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An Internal Reconstruction of Tibetan Stem Alternations1
Transactions of the Philological Society Volume 110:2 (2012) 212–224 AN INTERNAL RECONSTRUCTION OF TIBETAN STEM ALTERNATIONS1 By GUILLAUME JACQUES CNRS (CRLAO), EHESS ABSTRACT Tibetan verbal morphology differs considerably from that of other Sino-Tibetan languages. Most of the vocalic and consonantal alternations observed in the verbal paradigms remain unexplained after more than a hundred years of investigation: the study of historical Tibetan morphology would seem to have reached an aporia. This paper proposes a new model, explaining the origin of the alternations in the Tibetan verb as the remnant of a former system of directional prefixes, typologically similar to the ones still attested in the Rgyalrongic languages. 1. INTRODUCTION Tibetan verbal morphology is known for its extremely irregular conjugations. Li (1933) and Coblin (1976) have successfully explained some of the vocalic and consonantal alternations in the verbal system as the result of a series of sound changes. Little substantial progress has been made since Coblin’s article, except for Hahn (1999) and Hill (2005) who have discovered two additional conjugation patterns, the l- and r- stems respectively. Unlike many Sino-Tibetan languages (see for instance DeLancey 2010), Tibetan does not have verbal agreement, and its morphology seems mostly unrelated to that of other languages. Only three morphological features of the Tibetan verbal system have been compared with other languages. First, Shafer (1951: 1022) has proposed that the a ⁄ o alternation in the imperative was related to the –o suffix in Tamangic languages. This hypothesis is well accepted, though Zeisler (2002) has shown that the so-called imperative (skul-tshig) was not an imperative at all but a potential in Old Tibetan. -
7=SINO-INDIAN Phylosector
7= SINO-INDIAN phylosector Observatoire Linguistique Linguasphere Observatory page 525 7=SINO-INDIAN phylosector édition princeps foundation edition DU RÉPERTOIRE DE LA LINGUASPHÈRE 1999-2000 THE LINGUASPHERE REGISTER 1999-2000 publiée en ligne et mise à jour dès novembre 2012 published online & updated from November 2012 This phylosector comprises 22 sets of languages spoken by communities in eastern Asia, from the Himalayas to Manchuria (Heilongjiang), constituting the Sino-Tibetan (or Sino-Indian) continental affinity. See note on nomenclature below. 70= TIBETIC phylozone 71= HIMALAYIC phylozone 72= GARIC phylozone 73= KUKIC phylozone 74= MIRIC phylozone 75= KACHINIC phylozone 76= RUNGIC phylozone 77= IRRAWADDIC phylozone 78= KARENIC phylozone 79= SINITIC phylozone This continental affinity is composed of two major parts: the disparate Tibeto-Burman affinity (zones 70= to 77=), spoken by relatively small communities (with the exception of 77=) in the Himalayas and adjacent regions; and the closely related Chinese languages of the Sinitic set and net (zone 79=), spoken in eastern Asia. The Karen languages of zone 78=, formerly considered part of the Tibeto-Burman grouping, are probably best regarded as a third component of Sino-Tibetan affinity. Zone 79=Sinitic includes the outer-language with the largest number of primary voices in the world, representing the most populous network of contiguous speech-communities at the end of the 20th century ("Mainstream Chinese" or so- called 'Mandarin', standardised under the name of Putonghua). This phylosector is named 7=Sino-Indian (rather than Sino-Tibetan) to maintain the broad geographic nomenclature of all ten sectors of the linguasphere, composed of the names of continental or sub-continental entities. -
Tibetan Vwa 'Fox' and the Sound Change Tibeto
