Coordination and Ellipsis
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Vol. 123 Style Sheet
THE YALE LAW JOURNAL VOLUME 123 STYLE SHEET The Yale Law Journal follows The Bluebook: A Uniform System of Citation (19th ed. 2010) for citation form and the Chicago Manual of Style (16th ed. 2010) for stylistic matters not addressed by The Bluebook. For the rare situations in which neither of these works covers a particular stylistic matter, we refer to the Government Printing Office (GPO) Style Manual (30th ed. 2008). The Journal’s official reference dictionary is Merriam-Webster’s Collegiate Dictionary, Eleventh Edition. The text of the dictionary is available at www.m-w.com. This Style Sheet codifies Journal-specific guidelines that take precedence over these sources. Rules 1-21 clarify and supplement the citation rules set out in The Bluebook. Rule 22 focuses on recurring matters of style. Rule 1 SR 1.1 String Citations in Textual Sentences 1.1.1 (a)—When parts of a string citation are grammatically integrated into a textual sentence in a footnote (as opposed to being citation clauses or citation sentences grammatically separate from the textual sentence): ● Use semicolons to separate the citations from one another; ● Use an “and” to separate the penultimate and last citations, even where there are only two citations; ● Use textual explanations instead of parenthetical explanations; and ● Do not italicize the signals or the “and.” For example: For further discussion of this issue, see, for example, State v. Gounagias, 153 P. 9, 15 (Wash. 1915), which describes provocation; State v. Stonehouse, 555 P. 772, 779 (Wash. 1907), which lists excuses; and WENDY BROWN & JOHN BLACK, STATES OF INJURY: POWER AND FREEDOM 34 (1995), which examines harm. -
The Not So Short Introduction to Latex2ε
The Not So Short Introduction to LATEX 2ε Or LATEX 2ε in 139 minutes by Tobias Oetiker Hubert Partl, Irene Hyna and Elisabeth Schlegl Version 4.20, May 31, 2006 ii Copyright ©1995-2005 Tobias Oetiker and Contributers. All rights reserved. This document is free; you can redistribute it and/or modify it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by the Free Software Foundation; either version 2 of the License, or (at your option) any later version. This document is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU General Public License for more details. You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License along with this document; if not, write to the Free Software Foundation, Inc., 675 Mass Ave, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA. Thank you! Much of the material used in this introduction comes from an Austrian introduction to LATEX 2.09 written in German by: Hubert Partl <[email protected]> Zentraler Informatikdienst der Universität für Bodenkultur Wien Irene Hyna <[email protected]> Bundesministerium für Wissenschaft und Forschung Wien Elisabeth Schlegl <noemail> in Graz If you are interested in the German document, you can find a version updated for LATEX 2ε by Jörg Knappen at CTAN:/tex-archive/info/lshort/german iv Thank you! The following individuals helped with corrections, suggestions and material to improve this paper. They put in a big effort to help me get this document into its present shape. -
What VP Ellipsis Can Do, and What It Can't, but Not Why*
What VP Ellipsis Can Do, and What it Can’t, * but not Why Kyle Johnson University of Massachusetts Amherst VP Ellipsis is the name given to instances of anaphora in which a missing predicate, like that marked by “)” in (2), is able to find an antecedent in the surrounding discourse, as (2) does in the bracketed material of (1). (1) Holly Golightly won’t [eat rutabagas]. (2) I don’t think Fred will ), either. We can identify three sub-problems which a complete account of this phenomenon must solve. (3) a. In which syntactic environments is VP Ellipsis licensed? b. What structural relation may an elided VP and its antecedent have? c. How is the meaning of the ellipsis recovered from its antecedent? These tasks tend to run together, as we shall see; but there is no immediate harm in treating them separately. 