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Can We Rule out the Possibility of the Existence of an Additional Time Axis
Brian D. Koberlein Thomas J. Murray Time 2 ABSTRACT CAN WE RULE OUT THE POSSIBILITY THAT THERE IS MORE THAN ONE DIRECTION IN TIME? by Lynn Stephens The literature was examined to see if a proposal for the existence of additional time-like axes could be falsified. Some naïve large-time models are visualized and examined from the standpoint of simplicity and adequacy. Although the conclusion here is that the existence of additional time-like dimensions has not been ruled out, the idea is probably not falsifiable, as was first assumed. The possibility of multiple times has been dropped from active consideration by theorists less because of negative evidence than because it can lead to cumbersome models that introduce causality problems without providing any advantages over other models. Even though modern philosophers have made intriguing suggestions concerning the causality issue, usability and usefulness issues remain. Symmetry considerations from special relativity and from the conservation laws are used to identify restrictions on large-time models. In view of recent experimental findings, further research into Cramer’s transactional model is indicated. This document contains embedded graphic (.png and .jpg) and Apple Quick Time (.mov) files. The CD-ROM contains interactive Pacific Tech Graphing Calculator (.gcf) files. Time 3 NOTE TO THE READER The graphics in the PDF version of this document rely heavily on the use of color and will not print well in black and white. The CD-ROM attachment that comes with the paper version of this document includes: • The full-color PDF with QuickTime animation; • A PDF printable in black and white; • The original interactive Graphing Calculator files. -
書 名 等 発行年 出版社 受賞年 備考 N1 Ueber Das Zustandekommen Der
書 名 等 発行年 出版社 受賞年 備考 Ueber das Zustandekommen der Diphtherie-immunitat und der Tetanus-Immunitat bei thieren / Emil Adolf N1 1890 Georg thieme 1901 von Behring N2 Diphtherie und tetanus immunitaet / Emil Adolf von Behring und Kitasato 19-- [Akitomo Matsuki] 1901 Malarial fever its cause, prevention and treatment containing full details for the use of travellers, University press of N3 1902 1902 sportsmen, soldiers, and residents in malarious places / by Ronald Ross liverpool Ueber die Anwendung von concentrirten chemischen Lichtstrahlen in der Medicin / von Prof. Dr. Niels N4 1899 F.C.W.Vogel 1903 Ryberg Finsen Mit 4 Abbildungen und 2 Tafeln Twenty-five years of objective study of the higher nervous activity (behaviour) of animals / Ivan N5 Petrovitch Pavlov ; translated and edited by W. Horsley Gantt ; with the collaboration of G. Volborth ; and c1928 International Publishing 1904 an introduction by Walter B. Cannon Conditioned reflexes : an investigation of the physiological activity of the cerebral cortex / by Ivan Oxford University N6 1927 1904 Petrovitch Pavlov ; translated and edited by G.V. Anrep Press N7 Die Ätiologie und die Bekämpfung der Tuberkulose / Robert Koch ; eingeleitet von M. Kirchner 1912 J.A.Barth 1905 N8 Neue Darstellung vom histologischen Bau des Centralnervensystems / von Santiago Ramón y Cajal 1893 Veit 1906 Traité des fiévres palustres : avec la description des microbes du paludisme / par Charles Louis Alphonse N9 1884 Octave Doin 1907 Laveran N10 Embryologie des Scorpions / von Ilya Ilyich Mechnikov 1870 Wilhelm Engelmann 1908 Immunität bei Infektionskrankheiten / Ilya Ilyich Mechnikov ; einzig autorisierte übersetzung von Julius N11 1902 Gustav Fischer 1908 Meyer Die experimentelle Chemotherapie der Spirillosen : Syphilis, Rückfallfieber, Hühnerspirillose, Frambösie / N12 1910 J.Springer 1908 von Paul Ehrlich und S. -
Wiki Template-1Eb7p59
Wikipedia Reader https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aurora Selected by Julie Madsen - Entry 10 1 Aurora From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia An aurora, sometimes referred to as a polar lights or north- ern lights, is a natural light display in the sky, predominantly seen in the high latitude (Arctic and Antarctic) regions.[1] Au- roras are produced when the magnetosphere is sufficiently disturbed by the solar wind that the trajectories of charged particles in both solar wind and magnetospheric plasma, mainly in the form of electrons and protons, precipitate them into the upper atmosphere (ther- mosphere/exosphere), where their energy is lost. The resulting ion- ization and excitation of atmospheric constituents emits light of varying color and complexity. The form of the aurora, occur- ring within bands around both polar regions, is also dependent on the amount of acceleration imparted to the precipitating parti- cles. Precipitating protons generally produce optical emissions as incident hydrogen atoms after gaining electrons from the atmosphere. Proton Images of auroras from around the world, auroras are usually observed at including those with rarer red and blue lower latitudes.