Linguistics of the Tibeto-Burman Area Volume 29.2 — October 2006 TIBETAN VWA ‘FOX’ AND THE SOUND CHANGE TIBETO-BURMAN *WA > TIBETAN O Nathan W. Hill Harvard University Paul Benedict (1972: 34) proposed that Tibeto-Burman medial *-wa- regularly leads to -o- in Old Tibetan, but that initial *wa did not undergo this change. Because Old Tibetan has no initial w-, and several genuine words have the rhyme -wa, this proposal cannot be accepted. In particular, the intial of the Old Tibetan word vwa ‘fox’ is v- and not w-. འ Keywords: Old Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, phonology. 1. INTRODUCTION The Tibetan word vwa ‘fox’ has received a certain amount of attention for being an exception to the theory that Tibeto-Burman *wa yields o in Tibetan1. The first formulation of this sound law known to me is Laufer’s statement “Das Barmanische besitzt nämlich häufig die Verbindung w+a, der ein tibetisches [sic] o oder u entspricht [Burmese namely frequently has the combination w+a, which corresponds to a Tibetan o or u]” (Laufer 1898/1899: part III, 224; 1976: 120). Laufer’s generalization was based in turn upon cognate sets assembled by Bernard Houghton (1898). Concerning this sound change, in his 1972 monograph, Paul Benedict writes: “Tibetan has initial w- only in the words wa ‘gutter’, wa ‘fox’ and 1 Here I follow the Wylie system of Tibetan transliteration with the exception that the letter (erroneously called a-chung by some) is written in the Chinese fashion འ as <v> rather than the confusing <’>. On the value of Written Tibetan v as [ɣ] cf. -
Syntactic Aspects of Nominalization in Five Tibeto-Burman Languages of the Himalayan Area1
Linguistics of the Tibeto-Burman Area Volume 31.2 — October 2008 SYNTACTIC ASPECTS OF NOMINALIZATION IN FIVE TIBETO-BURMAN LANGUAGES OF THE HIMALAYAN AREA1 Carol Genetti University of California, Santa Barbara Research Centre for Linguistic Typology A.R. Coupe Ellen Bartee Kristine Hildebrandt You-Jing Lin La Trobe University SIL SIUE UC Santa Barbara The goal of this paper is to describe some of the syntactic structures that are created through nominalization processes in Himalayan Tibeto-Burman languages and the relationships between those structures. These include both structures involving the nominalization of clauses (e.g. complement clauses, relative clauses) and structures involving the nominalization of verbs and predicates (e.g. the derivation of nouns and adjectives). We will argue that, synchronically, clausal nominalization, structurally represented as [clause]NP, is the basic structure underlying many of the nominalizing constructions in these languages, even though individual constructions embed and alter this structure in interesting ways. In addition to clausal nominalization, we will illustrate the presence of derivational nominalization, represented as [V-NOM]N and [V-NOM]ADJ, although some nominal derivations target the predicate, not the verb root as their domain. We will also demonstrate that derivational nominalization can be seen as having developed from clausal nominalization, at least for some forms in some languages, and that the opposite direction of development, from derivational to clausal structures, is also attested. We will conclude with some syntactic observations pertinent to recent claims made on the historical relationship between nominalization and relativization, demonstrating that there are various ways that these structures can be related. -
Review of Evidential Systems of Tibetan Languages
Zurich Open Repository and Archive University of Zurich Main Library Strickhofstrasse 39 CH-8057 Zurich www.zora.uzh.ch Year: 2017 Review of Lauren Gawne Nathan W. Hill (eds.). 2016. Evidential systems of Tibetan languages. Linguistics of the Tibeto-Burman Area 40(2), 285–303 Widmer, Manuel DOI: https://doi.org/10.1075/ltba.00002.wid Posted at the Zurich Open Repository and Archive, University of Zurich ZORA URL: https://doi.org/10.5167/uzh-168681 Journal Article Accepted Version Originally published at: Widmer, Manuel (2017). Review of Lauren Gawne Nathan W. Hill (eds.). 2016. Evidential systems of Tibetan languages. Linguistics of the Tibeto-Burman Area 40(2), 285–303. Linguistics of the Tibeto- Burman Area, 40(2):285-303. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1075/ltba.00002.wid Review of Evidential systems of Tibetan languages Gawne, Lauren & Nathan W. Hill (eds.). 2016. Evidential systems of Tibetan languages. de Gruyter: Berlin. vi + 472 pp. ISBN 978-3-11-047374-2 Reviewed by Manuel Widmer 1 Tibetan evidentiality systems and their relevance for the typology of evidentiality The evidentiality1 systems of Tibetan languages rank among the most complex in the world. According to Tournadre & Dorje (2003: 110), the evidentiality systeM of Lhasa Tibetan (LT) distinguishes no less than four “evidential Moods”: (i) egophoric, (ii) testiMonial, (iii) inferential, and (iv) assertive. If one also takes into account the hearsay Marker, which is cOMMonly considered as an evidential category in typological survey studies (e.g. Aikhenvald 2004; Hengeveld & Dall’Aglio Hattnher 2015; inter alia), LT displays a five-fold evidential distinction. The LT systeM, however, is clearly not the Most cOMplex of its kind within the Tibetan linguistic area. -
