A Grammar of Wutun
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Coordination and Ellipsis
Comprehensive Grammar Comprehensive Grammar Resources Resources Henk van Riemsdijk & István Kenesei, series editors Syntax of Dutch Syntax of DutchCoordination and Ellipsis Broekhuis Corver Hans Broekhuis Norbert Corver Syntax of Dutch Coordination and Ellipsis Comprehensive Grammar Resources Editors: Henk van Riemsdijk István Kenesei Hans Broekhuis Syntax of Dutch Coordination and Ellipsis Hans Broekhuis Norbert Corver With the cooperation of: Hans Bennis Frits Beukema Crit Cremers Henk van Riemsdijk Amsterdam University Press The publication of this book is made possible by grants and financial support from: Netherlands Organisation for Scientific Research (NWO) Center for Language Studies University of Tilburg Truus und Gerrit van Riemsdijk-Stiftung Meertens Institute (KNAW) Utrecht University This book is published in print and online through the online OAPEN library (www.oapen.org). OAPEN (Open Access Publishing in European Networks) is a collaborative initiative to develop and implement a sustainable Open Access publication model for academic books in the Humanities and Social Sciences. The OAPEN Library aims to improve the visibility and usability of high quality academic research by aggregating peer reviewed Open Access publications from across Europe. Cover design: Studio Jan de Boer, Amsterdam Layout: Hans Broekhuis ISBN 978 94 6372 050 2 e-ISBN 978 90 4854 289 5 DOI 10.5117/9789463720502 NUR 624 Creative Commons License CC BY NC (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0) Hans Broekhuis & Norbert Corver/Amsterdam University Press, Amsterdam 2019 Some rights reserved. Without limiting the rights under copyright reserved above, any part of this book may be reproduced, stored in or introduced into a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means (electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise). -
Rethinking Social Action. Core Values in Practice | RSACVP 2017 | 6-9 April 2017 | Suceava – Romania Rethinking Social Action
Available online at: http://lumenpublishing.com/proceedings/published-volumes/lumen- proceedings/rsacvp2017/ 8th LUMEN International Scientific Conference Rethinking Social Action. Core Values in Practice | RSACVP 2017 | 6-9 April 2017 | Suceava – Romania Rethinking Social Action. Core Values in Practice The Convertor Status of Article of Case and Number in the Romanian Language Diana-Maria ROMAN* https://doi.org/10.18662/lumproc.rsacvp2017.62 How to cite: Roman, D.-M. (2017). The Convertor Status of Article of Case and Number in the Romanian Language. In C. Ignatescu, A. Sandu, & T. Ciulei (eds.), Rethinking Social Action. Core Values in Practice (pp.682-694). Suceava, Romania: LUMEN Proceedings https://doi.org/10.18662/lumproc.rsacvp2017.62 © The Authors, LUMEN Conference Center & LUMEN Proceedings. Selection and peer-review under responsibility of the Organizing Committee of the conference 8th LUMEN International Scientific Conference Rethinking Social Action. Core Values in Practice | RSACVP 2017 | 6-9 April 2017 | Suceava – Romania The Convertor Status of Article of Case and Number in the Romanian Language Diana-Maria ROMAN1* Abstract This study is the outcome of research on the grammar of the contemporary Romanian language. It proposes a discussion of the marked nominalization of adjectives in Romanian, the analysis being focused on the hypostases of the convertor (nominalizer). Within this area of research, contemporary scholarly treaties have so far accepted solely nominalizers of the determinative article type (definite and indefinite) and nominalizers of the vocative desinence type, in the singular. However, with regard to the marked conversion of an adjective to the large class of nouns, the phenomenon of enclitic articulation does not always also entail the individualization of the nominalized adjective, as an expression of the category of definite determination. -
Annual Report 2005
Annual Report 2005 NSW Department of Education and Training Published by Strategic Planning and Regulation NSW Department of Education and Training (DET) 35 Bridge Street Sydney NSW 2000 ISSN 1442-3898 The Annual Report is available from Planning and Innovation Directorate, DET Level 5, 35 Bridge Street, Sydney NSW 2000, and online from: www.det.nsw.edu.au/annualreports The estimated cost of production and printing the publication was $26,300. The Department’s office hours are from 9:00am to 5:00pm Monday to Friday. State, Regional and Institute office addresses and telephone numbers are listed on the inside back cover. Cover Photo Northern Beaches Secondary College. This college was awarded the NSW VET Excellence Award. Letter of Submission to the Minister The Hon Ms Carmel Tebbutt MP Minister for Education and Training Level 33, Governor Macquarie Tower 1 Farrer Place SYDNEY NSW 2000 Dear Minister It is with pleasure that I submit the annual report of the NSW Department of Education and Training for the year ended 31 December 2005. The report has been prepared in accordance with the requirements of the Annual Reports (Departments) Act 1985 and the Public Finance and Audit Act 1983 and regulations under those Acts, and it is submitted to you for presentation to the NSW Parliament. This report contains details of the Department’s performance in implementing strategic priorities in NSW public schools, TAFE NSW, Adult and Community Education, Adult Migrant English Services, higher education and the National Art School. It also contains the Department’s audited financial statements for the year ended 30 June 2005. -