1. LICENSING THE ELLIPSIS The first of the problems presents itself with pairs such as (4). (4) I can’t believe Holly Golightly won’t eat rutabagas. a. I can’t believe Fred won’t ), either. b. *I can’t believe Fred ), either. These contrasts are typically thought to involve licensing conditions that the environment to the left of the ellipsis invoke. The contrast between (4a) and (4b), for instance, indicates that the ellipsis site must be in construction with, or perhaps governed by, a member of “Aux,” where these can be understood to be just those terms that are able occupy the highest of the functional projections which clauses are made up of. The modal, won’t, is an Aux, as is the infinitival to and the auxiliaries have, be and do in (5). -
Top Ten Tips for Effective Punctuation in Legal Writing
TIPS FOR EFFECTIVE PUNCTUATION IN LEGAL WRITING* © 2005 The Writing Center at GULC. All Rights Reserved. Punctuation can be either your friend or your enemy. A typical reader will seldom notice good punctuation (though some readers do appreciate truly excellent punctuation). However, problematic punctuation will stand out to your reader and ultimately damage your credibility as a writer. The tips below are intended to help you reap the benefits of sophisticated punctuation while avoiding common pitfalls. But remember, if a sentence presents a particularly thorny punctuation problem, you may want to consider rephrasing for greater clarity. This handout addresses the following topics: THE COMMA (,)........................................................................................................................... 2 PUNCTUATING QUOTATIONS ................................................................................................. 4 THE ELLIPSIS (. .) ..................................................................................................................... 4 THE APOSTROPHE (’) ................................................................................................................ 7 THE HYPHEN (-).......................................................................................................................... 8 THE DASH (—) .......................................................................................................................... 10 THE SEMICOLON (;) ................................................................................................................ -
Reference Grammar & Lexicon (Incomplete)
Bwangxùd Reference Grammar and Lexicon Andrew Ray Revised: July 6, 2018 Contents 1 Foreword ...................................................... 3 2 Overview ...................................................... 4 2.1 Dialects....................................................... 4 3 Phonology ...................................................... 5 3.1 Inventory...................................................... 5 3.2 Tones and sandhi ................................................. 5 3.3 Morphosyntax................................................... 6 3.4 Phonological processes.............................................. 6 3.5 Vowel allophony.................................................. 7 3.6 Consonant allophony............................................... 7 3.7 Dialectal variations in phonology ........................................ 8 3.7.1 Western coastal dialect............................................. 8 3.7.2 Northern interior dialect............................................ 8 3.7.3 Southern coastal dialect............................................. 8 3.7.4 Southern interior dialect............................................ 8 4 Simple morphology and syntax ......................................... 9 4.1 Word classes.................................................... 9 4.2 Word order..................................................... 9 4.3 Deniteness and surprise............................................. 9 4.4 Noun roles..................................................... 10 4.5 Proximity..................................................... -
