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Prehľad Dejín Biológie, Lekárstva a Farmácie

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Prehľad Dejín Biológie, Lekárstva a Farmácie VYSOKOŠKOLSKÁ UČEBNICA UNIVERZITA PAVLA JOZEFA ŠAFÁRIKA V KOŠICIACH PRÍRODOVEDECKÁ FAKULTA Katedra botaniky Prehľad dejín biológie, lekárstva a farmácie Martin Bačkor a Miriam Bačkorová Košice 2018 PREHĽAD DEJÍN BIOLÓGIE, LEKÁRSTVA A FARMÁCIE Vysokoškolská učebica Prírodovedeckej fakulty UPJŠ v Košiciach Autori: 2018 © prof. RNDr. Martin Bačkor, DrSc. Katedra botaniky, Prírodovedecká fakulta, UPJŠ v Košiciach 2018 © RNDr. Miriam Bačkorová, PhD. Katedra farmakognózie a botaniky, UVLF v Košiciach Recenzenti: doc. RNDr. Roman Alberty, CSc. Katedra biológie a ekológie, Fakulta prírodných vied, UMB v Banskej Bystrici doc. MVDr. Tatiana Kimáková. PhD. Ústav verejného zdravotníctva, Lekárska fakulta, UPJŠ v Košiciach Vedecký redaktor: prof. RNDr. Beňadik Šmajda, CSc. Katedra fyziológie živočíchov, Prírodovedecká fakulta, UPJŠ v Košiciach Technický editor: Mgr. Margaréta Marcinčinová Všetky práva vyhradené. Toto dielo ani jeho žiadnu časť nemožno reprodukovať, ukladať do in- formačných systémov alebo inak rozširovať bez súhlasu majiteľov práv. Za odbornú a jazykovú stránku tejto publikácie zodpovedajú autori. Rukopis neprešiel redakčnou ani jazykovou úpravou Tento text vznikol aj vďaka materiálnej pomoci z projektu KEGA 012UPJŠ-4/2016. Vydavateľ: Univerzita Pavla Jozefa Šafárika v Košiciach Dostupné od: 22. 10. 2018 ISBN 978-80-8152-650-3 OBSAH PREDHOVOR ................................................. 5 1 STAROVEK ................................................ 6 1.1 Zrod civilizácie ........................................................8 1.2 Staroveká čínska medicína ..............................................10 1.3 Staroveká indická medicína ..............................................11 1.4 Staroveká medicína Mezopotámie .........................................12 1.5 Staroveká medicína v Egypte ............................................13 2 DOBA ŽELEZNÁ............................................ 15 2.1 Izrael ...............................................................16 2.2 Grécko ..............................................................17 2.2.1 Raná grécka veda, „Predsokratici“ ................................................18 2.2.2 Aténske obdobie ................................................................24 2.2.3 Helénske obdobie ..............................................................29 2.3 Rímska ríša ..........................................................31 3 STREDOVEK............................................... 34 3.1 Patristika ............................................................35 3.2 Scholastika ..........................................................36 3.3 Byzancia ............................................................36 3.4 Arabský svet .........................................................37 3.5 Západná a stredná Európa ...............................................40 4 RENESANCIA, 15. – 16. STOROČIE ............................ 46 4.1 Anatómia človeka .....................................................47 4.2 Renesančná zoológia ..................................................51 4.3 Renesančná botanika ..................................................52 5 BAROK A OSVIETENSTVO, 17. – 18. STOROČIE ................. 57 5.1 Zrod vedeckej mikroskopie (17. – 18. storočie) ..............................63 5.2 Moderná klasifikácia organizmov (17. – 18. storočie) ..........................67 5.3 Počiatky experimentálnej botaniky (18. – 19. storočie) .........................74 5.4 Embryologické teórie (18. storočie) .......................................77 5.5 Encyklopedisti (18. – 19. storočie) ........................................82 5.6 Prírodná filozofia ......................................................84 6 BIOLÓGIA 19. A 20. STOROČIA ............................... 88 6.1 Vývojová teória (evolucionisti) ...........................................88 6.2 Bunková teória, rozvoj cytológie a histológie ................................96 6.2.1 Bunková teória a rozvoj cytológie ..................................................96 6.2.2 Rozvoj histológie ..............................................................107 6.3 Mikrobiológia, imunológia a virológia ....................................109 6.4 Genetika a molekulová biológia .........................................119 6.5 Fyziológia živočíchov a človeka .........................................134 6.6 Fyziológia rastlín a experimentálna botanika ...............................138 6.7 Etológia ............................................................140 6.8 Ekológia ...........................................................142 6.9 Teória biologickej symbiózy organizmov ..................................143 6.10 „Fašistická biológia“ v prvej polovici 20. st. a biológia „studenej vojny“ v 50. rokoch 20. st. počas éry tzv. „Sovietskeho zväzu“ ..........................146 POUŽITÁ LITERATÚRA ....................................... 