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THE FRIENDS OF MOUNT HOPE CEMETERY. 'lor. 27 NO.2 SPRING 2007

Committed to the idea that the world's scientists should collaborate fOr the common good, good, D,; Robert Marshak organized a series ofinternational confirences 011 physics at at the University ofRochesterfrom 1950 through 1957. 1957.

ROCHESTER'S ATOMIC LEGACY: LEGACY: ROBERT AND RUTH MARSHAK- A COUPLE UNITED THROUGH SCIENCE SCIENCE By Tim Stacey

Dr. Robert tributed so much to Marshak died on rhe scientific and December 23, 1992. global community, On March 26, 1993, and who died wilh­ fricnds and family of our warning. The Dr. Marshak garh­ rexr he had JUSt tln­ ered IOgether a[ rhe ishcd wriring was a Univcrsity of culmination of Rochester to hold a researching and nH:l1lorial service. wriring for five Dr. Marshak died years. exactly one day afrer t1ni~hing a new book While banter­ on particle physics. ing with his wife, He lost his balance Ruth Marshak, on while swimming on the day hefore his vacation and passing, Dr. drowned off the coasr of Cancun, Mexico. D,: Man-hak (/ront row) listem as celebrated Marshak reportedly kidded, "[['S done. Now I Many people who were involved in Dr. physicists j. Robert Oppenheimer and Hans can die." This unintentionally poignant Marshak's professional career came to speak Bethe converse at the 1957 international remark helps (() indica[c how much of borh ,lIld extol the virrues of a man who had con- nuclear physics confirence. Ruth and Robert Marshak's lives revolved around the study of science. Ruth Marshak Ruth G. Marshak aided her husband project. Living in Los Alamos was radically supported Robert's work through many rhrough the travails of achieving tenure stanis different from Rochester, prompting Ruth actions. After Robert's death, Ruth Marshak and performing academic duties. According to Marshak to write an essay titled, "Secret City." pteserved Robert's memory as a physicist by remarks made by the Marshaks' son, Stephen, When the Marshaks originally left Rochester reating a scholarship in his name for interna­ at Dr. Marshak's memorial service, the local for New Mexico, the government did not tional physicists to speak at American Physical Rochester paper often featured Ruth Marshak divulge most of the details of their living Society conventions. as an entertainer and charismatic personality arrangements in Los Alamos. They did not for the visiting physicists. Ruth rook an active even acquire full directions ro the location of Ruth died of cancer four years after her role in social responsibilities associated with Los Alamos until halfway through the trip. husband on April 17, ) 996 in Champaign, her husband's scientific career. In "Secret City" \Vhen they arrived, Ruth found herself in a Illinois. According ro her obituary, donations by Ruth Marshak, she described her duties as place that emphasized a standard of living that "in her memory" were made to the University an academic lady: "She went to faculty teas, strongly contrasted with what she had grown of Rochester Marshak Fellowship Fund in frerted over her budget, and schemed for her accustomed to in Rochester. In "Secret City," Physics and Astronomy. This couple bonded husband's advancement." she described their arrival at the camp: "My with their commitment to each other and the first impression was discouraging. The rickety science that surrounded both of their lives. Ruth Marshak also noted that a physics houses looked like tenements of a metropoli­ The Marshaks became immortalized in professor worked longer hours than college tan slum-washing hung everywhere, and Rochester through their solidarity roward the professors in other disciplines of research. She garbage cans were overflowing." advancement of science. said that she was satisfied with this lifestyle, but her way of living changed when her hus­ The space given to the Marshaks barely Th grave for Robert and Ruth Marshak band began to work on the Manhattan accommodated two people, allll a small, is in Mount Hope Cemetery. Their monu­ Project. unpaved road connected them to the rest of ment is a modest gravestone, and it is located the housing on the "Project." The array of in the Temple B'rith Kodesh congregation plot In 1942, the United States commis­ purchasable goods was slim, and until house­ of Section R. Their burial in Mount Hope sioned the creation of the Manhattan Engineer wives complained, groceries such as eggs were Cemetery demonstrates an aspect of the District to begin the production of an atomic not provided. The governing board of the Los Marshaks' commitment to the university. Rush weapon. Fears of the Axis powers having the Alamos community rationed many luxuries. Rhees Library, the symbol of knowledge and capabilities to produce such a weapon drove For instance, once a week the cafeteria for the learning for the University of Rochester, is most of the initiative for