[2] lights Wikipedia Reader 2 May 1 2017 Contents 1 Occurrence of terrestrial auroras 1.1 Images 1.2 Visual forms and colors 1.3 Other auroral radiation 1.4 Aurora noise 2 Causes of auroras 2.1 Auroral particles 2.2 Auroras and the atmosphere 2.3 Auroras and the ionosphere 3 Interaction of the solar wind with Earth 3.1 Magnetosphere 4 Auroral particle acceleration 5 Auroral events of historical significance 6 Historical theories, superstition and mythology 7 Non-terrestrial auroras 8 See also 9 Notes 10 References 11 Further reading 12 External links Occurrence of terrestrial auroras Most auroras occur in a band known as the auroral zone,[3] which is typically 3° to 6° wide in latitude and between 10° and 20° from the geomagnetic poles at all local times (or longitudes), most clearly seen at night against a dark sky. -
Think in G Machines Corporation Connection
THINK ING MACHINES CORPORATION CONNECTION MACHINE TECHNICAL SUMMARY The Connection Machine System Connection Machine Model CM-2 Technical Summary ................................................................. Version 6.0 November 1990 Thinking Machines Corporation Cambridge, Massachusetts First printing, November 1990 The information in this document is subject to change without notice and should not be construed as a commitment by Thinking Machines Corporation. Thinking Machines Corporation reserves the right to make changes to any products described herein to improve functioning or design. Although the information in this document has been reviewed and is believed to be reliable, Thinking Machines Corporation does not assume responsibility or liability for any errors that may appear in this document. Thinking Machines Corporation does not assume any liability arising from the application or use of any information or product described herein. Connection Machine® is a registered trademark of Thinking Machines Corporation. CM-1, CM-2, CM-2a, CM, and DataVault are trademarks of Thinking Machines Corporation. C*®is a registered trademark of Thinking Machines Corporation. Paris, *Lisp, and CM Fortran are trademarks of Thinking Machines Corporation. C/Paris, Lisp/Paris, and Fortran/Paris are trademarks of Thinking Machines Corporation. VAX, ULTRIX, and VAXBI are trademarks of Digital Equipment Corporation. Symbolics, Symbolics 3600, and Genera are trademarks of Symbolics, Inc. Sun, Sun-4, SunOS, and Sun Workstation are registered trademarks of Sun Microsystems, Inc. UNIX is a registered trademark of AT&T Bell Laboratories. The X Window System is a trademark of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology. StorageTek is a registered trademark of Storage Technology Corporation. Trinitron is a registered trademark of Sony Corporation. -
Dirac Equation - Wikipedia
Dirac equation - Wikipedia https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dirac_equation Dirac equation From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia In particle physics, the Dirac equation is a relativistic wave equation derived by British physicist Paul Dirac in 1928. In its free form, or including electromagnetic interactions, it 1 describes all spin-2 massive particles such as electrons and quarks for which parity is a symmetry. It is consistent with both the principles of quantum mechanics and the theory of special relativity,[1] and was the first theory to account fully for special relativity in the context of quantum mechanics. It was validated by accounting for the fine details of the hydrogen spectrum in a completely rigorous way. The equation also implied the existence of a new form of matter, antimatter, previously unsuspected and unobserved and which was experimentally confirmed several years later. It also provided a theoretical justification for the introduction of several component wave functions in Pauli's phenomenological theory of spin; the wave functions in the Dirac theory are vectors of four complex numbers (known as bispinors), two of which resemble the Pauli wavefunction in the non-relativistic limit, in contrast to the Schrödinger equation which described wave functions of only one complex value. Moreover, in the limit of zero mass, the Dirac equation reduces to the Weyl equation. Although Dirac did not at first fully appreciate the importance of his results, the entailed explanation of spin as a consequence of the union of quantum mechanics and relativity—and the eventual discovery of the positron—represents one of the great triumphs of theoretical physics. -
Why So Negative to Negative Probabilities?