Trade Mark Opposition Decision (0/561/01)
TRADE MARKS ACT 1994 IN THE MATTER OF: OPPOSITION No. 47027 IN THE NAME OF HALFORDS LIMITED TO APPLICATION No. 2115347 TO REGISTER A SERIES OF TRADE MARKS IN CLASSSES 25 AND 35 IN THE NAME OF THE CONSORTIUM OF BICYCLE RETAILERS LIMITED ____________________ DECISION ____________________ Application No. 2115347 1. On 11th November 1996 the Consortium of Bicycle Retailers Ltd (“the Applicant”) applied to register a series of two signs for use as trade marks in relation to “clothing, footwear and headgear” (Class 25) and “advertising, all relating to the cycling industry” (Class 35). The two signs were: The signs were put forward for registration in series on the basis that they resemble each other as to their material particulars and differ only as to matters of a non-distinctive character not substantially affecting the identity of the mark applied for: Section 41(2) of the Trade Marks Act 1994. The Applicant made no claim to distinctiveness acquired through use in the United Kingdom prior to the date of the application. Opposition No. 47207 2. On 17th June 1997 Halfords Limited (“the Opponent”) filed notice of opposition to the application for registration. The application was opposed on various grounds. For the purposes of this decision I need only refer to the Opponent’s contentions that registration should be refused: (1) under Section 3(1)(a) of the 1994 Act on the basis that the signs in question were not capable of distinguishing the goods or services of one undertaking from those of other undertakings as required by Section 1(1) of the Act; (2) under Section 3(1)(b) of the Act on the basis that the signs in question were devoid of any distinctive character; (3) under Section 3(1)(c) of the Act on the basis that the signs in question consisted exclusively of indications which may serve in trade to designate the kind or characteristics of goods and services supplied under or by reference thereto. -
Ellipsis, Hyphen, & Dash
ELLIPSIS, HYPHEN, & DASH (STYLISTIC CHOICE: ADDING DRAMATIC EFFECT) LEARNING GOALS: L.8.2: DEMONSTRATE COMMAND OF THE CONVENTIONS OF STANDARD ENGLISH CAPITALIZATION, PUNCTUATION, AND SPELLING WHEN WRITING. L.8.2.A: USE PUNCTUATION (COMMA, ELLIPSIS, DASH) TO INDICATE A PAUSE OR BREAK. ELLIPSIS INTRODUCTION VIDEO ELLIPSIS • AN ELLIPSIS IS A TYPE OF PUNCTUATION THAT IS USED TO INDICATE OMISSION OR PAUSES IN WRITING. IT IS MADE UP OF 3 DOTS … EX. NANETTE KEPT PONDERING HER DECISION . AND FINALLY DECIDED SHE HAD MADE A MISTAKE. WHEN TO USE AN ELLIPSIS 1. AN ELLIPSIS CAN BE USED WHEN QUOTING A TEXT TO OMIT (LEAVE OUT) PART OF THE TEXT. • THIS HAPPENS WHEN THE WRITER DECIDES HE/SHE ONLY NEEDS A PORTION OF A QUOTATION TO SUPPORT HIS/HER CLAIM. EXAMPLE: ORIGINAL QUOTE: "SINCE GRADUATING FROM COLLEGE IN WASHINGTON, EVA HAD BEEN TAKING MEDICINE TO RELIEVE THE PAIN OF HER RHEUMATOID ARTHRITIS" (BEITO 119). WITH ELLIPSIS: "SINCE GRADUATING. EVA HAD BEEN TAKING MEDICINE TO RELIEVE THE PAIN OF HER RHEUMATOID ARTHRITIS" (BEITO 119). NOTE • YOU MAY CUT OUT TEXT FROM ANYWHERE WITHIN A SENTENCE AND REPLACE IT WITH AN ELLIPSIS AS LONG AS THE REMAINING PORTIONS OF THE SENTENCE STILL MAKE SENSE AND DON’T CHANGE THE ORIGINAL MEANING OF THE SENTENCE . • (ELLIPSIS MAY BE USED AT THE BEGINNING, MIDDLE, OR END OF THE TEXT BEING QUOTED) • IF YOU HAVE AN ENTIRE PARAGRAPH, BUT ONLY WANT A FEW COMPLETE SENTENCES, YOU MAY LEAVE OUT ENTIRE SENTENCES, AS LONG AS YOU USE AN ELLIPSIS BETWEEN SENTENCES. 2. USE AN ELLIPSIS TO INDICATE WHEN A CHARACTER TRAILS OFF IN THINKING OR IN SPEAKING. -
27I OTHER PUNCTUATION MARKS