creating such a residents offered "steak night," when "cuisine clearly visible from the gravesite. According to weapon of mass destruction. This operation, at Los Alamos reached its all-time peak." The the Rush Rhees Rare Books Library archivist, historically known as the Manhattan Project, living conditions in Los Alamos changed how Nancy Martin, the Marshak family intention­ set up multiple labs around the country. The the physicist's wife had to function, but Ruth ally positioned the grave in relation to Rush main research facility was located in Los Marshak still managed to find her niche in rhe Rhees. Alamos, New Mexico. Many areas of research new environment. were central ro development of the atomic Robert Marshak came to the University bomb, because the theoretical ideas and engi­ She taught at the school in Los Alamos, of Rochester in 1939, having finished his neering surrounding the bomb were still rela­ and during her stay there the school changed Ph.D. in theoretical nuclear physics at Cornell tively unknown in the early 1940s. superintendents four separate times. Different University. He had srudied the astronomical superintendents ascribed ro different pedagogi­ phenomenon of white dwarfs at Cornell with In 1944, Hans Bethe recruited Dr. cal theories and wanted teachers to present the Hans A. Berhe, a prominent astrophysicist and Robert Marshak to work on rhe Manhatran material in different ways. The constant Nobel Prize winner. The University of Project in Los Alamos. ]. Robert changing of administration forced Ruth Rochester originally hired Dr. Marshak for one Oppenheimer controlled the lab where Marshak ro alter her teaching style often. She year to fill a professor position that the univer­ Marshak worked, and eventually the lab taught a curriculum designed to prepare sru- sity promised to a person who had taken time appointed him to the position of chief deputy orf for advanced study at another institution. of theoretical physics. EPITAPH During this yearlong appointment, a vacancy Pub/Ishee! Cjm1rterly b)1 the Friends oj' for a tenure-track physics professor became Once his work was declassified, Dr. MOll1lt HOjJI'Hop/' CemetelJl, Rochesfn; available, and Marshak obtained this position. Marshak gained a large amount of scientific M'lO YOrk 14020. tl nOJlpmjitnOJljJmjit member commendation ror his research in subatomic Dr. Marshak barely started his research particle theory at Los Alamos. He developed a orgfwlz.tlt!onorganlz./lt!onJOtmdecllilJO,mdec!lil 1980. at Rochester before he joined the military theory of how shock waves travel through neu­ © 2007 The Friend. of Mount Hope Cemetery effort when the United States entered World trons and how nuclear particle collisions can Richard 0. Retslw/.Rns/w/, EditorI::dt/or War II. He began his work researching for the be mathematically modeled. These waves /tltl 1.f5'ltmc/' AD'ocla/i' £dllorEditor U.S. Department of Defense at the Michigan would be tided "Marshak waves" in future Fmllk A. C,!leSjJie,Ct!!eSjJie, PhotograjJherPhotographer Institute ofTechnology and then the Montreal research papers in particle physics. This theory Dtlt/'iV/alczelosh Art Dlir'ClorDlir'etor Atomic Energy Laboratory. While performing held important applications to the weapon Llm!!eLlm!le lJ.1a!czellJshIl.fafczellJsh Eclitoria!Ec!itorialAmstfmtAmstfml scientific research for implementation in war­ production of the Manhattan Project. Basic IlIIT1llft!flIlmlf'! IJ/{'mbmhijJIJ/{'mbmhip Ij' $20. Cal! (585) fare, Marshak traveled between Rochester and 40J401-3494-3494JOr aftn' pocketjJocketguide to iV/ollnt the various places where he carried out The Manhattan Project forced the HOjJeHope CemeteJ}/CemereJ}/ andfl/l membenhipmembenhijJ applicd­ajJjJ!icd­ research. He met a schoolteacher named Ruth Marshaks to relocate ro Los Alamos and live in tioll.tilJl{. See ollr co!otji,!co!otjitldJlt:!dJII:! liljOrmattlJeliljOrmatllle /Oeb Gup during this time, and they married in a makeshift town set up specifically to house page:jJage: 10IOIl;jOJ/Jh.OlgIOIOIl;jOJ/Jh.Olg 1943. military officials and scientists working on the dems for college,college. and although the level of dif­ research. The new forum, however,however. helped sci­ that they could speak at APS meetings. Ruth ticulty was high.high, she felt that her teaching entists to collaborate in a collective similar to Marshak also recognized lhe importance of greatly enhanced the future scholarship of her the Project. The first Rochester Conference making an international stage for scientific Mudellls. had such famous physicists as]. Robert ach ievement. Oppenheimer.Oppenheimer, Hans Bethe.Bethe, and Richard At the end of "Secret Ciry,"Ciry." Ruth Feynman in attendance. Two particular papers that Dr. Marshak Mar~hak fondly remembers the camaraderie published at the Universiry of Rochester and friend~hip that blossomed at Los Alamos. Previously attempted post-war confer­ showed his commitment