149 REGISTER ................................................. 151 Starovek PREDHOVOR Po viac ako desiatich rokoch ponúkame čitateľom doplnenú a rozšírenú verziu doteraz oficiálne nepublikovaného (napriek tomu zverejneného a verejnosti cez www stránku dostupného) interného učebného textu, ktorý slúžil v rokoch 2007 – 2017 ako základná literatúra pre výučbu predmetu „Seminár dejiny biológie“. Preto niektoré časti tohto textu mohli poslúžiť v poslednom desaťročí ako literárny zdroj pre nám neznáme práce ďalších slovenských autorov, čo by v takom prípade mohlo budiť dojem, že prehľad nami použitej literatúry nie je úplný. Tento predmet, bol pôvodne zavedený v školských rokoch 1999/2000 až 2000/2001 do ponuky predmetov na Prírodovedeckej fakulte Univerzity Pavla Jozefa Šafárika v Košiciach vo forme prednášky pod názvom „Dejiny biológie“. Tak ako aj v tomto období, ako aj od školského roku 2003/2004 až doteraz, už pod súčasným názvom „Seminár dejiny biológie“, bol primárne určený pre študentov biologický odborov, najmä študijného programu „Biológia“, v rámci jednoodborového bakalárskeho stupňa štúdia, resp. medziodborových a učiteľských biologických študijných programov. Učebný text je prirodzene určený aj pre učiteľov biológie na všetkých stupňoch vzdelávania v rámci Slovenskej republiky, prípadne študentov aplikovaných biologických odborov (napr. lekárstvo, farmaceutické vedy, poľnohospodárske vedy, lesníctvo a pod.). A samozrejme, pre všetkých záujemcov, ktorí chcú získať základný prehľad o najvýznamnejších míľnikoch biológie ako nesmierne zaujímavej, modernej a dynamicky sa vyvíjajúcej vedeckej disciplíny. Učebný text je chronologicky rozčlenený na najvýznamnejšie obdobia rozvoja civilizácie. Posledné dve ukončené storočia, devätnáste a dvadsiate, sú z dôvodu nevídaného rozvoja biologických disciplín a z toho plynúceho objemu získaných informácií, rozdelené na hlavné oblasti vied o živej prírode. Keďže je vo vede niekedy ťažké definovať, čo je minulosť a čo už prítomnosť tej-ktorej vednej disciplíny, do predloženého textu sme sa snažili nezahrnúť významné biologické objavy zo začiatku 21. storočia, ktoré sú už zvyčajne pokladané za „súčasnosť“ biológie. V Košiciach, máj 2018 autori „Analýza takmer každého vedeckého problému vedie automaticky ku štúdiu jeho histórie.“ Ernst Mayr (1982) 5 M. Bačkor a M. Bačkorová: Prehľad dejín biológie, lekárstva a farmácie 1 STAROVEK „Na počiatku stvoril Boh nebo a zem. Zem však bola pustá a prázdna, tma bola nad priepasťou a Duch Boží sa vznášal nad vodami…“ kniha Genezis, Biblia Vývoj ľudstva bol už od počiatku nevyhnutne zviazaný so získaním určitej sumy prírodovedných znalostí, spojených prevažne so zberom a lovom alebo zachovaním vlastnej existencie. Doba kamenná, teda obdobie ľudských dejín, v ktorom sa používal kameň ako hlavná surovina na výrobu nástrojov, sa delí na dve hlavné obdobia: paleolit (staršia doba kamenná) a neolit (mladšia doba kamenná). Pre paleolit je charakteristický zber potravy a lov. Pre túto činnosť už bolo nevyhnutné zvládnutie určitých ekologických poznatkov pri organizovanom love veľkej zveri alebo rybolove. Zber semien, plodov a korienkov vyžadoval získanie znalostí (empíria) v základoch biologickej klasifikácie. Významnú úlohu zohrávajú ručné kamenné nástroje, zbrane, oheň a zvládnutie reči. Počiatky biológie ako vedy, ktorá sa zaoberá živými organizmami, spadajú do obdobia spred 50 000 rokov a možno aj skôr. Napriek zdanlivo „pomalému rozbehu“ dnes biológia, spolu s aplikovanými biologickými odbormi, patrí medzi najdynamickejšie sa rozvíjajúce oblasti vedy v súčasnosti. Obr. 1.: „Venuša“ z Moravian nad Váhom, vyrobená z mamutoviny. Soška patrí do obdobia mladého paleolitu – tzv. gravettienu. Vznikla v období pred viac ako dvadsaťtisíc rokmi a patrí medzi najvýznamnejšie archeologické nálezy z nášho územia. Zdroj: https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moravianska_venu%C5%A1a#/media/File:Moravianska_venusa.jpg 6 Starovek Až pomerne nedávno, v období 9 000 až 7 000 rokov pred n. l., sa v priaznivých klimatických oblastiach Prednej Ázie zrodilo poľnohospodárstvo. Význam vzniku poľnohospodárstva možno prirovnať k významu používania ohňa a sily (zvierat, vody, vetra, neskôr iných zdrojov). Agrárna revolúcia spôsobila nástup usadlého spôsobu života, neskoršej špecializácie a dokonalejšej deľby práce. So vznikom poľnohospodárstva sa rozvíjal aj proces domestikácie (zdomácnenia) hospodárskych zvierat (hoci napr. pôvod psa siaha údajne až do doby kamennej). Pre rozvoj civilizácie mala mimoriadny význam domestikácia koní. K tejto významnej udalosti došlo pravdepodobne pred 6 000 rokmi. Svedčia o tom archeologické nálezy
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