBATL. Brachypodium rupestre (Host) R. et S. 3 . + 2.3 + 3.2 . 1.2 1.2 3.4 +.2 2.3 2.2 P caesp EURIMEDIT. Spartium junceum L. + + + . . 1.2 2.2 . 2.3 + +.2 1.2 1.2 P lian SEUROP.SUDSIB. Lonicera caprifolium L. 1 + . + 1.2 1.2 . 2.3 . + G rhiz EUROP. Carex flacca Schreber H caesp PALEOTEMP. Dactylis glomerata L. + + . . . + . +.2 . . . +.2 +.2 + 1.1 . . . 8 NP EURIMEDIT. Rubus ulmifolius Schott . . + P caesp PALEOTEMP. Crataegus monogyna Jacq. G rhiz COSMOPOL. Pteridium aquilinum (L.) Kuhn P caesp EUROP.CAUC. Prunus spinosa L. . . + . . +.2 . +.2 . 1.2 . + . . +.2 . . . 6 P caesp EURASIAT. Euonymus europaeus L. . . + + . +.2 . + . . . 1.1 . . + . . . 6 H scap CENTRO-EUROP. Euphorbia cyparissias L. + H scap CIRCUMBOR. Clinopodium vulgare L. . . + . + + H scap Dorycnium pentaphyllum Scop. ssp. herbaceum (Vill.) Rouy H bienn SEUROP.SUDSIB. Arabis turrita L. . . + + . . . + . . +.2 . . + Ch suffr OROF. SE-EUROP. Asperula purpurea (L.) Ehrend. 1 NP STENOMEDIT. Cistus creticus L. ssp. eriocephalus (Viv.) Greuter & Burdet H scap EURASIAT. Vicia cracca L. G rhiz PALEOTEMP. Epipactis helleborine (L.) Crantz . . + H scand EUROP.-CAUC. Lathyrus sylvestris L. . . + . . + Ch suffr Helianthemum nummularium (L.)Miller ssp.obscurum (Celak.) Holub H rept SEUROP.SUDSIB. Astragalus glycyphyllos L. P scap SE-EUROP. Castanea sativa Miller 145

sectors of the Umbria-Marche Apennines (Pedrotti et orientalis). For the Valley of the Vomano, Biondi et al. al., 1979, 1982), and here it has a large enough (2002a) described a variant of Fagus sylvatica, placed ecological value. with this subassociation, for the mesophilous aspects The characteristic and differential species are: of the flowering ash and hornbeam woods found along Fraxinus ornus, Scutellaria columnae ssp. columnae, the ravines and the fall lines of the mountain slopes. Helleborus bocconei and Melampyrum italicum. The differential species are: Fagus sylvatica and From the cluster analysis (see Fig. 15), it can be seen Geranium nodosum. that there are three different aspects that have been - carpinetosum orientalis Biondi, Allegrezza, Taffetani, interpreted as three subassociations: Ballelli & Zuccarello 2002: this subassociation has been - cytisetosum villosi subass. nova (rel. type n.10 Tab. described for these same territories and precisely along 9): this represents the more acidophilous and medium the road that ascends to Pietracamela from the Vomano mesophilous aspect characterised by the presence of (Biondi et al., 2002a). It represents the woods in some species that are common in the undergrowth of transition between the thermophilous flowering ash and the turkey oak woods (Pteridium aquilinum, Teucrium hornbeam woods of the suballiance Lauro nobilis- siculum, etc.) and of numerous species of the order Quercenion and those more mesophilous of the Fagetalia (Carpinus betulus, Rosa arvensis, Ulmus suballiance Laburno anagyroidis-Ostryenion. glabra, Geranium nodosum, Crataegus laevigata, etc.). The differential species are: Carpinus orientalis and The woods attributed to the subassociation grow along Pyracantha coccinea. the slopes in correspondence with arenaceous outcrops. Also included in the subassociation, there are the The differential species are: Cytisus villosus, Pteridium periodically cut flowering ash and hornbeam woods aquilinum, Rosa arvensis, Epipactis helleborine, that grow on the arenaceous outcrops with superficial Quercus cerris, Carpinus betulus, Lathyrus venetus, soil on well exposed slopes, characterised by the large and Teucrium siculum. presence of Carpinus orientalis in the dominated - fagetosum sylvticae Pedrotti, Ballelli & Biondi (1979) arboreal layer and of numerous shrubs in the shrub 1982 em. Catorci & Orsomando 1997: this represents layer, which include: Pyracantha coccinea, Crataegus the more mesophilous aspect of the Scutellario- monogyna and Chamaecytisus hirsutus ssp. Ostryetum, differentiated by a good level of polytrichus. mesophilous species of the order Fagetalia in the undergrowth. The subassociation has been described Chestnut woods for the Umbria-Marche calcareous Apennines, to include the flowering ash and hornbeam woods in In the Upper Valley of the Vomano, chestnut woods transition towards the beech woods. It is characterised were very common and extensive in the past as they by the presence of a lot of beech in the arboreal layer, were planted and nurtured by man for the production of next to thermophilous species, including holm oak chestnuts, which represented an important element for (Quercus ilex) and eastern hop hornbeam (Carpinus human consumption. Today the cultivation of chestnuts has been to a large part abandoned, and the chestnut woods are no longer nurtured by man, and are slowly evolving towards the potential forest formations that are represented here by the hop hornbeam woods. However, there are still a few nuclei present that are in a discrete state of conservation that in some cases are host to hundreds of years old examples of impressive size, which take on the characteristics of “ancient woods”. These woods are attributed to the association Melampyro italici- Castanetum sativae, specifically described for the area of the Laga (Hruska, 1988), where still today they are particularly Fig. 15 - Dendrogram of the hop hornbeam woods belonging to the association common in the northern areas. Scutellario columnae-Ostryetum carpinifoliae found in the study area 146

Pres.

....1.2.+.214 ...... 10

...... 14 ...... 9

.... +.+..13 ....

...... 1.2..15

...... +.13 ......

...... 8

...... 2.2..10

...... +..7

..... +.... +..+.+14 +......

.....1.21.2+2.. +.2.3..10 .....1.21.2+2..

...... +.2.6 ......

.... +1.+...... +..11 ....

...... 2.22.2..3.34.545.54.54.55.513

....+...... +.2..5

.....1.1.1.11 +1.1.21.2+.....2.2..12 .....1.1.1.11 ....1.2+...1...... +....5 ....1.2+...1......

enion

y

oliae

....+.2...... 1.2 +.2...... +.21.2.7 ....+.2...... 1.2

f

ini

p

Laburno-Ostr

etum car

y

...... 2.32.33.323.3221.... +...... 9 ...... 2.32.33.323.3221....

...... + +..1.1.2 ++ +.7 ++ +..1.1.2 + ...... 2.31.22.22.. +....5 ...... 2.31.22.22...... + +.... + +...4 + +.... + ...... +...... + +.2 + +.2...5 + +.1...... 2 ...... +.2 + .....+......

...... 1.1.....1 ...... +.2...... 1 ...... +.21 ...... r1 ...... +.2.1 ...... +.21 ...... 1.2...... 1 ...... +....1 ...... r..1 ...... +..1 ...... +1 ...... +1 ...... +...... 1 ......

...... +.1.2..1 +21.12.21.21.1...21.2+.1.213 ...... +.1.2..1

...... +...1.1..2 ......

12346710*59131114151281617181920212223242526

400 400 300 250 300 400 200 150 300-400 150 300 100 95 200 400 150 120 200 250 120 200 100 100 600 80 -

...... 1.2. +..+3 ...... 1.2.

and of the suball.

lvaticae

y

Scutellario columnae-Ostr

Pedrotti, Ballelli & Biondi ex Pedrotti, Ballelli, Biondi, Cortini & Orsomando 1980

etalia s

inion orientalis

g

p

Fa

oliae

f

e n. 10)

Car

lvaticae

rezza, Taffetani, Ballelli & Zuccarelli 2002

yp

ini

y

g

p

inetosum orientalis

p

etosum s

tisetosum villosi

g

etum car

y

y

a

c

f

car

ecies of the association

ecies of the all.

ecies of the order

Biondi, Alle

p

p

p

Pedrotti, Ballelli & Biondi (1979) 1982 em. Catorci & Orsomando 1997

subass. nova (rel. t

ó

lvaticae

y

ecies of the subass.

ecies of the subass.

ecies of the subass.

p

p

p

inetosum orientalis

etosum s

p

tisetosum villosi

g

)

y

a 2

) 15-20 40 20 13 25 30 35 45 20 35 15 10 35 25 15 30 30 20 35 45 55 40 30 40 20 -

f

Scutellario columnae-Ostr

car

c

¡

Tab. 9 -

subass. subass.`

Rel. n. Coverage(%) 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 90 100 95 100 80 70 95 100 100 100 100 95 100 95 100 100 70 100 100 subass. Altitude (m asl) 610 700 855 751 812 806 890 930 830 1120 789 890 900 1050 755 530 620 594 1150 480 650 540 540 640 645 391 Area (m Exposure N-NE NW N NE W-NW NW SE E W N-NE E-SE NW NE NE WNW WNW W-NW NW W SW NW W W-NW WNW E Slope ( Characteristic and differential s

Differential s

Differential s

Melittis melissophyllum L.

Differential s

Characteristic and differential s

Characteristic and differential s

Ch suffr W.Centr.-Medit Cytisus villosus Pouret 1.2 1.2 1.2 1.2 1.1 1.1 2.2 2.2 + + P caesp CIRCUMBOR. Ostrya carpinifolia Scop.G rhiz COSMOPOL. Pteridium aquilinum (L.) Kuhn 5.5 5.5 5.5 5.5 + 4.5 1.1 4.5 + 5.5 . 5.5 1.1 4.4 1.1 4 1.2 4.2 1.1 4 + 4 + 3 1.1 3.4 2 4.5 . 4.4 4.4 1 4 3.4 1.2 3 1.2 1.2 . . 24 P scap SEUROP.SUDSIB. Fraxinus ornus L.NP SMEDIT.SUBATL. Rosa arvensis Hudson 2.2 2.3 2.2 2.2 + 2.3 1.2 3.3 2.2 2.3 1.1 3.4 + 2.2 1.1 2 + 1.2 2 2 2 2.2 2.3 1.2 2.2 2 4.5 3.3 2 2.3 + 1.2 1.1 26 H scap EUROSIB.G rhiz reichenbachiana Viola Jordan ex Boreau PALEOTEMP. Epipactis helleborine (L.) Crantz 1.2 1.2 +.2 . . + . . 1.1 . +.2 . 1.1 +.2 + + + 1.1 . 1 . . + . . 1.2 + + + + . . + +.2 . . . + P scap NEURIMEDIT. Quercus cerris L. P scap CEUROP.CAUCAS. betulus Carpinus L. 1.2 1.2 + . 1.1 . 1.2 . 1.1 1 . . . 2 G rhiz SEUROP.SUDSIB. Lathyrus venetus (Miller) Wohlf. 2.2 1.2 1.2 . . . + . +.2 H scap ENDEM.P scap CENTROEUROP. Teucrium siculum Rafin. Fagus sylvatica L. +.2 1.2 . 2.2 . 2.3 . + . 1.2 . . + T scap ENDEM. Melampyrum italicum So G rhiz EUROP.-CAUC. Mercurialis perennis L. H scap NE-MEDIT.-MONT. Scutellaria columnae All. P caesp PONTICA orientalis Carpinus Miller 4.5 . +.2 1.1 1.2 P caesp EURIMEDIT. Juniperus oxycedrus L. P caesp STENOMEDIT. Viburnum tinus L. P caesp S-STENOMEDIT. Pistacia lentiscus L. P caesp Pistacia x saportae Burnat P lian STENOMEDIT. Rubia peregrina L. P caesp STENOMEDIT. Phillyrea latifolia L. P caesp AVV. Robinia pseudoacacia L. NP EUROP.-CAUC. Ligustrum vulgare L. P caesp EUROP.-CAUC. Ulmus minor Miller pl. Ch suffr EUROSIB. Chamaecytisus hirsutus (L.) Link H scap MEDIT.-MONT. collina Arabis Ten. T scap EURASIAT. Galium aparine L. H ros EURASIAT. TEMP. officinarum Ceterach DC. H ros PALEOTEMP. SUBTROP. adiantum-nigrum Asplenium L. H caesp EUROP.-CAUC. Hypericum montanum L.

