Accipitridae Species Tree

Total Page:16

File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb

Accipitridae Species Tree Accipitridae I: Hawks, Kites, Eagles Pearl Kite, Gampsonyx swainsonii ?Scissor-tailed Kite, Chelictinia riocourii Elaninae Black-winged Kite, Elanus caeruleus ?Black-shouldered Kite, Elanus axillaris ?Letter-winged Kite, Elanus scriptus White-tailed Kite, Elanus leucurus African Harrier-Hawk, Polyboroides typus ?Madagascan Harrier-Hawk, Polyboroides radiatus Gypaetinae Palm-nut Vulture, Gypohierax angolensis Egyptian Vulture, Neophron percnopterus Bearded Vulture / Lammergeier, Gypaetus barbatus Madagascan Serpent-Eagle, Eutriorchis astur Hook-billed Kite, Chondrohierax uncinatus Gray-headed Kite, Leptodon cayanensis ?White-collared Kite, Leptodon forbesi Swallow-tailed Kite, Elanoides forficatus European Honey-Buzzard, Pernis apivorus Perninae Philippine Honey-Buzzard, Pernis steerei Oriental Honey-Buzzard / Crested Honey-Buzzard, Pernis ptilorhynchus Barred Honey-Buzzard, Pernis celebensis Black-breasted Buzzard, Hamirostra melanosternon Square-tailed Kite, Lophoictinia isura Long-tailed Honey-Buzzard, Henicopernis longicauda Black Honey-Buzzard, Henicopernis infuscatus ?Black Baza, Aviceda leuphotes ?African Cuckoo-Hawk, Aviceda cuculoides ?Madagascan Cuckoo-Hawk, Aviceda madagascariensis ?Jerdon’s Baza, Aviceda jerdoni Pacific Baza, Aviceda subcristata Red-headed Vulture, Sarcogyps calvus White-headed Vulture, Trigonoceps occipitalis Cinereous Vulture, Aegypius monachus Lappet-faced Vulture, Torgos tracheliotos Gypinae Hooded Vulture, Necrosyrtes monachus White-backed Vulture, Gyps africanus White-rumped Vulture, Gyps bengalensis Himalayan Vulture, Gyps himalayensis Griffon Vulture, Gyps fulvus Rueppell’s Vulture, Gyps rueppelli Cape Vulture, Gyps coprotheres Slender-billed Vulture, Gyps tenuirostris Indian Vulture, Gyps indicus Andaman Serpent-Eagle, Spilornis elgini Philippine Serpent-Eagle, Spilornis holospilus Crested Serpent-Eagle, Spilornis cheela ?Great Nicobar Serpent-Eagle, Spilornis klossi ?Mountain Serpent-Eagle, Spilornis kinabaluensis Circaetinae Sulawesi Serpent-Eagle, Spilornis rufipectus Philippine Eagle, Pithecophaga jefferyi Bateleur, Terathopius ecaudatus Western Banded Snake-Eagle, Circaetus cinerascens Southern Banded Snake-Eagle, Circaetus fasciolatus Congo Serpent-Eagle, Circaetus spectabilis ?Beaudouin’s Snake-Eagle, Circaetus beaudouini Black-chested Snake-Eagle, Circaetus pectoralis Brown Snake-Eagle, Circaetus cinereus Short-toed Snake-Eagle, Circaetus gallicus Lophospizinae Harpiinae Aquilinae Accipitrinae Buteoninae Accipitridae II: Hawks, Kites, Eagles Crested Goshawk, Lophospiza trivirgata Lophospizinae ?Sulawesi Goshawk, Lophospiza griseiceps Bat Hawk, Macheiramphus alcinus Papuan Eagle, Harpyopsis novaeguineae Harpiinae Harpy Eagle, Harpia harpyja Crested Eagle, Morphnus guianensis Crowned Eagle, Stephanoaetus coronatus Sulawesi Hawk-Eagle, Nisaetus lanceolatus Pinsker’s Hawk-Eagle, Nisaetus pinskeri Changeable Hawk-Eagle, Nisaetus cirrhatus Philippine Hawk-Eagle, Nisaetus philippensis Wallace’s Hawk-Eagle, Nisaetus nanus Mountain Hawk-Eagle, Nisaetus nipalensis Legge’s Hawk-Eagle, Nisaetus kelaarti Blyth’s Hawk-Eagle, Nisaetus alboniger Aquilinae Javan Hawk-Eagle, Nisaetus bartelsi Black Hawk-Eagle, Spizaetus tyrannus