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Review of Information on the Status of the Northern Goshawk (Accipiter gentilis atricapillus) in the Western Great Lakes Region and Ontario Prepared by: Theodore Dick and David Plumpton April 1999 For further information, contact: Nongame Bird Coordinator U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service Federal Building, 1 Federal Drive Fort Snelling, MN 55111-4056 TABLE OF CONTENTS ACRONYMS USED IN THIS REPORT . iv ACKNOWLEDGMENTS . v SUMMARY . vi INTRODUCTION . 1 TAXONOMY . 3 Common Name. 3 Scientific Name . 3 Unresolved Taxonomic Issues . 3 PHYSICAL DESCRIPTION . 3 SUMMARY OF BIOLOGICAL INFORMATION ON THE GOSHAWK IN THE WESTERN GREAT LAKES REGION AND ONTARIO . 4 Habitat . 5 Breeding Season Habitat . 5 Nest Tree . 5 Nest Site . 8 Alternative Nests/Alternative Nest Sites . 10 Nest Structure . 11 Stand Type . 11 Landscape Features . 12 Foraging Area/Home Range Size . 13 Breeding Area Occupancy . 14 Winter Habitat . 14 Life History . 15 Breeding Biology . 15 Definitions . 15 Mating/Courtship . 15 Age of Reproduction . 16 Reproductive Measures/Productivity . 16 Survival . 17 Breeding Area Fidelity/Pair Fidelity . 18 Density . 19 Distinct Populations/Metapopulations . 20 Dispersal . 20 Migration/Irruptions . 21 Population Cycles . 22 Predation . 23 i Disease . 23 Siblicide/Cannibalism . 24 Prey Use . 24 GEOGRAPHIC DISTRIBUTION . 27 CURRENT AND HISTORICAL RANGE . 29 Historical Range in the Region . 29 Illinois Historical Range . 31 Michigan Historical Range . 31 Michigan Current Range . 31 Minnesota Historical Range . 31 Minnesota Current Range . 32 Wisconsin Historical Range . 32 Wisconsin Current Range . 33 Ontario Historical Range . 33 Ontario Current Range . 33 POTENTIAL THREATS . 34 Present or Threatened Destruction, Modification or Curtailment of Habitat or Range . 34 Overutilization for Commercial, Recreational, Scientific or Educational Purposes . 34 Disease or Predation . 34 Inadequacy of Existing Regulatory Mechanisms . 35 Other Natural or Manmade Factors Affecting its Continued Existence . 35 MANAGEMENT ACTIONS NEEDED TO PRECLUDE THE NEED FOR LISTING AS ENDANGERED OR THREATENED . 35 CURRENT PROTECTIVE STATUS UNDER STATE/PROVINCIAL/ FEDERAL LAWS AND REGULATIONS . 36 United States Federal Status . 36 Forest Service Eastern Region Status . 38 Nature Conservancy Global Ranking . 38 Fish and Wildlife Service Region 3 Status . 39 Michigan Status . 39 Minnesota Status . 39 Wisconsin Status . 39 Canadian Status . 39 Ontario Status . 39 Regulation of Falconry in U.S. 40 Regulation of Falconry in Canada . 41 ii PAST AND CURRENT CONSERVATION ACTIVITIES UNDERTAKEN TO BENEFIT THE SPECIES OR ITS HABITAT . 43 Habitat Michigan . 43 Minnesota . 43 Wisconsin . 43 Ontario . 44 Monitoring . 45 Research . 46 Ongoing Research . 46 Research Needs . ..

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Policy and Practice UNCORRECTED PROOF BBarney_C011.inddarney_C011.indd 117979 99/13/2008/13/2008 44:11:24:11:24 PPMM UNCORRECTED PROOF BBarney_C011.inddarney_C011.indd 118080 99/13/2008/13/2008 44:11:24:11:24 PPMM Copy edited by Richard Beatty 11 Conservation Values from Falconry Robert E. Kenward Anatrack Ltd and IUCN-SSC European Sustainable Use Specialist Group, Wareham, UK Introduction Falconry is a type of recreational hunting. This chapter considers the conser- vation issues surrounding this practice. It provides a historical background and then discusses how falconry’s role in conservation has developed and how it could grow in the future. Falconry, as deﬁ ned by the International Association for Falconry and Conservation of Birds of Prey (IAF), is the hunting art of taking quarry in its natural state and habitat with birds of prey. Species commonly used for hunt- ing include eagles of the genera Aquila and Hieraëtus, other ‘broad-winged’ members of the Accipitrinae including the more aggressive buzzards and their relatives, ‘short-winged’ hawks of the genus Accipiter and ‘long-winged’ falcons (genus Falco). Falconers occur in more than 60 countries worldwide, mostly in North America, the Middle East, Europe, Central Asia, Japan and southern Africa. Of these countries, 48 are members of the IAF. In the European Union falconry Recreational Hunting, Conservation and Rural Livelihoods: Science and Practice, 1st edition. Edited by B. Dickson, J. Hutton and B. Adams. © 2009 Blackwell Publishing, UNCORRECTEDISBN 978-1-4051-6785-7 (pb) and 978-1-4051-9142-5 (hb). PROOF BBarney_C011.inddarney_C011.indd 118181 99/13/2008/13/2008 44:11:24:11:24 PPMM Copy edited by Richard Beatty 182 ROBERT E.
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University of Cape Town
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