H scap PALEOTEMP. Sanicula europaea L. + 3.3 1.2 +.2 +.2 +.2 + . 2.2 1 +.2 1 . + 1.2 + P scap SEEUROP. obtusatum Acer W. et K. 1.2 2.3 2.2 1.1 + + 1.2 2.2 1.1 + 2.2 + 2 . + 2.2 3.4 2.2 . 1.2 + 2 1.2 + . . 22 G rhiz EURASIAT. Neottia nidus-avis (L.) L. C. Rich. + + + +.2 + + . +.2 . + . + + . + + + . + H scap ENDEM. Digitalis micrantha Roth +.2 + 1.2 . . + 1.2 1.2 . . + + . . + + + P caesp SEUROP.SUDSIB. Cornus mas L. G Bulb OROF. CENTROEUROP. Lilium bulbiferum L. ssp. croceum (Chaix) Baker + . . . + . . . + . . + + + . + . +.2 + H caesp PALEOTEMP. uniflora Melica Retz. 2.2 1.2 1.2 H caesp EURASIAT. Carex digitata L. 2.2 + H caesp EUROP.CAUC. Festuca heterophylla Lam. 1.2 2.2 2.3 . +.2 . +.2 . . 1 . + + 1 P caesp SEUROP.SUDSIB. Laburnum anagyroides Medicus . . 1.2 P scap PONTICO Prunus avium L. . 1.2 + 1.1 . . + . 1.1 . 1.1 G bulb EURASIAT. Orchis purpurea Huds. 147

...... 12

....2 ++ ++15 ++ ....2

...... +..8

..... +.+ +1.115 +.+ .....

...... +16

...... 7

...... 7

...... +.5 ......

...... 4

.... + +.... +..1.1.14 +.... + ....

...... +1...... 5

.....+ +.2 ++.2.....2.3..11 +.2 .....+

...... + +... +1....7 +... + ......

...... 3.3 +.1.1.2.22.3 + +.23.3.1.117 + +.1.1.2.22.3 ...... 3.3

...... 7

...... +4

...... 3

...... ++ +.. +...... +9 +.. ++ ......

...... 1..+ +.2...... +.2 +.8 +.2...... +.2 ...... 1..+

....1. +...... 4 ....1.

....1.1.+...1.1 +.2... +.1.+ +.2+.212 +.1.+ +.2...... 1.1.+...1.1

...... +.2..... +.. + +.2... +.8 +.2... + +...... +.2.....

....1.2+.2 +1.11. +1.11.1 ++.2...1.+ +.2.16 ++.2...1.+ +1.11.1 +1.11. ....1.2+.2

...... 1. + +1. +.... +.....9 +.... +1. + ...... 1.

...... 2 ...... 2

...... +2

...... + +. +..+...... 5 +...... + ....2.2...2.2.... +.2...... 5 ....2.2...2.2....

...... +. +...... 3 +......

...... 2 ...... 1.1...... 2

.....++.2.+. +.1.11.1 ++.1.21.2. ++ +.2.15 ++ ++.1.21.2. +.1.11.1 .....++.2.+.

.....+...1.2...... +.2...... 3.35 ...... +.2...... +.. +.... +.5 +.... +...... +.2......

...... 1.2 +..... +...4 +...... 1.2

...... +...... 2 ......

....++.2...... +...... 3 ....++.2...... + +...... 1.2..3 + ...... +....+...... 1.13 ......

...... +.2.....+...... 2 ...... +...... 1 ...... +...... 1 ...... 2...... 1 ...... 1...... 1 ...... 1...... 1 ...... +...... 1 ...... 1...... 1 ....++... +.1. +...... 5 +.1. ....++...... +..22.2..2...... 4 ...... +.2.... +...... 2 ...... +.2...... +.....1...... 2

.....++...... 1.2 +.. +.1.+..7 +...... ++...... 1.2 ...... +. +. +.... +. +... +...6 +... +. +.... +...... +.

...... 1.... +.2....1.+..4 ...... 1...... +...... 1....+..3 ...... +.. +.2 +...... 3 +.2 +......

....+.+...... 2

+++.12.+ ++++++1.11.2+.

etea

g

uerco-Fa

Q

ecies of the class

p

Pulmonaria picta

Characteristic and differential s

G bulb Orchis maculata L. ssp. fuchsii (Druce) Hylander . + H scap OROF. EURASIAT. Salvia glutinosa L. +.2 2.2 H caesp EUROP.-WESTASIAT. Carex sylvatica Hudson . . 2.3 . . . + . . 1 H ros NESTENOMEDIT. Aremonia agrimonoides (L.) DC. . + . . . + . . . + +.2 H caesp EURASIAT. Bromus ramosus Hudson . + G rhiz CIRCUMBOR. Polystichum setiferum (Forsskal) Woynar G rhiz EURASIAT. Lathyrus vernus (L.) Bernh. P scap EUROP.CAUC. Acer pseudoplatanus L. H scap OROF. SEUROP. Saxifraga rotundifolia L. + + H scap ENDEM. Pulmonaria apennina Cristof. & Puppi . + G rhiz CENTROEUROP. Euphorbia dulcis L. G rhiz SUBCOSMOP. filix-mas Dryopteris (L.) Schott G bulb EURASIAT. Allium ursinum L. (s.l.) H rept EUROSIB. europaeum Asarum L. G rhiz EUROP.-CAUC. Epipactis microphylla (Ehrh.) Swartz H caesp CIRCUMBOR. Poa nemoralis L. H caesp EURIMEDIT. Poa sylvicola Guss.

G rhiz EURASIAT. Listera ovata (L.) R.Br. P scap EUROP.CAUC. Ulmus glabra Hudson G rhiz NMEDIT.MONT. nodosum Geranium L. P caesp CENTROEUROP. oxyacantha Crataegus L.

P lian EURIMEDIT. Hedera helix L. 3.4 1.2 3.3 + +.2 1.1 3.3 1.2 1.3 1 3.3 3 3 2 2.2 3.4 2.3 2.2 . . 1.3 . + 1.2 1.2 2.2 23 H ros Viola alba Besser ssp. dehnhardtii (Ten.) W. Becker + . 1.2 1.2 + +.2 1.2 2.2 1.2 + 1.2 + + . + 1.2 +.2 . . 1.2 1.2 2 + + 1.1 + 22 H ros EUROP.CAUC. Primula vulgaris Hudson 1.2 2.2 2.2 1.1 1.1 +.2 + . 1.1 1 . 2 + 1 1.1 . + 1.1 . . . + . 1.2 . + 18 P lian EUROP.CAUC. Clematis vitalba L. 1.2 1.2 2.2 . 1.1 + 1.2 2.2 . . 1.1 + + . +.2 +.2 . . . +.2 +.2 . + + + . 17 P caesp SEEUROP. pubescens Quercus Willd. 1.2 1.2 1.1 3.2 2.2 1.1 + + P caesp SUBATL. laureola Daphne L. 1.1 1.1 1.1 1.2 + + 1.1 + 2.2 1 1.1 + 1 1 + Ch suffr EUROP.CAUC. Euphorbia amygdaloides L. 1.2 1.2 2.2 P scap EUROP.CAUC. Acer campestre L. + 1.2 . 2.1 . . 1.2 + + 1 2.2 + . . 1.1 + H scap PALEOTEMP. trachelium Campanula L. + + 1.1 . + . . . + . + + . . 1.2 1.2 + G rad EURIMEDIT. Tamus communis L. + 1.2 P caesp EUROP.CAUC. Corylus avellana L. +.2 . . 1.1 1.1 . 1.2 . +.2 . 2.3 + + . . 1.2 1.2 1.1 + . . . +.2 . 1.2 . 14 G rhiz EURASIAT. Cephalanthera longifolia (Hudson) Fritsch G rhiz CIRCUMBOR. Hepatica nobilis Miller +.2 . 1.2 . . +.2 . . +.2 1 . 1 1 2 . 1.2 1.2 1.1 2 Ch suffr SUBATL. Helleborus foetidus L. . + + . . . + 1.2 +.2 . +.2 . . . + + + + . . . + . + . . 12 H caesp PALEOTEMP. Brachypodium sylvaticum (Hudson) Beauv. 1.2 1.2 . +.2 P lian SEUROP.SUDSIB. Lonicera caprifolium L. 1.2 1.2 . 1.1 + + . . 2.2 P caesp EUROP.CAUC. Lonicera xylosteum L. 1.2 +.2 + P scap EURIMEDIT. Sorbus domestica L. + . + + + H scap EUROP.CAUC. Mycelis muralis (L.) Dumort. + . + . . . 1.2 . + . . 1 . . . + + H rept EUROP.CAUC. Ajuga reptans L. 1.2 1.2 . . + H scap PONTICA Buglossoides purpurocaerulea (L.) Johnston . 2.2 1.2 +.2 H scap CIRCUMBOR. Geum urbanum L. . . + . + . 1.2 . + . + 1 . . + P scap SEEUROP. sativa Castanea Miller 1.2 + 1.1 + + 1.1 + H ros EURIMEDIT. Potentilla micrantha Ramond + . + . + + . . + . +.2 . . . 1.1 H scap Hieracium gr. murorum . . . +.2 2.2 . . . +.2 P caesp PALEOTEMP. Sorbus torminalis (L.) Crantz G rhiz EURIMEDIT. Cephalanthera damasonium (Miller) Druce H scap S-EUROP.-SUDSIB. chamaedrys Veronica L. . . +.2 . . . + . . + . + G bulb NSTENOMEDIT. Cyclamen hederifolium Aiton + H scap EUROP.-CAUC. Stachys officinalis (L.) Trevisan ssp. officinalis + H scap EUROSIB. sylvaticum Hieracium (L.) L. 2.2 . 2.2 . . 1.1 H caesp EURIMEDIT. Luzula forsteri (Sm.) DC. 1.2 . . . + H scap CIRCUMBOR. Solidago virgaurea L. ssp. virgaurea 2.2 P caesp PALEOTEMP. Sorbus aria (L.) Crantz H caesp OROF. SEEUROP. sylvatica Luzula (Hudson) Gaudin G rhiz EURIMEDIT. Ruscus aculeatus L. H scap CIRCUMBOR. Solidago virgaurea L. . . 2.3 . + 1.1 G bulb EUROSIB. Platanthera chlorantha (Custer) Rchb. + G rhiz EURASIAT. Cephalanthera rubra (L.) L. C. Rich. . + + G rhiz EUROP.CAUC. Epipactis atropurpurea Rafin. + . + P scap EURASIAT. Pyrus pyraster Burgsd. H scap EUROP.CAUC. Hieracium racemosum W. et K. . . 2.2 148

....1.2.10

...... +13

.... + +.21 ++.+16 +.21 + ....

...... 1.1..12

...... + +.2.11 ...... +

...... +.2 +.1.2...9 +.2 ......

.... +.2...1.12.2 +.2.3 +.2.13 +.2.3 +.2...1.12.2 ....

...... +7

...... 4

...... 4....8

.....+. +.. +1.2..+..9 +...... +.

.... +..1.2... +.21.2.....9 +..1.2......

...... +.2... + +.....7 + +.2......

...... + +.2. +.+..7 +.2. + ......

...... +4

.....+.2 +. ++...... 8 +...... +.2

.....+.2 +...... 5 .....+.2

.....+.2...... 4

...... ++.2.+7 ......

...... 1.1 +.211.2+..7 ...... 1.1

...... 1

....+...... + + +.. +.6 +.. + + ....+......

...... ++.2...... +..4 ......

...... 1

....+.1.1.+.2...2.2... +..... ++.28 +...... +.1.1.+.2...2.2...

...... + +...+.....+..5 + ...... +...... 1.1 +... +.2.....5 +...... +...... 1.1

...... +.2...... 1 ...... 1...... 1

...... 2.2...... ++.2. +.2. + +..2.27 + +.2. ++.2...... 2.2......