Black-and-white Hawk-Eagle, Spizaetus melanoleucus Ornate Hawk-Eagle, Spizaetus ornatus Black-and-chestnut Eagle, Spizaetus isidori Rufous-bellied Hawk-Eagle, Lophotriorchis kienerii Martial Eagle, Polemaetus bellicosus Long-crested Eagle, Lophaetus occipitalis Black Eagle, Ictinaetus malaiensis Lesser Spotted-Eagle, Clanga pomarina Greater Spotted-Eagle, Clanga clanga ?Indian Spotted-Eagle, Clanga hastata Wahlberg’s Eagle, Hieraaetus wahlbergi Ayres’s Hawk-Eagle, Hieraaetus ayresii Pygmy Eagle, Hieraaetus weiskei †Haast’s Eagle, Hieraaetus moorei Booted Eagle, Hieraaetus pennatus Little Eagle, Hieraaetus morphnoides Steppe Eagle, Aquila nipalensis Tawny Eagle, Aquila rapax Spanish Imperial-Eagle, Aquila adalberti Eastern Imperial-Eagle, Aquila heliaca Golden Eagle, Aquila chrysaetos Cassin’s Hawk-Eagle, Aquila africana Gurney’s Eagle, Aquila gurneyi Wedge-tailed Eagle, Aquila audax Verreaux’s Eagle, Aquila verreauxii Bonelli’s Eagle, Aquila fasciata African Hawk-Eagle, Aquila spilogaster Lizard Buzzard, Kaupifalco monogrammicus Gabar Goshawk, Micronisus gabar Melieraxini Long-tailed Hawk, Urotriorchis macrourus Tiny Hawk, Hieraspiza superciliosa Semicollared Hawk, Hieraspiza collaris Accipitrinae Dark Chanting-Goshawk, Melierax metabates ?Eastern Chanting-Goshawk, Melierax poliopterus Pale Chanting-Goshawk, Melierax canorus Accipitrini Double-toothed Kite, Harpagus bidentatus Harpagini Rufous-thighed Kite, Harpagus diodon Brahminy Kite, Haliastur indus Whistling Kite, Haliastur sphenurus Red Kite, Milvus milvus Black Kite, Milvus migrans ?Yellow-billed Kite, Milvus aegyptius Buteoninae Pallas’s Fish-Eagle, Haliaeetus leucoryphus Milvini Steller’s Sea-Eagle, Haliaeetus pelagicus White-tailed Eagle, Haliaeetus albicilla Bald Eagle, Haliaeetus leucocephalus White-bellied Sea-Eagle, Icthyophaga leucogaster Sanford’s Sea-Eagle, Icthyophaga sanfordi African Fish-Eagle, Icthyophaga vocifer Madagascan Fish-Eagle, Icthyophaga vociferoides Lesser Fish-Eagle, Icthyophaga humilis Gray-headed Fish-Eagle, Icthyophaga ichthyaetus Buteonini Accipitridae III: Accipitrini—Accipiters, Harriers Chestnut-shouldered Goshawk, Erythrotriorchis buergersi Red Goshawk, Erythrotriorchis radiatus Chestnut-flanked Sparrowhawk, Aerospiza castanilius Red-chested Goshawk, Aerospiza toussenelii African Goshawk, Aerospiza tachiro Red-thighed Sparrowhawk, Tachyspiza erythropus Little Sparrowhawk, Tachyspiza minulla Spot-tailed Sparrowhawk, Tachyspiza trinotata Japanese Sparrowhawk, Tachyspiza gularis Besra, Tachyspiza virgata ?Dwarf Sparrowhawk, Tachyspiza nana ?Vinous-breasted Sparrowhawk, Tachyspiza rhodogaster ?Rufous-necked Sparrowhawk, Tachyspiza erythrauchen Collared Sparrowhawk, Tachyspiza cirrocephala ?New Britain Sparrowhawk, Tachyspiza brachyura ?Moluccan Goshawk, Tachyspiza henicogramma Brown Goshawk, Tachyspiza fasciata Variable Goshawk, Tachyspiza hiogaster ?Gray Goshawk, Tachyspiza novaehollandiae Shikra, Tachyspiza badia Levant Sparrowhawk, Tachyspiza brevipes ?Nicobar Sparrowhawk, Tachyspiza butleri ?Chinese Sparrowhawk, Tachyspiza soloensis Black-mantled Goshawk, Tachyspiza melanochlamys ?Pied Goshawk, Tachyspiza albogularis ?White-bellied Goshawk, Tachyspiza haplochroa ?Fiji Goshawk, Tachyspiza rufitorques Frances’s Sparrowhawk, Tachyspiza francesiae ?Slaty-mantled Goshawk, Tachyspiza