to fostering a positivepo,itive According to biographical memoirs of Robert ences on particle physics had been small and international scientific research environmelll Marshak written by Ernest M. Henley and entirely American.American, and the emphasis in these and generating Rochester Conferen es for th . I larry Lustig.Lustig, both Ruth and Robert thought conferences was solely theoretical. With the common good. The first was "No Winner Yet thaI thl' years they spent in Los Alamos wete advent of the Rochester Confetence,Confetence. Robert in the Science Race,"Race." published in the Nelli Ihe: most influential of theit entire lives. The Marshak invited and encouraged discussion York Times Magazine Section on Ouober II, .lCtillm that Ruth and Robert Marshak forged among experimentalists and theorists. Some of 1964. In this article,article. Dr. Marshak stressed how in a response to the Project became a critical these conferences had over one hundred par­ Americans could use the Soviet approach to part of Iheir time at Rochester. ticipants from multiple countries. The scientific research to their own advantage Rochester Conferences became famous for instead of regarding the USSR as an inferior Throughout most of their three years at their populariry and their international demo- scientific entiry. Dr. Marsh3k analyzed the u,euse Los Alamos, Ruth felt that she did not under­ of applied science, and he concluded that the stand the goal of the Manhattan Project. Most use of science in the public domain should be: of the duties and research of her husband and managed with utmost care. He stated: "But hl'r colleagues were kept secret. She remarked above all,all. we and the Russians must useusc ;111 our about Ihe bomb in part of "Secret Ciry:" heart and energy, and intellect to ensure: lhal "Only when an atomic bomb ripped the great scientific and rechnological competi­ Hiroshima in the fall of 1945 did [ really tion in which we are joined will benefit all understand... mankind." Dr. Marshak learned from his experiences in Los Alamos,Alamos. and his ;trriclearticle Once rhe Manhattan Project was com­ demonstrated that he feared the repeated memc pleted.pleted, Ihe United States dropped atomic of particle physics for warfare. bombs 011 Hiroshima, Japan.Japan, August 6, 1945 and on Nagasaki,Nagasaki. Japan,Japan. August 9,9. 1945. Over The second :uriclearricle focused on011 peaceful 214,000 people died in these bombings.bombings, and uses of atomic research. Marshak wa, an a live the hombs e posed even greater numbers of trustee on the Atoms for Peace award lO/llll1ir pcopJ to harmful radiation. Official reports at tee.tee, a non-governmental organizalion d 'dic3t­'dicat­ thl' time indicated no expectation that the edcd to atomic research with appli ationsatiOl1s other radiation would cau c medical ailments. than warfare. His address on May 14.14, 1969 al one of their award ceremonies was publi. hed The d('vaslating impact of the in Science magazine. The awards at this partic­ Manhattan Project shocked Robert Marshak. ular ceremony were given for research with Ill' realil.ed that an international communiry applications to such fields as medicine.medicine, agri­ must be cre;\{(·d to facilitate dialoguc on how culture.culture, and industry. Dr. Marshak rem;lrkedrem;lrkcd JlUmic power and atomic research should be Robert and Ruth Marshak that the uses for atomic energy in these Ilelds used. He: joined the American Federation of monument in Section R. were both "striking and contrasting." Scil>nti~ts in an atrempt to help scientists see Ihe political and moral implications of their After Los Alamos.Alamos, Robert Mar,hakMarshak had rl'sl'arch.rl'sl.'arch. graphics. No country was excluded, including become both a political and scientific force 011 the Soviet Union. According to remarks made the Rochester campus. Along with creatingcrcating an rhe University of Rochester kept Robert by colleague J. B. French at Robert Marshak's internationally savvy science department.department, he Marshak on taff through the war years, and memorial service.service, the move to include the wa one of the most prolific scientists to work he was able to return to Rochester in 1947. USSR at these conferences was fairly contro­ at the Universiry of Rochester.Rochester, generating two HeHI.' produced a series of international confer­ versial at the time, and the act demonstrated large volumes of papers concerning nuclear l'I1u:s on physics,physics. beginning in December an amount of bravery. and particle physics. These volumes are till 19')0 and lasting until 1957. Rochester kept in rhe Physics.Physics, Optics,Optics. and Astronomy Roundabout by John Polkinghorne details the Ruth Marshak strived to support her library at the universiry. Marshak was dle: chair serie~ of conferences.conferences, and it also documents husband's commitment to the international of the physics dep3rtment from 1950 to 1%2, the