...... +... +1.1.....3.31.1.5 +...... +...... 1.21.2..+.+5

12472-74143432425-43113111

Other species

Accidental species

P scap CENTROEUROP. sylvestris Malus Miller . +.2 P scap AVV. Juglans regia L. P caesp C-EUROP. lantana Viburnum L. P scap SE-EUROP. virgiliana Quercus (Ten.) Ten. . . +

NP Coronilla emerus L. ssp. emeroides (Boiss. et Spruner) Hayek (pl.) . . +.2 2.2 + 1.1 + 1.2 1.2 1 . . . 1 . 1.1 + . . 1.2 1.2 2 + . . + 16 H scap SEEUROP. Ptilostemon strictus (Ten.) Greuter + + 1.1 1.2 . . + 1.1 + . +.2 + . . + P caesp PALEOTEMP. monogyna Crataegus Jacq. + 1.2 . . + . 1.1 . + . 1.1 . . + + + +.2 . . + . 1 . + . + 14 P caesp CIRCUMBOR. Juniperus communis L. + . 1.2 . 1.2 2.2 + 1.2 1.1 + . 3 + . . + . . + H scap EURASIAT. Cruciata glabra (L.) Ehrend. 1.1 2.2 1.1 . + + . + + + . + . + . + . . . 1.1 . . . 1.2 . . 13 G rhiz EUROP. flacca Carex Schreber + . 1.2 2.2 1.1 . 2.2 2.2 . . 1.1 NP EURIMEDIT. Rubus ulmifolius Schott + 1.2 +.2 . + + 1.2 +.2 . + +.2 . . 2 + H rept EUROSIB. Fragaria vesca L. 1.2 1.2 2.2 +.2 . . 1.2 2.2 . 1 . 1 . 1 P caesp EURASIAT. Cornus sanguinea L. 2.2 2.3 . 1.1 . . 2.3 . 2.2 . 3.3 . . . 2.3 . . 1.1 . 1.2 H caesp SUBATL. Brachypodium rupestre (Host) R. et S. + . 1.2 2.2 . . 2.3 1.2 P caesp EUROP.CAUC. Prunus spinosa L. + . + . . . + . + H caesp PALEOTEMP. glomerata Dactylis L. + . + +.2 . . + + . . . + H rept SEUROP.SUDSIB. glycyphyllos Astragalus L. + + + . +.2 H caesp ENDEM. Sesleria nitida Ten. . . 1.2 + 3.3 3.3 + 3.4 . 2 P caesp EURASIAT. Euonymus europaeus L. . + H scap CIRCUMBOR. Clinopodium vulgare L. . . +.2 . + + 1.2 . . + +.2 Ch suffr EURIMEDIT. Teucrium chamaedrys L. . . . +.2 +.2 . + +.2 H ros EURIMEDIT. Silene italica (L.) Pers. +.2 1.2 +.2 + P caesp OROF. SWEUROP. sessilifolius Cytisus L. . . . 1.1 2.3 2.3 P scap STENOMEDIT. Quercus ilex L. H bienn SEUROP.SUDSIB. turrita Arabis L. + . . + H bienn EUROP.-CAUC. Inula conyza DC. . . + H scap EUROSIB. sepium Vicia L. . 1.2 1.2 . +.2 H ros SUBTROP. NESICOLA onopteris Asplenium L. + P caesp STENOMEDIT. Pyracantha coccinea M. J. Roemer 1.1 G bulb NW-STENOMEDIT. Cyclamen repandum Sm. ssp. repandum G rhiz STENOMEDIT. Asparagus acutifolius L. NP EURASIAT. Rubus caesius L. . . . 1.1 + . . . +.2 . +.2 H scap EURASIAT. Cruciata laevipes Opiz . . + +.2 + H ros CIRCUMBOR. Polypodium vulgare L. + . . . + +.2 H ros PALEOTROP. Polypodium interjectum Shivas . . +.2 149

MELAMPYRO ITALICI-CASTANETUM SATIVAE the mesophilous turkey oak woods. They grow on deep, Hurska 1988 cool and well drained soils that are derived from the The characteristic species are: Melampyrum italicum arenaceous and marl-arenaceous substrata, and Teucrium siculum. characterised by subacid to weakly acid soils. The association is now attributed to the order In the arboreal layer, there are local abundances of Fagetalia sylvaticae, of the alliance Erythronio dentis- Corylus avellana, Fraxinus ornus and Ostrya canis-Carpinion betuli and the endemic Apennine carpinifoliae, while in the herbaceous layer there are: suballiance Pulmonario apenninae-Carpinenion betuli Pteridium aquilinum, Melica uniflora, Viola that unites the mesophilous woods of turkey oak, hop reichembachiana, etc. hornbeam and chestnut of the central-northern and central Apennines. European hornbeam woods

Aspen Popular woods In the Upper Valley of the Vomano, the woods with a dominance of European hornbeam are not very In the Upper Valley of the Vomano there are small extensive; nevertheless, small nuclei are frequently nuclei of woods with a dominance of the aspen Populus found along the fall lines, on terraces that have human tremula that are referred to the association Melico or natural origins, along slopes or on the lower parts of uniflorae-Populetum tremulae, described by Pedrotti the slopes, in correspondence with which the soils are (1995) for Monti della Laga. deep, humid and rich in nutrients. For the positioning into the superior units, Taffetani (2000) recently proposed for the coenoses of the GERANIO NODOSI-CARPINETUM BETULI Pedrotti, central-southern Apennines a new suballiance of Ballelli & Biondi 1982 Corylo-Populion tremulae, denominated Aceri aceretosum obtusati subass. nova Holotype Tab. 11 Rel. obtusati-Populenion tremulae, that groups the pre- n. 3 forest and forest formations with a dominance of Mesophilous wood of European hornbeam that are Populus tremula of the central-southern Apennines. present in the lower part of the valley slopes due to The characteristic and differential species are: Acer streams with torrential characteristic that come from obtusatum, Laburnum anagyroides, Sorbus aria, the upper part of the mountain. These European Lonicera etrusca, Euonymus latifolius, Prunus avium, hornbeam woods grow on the terraces along the slopes, Rosa arvensis and Chamaecytisus hirsutus. partially created by human activity for the cultivation The coenoses that are part of the suballiance of chestnuts. They develops on deep soils together with considered here grow in deep, cool and well drained other trees typical of mesophilous turkey oak woods soils, which derive from arenaceous and marl- as: Quercus cerris, Acer obtusatum, A. pseudoplatanus arenaceous substrata, characterised by subacidic and e Fagus sylvatica. weakly acidic soils. From the synchorological point of The association Geranio nodosi-Carpinetum betuli view, the suballiance is linked to the mountain and hill to which these woods are attributed, was described for plains (around 600-1,400 m asl) of the central-southern Gubbio plain (Umbria) that originates from the drying Apennine sector, where it substitutes the Alpine up of ancient lakes of Villafranchiano. The suballiance Corylo-Populenion tremulae Br.-Bl. ex hydrographical network running through the plain has Theurillat et al. 1995, from which it is differentiated originated small valley and along their slopes these by the presence of a high level of endemic taxa with an European hornbeam woods grow having little eastern and southern European and a Mediterranean floristic similarities with those present in the study area. area. In fact, except for the characteristic species shown in the table: Carpinus betulus, Geranium MELICO UNIFLORAE-POPULETUM TREMULAE nodosum, Rosa arvensis e Prunus avium, in the Gubbio Pedrotti 1995 em.Taffetani 2000 (Tab. 10) woods several differential species are present, which The formations with a dominance of the aspen are absent in the woods under investigation, such as: (Populus tremula), a heliophilous and colonising Vinca minor, Anemone nemorosa, Asarum europaeum, species, are found along the fall lines and at the margins Quercus petraea, Frangula alnus, Quercus robur, of the woods with which they make up the pre-forest Serratula tincoria, Viburnum opalum etc. On the other pioneer formations that lead to the beech woods and hand, in Tab. 11, some species absent in the territories 150

Tab. 10 - Melico uniflorae-Populetum tremulae Pedrotti 1995

Rel. n. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Pres. Altitude (m asl) 759 1250 783 719 893 1250 1230 1150 Exposure NW SE N-NW E N SW SW ESE Slope (¡) 1010352014152530 Coverage(%) 95 100 100 100 95 100 100 100 Area (m2) 300 150 250 250 250 150 400 250 Alt. strato arbor. (m.) 18 15 25 12 8 22 20 25 Alt. strato alto arbus. (m.) 2,5 - - - 1 22 Alt. strato basso arbus. (m.) -----1,51,52 Ricoprim. strato arbust. (%) -----405050 Ricoprim. strato erbaceo (%) ----- 5070

Characteristic and differential species of the association Melico uniflorae-Populetum tremulae P scap EUROSIB. Populus tremula L. 5.5 4.4 5.5 4.4 4.4 4 4 5 8 G rhiz COSMOPOL. Pteridium aquilinum (L.) Kuhn 2.2 . 1.1 +.2 . 3 1 . 5 NP SMEDIT.SUBATL. Rosa arvensis Hudson . . 1.2 + . . 1 + 4 H caesp PALEOTEMP. Melica uniflora Retz. 1.1 . 1.1 . . . . . 2 NP PALEOTEMP. Rosa canina L. sensu Bouleng...... 1. +2

Characteristic and differential species of the suball. Aceri obtusati-Populenion tremulae and of the all.Corylo-Populion P caesp EUROP.CAUC. Corylus avellana L. . . 4.4 1.2 2.2 2 3 3 6 P scap SEEUROP. Acer obtusatum W. et K. 1.1 + 2.3 . 1.1 . . + 5 P scap EUROP.CAUC. Acer campestre L. . . 1.2 + 1.1 . + 1 5 P scap PONTICO Prunus avium L. . . 1.2 + 1.1 . 1 . 4 P lian EURIMEDIT. Lonicera etrusca Santi . + . . . . 1 . 2 P caesp PALEOTEMP. Sorbus aria (L.) Crantz ...... +.1 P caesp MEDIT.MONT. Euonymus latifolius (L.) Miller . . 2.2 . . . . . 1 P scap EUROP.CAUC. Acer pseudoplatanus L. . . . + . . . . 1

Characteristic and differential species of the order Fagetalia sylvaticae H scap PALEOTEMP. Sanicula europaea L. 3.3 1.2 2.2 + 1.2 . . + 6 H ros NESTENOMEDIT. Aremonia agrimonoides (L.) DC. + + . . . + 1 + 5 H scap EUROSIB. Viola reichenbachiana Jordan ex Boreau 1.1 +.2 2.2 . . + 2 . 5 P caesp SUBATL. Daphne laureola L. 1.1 + 1.1 . 2.2 . . . 4 H ros EURIMEDIT. Potentilla micrantha Ramond . . . + . . + 1 3 G rhiz EURASIAT. Neottia nidus-avis (L.) L. C. Rich. + . + . + . . . 3 G bulb Orchis maculata L. ssp. fuchsii (Druce) Hylander + . . . + + . . 3 P scap CEUROP.CAUCAS. Carpinus betulus L. 1.2 . + . . . . . 2 P scap CENTROEUROP. Fagus sylvatica L. . 1.1 . . . . + . 2 H scap ENDEM. Pulmonaria apennina Cristof. & Puppi 1.1 . 1.2 . . . . . 2 G rhiz NMEDIT.MONT. Geranium nodosum L. . . 2.2 . . + . . 2 H scap OROF. EURASIAT. Salvia glutinosa L. + . 1.2 . . . . . 2 H scap EURASIAT. Cruciata glabra (L.) Ehrend. + . . . . 1 . . 2 P scap EUROP.-CAUC. Tilia platyphyllos Scop. . + +.2 . . . . . 2 H caesp EUROP.-WESTASIAT. Carex sylvatica Hudson + 1.2 ...... 2 G rhiz EURASIAT. Lathyrus vernus (L.) Bernh. 1.1 ...... 1 G rhiz SEUROP.SUDSIB. Lathyrus venetus (Miller) Wohlf. . + ...... 1 P caesp CENTROEUROP. Crataegus oxyacantha L. 2.2 ...... 1 P caesp CENTRO-EUROP. Crataegus laevigata (Poir.) DC. . . +.2 . . . . . 1 G rhiz CENTRO-EUROP. Cardamine bulbifera (L.) Crantz .....+..1 H scap OROF. S-EUROP. Saxifraga rotundifolia L...... +..1 H scap EUROP.-CAUC. Stellaria nemorum L...... +..1