Himalayan Linguistics the Encoding Of
Himalayan Linguistics The encoding of space in Manange and Nar-Phu (Tamangic) Kristine A. Hildebrandt Southern Illinois University Edwardsville ABSTRACT This is an account of the forms and semantic dimensions of spatial relations in Manange (Tibeto-Burman, Tamangic; Nepal), with comparison to sister language Nar-Phu. Topological relations (“IN/ON/AT/ NEAR”) in these languages are encoded by locative enclitics and also by a set of noun-like objects termed as “locational nouns.” In Manange, the general locative enclitic is more frequently encountered for a wide range of topological relations, while in Nar-Phu, the opposite pattern is observed, i.e. more frequent use of locational nouns. While the linguistic frame of reference system encoded in these forms is primarily relative (i.e. oriented on the speaker’s own viewing perspective), a more extrinsic/absolute system emerges with certain verbs of motion in these languages, with verbs like “come,” “go,” and certain verbs of placement or posture orienting to arbitrary fixed bearings such as slope. This account also provides some examples of cultural or metaphorical extensions of spatial forms as they are encountered in connected speech. KEYWORDS Tamangic, directional, static, dynamic, locational noun, relative, intrinsic, absolute This is a contribution from Himalayan Linguistics, Vol. 16(1), Special Issue on the Grammatical Encoding of Space, Carol Genetti and Kristine Hildebrandt (eds.): 41-58. ISSN 1544-7502 © 2017. All rights reserved. This Portable Document Format (PDF) file may not be altered in any way. Tables of contents, abstracts, and submission guidelines are available at escholarship.org/uc/himalayanlinguistics Himalayan Linguistics, Vol. 16(1). -
Traces of Clause-Final Demonstratives in Old Tibetan1
Traces of Clause-Final Demonstratives in Old Tibetan1 Marius Zemp (University of Bern, Switzerland) 1. Introduction he Purik member of the Tibetic language family is spoken in the western periphery of the Tibetic linguistic area. In Purik, T two demonstratives, de ‘that’ and e ‘the other’, occur not only pre- and pronominally, but also post- and proverbally, in which case they take scope over the sentence they terminate. The proverbal de, oc- curring instead of an existential predicate, locates an entity or property in the topical situation (which typically corresponds to the interlocu- tors’ current one). The postverbal de, occurring after a full-fledged sen- tence, has the effect of laying out the information conveyed by this sen- tence, inviting the addressee to retrace it, and implying that it should be clear. By contrast, pro- and postverbal e points to information that requires a shift of attention. The present paper demonstrates that Old Tibetan (OT) ga re ‘where is (X)?’, clause-linking (s)te ~ de, and V-ta re ‘lest (it) will V’, and other phenomena found in written and spoken Tibetic varieties, are best un- derstood if analysed as traces of the mentioned clause-final demon- stratives. The comparative study of spoken Tibetic varieties thus not only contributes to our understanding of particular OT texts, but also sheds light on the development and dispersion of Tibetic during the Imperial Period (7th–9th centuries CE). Purik is a phonologically archaic Tibetic variety spoken in the Purik area of Kargil district which, on 31 October 2019, came under the Un- ion Territory of Ladakh, India. -
Schiffman, Harold F. TITLE Language and Society in South Asia. Final Report
