Dioscorides De Materia Medica Pdf
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Dioscorides de materia medica pdf Continue Herbal written in Greek Discorides in the first century This article is about the book Dioscorides. For body medical knowledge, see Materia Medica. De materia medica Cover of an early printed version of De materia medica. Lyon, 1554AuthorPediaus Dioscorides Strange plants RomeSubjectMedicinal, DrugsPublication date50-70 (50-70)Pages5 volumesTextDe materia medica in Wikisource De materia medica (Latin name for Greek work Περὶ ὕλης ἰατρικῆς, Peri hul's iatrik's, both means about medical material) is a pharmacopeia of medicinal plants and medicines that can be obtained from them. The five-volume work was written between 50 and 70 CE by Pedanius Dioscorides, a Greek physician in the Roman army. It was widely read for more than 1,500 years until it supplanted the revised herbs during the Renaissance, making it one of the longest of all natural history books. The paper describes many drugs that are known to be effective, including aconite, aloe, coloxinth, colocum, genban, opium and squirt. In all, about 600 plants are covered, along with some animals and minerals, and about 1000 medicines of them. De materia medica was distributed as illustrated manuscripts, copied by hand, in Greek, Latin and Arabic throughout the media period. From the sixteenth century, the text of the Dioscopide was translated into Italian, German, Spanish and French, and in 1655 into English. It formed the basis of herbs in these languages by such people as Leonhart Fuchs, Valery Cordus, Lobelius, Rembert Dodoens, Carolus Klusius, John Gerard and William Turner. Gradually these herbs included more and more direct observations, complementing and eventually displacing the classic text. Several manuscripts and early printed versions of De materia medica survive, including an illustrated manuscript by the Vienna Dioscurid, written in the original Greek language in 6th-century Constantinople; it was used there by the Byzantines as a hospital text for just over a thousand years. Sir Arthur Hill saw a monk on Mount Athos still use a copy of Dioscorides to identify plants in 1934. The book Dioscorides gets the root of the mandrake. Manuscript of Vienna Dioscurides, at the beginning of the sixth century Blackberry. Vienna Dioscurides, Mandrake of the early sixth century (written I in Greek capitals). Naples Dioscurides, a seventh-century physician who prepares the elixir, from the Arabic dioscorids, 1224 Cumin and dill from the Arabic book Simple (c. 1334) after Dioscorides between 50 and 70 AD, a Greek doctor in the Roman army, Dioscorides, wrote a five-volume book in his native Greek, Περὶ ὕλης ἰατρικῆς (Peri hules iatrik's, about medical material), known more widely in Western Europe by its Latin name De materia. He studied pharmacology in Tarsus in Roman Anatolia (now Turkey). The book has become reference work on pharmacology in Europe and the Middle East for more than 1,500 years, and thus was a precursor to all modern pharmacopeia. Unlike many classical authors, De materia medica was not rediscovered during the Renaissance because it never left circulation; indeed, the text of the Dioscopide overshadowed the Hippocratic Corps. In the medieval period, De materia medica was distributed in Latin, Greek and Arabic. In the Renaissance from 1478 it was also printed in Italian, German, Spanish and French. In 1655, John Goodyear made an English translation from the printed version, probably not corrected from the Greek. While the text has been reproduced in handwritten form for centuries, it has often been supplemented by comments and minor additions from Arab and Indian sources. Several illustrated manuscripts of De materia medica survive. The most famous is the lavishly illustrated Viennese Dioscurids (Juliana Ancia Code), written in the original Greek language in Byzantine Constantinople in 512/513 AD; his illustrations are accurate enough to allow identification, something not possible with later medieval plant drawings; some of them can be copied from a lost volume belonging to Juliana Ancia's great-grandfather, Theodosia II, in the early 5th century. The Naples Dioscuriids and Morgan Dioscuriids are later Byzantine manuscripts in Greek, while other Greek manuscripts survive today in the monasteries of the Amon. Densely illustrated Arabic copies survive in the 12th and 13th centuries. The result is a complex set of relationships between manuscripts, including translation, copying errors, text and illustration additions, deletion, rework, and a combination of copying from one manuscript and correction from another. De materia medica is the main historical source of information on medicines used by the Greeks, Romans and other ancient cultures. The work also records Dacian names for some plants, 12 that would otherwise be lost. The paper presents about 600 medicinal plants in total, along with some animals and minerals, and about 1,000 medicines from these sources. Botanists did not always find