Characteristic and differential species of the class Querco-Fagetea H ros EUROP.CAUC. Primula vulgaris Hudson 1.1 + 1.2 . . 1 1 2 6 Ch suffr EUROP.CAUC. Euphorbia amygdaloides L. 1.1 . 2.2 . . + 1 1 5 G rad EURIMEDIT. Tamus communis L. + . + + + . 2 . 5 P scap SEUROP.SUDSIB. Fraxinus ornus L. + . 2.2 1.1 1.1 . 1 . 5 P caesp CIRCUMBOR. Ostrya carpinifolia Scop. 1.1 . 1.2 + 2.2 . . . 4 H caesp EUROP.CAUC. Festuca heterophylla Lam. 1.1 +.2 + . . 2 . . 4 P lian EURIMEDIT. Hedera helix L. 2.2 . 3.4 + + . . . 4 H ros Viola alba Besser ssp. dehnhardtii (Ten.) W. Becker . . 1.2 + + . . 1 4 G rhiz EURASIAT. Cephalanthera longifolia (Hudson) Fritsch + + . + + . . . 4 151

P scap NEURIMEDIT. Quercus cerris L. . . 2.2 . . 1 . + 3 P scap SEEUROP. Castanea sativa Miller + . . + + . . . 3 H scap EUROSIB. Hieracium sylvaticum (L.) L. 1.1 . . + 1.1 . . . 3 P lian EUROP.CAUC. Clematis vitalba L. . . 2.3 + + . . . 3 H scap CIRCUMBOR. Geum urbanum L. . . + . . 1 . 1 3 G rhiz PALEOTEMP. Epipactis helleborine (L.) Crantz ....+.113 P caesp SEEUROP. Quercus pubescens Willd. 1.1 . . 1.1 . . . . 2 H caesp PALEOTEMP. Brachypodium sylvaticum (Hudson) Beauv. 1.1 . + . . . . . 2 H scap PALEOTEMP. Campanula trachelium L. . . 1.1 . . . + . 2 H scap ENDEM. Teucrium siculum Rafin. + . . . +.2 . . . 2 G rhiz EURIMEDIT. Cephalanthera damasonium (Miller) Druce . + . . . . + . 2 P caesp EUROP.CAUC. Lonicera xylosteum L. . . 1.2 . . . . + 2 H scap EUROP.CAUC. Hieracium racemosum W. et K. + . . . +.2 . . . 2 P scap EURIMEDIT. Sorbus domestica L. + . . . + . . . 2 P caesp SEEUROP. Quercus pubescens Willd. pl. ....2.2. +.2 H caesp EURASIAT. Bromus ramosus Hudson . . . + . . . 1 2 H caesp EURIMEDIT. Luzula forsteri (Sm.) DC...... 1.12 H scap Solidago virgaurea L. ssp. virgaurea 2.2 ...... 1 H scap EUROP.CAUC. Mycelis muralis (L.) Dumort. 1.1 ...... 1 H rept EUROP.CAUC. Ajuga reptans L. + ...... 1 H caesp OROF. SEEUROP. Luzula sylvatica (Hudson) Gaudin ....1.2...1 H scap PONTICA Buglossoides purpurocaerulea (L.) Johnston . . . + . . . . 1 H scap CIRCUMBOR. Solidago virgaurea L. . . 1.1 . . . . . 1 P caesp AVV. Robinia pseudoacacia L. . . . + . . . . 1 P caesp EUROP.-CAUC. Ulmus minor Miller pl. . . . + . . . . 1 G bulb Lilium bulbiferum L. ssp. croceum (Chaix) Baker ...... +.1 H scap C-EUROP. Melittis melissophyllum L...... 1.1 P scap AVV. Pyrus communis L...... 11 P caesp C-EUROP. Viburnum lantana L...... 2.1 H ros PALEOTEMP. Silene nutans L...... 1..1 P caesp PALEOTEMP. Sorbus torminalis (L.) Crantz .....2..1 G rhiz CIRCUMBOR. Hepatica nobilis Miller ...... 2.1

Other species H rept EUROSIB. Fragaria vesca L. 1.1 . 2.2 + +.2 1 1 . 6 P caesp CIRCUMBOR. Juniperus communis L. 2.2 + . . 1.1 2 1 1 6 P caesp EURASIAT. Cornus sanguinea L. 1.1 . 3.3 +.2 1.1 . + . 5 P caesp PALEOTEMP. Crataegus monogyna Jacq. . . +.2 . . 2 + 1 4 H scap CIRCUMBOR. Clinopodium vulgare L. + . . + + . . 1 4 H caesp SUBATL. Brachypodium rupestre (Host) R. et S. . . . +.2 2.2 . 3 2 4 H scap EURASIAT. Vicia cracca L. + . . + . . 1 + 4 P caesp W-STENOMEDIT. Cytisus villosus Pourret + . . . 1.1 . . + 3 P caesp EUROP.CAUC. Prunus spinosa L. . . 1.2 . 1.1 . . 2 3 H rept SEUROP.SUDSIB. Astragalus glycyphyllos L. + . . . + . . + 3 NP Coronilla emerus L. ssp. emeroides (Boiss. et Spruner) Hayek (pl.) . . . +.2 + . . + 3 H scap EUROSIB. Vicia sepium L. + . . . + . . . 2 P lian SEUROP.SUDSIB. Lonicera caprifolium L. + . . . + . . . 2 H scap SEEUROP. Ptilostemon strictus (Ten.) Greuter 1.1 . . . + . . . 2 H scap EUROP.CAUC. Ranunculus lanuginosus L. ....+1..2 G rhiz EUROSIB. Aegopodium podagraria L. . . 1.2 . . . 1 . 2 H scap ENDEM. Digitalis micrantha Roth . . + . . . . + 2 G rhiz Carex flacca Schreber ssp. flacca ....1.1..22 H ros SUBTROP. NESICOLA Asplenium onopteris L. + . . . + . . . 2 G rhiz CIRCUMBOR. Equisetum telmateja Ehrh. . . + 1.3 . . . . 2 H caesp ENDEM. Sesleria nitida Ten. . +.2 . +.2 . . . . 2 NP CIRCUMBOR. Rubus idaeus L. . + . . . . + . 2 H caesp PALEOTEMP. Dactylis glomerata L...... 2 +.2 P caesp EUROP. Cytisus scoparius (L.) Link .....+. + 2 Ch suffr EURIMEDIT. Teucrium chamaedrys L...... + + 2

Accidetal species 6 - 4 2 2 5 9 8 152

Tab. 11 - Geranio nodosi-Carpinetum betuli Pedrotti, Ballelli & Biondi 1982 subass. aceretosum obtusati (subass. nova) (rel. type n. 3)

Rel. n. 1 2 3* 4567891011121314Pres. Altitude (m asl) 750 844 619 710 1253 1250 672 740 803 783 700 710 735 740 Exposure N W - W-NW - - N-W - NW W NNW NW - - Slope (¡) 20452040- - 2515106 4030 - - Coverage(%) 100 100 100 95-100 100 100 100 100 100 100 90 100 70 80 Area (m2) 400 400 200 300 200 250 200 - 350 150 50 150 30 150

Characteristic and differential species of the association Geranio nodosi-Carpinetum betuli P scap CEUROP.CAUCAS. Carpinus betulus L. 4.5 4.5 4.4 3.4 1.2 . 4.4 4.5 2.2 2.2 443313 G rhiz NMEDIT.MONT. Geranium nodosum L. 2.3 2.3 1.2 3.3 2.3 2.3 . . . 2.2 2 2 + 1 11 NP SMEDIT.SUBATL. Rosa arvensis Hudson 2.2 1.2 . 2.2 ...... +. +5 P scap PONTICO Prunus avium L. ....2.31.22.21.1...... 4

Differential species of the subass. aceretosum obtusatii P scap SEEUROP. Acer obtusatum W. et K. + 2.2 + + . + + . 1.1 4.4 . 1 + . 10 P scap SEEUROP. Castanea sativa Miller 3.4 1.2 1.1 2.2 2.2 . 1.1 2.2 +.2 . . 1 . . 9 P scap CENTROEUROP. Fagus sylvatica L. 2.2 3.3 1.1 1.2 2.2 1.2 ...... + +8 P scap EUROP.CAUC. Acer pseudoplatanus L. . . + + . . + + . . + + . . 6 P caesp CIRCUMBOR. Ostrya carpinifolia Scop. . 2.2 ....1.11.1.... +.4 G rhiz EURASIAT. Lathyrus vernus (L.) Bernh. . . 1.2 . . . +.2 . . . + + . . 4

Differential species of the suball. Pulmonario-Carpinenion betuli P caesp SUBATL. Daphne laureola L. 1.2 1.2 +.2 2.2 + . + . 1.2 . + + + + 11 H scap ENDEM. Pulmonaria apennina Cristof. & Puppi 2.3 2.2 . 2.2 2.2 2.2 . . +.2 + . + . . 8 G bulb Orchis maculata L. ssp. fuchsii (Druce) Hylander . . . + + + .... + + +17 P caesp EUROP.CAUC. Lonicera xylosteum L. 1.1 2.2 + 1.2 . . + ..... +.6 H ros Viola alba Besser ssp. dehnhardtii (Ten.) W. Becker . 1.2 +.2 +.2 . . +.2 + ...... 5 P caesp MEDIT.MONT. Euonymus latifolius (L.) Miller 1.2 1.1 ...... +.1...4 G bulb NSTENOMEDIT. Cyclamen hederifolium Aiton 2.2 2.3 ...... 1.2.....3 G Bulb OROF. CENTROEUROP. Lilium bulbiferum L. ssp. croceum (Chaix) Baker . 2.2 . +.2 ....+.....3 G rhiz ENDEM. Helleborus bocconei Ten...... ++....2

Characteristic and differential species of the all. Erythronio-Carpinion H ros EUROP.CAUC. Primula vulgaris Hudson 2.2 1.2 +.2 2.2 2.2 1.2 + +.2 2.2 . + + + + 13 P scap SEUROP.SUDSIB. Fraxinus ornus L. + 2.2 1.2 +.2 1.2 . 2.2 +.2 1.2 + . . + . 10 H ros NESTENOMEDIT. Aremonia agrimonoides (L.) DC. . . + . . . +.2 +.2 +.2 .... +5 P lian SEUROP.SUDSIB. Lonicera caprifolium L...... +.2.. +1.3 H scap EURASIAT. Cruciata glabra (L.) Ehrend. +.2 ...... +.2 P caesp CENTROEUROP. Crataegus oxyacantha L...... +.1.1.....2 P caesp SEUROP.SUDSIB. Cornus mas L...... 2.2....1