Espen Gaarder Haug THE COLLECTOR: Why so Negative to Negative Probabilities? What is the probability of the expected being neither expected nor unexpected? 1The History of Negative paper: “The Physical Interpretation of Quantum Feynman discusses mainly the Bayes formu- Probability Mechanics’’ where he introduced the concept of la for conditional probabilities negative energies and negative probabilities: In finance negative probabilities are considered P(i) P(i α)P(α), nonsense, or at best an indication of model- “Negative energies and probabilities should = | α breakdown. Doing some searches in the finance not be considered as nonsense. They are well- ! where P(α) 1. The idea is that as long as P(i) literature the comments I found on negative defined concepts mathematically, like a sum of α = is positive then it is not a problem if some of the probabilities were all negative,1 see for example negative money...”, Paul Dirac " probabilities P(i α) or P(α) are negative or larger Brennan and Schwartz (1978), Hull and White | The idea of negative probabilities has later got than unity. This approach works well when one (1990), Derman, Kani, and Chriss (1996), Chriss increased attention in physics and particular in cannot measure all of the conditional probabili- (1997), Rubinstein (1998), Jorgenson and Tarabay quantum mechanics. Another famous physicist, ties P(i α) or the unconditional probabilities P(α) (2002), Hull (2002). Why is the finance society so | Richard Feynman (1987) (also with a Noble prize in an experiment. That is, the variables α can negative to negative probabilities? The most like- in Physics), argued that no one objects to using relate to hidden states. -
Race in the Age of Obama Making America More Competitive
american academy of arts & sciences summer 2011 www.amacad.org Bulletin vol. lxiv, no. 4 Race in the Age of Obama Gerald Early, Jeffrey B. Ferguson, Korina Jocson, and David A. Hollinger Making America More Competitive, Innovative, and Healthy Harvey V. Fineberg, Cherry A. Murray, and Charles M. Vest ALSO: Social Science and the Alternative Energy Future Philanthropy in Public Education Commission on the Humanities and Social Sciences Reflections: John Lithgow Breaking the Code Around the Country Upcoming Events Induction Weekend–Cambridge September 30– Welcome Reception for New Members October 1–Induction Ceremony October 2– Symposium: American Institutions and a Civil Society Partial List of Speakers: David Souter (Supreme Court of the United States), Maj. Gen. Gregg Martin (United States Army War College), and David M. Kennedy (Stanford University) OCTOBER NOVEMBER 25th 12th Stated Meeting–Stanford Stated Meeting–Chicago in collaboration with the Chicago Humanities Perspectives on the Future of Nuclear Power Festival after Fukushima WikiLeaks and the First Amendment Introduction: Scott D. Sagan (Stanford Introduction: John A. Katzenellenbogen University) (University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign) Speakers: Wael Al Assad (League of Arab Speakers: Geoffrey R. Stone (University of States) and Jayantha Dhanapala (Pugwash Chicago Law School), Richard A. Posner (U.S. Conferences on Science and World Affairs) Court of Appeals for the Seventh Circuit), 27th Judith Miller (formerly of The New York Times), Stated Meeting–Berkeley and Gabriel Schoenfeld (Hudson Institute; Healing the Troubled American Economy Witherspoon Institute) Introduction: Robert J. Birgeneau (Univer- DECEMBER sity of California, Berkeley) 7th Speakers: Christina Romer (University of Stated Meeting–Stanford California, Berkeley) and David H. -
Baruch S. Blumberg 1925–2011