7=SINO-INDIAN Phylosector
7= SINO-INDIAN phylosector Observatoire Linguistique Linguasphere Observatory page 525 7=SINO-INDIAN phylosector édition princeps foundation edition DU RÉPERTOIRE DE LA LINGUASPHÈRE 1999-2000 THE LINGUASPHERE REGISTER 1999-2000 publiée en ligne et mise à jour dès novembre 2012 published online & updated from November 2012 This phylosector comprises 22 sets of languages spoken by communities in eastern Asia, from the Himalayas to Manchuria (Heilongjiang), constituting the Sino-Tibetan (or Sino-Indian) continental affinity. See note on nomenclature below. 70= TIBETIC phylozone 71= HIMALAYIC phylozone 72= GARIC phylozone 73= KUKIC phylozone 74= MIRIC phylozone 75= KACHINIC phylozone 76= RUNGIC phylozone 77= IRRAWADDIC phylozone 78= KARENIC phylozone 79= SINITIC phylozone This continental affinity is composed of two major parts: the disparate Tibeto-Burman affinity (zones 70= to 77=), spoken by relatively small communities (with the exception of 77=) in the Himalayas and adjacent regions; and the closely related Chinese languages of the Sinitic set and net (zone 79=), spoken in eastern Asia. The Karen languages of zone 78=, formerly considered part of the Tibeto-Burman grouping, are probably best regarded as a third component of Sino-Tibetan affinity. Zone 79=Sinitic includes the outer-language with the largest number of primary voices in the world, representing the most populous network of contiguous speech-communities at the end of the 20th century ("Mainstream Chinese" or so- called 'Mandarin', standardised under the name of Putonghua). This phylosector is named 7=Sino-Indian (rather than Sino-Tibetan) to maintain the broad geographic nomenclature of all ten sectors of the linguasphere, composed of the names of continental or sub-continental entities. -
Tibetan Vwa 'Fox' and the Sound Change Tibeto
Linguistics of the Tibeto-Burman Area Volume 29.2 — October 2006 TIBETAN VWA ‘FOX’ AND THE SOUND CHANGE TIBETO-BURMAN *WA > TIBETAN O Nathan W. Hill Harvard University Paul Benedict (1972: 34) proposed that Tibeto-Burman medial *-wa- regularly leads to -o- in Old Tibetan, but that initial *wa did not undergo this change. Because Old Tibetan has no initial w-, and several genuine words have the rhyme -wa, this proposal cannot be accepted. In particular, the intial of the Old Tibetan word vwa ‘fox’ is v- and not w-. འ Keywords: Old Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, phonology. 1. INTRODUCTION The Tibetan word vwa ‘fox’ has received a certain amount of attention for being an exception to the theory that Tibeto-Burman *wa yields o in Tibetan1. The first formulation of this sound law known to me is Laufer’s statement “Das Barmanische besitzt nämlich häufig die Verbindung w+a, der ein tibetisches [sic] o oder u entspricht [Burmese namely frequently has the combination w+a, which corresponds to a Tibetan o or u]” (Laufer 1898/1899: part III, 224; 1976: 120). Laufer’s generalization was based in turn upon cognate sets assembled by Bernard Houghton (1898). Concerning this sound change, in his 1972 monograph, Paul Benedict writes: “Tibetan has initial w- only in the words wa ‘gutter’, wa ‘fox’ and 1 Here I follow the Wylie system of Tibetan transliteration with the exception that the letter (erroneously called a-chung by some) is written in the Chinese fashion འ as <v> rather than the confusing <’>. On the value of Written Tibetan v as [ɣ] cf. -
Possessive Agreement Turned Into a Derivational Suffix Katalin É. Kiss 1
Possessive agreement turned into a derivational suffix Katalin É. Kiss 1. Introduction The prototypical case of grammaticalization is a process in the course of which a lexical word loses its descriptive content and becomes a grammatical marker. This paper discusses a more complex type of grammaticalization, in the course of which an agreement suffix marking the presence of a phonologically null pronominal possessor is reanalyzed as a derivational suffix marking specificity, whereby the pro cross-referenced by it is lost. The phenomenon in question is known from various Uralic languages, where possessive agreement appears to have assumed a determiner-like function. It has recently been a much discussed question how the possessive and non-possessive uses of the agreement suffixes relate to each other (Nikolaeva 2003); whether Uralic definiteness-marking possessive agreement has been grammaticalized into a definite determiner (Gerland 2014), or it has preserved its original possessive function, merely the possessor–possessum relation is looser in Uralic than in the Indo-Europen languages, encompassing all kinds of associative relations (Fraurud 2001). The hypothesis has also been raised that in the Uralic languages, possessive agreement plays a role in organizing discourse, i.e., in linking participants into a topic chain (Janda 2015). This paper helps to clarify these issues by reconstructing the grammaticalization of possessive agreement into a partitivity marker in Hungarian, the language with the longest documented history in the Uralic family. Hungarian has two possessive morphemes functioning as a partitivity marker: -ik, an obsolete allomorph of the 3rd person plural possessive suffix, and -(j)A, the productive 3rd person singular possessive suffix. -