Characteristic and differential species of the order Fagetalia sylvaticae H caesp PALEOTEMP. Melica uniflora Retz. 2.2 1.2 +.2 1.2 2.2 1.2 +.2 . 1.2 1.1 112113 P caesp EUROP.CAUC. Corylus avellana L. 2.3 2.3 1.1 4.5 . 4.5 2.2 2.2 2.2 3.2 334313 H scap PALEOTEMP. Sanicula europaea L. 2.3 2.2 1.2 2.2 . 1.2 1.2 +.3 2.2 . 1 1 1 + 12 H scap EUROSIB. Viola reichenbachiana Jordan ex Boreau 1.2 2.2 +.2 2.2 1.2 2.2 +.2 + +.2 + 1 1 . . 12 H scap OROF. EURASIAT. Salvia glutinosa L. 1.2 1.2 2.3 + 1.2 1.2 +.2 1.2 1.2 . + + . 1 12 G rhiz SEUROP.SUDSIB. Lathyrus venetus (Miller) Wohlf. 1.1 1.2 . 1.2 + . + +.2 +.2 ....18 G rhiz CIRCUMBOR. Polystichum setiferum (Forsskal) Woynar . . +.2 2.3 3.3 2.2 . . + . . 1 . + 7 H caesp EUROP.-WESTASIAT. Carex sylvatica Hudson 1.2 1.2 . 1.2 . . . + .... +.5 H scap OROF. SEUROP. Saxifraga rotundifolia L. . +.2 . + 1.2 + +.2 ...... 5 P scap EUROSIB. Populus tremula L. 2.3 1.2 2.2 ...... +...4 P scap EUROP.-CAUC. Tilia platyphyllos Scop. + . . 1.2 .....2.2....3 G rhiz EURASIAT. Polygonatum multiflorum (L.) All. +.2 ...... +. +..3 G rhiz CENTROEUROP. Euphorbia dulcis L. . + ....+.... +..3 G rhiz CENTROEUROP. Cardamine bulbifera (L.) Crantz .....+...1.1...13 P scap EUROP.CAUC. Ulmus glabra Hudson .....+..2.12.2....3 H scap EUROP.-CAUC. Prenanthes purpurea L. +.2 ...... 12 H scap N-E-CENTRO-EUROP. Campanula rotundifolia L...... 1. +2 H caesp SUBATL. Festuca altissima All...... +.2.. +...2 G rhiz EURASIAT. Neottia nidus-avis (L.) L. C. Rich...... +.2.. +..2 G bulb EUROP.CAUC. Corydalis cava (L.) Schweigg. et Koerte ....++...... 2 H scap EUROP.-CAUC. Stellaria nemorum L. +.2 ...... +.2...... 2 H scap NE-MEDIT.-MONT. Adenostyles australis (Ten.) Nyman ...... +....1 H scap EUROP.-CAUC. Senecio nemorensis L...... +..1 H caesp EURIMEDIT. Poa sylvicola Guss...... +1 G rhiz ENDEM. Arisarum proboscideum (L.) Savi ...... 1.1....1 G bulb EUROSIB. Platanthera chlorantha (Custer) Rchb. ....+...... 1 P scap EUROP.-CAUC. Fraxinus excelsior L...... +...1

Characteristic and differential species of the class Querco-Fagetea Ch suffr EUROP.CAUC. Euphorbia amygdaloides L. 1.1 2.2 +.2 + +.2 1.2 + +.2 . + + 1 + 1 13 P lian EURIMEDIT. Hedera helix L. 2.2 3.3 2.3 3.5 . +.2 2.3 1.2 3.2 + 1 1 . 1 12 P scap NEURIMEDIT. Quercus cerris L. 1.2 1.2 . 1.2 2.2 1.2 2.2 1.1 2.1 . + . . + 10 153

P scap EUROP.CAUC. Acer campestre L. 1.2 1.2 2.2 1.2 . . 1.1 1.1 + 1.1 . + . . 9 H scap PALEOTEMP. Campanula trachelium L. . + + + . . + . + . 1 + . . 7 H scap EUROP.CAUC. Mycelis muralis (L.) Dumort. . . + + . + + +.2 1.2 . . + . . 7 H caesp PALEOTEMP. Brachypodium sylvaticum (Hudson) Beauv. . 1.2 +.2 1.2 . . 1.2 2.2 +.2 .....6 P lian EUROP.CAUC. Clematis vitalba L. 1.2 . +.2 2.3 . 1.2 +.2 .... +..6 H scap CIRCUMBOR. Geum urbanum L. +.2 1.2 . + . + . +.2 . . . + . . 6 G rad EURIMEDIT. Tamus communis L. . . + + 1.2 1.2 . . + ....16 H caesp EUROP.CAUC. Festuca heterophylla Lam. 2.2 2.2 . 1.2 ....+.2.....4 G rhiz CIRCUMBOR. Hepatica nobilis Miller 1.2 2.2 . 1.2 ....+.2.....4 H scap EUROP.CAUC. Hieracium racemosum W. et K. +.2 . +.2 ....++.2.....4 P scap EURIMEDIT. Sorbus domestica L. + . + . . . + + ...... 4 P caesp SEEUROP. Quercus pubescens Willd. pl. + . . . + . 1.1 + ...... 4 H scap CIRCUMBOR. Solidago virgaurea L. 1.2 1.2 . +.2 ...... 3 H scap EUROSIB. Hieracium sylvaticum (L.) L. 2.2 2.2 + ...... 3 H caesp EURIMEDIT. Luzula forsteri (Sm.) DC. + + . + ...... 3 H caesp EURASIAT. Bromus ramosus Hudson . + ...... +. +.3 H ros EURIMEDIT. Potentilla micrantha Ramond 1.1 ...... ++.....3 P scap CENTROEUROP. Malus sylvestris Miller + . + ...... 2 G rhiz EURASIAT. Cephalanthera longifolia (Hudson) Fritsch + . + ...... 2 G rhiz EUROP.-CAUC. Mercurialis perennis L. + + ...... 2 P scap AVV. Juglans regia L. . . + .....+.....2 H rept EUROP.CAUC. Ajuga reptans L...... +.2+.....2 P caesp SEEUROP. Quercus pubescens Willd...... +.....1 H scap ENDEM. Teucrium siculum Rafin. + ...... 1 P caesp SEUROP.SUDSIB. Laburnum anagyroides Medicus + ...... 1 P caesp PALEOTEMP. Sorbus torminalis (L.) Crantz . 1.2 ...... 1 P scap S-EUROP.-SUDSIB. Fraxinus oxycarpa Bieb...... +1 P caesp PALEOTEMP. Sorbus aria (L.) Crantz . . . 1.2 ...... 1 P scap PALEOTEMP. Populus nigra L. . . 1.1 ...... 1 H caesp CIRCUMBOR. Agropyron caninum (L.) Beauv...... 1.1 H scap PONTICA Buglossoides purpurocaerulea (L.) Johnston ...... +...... 1

Other species P caesp EURASIAT. Cornus sanguinea L. 1.2 1.2 1.2 1.2 + 1.2 1.2 +.2 1.1 . 2 + 2 1 13 G rhiz COSMOPOL. Pteridium aquilinum (L.) Kuhn . 1.1 +.2 1.1 . 1.2 +.2 1.2 2.2 . . + 2 . 9 H rept EUROSIB. Fragaria vesca L. 1.2 . + . . . +.2 . +.2 . + . + + 7 T scap SUBCOSMOP. Geranium robertianum L. . . + + 1.2 + . . . 1.1 1 . . 1 7 NP EURASIAT. Rubus caesius L. 2.2 2.3 . 2.2 2.3 2.3 +.2 . + .....7 P caesp PALEOTEMP. Crataegus monogyna Jacq. 2.2 2.2 . 1.2 2.2 1.2 . . 1.2 .....6 H scap EUROSIB. Vicia sepium L. + 1.2 . . . + + . + . + . . . 6 H ros SUBTROP. NESICOLA Asplenium onopteris L. +.2 1.2 + + ....+.....5 G rhiz EUROSIB. Aegopodium podagraria L. . . . 2.3 2.3 3.3 . . 1.1 1.1 ....5 G rhiz EURASIATICA Petasites hybridus (L.) Gaertn. . . + ...... 2.21.. +4 H scap S-EUROP.-SUDSIB. Veronica chamaedrys L. +.2 . + .....+.... +4 NP Rubus hirtus W. et K...... +.2..22.14 H scap EUROP.CAUC. Ranunculus lanuginosus L. ....1.21.2...+... +4 H ros Asplenium trichomanes L. ssp. quadrivalens D. E. Meye ..+...+.2.+.....3 H scap CIRCUMBOR. Circaea lutetiana L. + . . . + + ...... 3 H scap EUROSIB. Stachys sylvatica L. ....1.22.2...... +3 Ch suffr SUBATL. Helleborus foetidus L. + . . . + ...... +3 H ros CIRCUMBOR. Polypodium vulgare L. . . +.2 .....+.2+....3

Accidental species 7343434186-12-

of Gubbio are listed, that are considerate differential described a Castanea sativa variant which takes origin species with respect to the typical aspect of the from the abandoned chestnut woods which, even if still association, as: Acer obtusatum, Castanea sativa, magnificent, are degenerating also because of the Fagus sylvatica, Acer pseudoplatanus, Ostrya chestnut cancer disease. This condition in particularly carpinifolia, Lathyrus vernus. evident in the monumental chestnut wood of Senarica. The new subassociation is here indicated as The subassociation arisaretosum proboscidei (Biondi aceretosum obtusati while with the name et al., 1989), belonging to the same Geranio nodosi- anemonetosum nemorosae subass. nova the Carpinetum betuli association, was described for the subassociation type is denominated. The latter sandstone chain of Serre di Burano (northern Marche). corresponds to a different forest physiognomy which It shows more important floristic and ecological is in contact with plain woods of the association similarities with the European hornbeam under Hieracio racemosi-Quercetum petraeae (Pedrotti et al, investigation, even if significant analogies are also 1982). Within the Abruzzo vegetation, it is also evident. 154

Syntaxonomical list

Querco-Fagetea Br.-Bl. & Vlieger in Vlieger 1937 Fagetalia sylvaticae Pawlowski in Pawloski, Sokolowski & Wallisch 1928 *Aremonio-Fagion sylvaticae (Horvat 1938) Torok, Podani & Borhidi 1989 Cardamino kitaibelii-Fagenion sylvaticae Biondi, Casavecchia, Pinzi, Allegrezza & Baldoni 2002 Cirsio erisithalis-Abietetum albae ass. nova abietetosum albae ass. nova ericetosum arboreae ass. nova Actaeo spicatae-Fagetum sylvaticae ass. nova actaeaetotosum spicatae subass. nova pyroletosum secundae subass. nova aceretosum obtusati subass. nova *Geranio versicoloris-Fagion sylvaticae Gentile 1970 Doronico orientalis-Fagenion sylvaticae (Ubaldi, Zanotti, Puppi, Speranza & Corbetta ex Ubaldi 1995) Di Pietro, Izco & Blasi 2004 Potentillo micranthae-Fagetum sylvaticae ass. nova fagetosum sylvaticae subass. nova abietetosum albae subass. nova *Erythronio dentis-canis-Carpinion betuli (Horvat 1958) Marincek in Wallnöfer, Mucina & Grass 1993 Pulmonario apenninae-Carpinenion betuli Biondi, Casavecchia, Pinzi, Allegrezza & Baldoni 2002 Cytiso villosi-Quercetum cerris ass. nova cytisetosum villosi subass. nova aceretosum obtusati subass. nova stellarietous holostei subass. nova Melampyro italici-Castanetum sativae Hurska 1988 Geranio nodosi-Carpinetum betuli Pedrotti, Ballelli & Biondi 1982 aceretosum obtusati subass. nova *Corylo-Populion tremulae (Br.-Bl. ex O. Bolos 1973) Riv.-Mart. et Costa 1998 Aceri obtusati-Populenion tremulae Taffetani 2000 Melico uniflorae-Populetum tremulae Pedrotti 1995 em.Taffetani 2000

Quercetalia pubescentis Klika 1933 *Carpinion orientalis Horvat 1958 Cytiso sessilifolii-Quercenion pubescentis Ubaldi 1995 Cytiso sessilifolii-Quercetum pubescentis Blasi, Feoli & Avena 1982 Chamaecytiso hirsuti-Quercetum pubescentis ass. nova Laburno anagyroidis-Ostryenion carpinifoliae (Ubaldi 1981) Poldini 1990 Scutellario columnae-Ostryetum carpinifoliae Pedrotti, Ballelli & Biondi ex Pedrotti, Ballelli, Biondi, Cortini & Orsomando 1980 cytisetosum villosi subass. nova fagetosum sylvticae Pedrotti, Ballelli & Biondi (1979) 1982 em. Catorci & Orsomando 1997 carpinetosum orientalis Biondi, Allegrezza, Taffetani, Ballelli & Zuccarello 2002 155