Baruch S. Blumberg 1925–2011 A Biographical Memoir by W. Thomas London ©2014 National Academy of Sciences. Any opinions expressed in this memoir are those of the author and do not necessarily reflect the views of the National Academy of Sciences. BARUCH SAMUEL BLUMBERG July 28, 1925–April 5, 2011 Elected to the NAS, 1975 Baruch S. Blumberg was a research scientist who received the Nobel Prize for Physiology or Medicine for his discovery of the Australia antigen, one of the most important advances in the field of Hepatology. Known to everyone as Barry, he was an unlikely person to have made the discoveries that had such a huge impact on public health, liver disease, infectious disease and virology. Barry was not a virologist, a hepatologist, an infectious disease specialist, or an epidemiologist. He had minimal clin- ical training in medicine and no formal training in those other disciplines. He was, in fact, more of a 19th century natural scientist than a 20th century laboratory or clin- ical scientist. Finding the cause of viral hepatitis was not what he had in mind when he began his research career. By W. Thomas London Yet Barry’s discovery, made with teams in Philadelphia and Bethesda, led to the virtual elimination of transfusion-related hepatitis B in most parts of the world, and was essential to the identification of hepatitis A, C, D, and E viruses. When he identified the Australia antigen as the outer coat of the previously unidentified hepatitis B virus, it was the prelude to the invention of the first vaccine to prevent infection with the virus, the demonstration of its association with acute and chronic hepatitis B, cirrhosis, and liver cancer, and ultimately the prevention of liver cancer. -
Feynman-Richard-P.Pdf
A Selected Bibliography of Publications by, and about, Richard Phillips Feynman Nelson H. F. Beebe University of Utah Department of Mathematics, 110 LCB 155 S 1400 E RM 233 Salt Lake City, UT 84112-0090 USA Tel: +1 801 581 5254 FAX: +1 801 581 4148 E-mail: [email protected], [email protected], [email protected] (Internet) WWW URL: http://www.math.utah.edu/~beebe/ 07 June 2021 Version 1.174 Title word cross-reference $14.95 [Oni15]. $15 [Ano54b]. $18.00 [Dys98]. $19.99 [Oni15]. 2 + 1 [Fey81, Fey82c]. $22.00 [Dys98]. $22.95 [Oni15]. $24.95 [Dys11a, RS12]. $26.00 [Bro06, Ryc17, Dys05]. $29.99 [Oni15, Roe12, Dys11a]. $30.00 [Kra08, Lep07, W¨ut07]. $35 [Ano03b]. $50.00 [DeV00, Ano99]. $500 [Ano39]. $55.00 [Noe11]. $80.00hb/$30.00pb [Cao06]. $9.95 [Oni15]. α [GN87, Sla72]. e [BC18]. E = mc2 [KN19]. F (t) · r [BS96]. λ [Fey53c, Fey53a]. SU(3) [Fey65a]. U(6) ⊗ U(6) [FGMZ64]. π [BC18]. r [EFK+62]. -Transition [Fey53a]. 0-19-853948-7 [Tay97]. 0-226-42266-6 [W¨ut07]. 0-226-42267-4 [Kra08]. 0-691-03327-7 [Bro96c]. 0-691-03685-3 [Bro96c]. 1965 [Fey64e]. 1988 [Meh02]. 1 2 2.0 [BCKT09]. 2002 [FRRZ04]. 2007 [JP08]. 2010 [KLR13]. 20th [Anoxx, Bre97, Gin01, Kai02]. 235 [FdHS56]. 3 [Ish19, Ryc17]. 3.0 [Sem09]. 3.2 [Sem16]. 40th [MKR87]. 469pp [Cao06]. 8 [Roe12]. 9 [BFB82]. 978 [Ish19, Roe12, Ryc17]. 978-0-06135-132-7 [Oni15]. 978-0-300-20998-3 [Ryc17]. 978-0-8090-9355-7 [Oni15]. 978-1-58834-352-9 [Oni15]. -
Negative Probability in the Framework of Combined Probability
Negative probability in the framework of combined probability Mark Burgin University of California, Los Angeles 405 Hilgard Ave. Los Angeles, CA 90095 Abstract Negative probability has found diverse applications in theoretical physics. Thus, construction of sound and rigorous mathematical foundations for negative probability is important for physics. There are different axiomatizations of conventional probability. So, it is natural that negative probability also has different axiomatic frameworks. In the previous publications (Burgin, 2009; 2010), negative probability was mathematically formalized and rigorously interpreted in the context of extended probability. In this work, axiomatic system that synthesizes conventional probability and negative probability is constructed in the form of combined probability. Both theoretical concepts – extended probability and combined probability – stretch conventional probability to negative values in a mathematically rigorous way. Here we obtain various properties of combined probability. In particular, relations between combined probability, extended probability and conventional probability are explicated. It is demonstrated (Theorems 3.1, 3.3 and 3.4) that extended probability and conventional probability are special cases of combined probability. 1 1. Introduction All students are taught that probability takes values only in the interval [0,1]. All conventional interpretations of probability support this assumption, while all popular formal descriptions, e.g., axioms for probability, such as Kolmogorov’s -