luteoschistacea Imitator Goshawk, Tachyspiza imitator Gray-headed Goshawk, Tachyspiza poliocephala ?New Britain Goshawk, Tachyspiza princeps Gray-bellied Hawk, Accipiter poliogaster Ovambo Sparrowhawk, Accipiter ovampensis Madagascan Sparrowhawk, Accipiter madagascariensis Eurasian Sparrowhawk, Accipiter nisus Rufous-breasted Sparrowhawk, Accipiter rufiventris Sharp-shinned Hawk, Accipiter striatus ?White-breasted Hawk, Accipiter chionogaster Plain-breasted Hawk, Accipiter ventralis Rufous-thighed Hawk, Accipiter erythronemius Doria’s Goshawk, Megatriorchis doriae Bicolored Hawk, Astur bicolor Cooper’s Hawk, Astur cooperii Gundlach’s Hawk, Astur gundlachi Northern Goshawk, Astur gentilis ?Meyer’s Goshawk, Astur meyerianus Black Sparrowhawk, Astur melanoleucus Henst’s Goshawk, Astur henstii Spotted Harrier, Circus assimilis Pallid Harrier, Circus macrourus Black Harrier, Circus maurus Hen Harrier, Circus cyaneus Northern Harrier, Circus hudsonius Cinereous Harrier, Circus cinereus Long-winged Harrier, Circus buffoni Montagu’s Harrier, Circus pygargus Pied Harrier, Circus melanoleucos Western Marsh-Harrier, Circus aeruginosus African Marsh-Harrier, Circus ranivorus Swamp Harrier, Circus approximans Papuan Harrier, Circus spilothorax Reunion Harrier, Circus maillardi Eastern Marsh-Harrier, Circus spilonotus Malagasy Harrier, Circus macrosceles Accipitridae IV: Buteonini—Buteos Grasshopper Buzzard, Butastur rufipennis White-eyed Buzzard, Butastur teesa ?Rufous-winged Buzzard, Butastur liventer Gray-faced Buzzard, Butastur indicus Mississippi Kite, Ictinia mississippiensis Plumbeous Kite, Ictinia plumbea Black-collared Hawk, Busarellus nigricollis Crane Hawk, Geranospiza caerulescens Snail Kite, Rostrhamus sociabilis ?Slender-billed Kite, Helicolestes hamatus Plumbeous Hawk, Cryptoleucopteryx plumbea Slate-colored Hawk, Buteogallus schistaceus Rufous Crab Hawk, Buteogallus aequinoctialis Common Black Hawk, Buteogallus anthracinus ?Cuban Black Hawk, Buteogallus gundlachii Savanna Hawk, Buteogallus meridionalis White-necked Hawk, Buteogallus lacernulatus Great Black Hawk, Buteogallus urubitinga Solitary Eagle, Buteogallus solitarius Chaco Eagle, Buteogallus coronatus Barred Hawk, Morphnarchus princeps Roadside Hawk, Rupornis magnirostris Harris’s Hawk, Parabuteo unicinctus White-rumped Hawk, Parabuteo leucorrhous White-tailed Hawk, Geranoaetus albicaudatus Variable Hawk, Geranoaetus polyosoma Black-chested Buzzard-Eagle, Geranoaetus melanoleucus Gray-backed Hawk, Pseudastur occidentalis White Hawk, Pseudastur albicollis Mantled Hawk, Pseudastur polionotus Semiplumbeous Hawk, Leucopternis semiplumbeus Black-faced Hawk, Leucopternis melanops White-browed Hawk, Leucopternis kuhli Gray Hawk, Buteo plagiatus Gray-lined Hawk, Buteo nitidus Red-shouldered Hawk, Buteo lineatus Ridgway’s Hawk, Buteo ridgwayi Broad-winged Hawk, Buteo platypterus Hawaiian Hawk, Buteo solitarius White-throated Hawk, Buteo albigula Short-tailed Hawk, Buteo brachyurus Swainson’s Hawk, Buteo swainsoni Galapagos Hawk, Buteo galapagoensis Zone-tailed Hawk,
Recommended publications
  • Downloaded from Brill.Com10/11/2021 06:43:08AM Via Free Access 182 T