Conclusions the central and Northern Apennines (Italy). Fitosociologia 39(2): 71-94. The present contribution increases the Blasi C., Di Pietro R. & Filesi L., 2004. Syntaxonomical phytosociological knowledge on the marly-arenaceous revision of Quercetalia pubescenti-petraeae in the Italian Apennine (flyschoid formations) that, contrary to the Peninsula. Fitosociologia 41 (1): 87-164. better known calcareous Apennine, was in the years only Blasi C., Feoli E. & Avena G.C., 1982. Due nuove associazioni partially studied. In particular, as regards the Monti della dei Quercetalia pubescentis dell’Appennino Centrale. Laga district, phyosociological researches about forest Studia Geobotanica 2: 155-167. vegetation were carried out through the years only in Blasi C, Fortini P., Grossi G. & Presti G., 2005. Faggete e the territories of Valle Castellana, in the border area cerrete mesofile dell’Alto Molise. Fitosociologia 42 (2): among Marche, Abruzzo and Latium, while the forest 67-81. vegetation of Upper Valley of the Vomano River was Catorci A. & Orsomando E., 2001. Note illustrative della carta still today practically unknown. della vegetazione del Foglio Nocera Umbra (N. 312 Ð Carta Through the analysis of the woods of this territory, a d’Italia I.G.M. Ð 1:50.000). Braun-Blanquetia 23: 3-99. great originality of forest communities is emerged; it is Di Pietro R. & Tondi G., 2005. A new mesophilous turkey- principally due to the litho-morphological conditions oak woodland association from Laga mts. (Central Italy). because in this area, as was already put in evidence, Hacquetia 4 (2): 5-25. there is the transition between the arenaceous formation Feoli E. & Lagonegro M., 1982. Syntaxonomical analysis of of Flysch della Laga, through the Flysch del Gran Sasso, beech woods in the Apennines (Italy) using the program and the calcareous-dolomitic formation of Gran Sasso. package IAHOPA. Vegetatio 50: 129-173. This fact has a correspondence with the presence of Géhu J.-M. & Rivas-Martìnez S., 1981. Notions forest communities of transition between those strictly fondamentales de phytosociologie. Ber. Int. Symp. Ver. acidophilous of the arenaceous formations of Laga and Vegetationskunde: 5-33. these ones more clearly calcicolous of the calcareous Géhu J.-M., 1988. L’analyse symphytosociologique et Apennine. géosymphytosociologique de l’espace. Théorie et In the same time, other phytosociological studies are méthodologie. Colloq. Phytosoc. 17: 11-46. in progress, that have the aim to know the substitution Hruska K., 1988. I castagneti dei Monti della Laga (Italia vegetation, shrubs and grasslands, in order to establish Centrale). Braun-Blanquetia 2: 117-125. the dynamic relationships among these and the potential Izco J. & Biondi E., 1992. La homonimia de Carici sylvaticae- forest formations, useful for the interpretation of the Fagetum. Lazaroa 13: 171-172. plant landscape. Longhitano N. & Ronsisvalle G.A., 1974. Osservazioni sulle faggete dei Monti della Laga (Appennino centrale). Not. Fitosoc. 9: 55-82. References Pedrotti F., 1982. La végétation des Monts de la Laga. Guide- Itinéraire Excursion Internationale de Phytosociologie en Ballelli S., Biondi E. & Pedrotti F., 1982. L’associazione Italie centrale (Camerino, 2-11 juillet 1982): 365-371. Scutellario-Ostryetum nell’Appennino centrale. Guide Pedrotti F., 1995. I pioppeti di Pioppo tremulo nell’Appennino Itinéraire. Excursion Internazionale de Phytosociologie en centrale. Studi Trentini di Scienze Naturali. Acta Biologica Italie centrale (2-11 juillet 1982) Univ. Camerino: 565-569. 70: 99-105. Biondi E., 1994. The phytosociological approach to landscape Pedrotti F., Ballelli S. & Biondi E., 1979. Boschi di Ostrya study. Ann. Bot. (Roma) 52: 135-141. carpinifolia dell’Appennino umbro-marchigiano. Ostrya- Biondi E., Allegrezza M., Ballelli S., Guitian J. & Taffetani Symposium. Trieste: 64-67. F., 1989. La componente vegetale: flora, vegetazione e Pedrotti F., Ballelli S. & Biondi E., 1982. La végétation de rappresentazioni cartografiche. In “Sistemi agricoli l’ancien bassin lacustre de Gubbio (Italie centrale). Doc. marginali. Lo scenario della Comunità Montana Catria- Phytosoc. N. S. 6: 221-243. Nerone” CNR Progetto Finalizzato IPRA: 183-252. Pirone G., 2000. La vegetazione ripariale nei versanti nord- Biondi E., Allegrezza M., Taffetani F., Ballelli S. & Zuccarello orientali del Gran Sasso e dei Monti della Laga (Abruzzo, V., 2002a. Excursion to the National Park of Gran Sasso Italia). Fitosociologia 37 (2): 65-86. and Monti della Laga. Fitosociologia 39 (1): 43-90. Podani J., 2001. Sin-Tax 2000, Computer programs for data Biondi E., Casavecchia S., Pinzi M., Allegrezza M., & Baldoni analysis in ecology and Systematics. M., 2002b. The syntaxonomy of the mesophilous woods of Rivas-Martìnez S., 1987. Nociones sobre Fitosociología, 156

Biogeografia, Bioclimatología. In: Universidad de Alcalá I, Chaerophyllum aureum L. I, Equisetum telmateja Ehrh. I, de Hanares (Ed.), La vegetacion de España: 19-45. Euonymus europaeus L. I, Euphorbia cyparissias L. I, Arabis Rivas-Martínez S., 1996. Geobotánica y climatología. alpina L. ssp. caucasica (Willd) Briq. I, Ptilostemon strictus Discurso investidura Dr. “honoris causa” Universidad de (Ten.) Greuter, I, Rosa pimpinellifolia L. I; Column 4: Cruciata Granada. Serv. Publ. Universidad de Granada. 98 p. laevipes Opiz I, Prunella vulgaris L. I, Thalictrum Granada. aquilegifolium L. I, Urtica dioica L. I, Asplenium adiantum- Rivas-Martínez S., Díaz T. E., Fernández-González F., Izco nigrum L. I, Rubus ulmifolius Schott, I, Silene dioica (L.) J., Lousã M. & Penas A., 2002. Vascular plant communities Clairv. I, Silene italica (L.) Pers. I, Cornus mas L. I, Helleborus of Spain and Portugal. Addenda to the syntaxonomical bocconei Ten. I, Brachypodium rupestre (Host) R. et S. I, checklist of 2001. Itinera Geobot. 15 (1): 5-432. Asplenium trichomanes L. ssp. quadrivalens D. E. Meyer I, Rivas-Martinez S., Sanchez-Mata D. & Costa M., 1999. North Clinopodium vulgare L. I, Cytisus villosus Pouret I, Knautia American Boreal and western temperate forest vegetation. drymeia Heuffel, I, Sesleria nitida Ten. I, Astragalus Itinera Geobot. 12: 5-316. glycyphyllos L. I, Colchicum neapolitanum Ten. I, Rivas-Martinez, 2005. Avances en Geobotanica. Publicaciones Peucedanum cervaria (L. ) Lepeyr. I, Valeriana tripteris L. I, Academia Nacional de Farmacia. Madrid. Campanula rapunculus L. I, Galium mollugo L. I, Inula Taffetani F., 2000. Serie di vegetazione del complesso conyza DC. I; Column 5: Pyracantha coccinea M. J. Roemer geomorfologico del Monte dell’Ascensione (Italia centrale). I, Cornus mas L. I, Helleborus bocconei Ten. I, Ornithogalum Fitosociologia 37 (1): 93-152. pyrenaicum L. II, Rumex conglomeratus Murray, II, Carex Theurillat JP., 1992. Etude et cartographie du paysage végétal flacca Schreber I, Hypericum montanum L. I, Prunus spinosa (symphytosociologie) dans la Région d’Aletsch (Valais, L. I, Cyclamen repandum S. et S. I, Veratrum nigrum L. I; Suisse). 2 vols. Centre alpin de phytogéographie. Champex Column 6: Calystegia sepium (L. ) R. Br. I, Circaea alpina L. et Conservatoire et Jardin botaniques de la ville de Genève, I, Sambucus ebulus L. I, Agrimonia eupatoria L. I, Cruciata Krypto, Teufen. laevipes Opiz, I, Pyracantha coccinea M. J. Roemer, I, Tüxen R., 1978. Assoziationskomplexe (Sigmeten). Ber. Hypericum perforatum L. II, Bromus madritensis L. I, Intern. Symposion, 1977, in Rinteln. Cystopteris fragilis (L. ) Bernh. I, Rumex acetosella L. I, Ubaldi D., 2003. La vegetazione boschiva d’Italia. Manuale Ranunculus montanus Willd. I, Thalictrum aquilegifolium L. di fitosociologia forestale. CLUEB, Bologna. I, Urtica dioica L. I, Asplenium adiantum-nigrum L. I, Ubaldi D., 1995. Tipificazione di syntaxa forestali appenninici Scrophularia nodosa L. I, Chaerophyllum hirsutum L. I, e siciliani. Studi sul territorio. Ann. Bot. (Roma), 51 (I Chamaecytisus hirsutus (L. ) Link, I, Lapsana communis L. parte): 113-126. I, Rubus canescens DC. I, Rumex acetosa L. I, Valeriana Ubaldi D. & Speranza M., 1985. Quelques hetraies du Fagion officinalis L. I, Tanacetum parthenium (L. ) Sch. -Bip. I, Alnus et du Laburno-Ostryon dans l’Apennin septentrional (Italie). viridis (Chaix) DC. I, Rumex obtusifolius L. I, Euphorbia Doc. Phytosoc. N.S. 9: 51-71. segetalis L. I, Galium parisiense L. I, Cardamine amara L. I; Ubaldi D., Zanotti A. L., Puppi G., Speranza M. & Corbetta Column 7: Carex stellulata Good. II, Bupleurum rigidum L. F., 1987. Sintassonomia dei boschi caducifogli mesofili I, Hypericum perforatum L. II, Bromus madritensis L. I, dell’Italia peninsulare. Not. Fitosoc. 23: 31-62. Cystopteris fragilis (L. ) Bernh. I, Rumex acetosella L. I, Ranunculus montanus Willd. I, Prunella vulgaris L. I, Campanula rotundifolia L. II, Genista tinctoria L. I, Galium Addenda aparine L. I, Festuca pratensis Hudson, I, Sedum anacampseros L. I, Bellis perennis L. I, Polygonum viviparum Tab. 2 L. I, Brachypodium pheonicoides (L. ) R. et S. I, Opopanax Accidental species chironium (L. ) Koch, I; Column 8: Calystegia sepium (L. ) Column 1: Melampyrum nemorosum L. III, Avenella flexuosa R. Br. I, Circaea alpina L. I, Sambucus ebulus L. I, Carex (L. ) Parl. II; Column 2: Myosotis sylvatica Hoffm. I, stellulata Good. I, Bupleurum rigidum L. I, Festuca paniculata Ranunculus ficaria L. I, Digitalis lutea L. I; Column 3: (L. ) Sch. et Th. II, Ruscus aculeatus L. I, Campanula Agrimonia eupatoria L. I, Myosotis sylvatica Hoffm. I, Rubus glomerata L. I, Knautia dipsacifolia Kreutzer. ulmifolius Schott I, Silene dioica (L. ) Clairv. I, Silene italica (L. ) Pers. I, Anthriscus nemorosa I, Laserpitium latifolium I, Tab. 3 Geranium pyrenaicum Burm. f. I, Lamium album L. I, Accidental species Myosotis ramosissima Rochel in Schultes I, Stachys sylvatica rel. 2: Silene dioica (L.) Clairv. 1.1, Pteridium aquilinum (L.) L. I, Polypodium cambricum L. I, Arctium minus (Hill) Bernh. Kuhn +, Lonicera caprifolium L. +, Chaerophyllum aureum 157