history of the conferences once they were science communiry with the creation of the and his colleagues credited him wirh invigorat­ hdd in other places such as Kiev.Kiev, Geneva.Geneva, Marshak Lectureship. Robert Marshak held ing rhe study of nuclear physics during the: Vic'nna,Vic'nna. and London. Polkinghorne writes that the position of American Physical Sociery 1950s and I 960s. ThroughoutThroughour rhe Marshaks' the:~e wnfercnceswnferences focused on pure physics and (APS) president in 1983. Ruth created the Rochesrer years.years, Ruth M3rshak continued to Ics~ on finding olutions to specific problems Marshak Lectureship for the APS after teach primary school. [n 1950, he gave hirth outside: of science. Unlike the ManhatranManharran Robert's death. The purpose of the lectureship to a daughter, Ann.Ann, and in 1955.1955, rhe Project.Project, rhe Rochester conferences had no goal was to provide travel funding for physicists Marshaks had a son.son, St phen. IOward a ~pl'cific application of science from developing nations or Eastern Europe so At the end of the I%Os, UR Presid nt They then came to the U.S. in 1821, The Aliens stayed in Lockport until the W. Allen Wallis introduced policy changes hoping matters would improve. There was still completion of the Erie Canal. During thar governing how !acuity were to conduct them­ no work for an educated Irishman, so John time they had three children, but twO di d ~e1ves during teaching and other situations. took a job as a laborer with the Comstock and were buried in Lockport. (Later, when The Vietnam War had become a divisive issue. Brothers, building the Erie Canal a few miles Aunt Ednah wrote of her own experiences for and Marshak and Wallis had a number of dis­ west of Lockport. The Aliens became the Lockport Hisrorical Society, she noted that agreements that created political turmoil in acquainted wirh Dr. Isaac Smith and his wife, she encountered John Allen many ycars later the science departments of the university. Dr. on a packet boat when he was Mar\hak left the faculty board at Rochester in returning from Europe. Ednah 1969 to rerurn to his place of origin. ew wrote, "He was a noble man and York City. never forgot his old friends, and remembered enough of his okl 01'­ The Rochester community remembers rows ro have his hand and hean Ruth and Robert Marshak in many ways. A always open ro the wants and sor­ room in the Bausch and Lomb building on rows of others.") the University of Rochester campus is dedicat­ ed to Robert Marshak, aptly titled the After the complerion of the Marshak Room. The tradition of Rochester Erie Canal, Allen lost his accounting Conferences still exists today on campus in position, and the family moved ro othcr science fields. such as quantum optics. It Rochester, where Allen went inro the is important to note that while Robert freight forwarding business. The Marshak worked on the scientific endeavors. 1827 Rochester City Directory lim Ruth Marshak provided the support necessary him as a clerk. In April 1834, a local to accomplish these great feats. Without the newspaper printed a nOlice that collective effort performed by Ruth and Moses Dyer had sold his interest in Robert Marshak, the physics department at the forwarders and commission mer­ the university would be very different. Their chants firm known as John Allen & offspring continue their parents' commirment Co. ro his partners, John Allen. Isaac ro scien e. Stephen Marshak is currently pro­ Van Alinder, and James Savage .The fessor of g ology at the University of Illinois. article noted that as owners of rhe and Ann Marshak-Rothstein works as profes­ prestigious Clinton Line of packer sor of microbiology at Boston University. and freight boats, the company was in a position to provide excellent (Editor's Note: Tim Stacey is a student at service. the Unil1ersity ofRochester and prepared this essay as part ofthe coum work for Religion 167, Speaking Stones, taught by Prof Emil Homerin, Johnjohn ALLen, mayor ofRochester in 1844, is the only only who is also a trustee ofthe Friends ofMount mayor (other than Jonathanjonathan ChiLd, Rochester's firstfirst Hope Cemetery.) mayOl) to have a fiill-Length oiL paintingpainting Detail fi"01nfiwn johl/ in Rochester Cit)' HaLL. HaLL. Allen'sAliens jidl-sizl' paillting. Pail/ling,­Pail/ling'­ whom rhe Allem called "Aunt Ednah", when orthe 63 other Nancy gave birth to a daughter. Maria. who mayors dispLay£'d JOHN ALLEN, 11 TH MAYOR OF died in infancy. iI/ Ci~y Hall ill'£' ROCHESTER, 1844 Limited to (BORN APRIL 15, 1797; DIED The Aliens lived in a deteriorating log ftc£' portmit,-. cabin with a dirt floor and a board set up as a APRIL 1, 1859) door. The bed was made of stakes driven into the ground on one end and into the log walls By MichaeL Rickert on the orher. with boards laid across and a lit­ The Allen family, now in an elevated tle srraw on top. Aunt Ednah made arrange­ position, rook up