TROYMC10_29_0131889567.QXD 1/27/06 6:30 PM Page 304 27i OTHER PUNCTUATION MARKS 27i When are quotation marks wrong? Never enclose a word in quotation marks to call attention to it, to intensify it, or to be sarcastic. NO I’m “very” happy about the news. YES I’m very happy about the news. Never enclose the title of your paper in quotation marks (or underline it). However, if the title of your paper contains another title that requires quotation marks, use those marks only for the included title. NO “The Elderly in Nursing Homes: A Case Study” YES The Elderly in Nursing Homes: A Case Study NO Character Development in Shirley Jackson’s Story The Lottery YES Character Development in Shirley Jackson’s Story “The Lottery” EXERCISE 27-4 Correct any errors in the use of quotation marks and other punctuation with quotation marks. If you think a sentence is correct, ex- plain why. For help, consult 27e through 27i. 1. Dying in a shabby hotel room, the witty writer Oscar Wilde supposedly said, “Either that wallpaper goes, or I do”. 2. Was it the Russian novelist Tolstoy who wrote, “All happy families resemble one another, but each unhappy family is unhappy in its own way?” 3. In his poem A Supermarket in California, Allen Ginsberg addresses the dead poet Walt Whitman, asking, Where are we going, Walt Whitman? The doors close / in an hour. Which way does your beard point tonight? 4. Toni Morrison made this reply to the claim that “art that has a political message cannot be good art:” She said that “the best art is political” and that her aim was to create art that was “unquestionably political” and beautiful at the same time. -
Angol-Magyar Nyelvészeti Szakszótár
PORKOLÁB - FEKETE ANGOL- MAGYAR NYELVÉSZETI SZAKSZÓTÁR SZERZŐI KIADÁS, PÉCS 2021 Porkoláb Ádám - Fekete Tamás Angol-magyar nyelvészeti szakszótár Szerzői kiadás Pécs, 2021 Összeállították, szerkesztették és tördelték: Porkoláb Ádám Fekete Tamás Borítóterv: Porkoláb Ádám A tördelés LaTeX rendszer szerint, az Overleaf online tördelőrendszerével készült. A felhasznált sablon Vel ([email protected]) munkája. https://www.latextemplates.com/template/dictionary A szótárhoz nyújtott segítő szándékú megjegyzéseket, hibajelentéseket, javaslatokat, illetve felajánlásokat a szótár hagyományos, nyomdai úton történő előállítására vonatkozóan az [email protected] illetve a [email protected] e-mail címekre várjuk. Köszönjük szépen! 1. kiadás Szerzői, elektronikus kiadás ISBN 978-615-01-1075-2 El˝oszóaz els˝okiadáshoz Üdvözöljük az Olvasót! Magyar nyelven már az érdekl˝od˝oközönség hozzáférhet német–magyar, orosz–magyar nyelvészeti szakszótárakhoz, ám a modern id˝ok tudományos világnyelvéhez, az angolhoz még nem készült nyelvészeti célú szak- szótár. Ennek a több évtizedes hiánynak a leküzdésére vállalkoztunk. A nyelvtudo- mány rohamos fejl˝odéseés differenciálódása tovább sürgette, hogy elkészítsük az els˝omagyar-angol és angol-magyar nyelvészeti szakszótárakat. Jelen kötetben a kétnyelv˝unyelvészeti szakszótárunk angol-magyar részét veheti kezébe az Olvasó. Tervünk azonban nem el˝odöknélküli vállalkozás: tudomásunk szerint két nyelvészeti csoport kísérelt meg a miénkhez hasonló angol-magyar nyelvészeti szakszótárat létrehozni. Az els˝opróbálkozás -
Ellipsis in Finnish Sign Language
1 Jantunen, Tommi (2013). Ellipsis in Finnish Sign Language. Nordic Journal of Linguistics, 36, pp 303-332 doi:10.1017/S0332586513000292 ELLIPSIS IN FINNISH SIGN LANGUAGE Tommi Jantunen This paper deals with syntactic ellipsis in clauses in Finnish Sign Language (FinSL). The point of departure for the paper is the observation, confirmed by several studies, that clauses in FinSL are often syntactically incomplete. Building on this, the paper first describes how all core-internal clausal material may be elided in FinSL: core arguments in clauses with a verbal nucleus, core-internal NPs in clauses with a nominal nucleus, and even nuclei themselves. The paper then discusses several grammatical contexts which especially favor ellipsis in FinSL. These are question- answer pairs, two-clause coordinated structures, topic-comment structures, blend structures, and structures containing gesturally indicating Type 2 verbals. Finally, the paper argues that FinSL conforms to the main characteristics of a discourse-oriented language, and that FinSL clauses are not highly