Review of Evidential Systems of Tibetan Languages
Zurich Open Repository and Archive University of Zurich Main Library Strickhofstrasse 39 CH-8057 Zurich www.zora.uzh.ch Year: 2017 Review of Lauren Gawne Nathan W. Hill (eds.). 2016. Evidential systems of Tibetan languages. Linguistics of the Tibeto-Burman Area 40(2), 285–303 Widmer, Manuel DOI: https://doi.org/10.1075/ltba.00002.wid Posted at the Zurich Open Repository and Archive, University of Zurich ZORA URL: https://doi.org/10.5167/uzh-168681 Journal Article Accepted Version Originally published at: Widmer, Manuel (2017). Review of Lauren Gawne Nathan W. Hill (eds.). 2016. Evidential systems of Tibetan languages. Linguistics of the Tibeto-Burman Area 40(2), 285–303. Linguistics of the Tibeto- Burman Area, 40(2):285-303. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1075/ltba.00002.wid Review of Evidential systems of Tibetan languages Gawne, Lauren & Nathan W. Hill (eds.). 2016. Evidential systems of Tibetan languages. de Gruyter: Berlin. vi + 472 pp. ISBN 978-3-11-047374-2 Reviewed by Manuel Widmer 1 Tibetan evidentiality systems and their relevance for the typology of evidentiality The evidentiality1 systems of Tibetan languages rank among the most complex in the world. According to Tournadre & Dorje (2003: 110), the evidentiality systeM of Lhasa Tibetan (LT) distinguishes no less than four “evidential Moods”: (i) egophoric, (ii) testiMonial, (iii) inferential, and (iv) assertive. If one also takes into account the hearsay Marker, which is cOMMonly considered as an evidential category in typological survey studies (e.g. Aikhenvald 2004; Hengeveld & Dall’Aglio Hattnher 2015; inter alia), LT displays a five-fold evidential distinction. The LT systeM, however, is clearly not the Most cOMplex of its kind within the Tibetan linguistic area. -
Nostratic Grammar: Synthetic Or Analytic?
Nostratic grammar: synthetic or analytic? A. Dolgopolsky Haifa University § 1. The criteria determining the original analytic status of a gram- matical morpheme can be defined as follows. [1] Mobility: in the daughter languages the same morpheme some- times precedes autosemantic words and sometimes follows them (e. g. the pN *mA that forms participles and other deverbal nominals in daugh- ter-languages is found both before and after the verbal root). [2] In some daughter languages the morpheme is still analytic or has phonological evidence for its former analytic status [e. g. the N morpheme *bA (that forms animal names and other nouns of quality bearers) sur- vives in proto-Uralic *-pa; since the N intervocalic *-b- yields pFU *-w-, while the word-initial *b- yields U *p-, the Uralic suffix *pa must go back to a separate word]. [3] A grammatical morpheme of daughter-languages is etymologically identical with a separate word (e. g. the 1st person ending *-mi of the IE verb is identical with the N pronoun *mi that is preserved as a pronoun in daughter-languages). Sometimes other typological features (position in the word) may be taken into account. For instance, if in Semitic and Cushitic (Beja) verbs the feminine marker (*-ī) is used in the 2nd person only and is separated (as a suffix) from the person marker (prefix *t-), it is natural to suppose that it goes back to an address word (Hebrew tiħyī 'you' [f. sg.] will live' < N *t{u} 'thou' + *Хay{u} 'live' + *ʔ{a}yV 'mother'), which is typologically compara- ble with the gender distinction of a yes-word in spoken English: [yesз:] (< yes, sir) vs. -
Pos, Morphology and Dependencies Annotation Guidelines for Arabic
PoS, Morphology and Dependencies Annotation Guidelines for Arabic Mohammed Attia, Tolga Kayadelen, Ryan Mcdonald, Slav Petrov Google Inc. May, 2017 Table of Contents 1. Introduction............................................................................................................................................2 2. Tokenization...........................................................................................................................................3 Arabic Clitic Table................................................................................................................................4 Special Cases.........................................................................................................................................4 3. POS Tagging..........................................................................................................................................8 POS Quick Table...................................................................................................................................8 POS Tags.............................................................................................................................................13 JJ: Adjective....................................................................................................................................13 JJR: Elative Adjective.....................................................................................................................14 DT: The Arabic Determiner System...............................................................................................14 -