residence at II Allen Streer. John Allen was born April 15, 1797 in ments to have rhem moved to bener lodgings At other times rhey resided at No. 14 and o. Northern Ireland to parents of Scottish and bener care. 16 Allen Street. descel1l. His fathcr was prosperous, and John was well educated. However, the family for­ On payday afler his first week of work, An itinerant preacher reported that he runes declincd. Meanwhile, John had been John Allen made his X in the pay book as all had a pass from John Allen to ride (he limon courting a young girl, Nancy, also from a good of the illiterate laborers did, but the foreman, line for free, including permission to preach family, which had managed to maintain their recognizing a gentleman when he saw one. the gospel on board. When one Catholic cap­ forrunc. Nancy's father forbade her ro see particularly what was left of a gentleman's tain, refused him the privilege of preaching, John, \0 the couple eloped, causing Nancy's hands after a week of laboring, asked if he rhe minister reported the refu al to Allen him­ father 10 disinherit and banish her. So. the could write and keep books. John could. The self. who instructed rhe captain on where the young lovers emigrared to Canada, where they foreman offered him a job as clerk at double Clinton Line srood on such maners. ould not find work. the wages of a laborer. In 1833. Allen was a vestryman at St. depicting the head only, decorating the walls Lukes Episcopal Church, along with Nathaniel of the city hall atrium on the second and third Rochester, Frederick Whittlesey, and Jonathan floors. Child. Allen belonged ro the 18th New York Slate Regiment and rose to lieutenant colonel. Allen's fortunes declined thereafter. The IN MEMORY OF OF lie fn:quemly chaired meelings of the Friends packet business was badly hurt by the rail­ TISH MC KINNEY KINNEY of Ireland. In 1837, he was an original mem­ roads, and the freight business was susceptible (1916-2007) her of the Mr.Mt. Hope Association. In 1839, the ro the boom-and-bust economies of the era. In p.lper reported that Allen had just returned July of 1845, creditors had his household con- By Jan Wyland

Recently the Friends of Mount Hope (:emetery were saddened to learn of the passing of Letiria "fish" McKinney, a remarkable woman whose gentle good nature charmed all who met her, and whose dedication and extraordi­ nary gardening skill helped restore and beautify many gar­ dens at Mount Hope.

Tish was the wife of Jack McKinney, one of the original founders of the Friends of Mount Hope. Right from the organiza­ tion's starr ill 1980, Tish put hlT garden ing expertise to wo rk, restoring and taking meticulous care of the rock garden just inside the north gate; planting and maintaining rhe beautiful Jobn Allen rllld members ofhis large ftmi0' are beds of the Yaky plot all. the hiIJ­hill­ buried in Section G, Lot 9. sidside just beyond the gatehouse, and caring for the garden in front from an extended trip ro Ireland. This may tents auctioned ro pay debts. His friends of the Jacob Gould mausoleum. have been when he wenr ro Ireland ro collect bought abour half his goods, $700 worth, and She was a key contribuLor and the fortune his father-in-law had left to Nancy. returned it ro him. Anorher time his gold peerless salesperson for the They were reconciled shortly before the old warch was auctioned to settle a debt and again hiends' annual plant sale, offer­ man's death. Judging by the number of Allen friends bought ir and gave it back to him. ing expert advice and encourage­ families living on Allen Srreet, he may have John and Nancy had 10 children. Two died in ment to delighted customer". also hrought a number of relatives over ro infancy in 1847-1848, two are buried in enjoy the benefits of the U.S. Lockport, and six are buried with them in A master gardener wi th amazi ng Moum Hope Cemetery. energy, Tish was sriJi plami ng John got into politics, as many Irishmen and tending gardemgarden:, at Moum did. He served as supervisor of the second By April 1848, he was appointed lock Hope in her 90th year. The ward for two terms, and was elected the 11 th tender of the mud lock on the Genesee Canal. Friends will always remember her mayor in 1844 on the Whig ticket. This is This was a charitable position ro allow an old warmth, humor, and modesry, rather ironic, as the Whigs were becoming friend to keep his dignity. In June 1854, and above all 11cr unquenchable strongly anri-immigration by then. In March Nancy died. zest for living. 