    Bijdragen tot de Dierkunde, 56 (2): 181-204 — 1986 Microscopic identification of feathers and feather fragments of Palearctic birds by Tim G. Brom Institute of Taxonomic Zoology (Zoologisch Museum), University of Amsterdam, P.O. Box 20125, 1000 HC Amsterdam, The Netherlands much better and Abstract a assessment of the problem could suggest the most adequate preventive Using light microscopy, a method has been developed for measures. the identification of feathers and feather fragments col- of lected after collisions between birds and aircraft. Charac- LaHam (1967) started the application of the barbules of feathers described for 22 ters downy are microscopic investigation of scrapings collected orders of birds. The of in combination with the use a key of amino from engines, combined with the use macroscopic method of comparing feathers with bird skins acid of and able analysis protein residues, was in a museum collection results in identificationto order or to bird so that defective family level in 97% of the analysed bird strikes. Applica- diagnose strikes, could be into those tion of the method to other fields of biological research engines rapidly separated is discussed. including taxonomy due to either bird strikes or mechanical failures. The microscopic structure of feathers was Résumé first studied by Chandler (1916). He described of feathers of North the structure pennaceous Une méthode utilisant la microscopie optique a été mise l’identification des des American and found differences à point pour plumes et fragments birds, large de collectés des collisions oiseaux plume après entre et between different taxa. He also examined the avions. On décrit les caractères des barbules duveteuses downy barbules of a few species and provided des 22 ordres d’oiseaux.
    [Show full text]
  • Sun-Bathing As a Thermo-Regulatory and in Birds
    SHORT COMMUNICATIONS SUN-BATHING AS A THERMO- REGULATORY AID IN BIRDS TOM J. CADE Section of Ecology and Systematics Cornell University Ithaca, New York 14850 In their study of the Roadrunner (Gcococcl~x califor- for thermoregulation in cold air without resorting ?o nianus), Ohmart and Lasiewski ( 1971) provided a special sun-bathing posture (Hamilton and Heppner another example of a bird that supplements endo- 1967; Lustick 1969, 1971; Heppner 1970). thermy with absorption of solar radiation at low air Ohmart and Lasiewski never observed their Road- temperatures, but they did not give an entirely runners sun-bathing when the ambient temperature convincing proof of a heliothermic function for sun- was above the birds ’ lower critical temperature, but bathing per se. To do so, they would have to show a many birds do sun-bathe at high ambient tempera- difference between sun-bathing and normally postured tures. I had this fact dramatically brought to my Roadrunners under the same conditions of ambient attention during a visit to the Los Angeles Zoo on temperature and insolation, e.g., a faster rate of 18 August 1969. Shortly after 16:00, the slanting warming from hypothermia or a lower rate of metab- rays of the midafternoon sun began to penetrate olism for sunning birds. Other birds utilize solar through the sides of the roofed aviaries. There was radiation and thereby reduce their energy expenditure a sudden explosion of sun-bathing activity by a wide FIGURE 1A. A e-year old Bateleur (Terathopius ecaudatus) sunning in natural light on a hot January after- noon in the austral summer, Pretoria, South Africa, 1966.