L. +, Equisetum telmateja Ehrh. +.2, Euphorbia cyparissias Intermesoli (07.07.2006); rel. 8: Costa della Rocca L. +; rel. 3: Polypodium vulgare L. +.1; rel. 4: Arabis alpina (05.07.2006); rel. 9: Crognaleto (19.07.2005); rel. 10: along L. ssp. caucasica (Willd.) Briq. +, Euonymus europaeus L. +; the road to Prato Selva from Fano Adriano (20.07.2005); rel. rel. 5: Salix caprea L. 1.2, Vaccinium myrtillus L. (+.1); rel. 11: Piano del Rosario (19.07.2005); rel. 12: Ortolano; rel. 13: 6: Rubus idaeus L. +; rel. 9: Agrimonia eupatoria L. +, Rosa Ortolano, (21.05.2007); rel. 14: Ortolano (21.05.2007); rel. pimpinellifolia L., +; rel. 10: Heracleum sphondylium L. ssp. 15: Ortolano (21.05.2007). ternatum (Velen.) Brummit +, Myosotis sylvatica Hoffm. +.2, Senecio fuchsii Gmelin +.2; rel. 16: Geranium pyrenaicum Tab. 5 Burm. f. 1; rel. 17: Stachys sylvatica L. 1, Lamium album L. Locality and date of the relevés: +, Helleborus foetidus L. +; rel. 18: Rubus ulmifolius Schott Rel. 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 7, 9, 12 of Table 1 in Pedrotti, 1982 (Marche: 1, Myosotis ramosissima Rochel in Schultes +. Valle della Corte and Abruzzo: Bosco Martese) Locality and date of the relevés: rel.1: Prati di Tivo, F.te Tassete. (21.09.2006); rel.2: Prati di Tab. 6 - Synoptic table of turkey oak woods Tivo, (05.09.2005); rel.3: near Prati di Tivo, (08.07.2006); Accidental species rel.4: Prati di Tivo, F.te Tassete. (21.09.2006); rel.5: Prati di Column 1: Lonicera etrusca Santi, I, Rubus bellardii Weihe Tivo, (08.07.2006); rel.6: Prati di Tivo, (21.09.2006); rel.7: et Nees, I, Asplenium onopteris L. I, Hieracium piloselloides Prati di Tivo (08.07.2002); rel.8: San Giorgio, (31.05.2007); Vill. I, Calamintha sylvatica Bromf. II; Column 2: rel.9: Prati di Tivo (08.07.2002); rel.10: presso Prati di Tivo, Ornithogalum sphaerocarpum Kerner, II, Carex pendula (21.09.2006); rel.11: 1 km to Prati di Tivo, on the right side Hudson I, Coronilla emerus L. ssp. emerus I, Molinia of the road, (05.09.2005); rel.12: Ortolano, (21.05.2007); arundinacea Schrank, I, Arctium nemorosum Lej. et Court I, rel.13: Ortolano, (21.05.2007); rel.14: Ortolano, (21.05.2007); Chamaecytisus hirsutus (L.) Link, I, Galium album Miller I; rel.15: Ortolano, (21.05.2007); rel.16: Monte San Franco Column 3: Anthriscus sylvestris (L.) Hoffm. II, Silene latifolia (20.06.2005); rel.17: Monte San Franco beneath A. Poiret II, Angelica sylvestris L. II, Lathyrus pratensis L. II, Panepucci’s refuge (21.06.2005); rel.18: Monte San Franco Trifolium campestre Schreber, I, Hypericum perfoliatum L. I, beneath A. Panepucci’s refuge (21.06.2005); Ranunculus bulbosus L. I, Silene nutans L. I, Vicia incana Gouan, I, Poa trivialis L. I, Senecio nemorensis L. ssp. Tab. 4 stabianus (Lacaita) Pign. I, Origanum vulgare L. I; Column Accidental species 4: Asplenium trichomanes L. ssp. quadrivalens D. E. Meyer rel. 1: Salvia glutinosa L. +, Asplenium trichomanes L. ssp. I, Salix caprea L. I, Lathyrus sylvestris L. I; Column 6, Rosa quadrivalens D. E. Meyer +; rel. 2: Salix caprea L. 3.2; rel. 4: corymbifera, II, Agrimonia eupatoria L. II, Lychnis flos cuculi Valeriana tripteris L. +; rel. 5: Clinopodium vulgare L. +, L. I, Inula conyza DC. I, Sesleria italica (Pamp.) Ujhelyi I, Rubus ulmifolius Schott 1, Dactylis glomerata L. +; rel. 6: Hypericum hirsutum L. I, Cerastium arvense L. I. Salvia glutinosa L. 2.2, Rubus ulmifolius Schott 1.2, Sesleria nitida Ten. 1.2, Digitalis micrantha Roth 1.2, Silene italica Tab. 7 (L.) Pers. 1.2, Cytisus scoparius (L.) Link 1.2, Inula conyza Accidental species DC. +, Asplenium adiantum-nigrum L. +, Astragalus ril. 2: Urtica dioica L. +, Aquilegia vulgaris L. +, Angelica glycyphyllos L. +; rel. 7: Asplenium trichomanes L. ssp. sylvestris L. +, Campanula persicifolia L. +; ril. 3: Lathyrus quadrivalens D. E. Meyer +, Galium mollugo L. +, Cruciata pratensis L. +, Urtica dioica L. +, Angelica sylvestris L. +, laevipes Opiz +; rel. 9: Digitalis micrantha Roth +, Cornus Origanum vulgare L. +; ril. 4 Campanula persicifolia L. +, sanguinea L. +, Silene dioica (L.) Clairv. +, Rosa canina L. Silene nutans L. +, Hypericum montanum L. +; ril. 5: Lathyrus sensu Bouleng. +, Colchicum neapolitanum Ten. +, pratensis L. +, Aquilegia vulgaris L. +, Silene latifolia Poiret Peucedanum cervaria (L.) Lepeyr. +; rel. 11: Heracleum +, Origanum vulgare L. +, Poa trivialis L. +, Trifolium sphondylium L. ssp. ternatum (Velen.) Brummit +, Campanula campestre Schreber +; ril. 6: Heracleum sphondylium L. ssp. rapunculus L. +, Clinopodium vulgare L. +, Sesleria nitida ternatum (Velen.) Brummit 1; ril. 7: Galium aparine L. +, Ten. +; rel. 14: Geranium robertianum L. +; rel. 15: Geranium Hypericum perfoliatum L. +, Silene nutans L. +, Myosotis robertianum L. +. sylvatica Hoffm. +, Vicia incana Gouan +; ril. 8: Lathyrus Locality and date of the relevés: pratensis L. +, Silene latifolia Poiret +, Angelica sylvestris L. rel. 1: Case Paladini (07.07.2006); rel. 2: Crognaleto +, Hypericum perfoliatum L. +; ril. 9: Heracleum sphondylium (08.07.2006); rel. 3: Cerqueto, F.te Impreta, (11.07.2006); rel. L. ssp. ternatum (Velen.) Brummit +; ril. 10: Heracleum 4: Rio Arno, on the right side (30.05.2007); rel. 5: Nerito sphondylium L. ssp. ternatum (Velen.) Brummit 1, Galium (20.07.2005); rel. 6: Fosso dell’Acero (30.09.2006); rel. 7: aparine L. 1; ril. 11: Vicia cracca L. +; ril. 12: Senecio 158

nemorensis L. ssp. stabianus (Lacaita) Pign. +; ril. 13: Galium angustifolia Ehrh. + ; ril. 2: Stachys recta L. +, Phleum aparine L. +, Silene latifolia Poiret +, Ranunculus bulbosus ambiguum Ten. +, Arabis hirsuta (L.) Scop. +; ril. 3: Centaurea L. +, Coronilla emerus L. ssp. emeroides (Boiss. et Spruner) nigrescens Willd. +; ril. 4: Peucedanum austriacum (Jacq.) Hayek (pl.) +; ril. 14: Ranunculus bulbosus L. +; ril. 16: Koch 1.1, Orobanche hederae Duby +; ril. 5: Carex flacca Polypodium vulgare L. +; ril. 17: Rosa canina L. sensu Schreber ssp. flacca, 1.2, Vicia sepium L. 1.2, Cruciata glabra Bouleng. 1.2; ril. 18: Polypodium vulgare L. +; ril. 19: Rubus (L.) Ehrend. 1.2, Fragaria vesca L. 1.2, Polypodium canescens DC. 2.2; ril. 20: Asplenium trichomanes L. ssp. cambricum L. +, Ranunculus lanuginosus L. +; ril. 6: Carex quadrivalens D. E. Meyer +, Buglossoides purpurocaerulea flacca Schreber ssp. flacca 1.1, Bromus erectus Hudson +.2, (L.) Johnston 1.1; ril. 22: Urtica dioica L. +, Rosa canina L. Galium album Miller +, Arabis collina Ten. 1.1, Sedum album sensu Bouleng. +, Salix caprea L. +, Chaerophyllum aureum L. +; ril. 7: Bromus erectus Hudson 3.3, Cistus creticus L. L. +; ril. 23: Salix caprea L. 1.1; ril. 24: Arabis turrita L. +, ssp. creticus, 2.2, Astragalus monspessulanus L. 2.2, Phleum Silene vulgaris (Moench) Garcke +, Coronilla emerus L. ssp. bertolonii DC. 2.2, Trifolium ochroleucum Hudson 1.1, emeroides (Boiss. et Spruner) Hayek (pl.) +.2, Vicia cracca Anthyllis vulneraria L. s.L. 1.1, Dianthus carthusianorum L. L. +, Myosotis sylvatica Hoffm. +, Buglossoides +, Thymus striatus Vahl +, Leontodon hispidus L. +, Polygala purpurocaerulea (L.) Johnston +.2, Lathyrus sylvestris L. +; nicaeensis Risso ssp. mediterranea Chodat +, Sedum rupestre ril. 25: Arabis turrita L. +, Thalictrum aquilegifolium L. +, L. ssp. rupestre +, Centaurium erithraea Rafn. +, Scabiosa Asplenium trichomanes L. ssp. quadrivalens D. E. Meyer +; columbaria L. +; ril. 8: Veronica chamaedrys L. +, Linum ril. 26: Aquilegia vulgaris L. +; ril. 27: Arabis turrita L. +; ril. viscosum L. +; ril. 9: Pinus nigra Arnold, +, Argyrolobium 28: Silene vulgaris (Moench) Garcke +, Teucrium chamaedrys zanonii (Turra) P. W. Ball +.2, Scabiosa maritima L. +, Carlina L. +; ril. 29: Rosa canina L. sensu Bouleng. +, Thalictrum vulgaris L. +; ril. 10: Trifolium medium L. ssp. medium, +; aquilegifolium L. +. ril. 11: Origanum vulgare L. +, Asparagus acutifolius L. +, Locality and date of the relevés: Quercus ilex L. 1.1; ril. 12: Origanum vulgare L. (+), Carlina rel. 1: Casagreca (30.06.2005; rel. 2: Cesacastina (06.07.2005); utzka Hacq. +; ril. 13: Cytisus scoparius (L.) Link. +, Osyris rel. 3: Cesacastina Fosso della Lagnetta (07.07.2005); rel. 4: alba L. 1.1; ril. 15: Cruciata laevipes Opiz +, Asplenium Cesacastina-Figliola Micciola (Fosso Malbove) (13.07.2005); trichomanes L. ssp. quadrivalens D. E. Meyer +, Dorycnium rel. 5: Cesacastina Fosso della Lagnetta (06.07.2005); rel. 6: hirsutum (L.) Ser. +, Orchis purpurea Hudson, +, Cyclamen Fosso della lagnetta, Cesacastina (06.07.2005); rel. 7: repandum S. et S. 2.2, Asplenium onopteris L. +; ril. 16: Mascioni,Colle Poggiani (07.07.2005); rel. 8: Valle del Polypodium vulgare L. +, Arabis alpina L. +; ril. 17: Cruciata Chiarino, Diga di Provvidenza (27.07.2005 ); rel. 9: Alvi glabra (L.) Ehrend. +.2, Cruciata laevipes Opiz +, Platanthera (28.06.2005); rel. 10: Alvi (28.06.2005); rel. 11: Alvi bifolia (L.) Rchb. +, Rubus caesius L. +, Potentilla micrantha (28.06.2005); rel. 12: Alvi (28.06.2005); rel. 13: on the road Ramond, +; ril. 18: Vicia sepium L. +, Veronica chamaedrys to Frattoli, after the crossroads to Crognaleto (30.06.2005); L. +, Polypodium vulgare L. +.2, Pyracantha coccinea M. J. rel. 14: on the road to Frattoli, after the crossroads to Roemer 1.2, Rubus canescens DC. +.2. Crognaleto (05.07.2005); rel. 15: Nerito (07.07.2003); rel. 16: Locality and date of the relevés: Nerito (07.07.2003); rel. 17: Nerito (20.07.2005); rel. 18: rel. 1: Arischia (01.06.2005); rel. 2: Arischia (06.07.2006); Costa della Rocca (05.07.2006); rel. 19: Costa della Rocca rel. 3: along the path n. 155 from Cerqueto (26.07.2006); rel. (05.07.2006); rel. 20: Torrente Venaquaro on the right side 4: along the path n. 155 from Cerqueto (26.07.2006); rel. 5: (07.07.2006); rel. 21: along the road between Aiello and along the road to Prato Selva from Fano Adriano (20.07.2005); Figliola (08.07.2006); rel. 22: Fonte Gelata (near Nerito) on rel. 6: Pietracamela. (05.09.2005); rel. 7: along the path from the left side of Torrente Rocchetta. (27.07.2005); rel. 23: Fonte Piano Vomano to Costa della Rocca (06.07.2006); rel. 8:along Gelata (near Nerito) on the left side of Torrente Rocchetta the road to Pietracamela (14.09.2006); rel. 9: along the road (27.07.2005); rel. 24: on the road to Aprati, near Cervaro from Senarica to Piano Vomano (28.09.2006); rel. 10: from (06.09.2005); rel. 25: between Ortolano and Case Paladini Piano Vomano to Senarica (29.09.2006); rel. 11: between Fano (20.09.2006); rel. 26: Valle Chiarino (07.07.2003); rel. 27: Adriano and Intermesoli (04.10.2006); rel. 12: along the road Valle Chiarino (07.07.2003); rel. 28: Valle Chiarino from Pietracamela to Intermesoli (22/09/2006); rel. 13: along (07.07.2003); rel. 29: Valle del Chiarino (31.07.1996). the road to Pratoselva, 1 km far from Fano Adriano (11.04.2007); rel. 14: along the road to Pietracamela, 300 m Tab. 8 from the crossroad to Intermesoli (20.04.2007); rel. 15: along Accidental species the road to Pietracamela (20.04.2007); rel. 16: along the road ril. 1: Stachys recta L. +, Phleum ambiguum Ten. +, Juglans to Pratoselva from Fano Adriano, near the village regia L. +, Amelanchier ovalis Medicus +, Galeopsis (29.05.2007); rel. 17: along the road to Prato Selva from Fano Adriano (29.05.2007); rel. 18: along the road to Prato Selva 159