184'), he ran for a second tetm against Rufus Keeler. When the votes were counred, Keeler In 1859, John was living in New York This year as the Friends plant a had 1509 and John Allen had 1508, with an City, and in a fit of depression on April I, he Silver Linden tree ro replace the additional vote deemed void because of the committed suicide, curring his throat with a magnificent Fern-leaf Beech rhaL spelling of the name, but evidently meanr for straight razor. He died 14 days before his was lost to disease last year, rhev Allen. Both candidates declined to be elecred 62nd birthday. His son, daughters, and grand­ will place a memorial stone dedi­ on slH:h a questionable basis. The Board of children brought his body back to Rochester, cating the new tree to Tish a.nd Aldl'rmen named William Pitkin ro become where it lay in state in rhe rorunda of City Jack McKinney as a tribure to the 121h mayor of Rochester in 1845. John Hall and was followed by a half-mile funeral their years of dedication to Alkn has a life-size, full-length oil portrait procession with three companies of infantry, Mount Hope Cemerery. hanging in Rochester City Hall. The only one of artillery, one band, and a company other mayor so honored was Jonathan Child, from the fire deparrmem, all of which escorted Ihe city's first mayor. All of the other 63 may­ his body to Mount Hope Cemetery. He is still ors in Rochester's hisrory have small portraits there, buried in Section G, Lot 9. May 19, 19, August 4, 4, Saturday at 12:00 noon: noon: Saturday at 1:30 p.m.: p.m.: The Back Forty. Mt. Hope's "new" "new" Civil War Tour. The Civil War as told told section. Explore the more recent, but but against the backdrop of Mount Hope Hope historically fascinating, south half of of Cemetery, the burial place of many many Mount Hope Cemetery with tour tour Civil War veterans. Marilyn Nolte Nolte guide Fran Coleman. Meet at the the focuses on local involvement. Meet at at cemetery office (orposite The The the north gatehouse (opposite (opposite Distillery). Distillery). Robinson Drive) Drive)

May 26, 26, August 11, 11, Satllrdayat 10:00 a.m.: a.m.: Saturday at 1:30, 2:00, or 2:30 p.m.: p.m.: Famous Artists. Visit interesting mon­ mon­ Ice Cream Tour. A celebration of 200 200 uments designed by artists and the the years of ice cream, and Rochester's con­ con­ gravesites of famous artists with tour tour tributions to the world of ice cream. cream. A FULL SEASON OF GREAT guides Anne Kingston, Eric Logan and and Pick your favorite flavor: Come at 1:30 :30 MOUNT HOPE CEMETERY TOURS Richard Reisem. Meet at the north north for vanilla, 2:00 for chocolate, or 2:30 2:30 gatehouse (opposite Robinson Drive). Drive). for strawberry. Free ice cream, provided provided Starting on May 5 and continuing by I Scream of M t Hope Plaza, will be be through October 28, the Friends of Mount June 16, 16, served following the tOlirs Meet at the the Hope Cemetery will present free public walk­ Saturday at 10:00 a.m.: a.m.: cemetery office (opposite the the ing tours every Saturday and Sunday covering Jewish Heritage. Explore the enor­ enor­ Distillery). Distillery). the famous, historic, and oldest municipal Victorian cemetery in America. The Saturday mous contributions of Rochester's Rochester's tours srart ar I:00 p.m.; [he Sunday tours starr Jewish community with tour guide Sue Sue Sept 8, 8, a[ 2:00 p.m. and 2:30 p.m. They begin from Jaschik. Meet at the cemetery office office Saturday at 12:00 noon: noon: [he north garehouse on Mount Hope Avenue (opposite The DistiUery). DistiUery). Speaking Stones: Revealing the Past. Past. opposire Robinson Drive. There are free cook­ U of R professor Emil Homerin exam­ exam­ ies and lemonade following the tours. June 23, 23, ines the symbols, inscriptions, and and Saturday at 12:00 noon: noon: funerary art that expressed views of of Also starting in May and continuing through October are a series of special [heme Spring Horticulture & Landscape Landscape life, death, and immor ality in the 19th 19th tours. These are free to members of the Tour. Enjoy the landscape of Mount Mount century. Meet at the north gatehouse gatehouse Friends of Mount Hope Cemerery with a Hope with landscape architect Ed Ed (opposite Robinson Drive). Drive). modest charge of $4.00 per person for orhers. Olinger. Meet at the north gatehouse gatehouse Again, rhese fascinating special rours include (opposite Robinson Drive). Drive). September 15, 15, cookies and lemonade after each rour. Here is [he list of special rheme tours for the 2007 Saturday at 10:00 a.m.: a.m.: season. June 30 30 Famous Artists. Another opportunity opportunity Saturday at 10:00 a.m.: a.m.: to experience this popular tour. Meet Meet The Famous & the Forgotten. Pat Pat at the north gatehouse (opposite (opposite Corcoran explores Grove Avenue, Avenue, Robinson Drive). Drive). where both Rochester's wealthiest citi­ citi­ zens and its poorest were laid to rest. rest. September 22, 22, This tour is handicap and wheelchair wheelchair Saturday at 1:30 p.m.: p.m.: accessible. Meet at the cemetery office office Geology at Mount Hope: Hope: (opposite The Distillery). Distillery). The Really Ancient History. Explore Explore the very ancient natural history of Mt. Mt. Hope with geologist Bill Chaisson. Chaisson. Meet at the north gatehouse (opposite (opposite Robinson Drive). Drive).