DOCUMEKT RESUNE ED 127 806 PL 007 948 AUTHOR Shapiro, Michael C.; Schiffman, Harold F. TITLE Language and Society in South Asia. Final Report. INSTITUTION Institute of International Studies (DHEW/OE), Washington, D.C. BUREAU NO BR-110012HH PUB DATE Sep 75 CONTRACT OEC-0-74-2093 NOTE 380p. EDRS PRICE MF-$C.83 Hc-$20.75 Plus Postage. DESCRIPTORS *Asian Studies; *Bilingualism; Burmese; Cultural Context; *Dialects; Dialect Studies; Dravidian Languages; Language Classification; *Language Variation; Linguistic Borrowing; Multilingualism; Regional Dialects; Social Dialects; *Sociolinguistics; Tibetan IDENTIFIERS *Asia (South); *Code Switching; Indo Aryan Languages; Munda Languages; Tibeto Burman Languages ABSTRACT This work attempts to provide an overview of liuguistic diversity in South Asia and to place this diversity in a cultural context. The work tries to describe the current state of knowledge concerning socially conditioned language variation in the subcontinent. Each of five major language families contains numerous mutually intelligible and unintelligible dialects. Different dialects of a language may be required for 'written and spoken use and for different social groups. Bilingualism and multilingualism are common for communication between groups. Language choice is important for education, politics, radio and television. Chapter 2 of this book enumerates criteria used in the taxonomy of language forms, discussing a number of theories of dialect formation from the points of view of linguistic innovation and diffusion of linguistic change. Chapter 3 surveys literature on classification of South Asian languages. Chapter 4 considers South Asia as a distinct linguistic area and Chapter 5 evaluates literature on South Asian social dialects. Chapter 6 examines linguistic codes encompassing elements from more than one autonomous language. -
History of the Scientific Study of the Tibeto-Burman Languages of North-East India
Indian Journal of History of Science, 52.4 (2017) 420-444 DOI: 10.16943/ijhs/2017/v52i4/49265 History of the Scientific Study of the Tibeto-Burman Languages of North-East India Satarupa Dattamajumdar* (Received 25 April 2017; revised 19 October 2017) Abstract Linguistics or in other words the scientific study of languages in India is a traditional exercise which is about three thousand years old and occupied a central position of the scientific tradition from the very beginning. The tradition of the scientific study of the languages of the Indo-Aryan language family which are mainly spoken in India’s North and North-Western part was brought to light with the emergence of the genealogical study of languages by Sir William Jones in the 18th c. But the linguistic study of the Tibeto-Burman languages spoken in North-Eastern part of India is of a much later origin. According to the 2011 census there are 45486784 people inhabiting in the states of North-East India. They are essentially the speakers of the Tibeto-Burman group of languages along with the Austro-Asiatic and Indo-Aryan groups of languages. Though 1% of the total population of India is the speaker of the Tibeto-Burman group of languages (2001 census) the study of the language and society of this group of people has become essential from the point of view of the socio-political development of the country. But a composite historical account of the scientific enquiries of the Tibeto-Burman group of languages, a prerequisite criterion for the development of the region is yet to be attempted. -
Report on the 19 Himalayan Languages Symposium
Linguistics of the Tibeto-Burman Area Volume 36.2 — October 2013 REPORT ON THE 19TH HIMALAYAN LANGUAGES SYMPOSIUM AUSTRALIAN NATIONAL UNIVERSITY, CANBERRA, AUSTRALIA 6 SEPTEMBER - 8 SEPTEMBER, 2013 André Bosch Australian National University Peter Appleby Christopher Weedall Australian National University Australian National University In what was a highly successful series of intellectual discussions, smoothly organized by the team from the School of Culture, History and Languages at the Australian National University, Canberra, this year’s Himalayan Languages Symposium was the nineteenth since its inception in 1995. A small but energized group of linguists came from every corner of the globe to meet in Canberra, Australia, including many from the nations that play host to these diverse and fascinating languages, including Nepal and India. This was thanks to grants provided by the ANU to assist academics from developing nations in making the long journey to Canberra. Following a warm welcome to the Australian National University in the opening remarks, the first plenary talk was given by Toni Huber, discussing an ethnographic perspective on the linguistic work being done in eastern Bhutan and far west Arunachal