THE PLEASURE of FINDING THINGS OUT: FEYNMAN on LEARNING and DISCOVERY Ben Aaronson, M.A
THE PLEASURE OF FINDING THINGS OUT: FEYNMAN ON LEARNING AND DISCOVERY Ben Aaronson, M.A. University of Washington COURSE DESCRIPTION This seminar is designed to explore the activity of learning and its potential impact on the world in the thought of Richard Feynman. Follow the Nobel laureate physicist as he works on the top-secret Manhattan Project, sluggishly begins an academic career, and creates international incidents. Lessons about life and learning emerge as he attempts to tackle the most complex problems in the universe. Feynman’s insights on learning, pulled from his eclectic life experiences, are relevant to any field of human endeavor. COURSE TOPICS Genuine Encounters Feyman’s foray into Brazilian academics. The difference between book knowledge and real understanding. “Triboluminescence” and the “Brown-throated-thrush”. Experiments and encountering phenomena directly. Play and Learning Feyman’s playful relationship with a cafeteria plate that led to his theories on electron orbits in relativity, the Dirac Equation in electrodynamics, and quantum electrodynamics, for which he ultimately received the Nobel Prize. The importance and means of engaging natural curiosity. Authentic Discussion Feynman takes on Neils Bohr at Los Alamos. Seeking honest criticism. Collaborative debate where truth is the only objective. Critical discussion. Learning and Authority The place of authority in learning. When to question, when to accept. Bruce Lee’s three stages of mastery. The Universe in a Glass of Wine The artist’s and scientist’s respective views of Nature. The beauty that emerges from understanding the complexity of phenomena. The concept of beauty from the scientist’s perspective. The Scientific Method Abstracting the game of chess. -
Arxiv:Hep-Th/9603202V1 29 Mar 1996
SLAC–PUB–7115 March 1996 DISCRETE PHYSICS AND THE DIRAC EQUATION∗ Louis H. Kauffman Department of Mathematics, Statistics and Computer Science University of Illinois at Chicago 851 South Morgan Street, Chicago IL 60607-7045 and H. Pierre Noyes Stanford Linear Accelerator Center Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94309 Abstract We rewrite the 1+1 Dirac equation in light cone coordinates in two signif- icant forms, and solve them exactly using the classical calculus of finite differ- ences. The complex form yields “Feynman’s Checkerboard”—a weighted sum arXiv:hep-th/9603202v1 29 Mar 1996 over lattice paths. The rational, real form can also be interpreted in terms of bit-strings. Submitted to Physics Letters A. PACS: 03.65.Pm, 02.70.Bf Key words: discrete physics, choice sequences, Dirac equation, Feynman checker- board, calculus of finite differences, rational vs. complex quantum mechanics ∗Work partially supported by Department of Energy contract DE–AC03–76SF00515 and by the National Science Foundation under NSF Grant Number DMS-9295277. 1 Introduction In this paper we give explicit solutions to the Dirac equation for 1+1 space-time. These solutions are valid for discrete physics [1] using the calculus of finite differences, and they have as limiting values solutions to the Dirac equation using infinitesimal calculus. We find that the discrete solutions can be directly interpreted in terms of sums over lattice paths in discrete space-time. We document the relationship of this lattice-path with the checkerboard model of Richard Feynman [2]. Here we see how his model leads directly to an exact solution to the Dirac equation in discrete physics and thence to an exact continuum solution by taking a limit.