October 20, 20, Saturday at 12:00 noon: noon: Fall Foliage. Enjoy the variety and and beauty of Mount Hope's trees in in aurumn with landscape architect Ed Ed Olinger. Meet at the north gat house house (opposite Robinson Drive). Drive). THE MURDER OF WILLIAM LYMAN

H.v Mic!J({fl Keene I//UJ/liIt/lJ/iS ky Boh Morris

On rhe evening of October 21, 1837 ar Armed with this seemingly insignificant office rhat night. Some saw him bter in the approximately 9:05 p.m., William Lyman was elue, Robert King, the officer in charge of evening with a large sum of money drinking shot and killed as he walked home frol11 his Rochester's II-man police deparrment, began in one of the taverns. Even Barron's mother job as a clerk for rhe Hooker Mill & Grain his investigation. Knowing that the area called refured her son's alibi and stared rhar rhe Company. When he was found, his pockets Clinton Place, a tepid and seedy parr of handkerchief found in rhe woodpile that con­ had been turned inside our and his wallet and Rochester where the Canad ians, who had tained Lyman's banknores belonged to her son. money wae gone. Lying a few feet away was come to Rochester to work at the canal and his hal rhat concealed a fonune in banknores. the mills, congregated, was as good a place as any to begin the search. Wirhin minures of the discovery, an alarm was issued and rewards were immediate­ ly pmred. William Lyman, 36 years old, devoted husband and father, had jusr become Rochesrer's first murder victim. "There was a srain upon the land," reponed one newspaper.

!vfargaret Barron, tIJe murderer;'murderer;- 11/ot;'n:

The prosecutor's summation toro the jury Rohert King, the police chief rook threerhree hours. The defense attOrney'satrorney's sum­ mation lasted four hours. The judge's charge Officer King did not have to wait long. to the jury consumed two more hours. Th~ As he and other policemen began interviewing jury deliberated for only 45 minutes. Th~ evi­ rhe residems of Clinton Place, a whisrle dence was overwhelming; the verdict was IVi//III/1IIVill/lm/ l,ymil/l.l,ymilll. tlJe lJIurdermurder victim. sounded coming from rhe railroad yard, indi­ "guilty"; the sentence: OcraviusOctavius Barron was to caring rhat a suspecr had been sparred. Upon Some people said rhar as rhis sordid be hanged by the neck until dead. episode developed, God's providence was arriving ar rhe train srarion, King saw a man watching over rhe events. What else but divine atrempt to hide behind a pile of wood. Found At 1:00 p.m. on July 25, 1838, nine in rhe woodpile was a handkerchief that con­ months after rhe rrial ended, Octavius Barron guidance could explain how at the exact tained banknotes matching the ones under moment of rhe crime, a nine-year-old boy, was taken to the first Aoor of CityCiry Jail. Lyman's hat. Additional banknotes, like the Wearing a white roundabout, white pan­ ones in the handkerchief, were found in the taloonsraloons and a ruffled shirt, he was escorred hy man's pockets. The man's name was Octavius two priesrs,priests, reciringreciting prayers in brinbtin anda.nd French. Barron asked forgiveness from those he had injured and from God. Witnesses reported thatthar "although his countenance betOokberook great terror, there was no trembling." He died quickly withwirh little struggle, holding a Catholic cross in his right hand. He was 18 years old.