from Fano Adriano (29.05.2007). Aprati (19.07.2005); rel. 10: along the path from Case Paladini to Tottea (20.09.2006); rel. 11: along the road from Aprati to Tab. 9 Cervaro (06.09.2005); rel. 12: Frattoli (05.07.2005); rel. 13: Accidental species Frattoli (05.07.2005); rel. 14: along the road to Cesacastina, ril. 1: Populus tremula L. +.2; ril. 2: Populus tremula L. +.2, 4 km from Aprati (30.06.2005); rel. 15: Cesacastina, 3 Km Polypodium cambricum L. +; ril. 3: Rosa canina L. sensu after Aprati (30.06.2005); rel. 16: along the road toPrati di Bouleng. +, Prunella vulgaris L. 1.2, Silene vulgaris (Moench) Tivo (08.07.2002) Garcke 1.2, Rubus canescens DC. 2.2; ril. 4: Agrimonia rel. 17: lalong the road to Prati di Tivo (24.06.2002); rel. 18: eupatoria L. +, Vicia cracca L. +, Genista tinctoria L. +.2, along the road to Pietracamela (20.04.2007); rel. 19: along Bromus erectus Hudson 1.2, Euphorbia cyparissias L. +, the SS80 Passo Capannellle-Valllone delle Cese (07.07.2006); Asperula purpurea (L.) Ehrend. +, Helianthemum nummularium rel. 20: along the road to Prati di Tivo (08.07.2002); rel. (L.) Miller ssp.obscurum (Celak.) Holub, +; ril. 5: Vicia cracca 21:along the road Fano Adriano-Campotosto (21.07.1995); L. +.2, Peucedanum verticillare (L.) Koch 2.2, Spartium rel. 22: along the road to Prati di Tivo (23.09.1996); rel. 23: junceum L. +.2, Trifolium medium L. ssp. medium, +.2; ril. 6: along the road to Prati di Tivo (08.07.2002); rel. 24: along the Vicia cracca L. +, Galium album Miller +; ril. 8: Geranium road to Pietracamela (25.05.2004); rel. 25: along the road to robertianum L. +, Asplenium trichomanes L. ssp. quadrivalens Prati di Tivo (24.06.2002); rel. 26: along the SS80 nera the D. E. Meyer +.2, Peucedanum cervaria (L.) Lepeyr. +, Lamium crossroad to Cerqueto (01.10.2006). maculatum L. +; ril. 9: Aegopodium podagraria L. +.2; ril. 10: Polypodium cambricum L. +, Lathyrus sylvestris L. +, Echinops Tab. 10 siculus Strobl +, Orobanche hederae Duby +, Tussilago farfara Accidental species L. +, Pinus nigra Arnold +, Digitalis ferruginea L. +; ril. 11: ril. 1: Silene italica (L.) Pers. +.1, Rubus hirtus W. et K. 1.1, Asplenium trichomanes L. ssp. quadrivalens D. E. Meyer +, Asplenium trichomanes L. ssp. quadrivalens D. E. Meyer +.1, Chaerophyllum aureum L. +, Geranium molle L. +; ril. 12: Rosa Helleborus bocconei Ten. +.1, Sedum cepaea L. +.1, Circaea subcanina (H. Christ) R. Keller 1, Campanula persicifolia L. lutetiana L. 1.1; ril. 3: Rubus ulmifolius Schott +.2, Petasites +; ril. 13: Stachys sylvatica L. 1, Genista tinctoria L. +, Rosa hybridus (L.) Gaertn. +.2, Carex flacca Schreber 1.2, subcanina (H. Christ) R. Keller 1, Blackstonia perfoliata (L.) Peucedanum verticillare (L.) Koch 2.2; ril. 4: Juniperus Hudson +; ril. 14: Agrimonia eupatoria L. +, Rubus hirtus W. oxycedrus L. +, Tussilago farfara L. +.2; ril. 5: Rubus caesius et K., +, Ranunculus lanuginosus L. 1, Lathyrus pratensis L. L. 2.1, Inula conyza DC. +.1; ril. 6: Galium album Miller 1, +; ril. 15: Agrimonia eupatoria L. +, Rubus hirtus W. et K., 1, Myosotis sylvatica Hoffm. 1, Phleum pratense L. +, Poa Echinops sphaerocephalus L. +; ril. 16: Peucedanum trivialis L. 1, Rumex acetosa L. 1; ril. 7: Bupleurum falcatum verticillare (L.) Koch +, Aquilegia vulgaris L. +.2; ril. 17: L. ssp. cernuum (Ten.) Arcang. 1, Campanula glomerata L. Stachys sylvatica L. +, Teucrium flavum L. ssp. flavum +, 1, Cotoneaster integerrimus Medicus +, Cytisus sessilifolius Aegopodium podagraria L. +, Aquilegia vulgaris L. +, Vitis L. 2, Euonymus verrucosus Scop. 1, Pimpinella major (L.) vinifera L. +; ril. 19: Lonicera etrusca Santi +, Tanacetum Hudson 1, Rubus canescens DC. 1, Sanguisorba minor Scop. corymbosum (L.) Sch. Bip. +, Campanula apennina Podlech +, Tanacetum corymbosum (L.) Sch.-Bip. +; ril. 8: +, Rosa pendulina L. +; ril. 20: Lonicera etrusca Santi, +.2, Chaerophyllum hirsutum L. +, Galium mollugo L. +, Lathyrus Spartium junceum L. +, Lathyrus sylvestris L. +; ril. 21, pratensis L. + , Leucanthemum vulgare Lam. +, Prunella Bromus erectus Hudson +.2; ril. 22: Teucrium flavum L. ssp. laciniata (L.) L. +, Prunella vulgaris L. 1, Trifolium medium flavum 2; ril. 23: Lonicera etrusca Santi, +, Teucrium flavum L. 2, Veronica chamaedrys L. +. L. ssp. flavum +, Tanacetum corymbosum (L.) Sch. Bip. +; Locality and date of the relevés: ril. 24: Geranium robertianum L. +; ril. 25: Rubus hirtus W. rel. 1: along the SS80, after Ponte Rocchetta (13.07.2006); et K. +; ril. 26: Stachys sylvatica L. +. rel. 2: Colle Asino (13.09.2006); rel. 3: along the road to Tottea Locality and date of the relevés: (30.09.2006); rel. 4: between Fano Adriano and Intermesoli rel. 1: Valley of the Vomano river, right side (18.07.2005); (04.10.2006); rel. 5: 1 km from Intermesoli (11.07.2006); rel. rel. 2: along the road Fano Adriano-Intermesoli (20.07.2005); 6: near Campotosto Lake (22.06.2005); rel. 7: along the SS80, rel. 3: along the road Fano Adriano-Pratoselva (29.09.2006); near Passo delle Capannelle (28.07.2006); rel. 8: near the rel. 4: along the road Pietracamela-Cerqueto (05.09.2005); Vomano springs(28.07.2006). rel. 5: near Tottea (30.09.2006); rel. 6: beneath Fano Adriano, along the road to Prato Selva. (29.05.2007); rel. 7: beneath Tab. 11 Fano Adriano along the road to strada per Prato Selva Accidental species (29.05.2007); rel. 8: near Intermesoli (26.07.2006); rel. 9: near ril. 1: Juniperus communis L. +, Cruciata laevipes Opiz +, 160

Astragalus glycyphyllos L. +, Prunella vulgaris L. 2.2, Cytisus Rosa pendulina L. +.2; ril. 10: Urtica dioica L. +, Silene scoparius (L.) Link +, Thalictrum aquilegifolium L. +, dioica (L.) Clairv. +, Scrophularia nodosa L. +, Equisetum Brachypodium rupestre (Host) R. et S. 1.2; ril. 2: Polypodium telmateja Ehrh. +, Cardamine impatiens L. 1.1, Salix purpurea interjectum Shivas 1.2, Juniperus communis L. +, Carex flacca L. 1.1; ril. 12: Hypericum androsaemum L. +; ril. 13: Schreber 1.2; ril. 3: Rosa canina L. sensu Bouleng. +, Rubus Melampyrum italicum (Beauverd) Soo. 3, Calamintha ulmifolius Schott 1.2, Coronilla emerus L. ssp. emeroides sylvatica Bromf. +. (Boiss. et Spruner) Hayek (pl.) +, Pyracantha coccinea Locality and date of the relevés: M. J. Roemer +; ril. 4: Polypodium interjectum Shivas, rel. 1: Ponte Rocchetta (20.09.2006); rel. 2: Ponte Rocchetta +.2, Orobanche hederae Duby, +, Quercus ilex L. +; ril. (20.09.2006); rel. 3: right hydrographic side of Senarica 5: Urtica dioica L. 1.2, Prunus spinosa L. +, Stream (22.09.2006); rel. 4: Rocchetta Stream, near Ponte Chaerophyllum aureum L. +, Galium aparine L. +; ril. 6: Rocchetta (20.09.2006); rel. 5: near Nerito (20.07.2005); rel. Prunus spinosa L. +, Calystegia sepium (L.) R.Br. +, 6: near Nerito (20.07.2005); rel. 7: Venacquaro Stream, right Agrostis tenuis Sibth. +; ril. 7: Ptilostemon strictus (Ten.) hydrographic side (22.09.2006); rel. 8: Venacquaro Stream, Greuter +, Salix alba L. 1.1, Clinopodium vulgare L. +, right hydrographic side (22.09.2006); rel. 9: along the road Salix caprea L. 1.1; ril. 8: Rosa squarrosa (Rau) Boreau, from Aprati to Cervaro (06.09.2005); rel. 10: near Crognaleto +; ril. 9: Cruciata laevipes Opiz, +.2, Silene dioica (L.) (13.07.2006); rel. 11: along the SS80, near Rocchetta Stream Clairv. +, Carex flacca Schreber, +.2, Ptilostemon strictus (29.07.1997); rel. 12: along the SS80, near Torrente Stream (Ten.) Greuter, +.2, Silene italica (L.) Pers. +, Cytisus (29.07.1997); rel. 13: Intermesoli, Rio Arno (29.07.1997); rel. villosus Pourret, +, Peucedanum cervaria (L.) Lepeyr. +, 14: near the Alvi bridge, Fucino (08.06.1993).