Dioscopid plants easily identifiable by its short descriptions, in part because it naturally described plants and animals from southeastern Europe, while by the sixteenth century his book was used throughout Europe and throughout the Islamic world. This meant that people tried to force a match between the plants they knew and those described by Dioscorides, leading to what could be disastrous results. Each entry's approach provides a significant amount of detail about the plant or substance in question by concentrating medicinal purposes, but giving such a mention of other purposes (such as culinary) and help with recognition, is considered to be considered For example, on Mekon Agrios and Mekon Emeros, an opium poppy and related species, Dioscorids are thrust into bread: it has a somewhat long little head and white seed, while the other has a head tilted and a third is wilder, more medicinal and longer than their head. After this brief description, he immediately goes into pharmacology, saying that they cause sleep; other uses to treat inflammation and erysipela, and if boiled with honey to make a cough mixture. Thus, the account combines recognition, pharmacological effect and guidance on preparation of the drug. Its effects are summed up, accompanied by a caveat: A little bit of it (taken with the same amount as the grain of ervuma) is an anesthetic, a sleep-causing, and a reactor, helping cough and abdominal ailments. Taken as a drink too often hurts (which makes men sluggish) and it kills. Useful for pains sprinkled with rosacem; and from the pain in the ears fell in them with the oil of almonds, saffron and myrrh. For eye inflammation it is used with fried egg yolk and saffron, as well as for erysipela and wounds with vinegar; but for gout with women's milk and saffron. Put up with a finger like a suppository it causes sleep.- Dioscorides-Mekon Agrios and Mekon Emeros16 Dioscorides then describes how to say good from fake preparation. He mentions the recommendations of other doctors, Diagoras (according to Eristratus), Andreas, and Mnesidemus, only to dismiss them as false and not supported by experience. It ends with a description of how the liquid is harvested from poppy plants, and lists the names used for it: chamaesyce, mecon rhoeas, oxytonon; papaver to the Romans, and wanti to the Egyptians. Back in the Tudor and Stuart periods in Britain, herbalists often still classified plants in the same way as Dioscorids and other classical authors, not by their structure or apparent kinship, but by the way they smelled and tasted, whether they were edible, and what medicinal uses they had. Only when European botanists such as Matthias de l'Obel, Andrea Cesalpino and Auguste Kyrinus Rivinus (Bachmann) did their best to match the plants they knew, to those listed in Dioscorides, they went ahead and created new classification systems based on the similarity of parts, be it leaves, fruits or flowers. The contents of the Book are divided into five volumes. Dioscorids organized substances by certain similarities, such as their aromatic or vines; these divisions do not correspond to any modern classification. According to David Sutton, the grouping depends on the type of impact on the human body. Volume I: The aroma of Tom I covers the aromatic oils, the plants that provide them, and the ointments from They include what is probably cardamom, backgammon, valerian, valerian, or Senna, cinnamon, Gilead balm, hops, mastic, stypisk, pine resin, bitumen, heather, iva, apple, peach, apricot, lemon, pear, medlar, plum and many others. Volume II: Animals to Herbs Volume II covers a wide range of topics: animals including sea creatures such as sea urchin, seahorse, whelk, mussels, crab, scorpion, electric beam, viper, cuttlefish and many others; Dairy products; Cereals vegetables such as sea cabbage, beetroot, asparagus; and herbs such as garlic, leeks, onions, capers and mustard. Volume III: Roots, seeds and herbs of Volume III covers roots, seeds and herbs. These include plants that can be rhubarb, gentian, liquorice, cumin, parsley, lovage, fennel and many others. Volume IV: Roots and Herbs, a sequel to Volume IV describes further roots and herbs not covered with volume III. These include herbs that may be betony, Solomon's seal, clematis, hem, daffodil, daffodil and many others. Volume V: Grapes, wines and minerals Tom V covers the vine, wine from it, grapes and raisins; but also strong medicinal potions made by boiling many other plants including mandrake, hellebore, and various metal compounds such as what can be zinc oxide, verdigris and iron oxide. Influence and effectiveness de materia medica in Arabic, Spain, 12-13 century Arabic medicine Wild cucumber in Arabic Dioscorides. 13th century, Persia Additional information: Arab medicine and medicine in the medieval Islamic world Together with his fellow physicians of Ancient Rome, Aulus Cornelius Celsus, Galen, Hippocrates and Soran Ephesus, Dioscorid was a major and long-term influence on Arab medicine, as well as medical practices throughout Europe.