Pradesh. In this talk Huber presented case studies of ritual and kinship in the area, particularly amongst the East Bodish area, showing how linguistic evidence can be used in ethnographic study and how, in turn, ethno- graphic work can inform linguistic study. Sessions bifurcated after the first plenary. In one session, a group discussed the sub-groupings of the Tibeto-Burman languages of Nepal. Isao Honda gave a thorough new perspective on the position of Kaike, having rejected its grouping among the Tamangic languages, while Kwang-Ju Cho gave an explanation for the current dialectal differences of Bantawa through diachronic analysis and contact with Nepali. -
25-Hyslop-Stls-2016-Handout
STLS-2016 University of Washington 10 September 2016 East Bodish reconstructions in a comparative light1 Gwendolyn Hyslop The University of Sydney [email protected] 1. Introduction 2. Overview of East Bodish 3. Pronouns 4. Crops 5. Body parts 6. Animals 7. Natural world 8. Material culture 9. Numerals 10. Verbs 11. Summary & Conclusions 1. Introduction 1.1. Aims • Present latest East Bodish (EB) reconstructions • Separate EB retentions from innovations • Compare EB with Tibetan, Tangut, Qiangic, rGyalrongic, Nungic, Burmish, to o aid the reconstruction as appropriate; and o possibly identify shared EB/Tibetic innovations; and o ultimately forward our understanding of the placement of EB and Tibeto-Burman2 phylogeny more broadly 1.2. Data and methodology • Tibetan: as cited • Tangut (STEDT 3.1) • Qiangic (STEDT 3.2) • rGyalrongic (STEDT 3.3) • Nungic (STEDT 4) • Burmish = Nisoic = Lolo-Burmese (STEDT 6 Lolo-Burmese-Naxi) • Note that I am not consistently accepting the proposed PTB reconstructions and their proposed reflexes (to be refined later); rather, I am using them as a guiding point to consider possible relationships. • I only list potential cognates. A ‘-’ indicates that no potential cognate was found (either because no word was reported or the words found were too different to be included here) 1 This work has been funded by an Australian Research Council Discovery Project (DP140103937). I am also grateful to the Dzongkha Development Commission in Bhutan, for supporting this research, and to Karma Tshering and Sonam Deki for helping to collect the data that have contributed to the reconstructions. 2 I am using the term Tibeto-Burman here to be interchangeable with Sino-Tibetan or Trans-Himalayan and do not mean to make any claims about the groupings within the family. -
Tone in Bodish Languages: Typological and Sociolinguistic Contributions
Tone in Bodish languages: Typological and sociolinguistic contributions Kristine A. Hildebrandt 1. Introduction: The challenge of Bodish prosodic systems The prosodic systems of Bodish Tibeto-Burman (TB) languages of Nepal present many challenges to our understanding of the phonological profiles of Sino-Tibetan (ST) languages, and to languages of South and Southeast Asia in general.1 This paper aims to highlight some interesting supraseg- mental properties in several Bodish languages, and the ways that tone and the Tone Bearing Unit (TBU) in these languages contribute to their loca- tion in a typologically distinct sub-area between greater South and South- east Asia. The proposed location of Bodish languages in a “buffer zone” (cf. Stilo 2005 for Northwest Iran as a typological buffer zone between Arabic-type and Indic-type areas) is not new here; rather, this account gives additional, phonological, evidence for such a proposal. At the same time, a deeper understanding of Bodish prosodic properties is complicated by sociolinguistic variables affecting the realization of tone, including gender, bilingual contact, and formal education. Therefore, an- other aim of this paper is to synthesize the ways in which these sociolin- guistic variables have enriched previous studies, and how an optimal ac- count of a language’s phonology is one that recognizes how synchronic sub-systems and mechanisms of diachronic change align with different components of the speaker community. The organization of this paper reflects the diversity of the goals. In Sec- tion 2 I provide an overview of the tonal properties of a number of Bodish TB languages of Nepal and how these properties necessarily complicate an idea of mainly syllabic tone systems in ST languages.