nO!llas Dixo/l. tbe hoy who saw the JnurdeJ: On therhe day he was hanged, Barron's body was takrak n toro rhe newly established Mount Hope Cemetery, where he was buried Thomas Dixon, happened upon Lyman's Octavius Barron, the murderer. in an unmarked grave. The whereabouts of his death scene ar the precise moment the gun Barron, a 17-year-old French Canadian canal burial site remains unknown. was fired? Only a higher power could accoum worker. He wore a shiny gauze cap. He was filt young Dixon, upon hearing rhe shot that immediately arrested and thrown in jail. William Lyman and OcraviusOctavius Barron are killed l.yman and in rhe brief explosion of forever bound togerhertogether for eternity. William light frum rhe shot, seeing a man wearing The trial of Octavius Barron began one Lyman was therhe flrsrfirst person murdered in the what Dixon larer called, "a shiny cap, like the month later. The rriallasted 10 days. A total city of Rochesrer.Rochester. Octavius Barron becall1l', Onl'S foreigners wear." of 40 witnesses were called. Several people tes­ therefore,rherefore, the first murderer illin rhe histOryhistory of tified seeing Barron loirering around Lyman's the city, and he beca.mebecame rhe firstflrsr person exe­ cuted in Rochesrer as well. But OcraviusOctavius Barron's infamous firsts don't end there. He most cerrainly was one of the first people to be ANOTHER MOUNT HOPE MONUNMENT BYBY buried in the newly opened Mount Hope TIFFANY STUDIO, NEW YORK (ITY(ITY Cemetery in an unmarked grave. (The first burial was William Carrer on August 17, By Richard O. Reisem 1838.) But Barron also holds the distinction of one final first. Everyone is famil­ was born on September iar with the Wilbur 11, 1833 and died on Until that time, the most common Barry Coon (1870­ October 9, 1911. His method of hanging was a technique charitably 1926) monument-a birthdate is preceded by known as the "shorr-drop method". In effect, massive, Art Deco a five-pointed star, rhe victim was slowly strangled to death. For memorial in Section which is called the Star the first time in the U.S., Octavius Barron was MM-created by of Bethlehem because hanged using a more humane method. It was Tiffany Studio in 1927. the five-pointed star is called the "long-drop method", which was It required a specially used to herald the birrh designed to have rhe condemned person fall built railroad car to carry ofJesus Christ. The flve­ several feet before reaching the end of the the huge, heavy stone to pointed star continues rope, thereby breaking the neck and presum­ Rochester. Many of us to be a birrh announce­ ably killing the person instantly. Why this pro­ who are associated with ment. The death date is cedure was created for use in Barron's case is the Friends of Mount preceded by a cross with not known. On the night before Barron died, Hope Cemetery thought four arms of equal his mother visited him and begged him to we were especially lucky length. Above the confess and atone for his sins, which Barron to have such a grand inscription there is a did. His only request was that upon stepping example, even if it was large circle, a pre­ onto the gallows, he be hanged right away. the only one we had, of Christian symbol of the unique skills of the eternity and is universal­ Dr. Isaac Gibbard's monument was designed famous Tiffany Studio. ly recognized as a symbol (Editor's Note: Michael Keene is a fincm­ by Tiffiny Studio, New York City, in /913. rial conSl/ltant who also produces historic docu­ for eterniry. Inside the mentaries. His documentary, "71Je Murder of Then, last fall ar circle is a Greek cross, William Lyman': was an official selection ofthe the South Wedge Hisrory which is distinguished by 47th Annual Rorhfi'ter International Film Fair, Roberr Schnacky, former principal of four arms of equal length. It is the traditional Festival and was chosen "Best ofthe Fest': For Trott Monuments, which used to be located symbol of Christian faith. more injorrlllllirJr/ abollt the DVD, go to on Mount Hope Avenue across from the www.ad-hoc-productions.com.) cemetery, came up to me and said, "I know of In the lower left corner on the back of another monumellrmonum":llr in Mount Hope by the stone is the following inscription: Tiffany Studio." I was all ears. It is in Section r. On Fifth Avenue, there is a turnoff near the Copyright 1913 top of the hill wirh a staircase leading down to Tiffany Studio an area of mausoleums and orher gravesite New York monuments. The Tiffany monument is mid­ wayan the left. Thank you to Bob Schnacky for identi­ fying the second Tiffany Studio mOllument in The granite gravt',rone memorializes Mount Hope Cemetery. Isaac Gibbard, D.O. This Docror of Divinity ••

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