governed units syntactically. Keywords: ellipsis, clause, Finnish Sign Language, sign language, discource- orientation, syntax Tommi Jantunen, Sign Language Centre / Department of Languages, P. O. Box 35 (F), FI-40014 University of Jyväskylä, Finland, [email protected] 2 1. INTRODUCTION This paper discusses and analyzes syntactic ellipsis in clauses in Finnish Sign Language (FinSL). Syntactic ellipsis is the most recognized type of ellipsis in the literature (e.g., Huang 2000; McShane 2005; Engberg-Pedersen 2002; Johnston & Schembri 2007) and it means the optional non-expression of a lexeme or a phrase in a syntactic configuration (e.g., The man stepped in and Ø saw the woman in which the word man, indicated with ”Ø”, is elided in the second clause) (McShane 2005). -
Three Types of Ellipsis∗
Three types of ellipsis∗ Jason Merchant Abstract The term ‘ellipsis’ can be used to refer to a variety of phenomena: syntactic, semantic, and pragmatic. In this article, I discuss the recent comprehensive survey by Stainton 2006 of these kinds of ellipsis with respect to the analysis of nonsententials and try to show that despite his trenchant criticisms and insightful proposal, some of the criticisms can be evaded and the insights incorporated into a semantic ellipsis analysis, making a ‘divide-and-conquer’ strategy to the properties of nonsententials feasible after all. 1. Introduction A character in Carlos Fuentes’s 2002 novel The Eagle’s Throne (trans. Kristina Cordero; Random House: New York, 2006) says with self-disdain and melan- choly (p. 93): Did you know I’ve learned to speak like an Anglo-Saxon, without articles or context? “Exactly.” “Done.” “Nothing.” “Careful.” “Perfect.” ∗This paper owes an enormous debt to a large number of people over the years since I first began working on it, but special mention must be made of Rob Stainton, whose work was the original impetus for it and whose comments at Rutgers and in Paris in 2007 led to numerous improvements. Thanks also to Ernie Lepore, François Recanati, Jason Stanley, and the participants in the Leverhulme Foundation workshop organized by Laurence Goldstein at Canterbury in 2008. “Warned.” “Face consequences.” I say these things, nothing else. As it turns out, such seemingly telegraphic speech is by no means limited to the Anglo-Saxon world. The question is just what such utterances could and do mean ‘without context’ and with, and what exactly a speaker who utters such phrases says, means, and conveys. -
Effective Punctuation
Effective Punctuation Contents: 1. Oxford commas 2. Parenthetic phrases 3. Independent clauses 4. Punctuation before or after quotation marks 5. Ellipses in quotations 6. Em dashes 7. One or two spaces after periods 8. When to capitalize after colons 1. Oxford Comma Writers disagree on whether lists of three or more should include a comma before the “and” (or “or”) and the last item in the list. Above all, consistency is key. If you do not know your reader's preference, choose one method and stick to it. Commas before the last “and” must be used when the final item in the list itself contains a conjunction (e.g., “He was charged with assault, battery, and breaking and entering.”) Option 1 Option 2 When the “Oxford Comma” is required The American flag is red, The American flag is red, You are charged with white and blue. white, and blue. trespassing, burglary, and assault and battery. 2. Parenthetic phrases Use commas to set off words and phrases that do not neatly fit into the main grammatical structure of the sentence. Nonrestrictive clauses are examples of parenthetic phrases. Unless the parenthetic phrase ends the sentence, there should always be a comma at the end of the parenthetic phrase. Do not use commas to set off phrases that, if removed, would change the meaning of the sentence, i.e., a restrictive clause. • Examples: o The Constitution, which was signed in 1787, is the supreme law of the land. o The Constitution, signed in 1787, is the supreme law of the land. o The judge, however, was not amused.