Reference Grammar & Lexicon (Incomplete)
Bwangxùd Reference Grammar and Lexicon Andrew Ray Revised: July 6, 2018 Contents 1 Foreword ...................................................... 3 2 Overview ...................................................... 4 2.1 Dialects....................................................... 4 3 Phonology ...................................................... 5 3.1 Inventory...................................................... 5 3.2 Tones and sandhi ................................................. 5 3.3 Morphosyntax................................................... 6 3.4 Phonological processes.............................................. 6 3.5 Vowel allophony.................................................. 7 3.6 Consonant allophony............................................... 7 3.7 Dialectal variations in phonology ........................................ 8 3.7.1 Western coastal dialect............................................. 8 3.7.2 Northern interior dialect............................................ 8 3.7.3 Southern coastal dialect............................................. 8 3.7.4 Southern interior dialect............................................ 8 4 Simple morphology and syntax ......................................... 9 4.1 Word classes.................................................... 9 4.2 Word order..................................................... 9 4.3 Deniteness and surprise............................................. 9 4.4 Noun roles..................................................... 10 4.5 Proximity..................................................... -
Comitative Adjuncts: Appositives and Non- Appositives1
View metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk brought to you by CORE provided by Repository of the Academy's Library Comitative adjuncts: appositives and non- appositives1 Dékány Éva 1. Introduction Expressions involving a comitative adverbial and a plural pronoun as its host DP are ambiguous in Hungarian. In the exclusive reading the comitative is added to the reference of the pronoun, thus in total at least three persons are referred to.2 In the inclusive reading, on the other hand, the referent of the comitative is not added to the referent of the pronoun, but included in it. Under this reading we with John, for instance, refers to two persons: John and me.3 (1) (Mi) Jánossal kisétáltunk a tóhoz.4 we.NOM John-COM PREV-walk-PAST-1PL the lake-ALLAT ‘We walked to the lake with John.’ (exclusive reading) ‘I walked to the lake with John.’ (inclusive reading) In the inclusive reading the most prominent member of the group denoted by the pronoun, whose person feature is the same as that of the pronoun, is termed focal referent. The focal referent in (1) is I. The group denoted by the plural pronoun comprises the focal referent and the referent of the comitative phrase (and nobody else), therefore the comitative is also known as completer phrase (Vassilieva 2005). The aim of this paper is to investigate whether the exclusive and inclusive readings in Hungarian display a strutural difference (cf. Skrabalova 2003 for Czech and Vassilieva 2005 for Russian) or whether non-structural phenomena contribute to their different interpretations (cf. -
Traces of Clause-Final Demonstratives in Old Tibetan1
Traces of Clause-Final Demonstratives in Old Tibetan1 Marius Zemp (University of Bern, Switzerland) 1. Introduction he Purik member of the Tibetic language family is spoken in the western periphery of the Tibetic linguistic area. In Purik, T two demonstratives, de ‘that’ and e ‘the other’, occur not only pre- and pronominally, but also post- and proverbally, in which case they take scope over the sentence they terminate. The proverbal de, oc- curring instead of an existential predicate, locates an entity or property in the topical situation (which typically corresponds to the interlocu- tors’ current one). The postverbal de, occurring after a full-fledged sen- tence, has the effect of laying out the information conveyed by this sen- tence, inviting the addressee to retrace it, and implying that it should be clear. By contrast, pro- and postverbal e points to information that requires a shift of attention. The present paper demonstrates that Old Tibetan (OT) ga re ‘where is (X)?’, clause-linking (s)te ~ de, and V-ta re ‘lest (it) will V’, and other phenomena found in written and spoken Tibetic varieties, are best un- derstood if analysed as traces of the mentioned clause-final demon- stratives. The comparative study of spoken Tibetic varieties thus not only contributes to our understanding of particular OT texts, but also sheds light on the development and dispersion of Tibetic during the Imperial Period (7th–9th centuries CE). Purik is a phonologically archaic Tibetic variety spoken in the Purik area of Kargil district which, on 31 October 2019, came under the Un- ion Territory of Ladakh, India.