    [Show full text]
  • Griffon Vultures &Lpar;<I>Gyps Fulvus</I>&Rpar; Ingesting Bones At
    SEPTEMBER1997 LETTERS 287 AravaipaCreek, Arizona. Almost immediatelyat leastsix Elf Owls beganvocalizing from dispersedlocations around our campsiteand at leastfour of them began making low passesat the Great Horned Owl. Before we could relocate the horned owl to a protectedenclosure, it wasstruck once in the head by an Elf Owl. Some nocturnal behaviorsmay not be well known or understood,not becausethey are rare, but becausethey are difficult to observe.This may changewith the increasedavailability of night vision equipment (P. Henson and J A Cooper 1994, Auk 111:1013-1018). Currently, observationsof nocturnal behaviorsare likely to be sporadicand anecdotal,and therefore unreported. Such information, however,may help in understandinga speciesbiology. For example, other researchershave observedgroup mobbing by Elf Owls (F.R. Gehlbach,pers. comm.; B.A. Millsap, pers. comm.), but there are no publishedreports of the behavior.Our observations,and thoseof other researchers, suggestthat Elf Owlswill join together in mobbing and that they can be physicallyaggressive when defending their nestsagainst predators. We thank A. Duerr, T.S. Estabrookand R.L. Spauldingfor assistingwith the observations.We alsothank T. Brush, ER. Gehlbach, R. Glinski, P. Hardy, B.A. Millsap, G. Proudfoot and H.A. Snyder for sharing their observational information concerning mobbing by small owls.This manuscriptbenefitted from the constructivereviews of ER. Gehlbach,C. Marti, B.A. Millsapand an anonymousreviewer.--Clint W. Boal, Brent D. Biblesand R. William Mannan, Schoolof RenewableNatural Resources,University of Arizona, Tucson,AZ 85721 U.S•. j. RaptorRes. 31 (3):287-288 ¸ 1997 The Raptor ResearchFoundation, Inc. GRIFFONVULTURES (GYPS FULVUS) INGESTING BONES AT THE OSSUARIESOF BEARDEDVULTURES ( GYPAETUSBAR•ATUS) Some African vulturesovercome the calcium deficiencyin their diets by ingestingbone fragments,and are depen- dent on the presenceof largepredators to supplythem (Mundy and Ledger 1976, S.
    [Show full text]
  • Bird List Column A: 1 = 70-90% Chance Column B: 2 = 30-70% Chance Column C: 3 = 10-30% Chance
    Colombia: Chocó Prospective Bird List Column A: 1 = 70-90% chance Column B: 2 = 30-70% chance Column C: 3 = 10-30% chance A B C Tawny-breasted Tinamou 2 Nothocercus julius Highland Tinamou 3 Nothocercus bonapartei Great Tinamou 2 Tinamus major Berlepsch's Tinamou 3 Crypturellus berlepschi Little Tinamou 1 Crypturellus soui Choco Tinamou 3 Crypturellus kerriae Horned Screamer 2 Anhima cornuta Black-bellied Whistling-Duck 1 Dendrocygna autumnalis Fulvous Whistling-Duck 1 Dendrocygna bicolor Comb Duck 3 Sarkidiornis melanotos Muscovy Duck 3 Cairina moschata Torrent Duck 3 Merganetta armata Blue-winged Teal 3 Spatula discors Cinnamon Teal 2 Spatula cyanoptera Masked Duck 3 Nomonyx dominicus Gray-headed Chachalaca 1 Ortalis cinereiceps Colombian Chachalaca 1 Ortalis columbiana Baudo Guan 2 Penelope ortoni Crested Guan 3 Penelope purpurascens Cauca Guan 2 Penelope perspicax Wattled Guan 2 Aburria aburri Sickle-winged Guan 1 Chamaepetes goudotii Great Curassow 3 Crax rubra Tawny-faced Quail 3 Rhynchortyx cinctus Crested Bobwhite 2 Colinus cristatus Rufous-fronted Wood-Quail 2 Odontophorus erythrops Chestnut Wood-Quail 1 Odontophorus hyperythrus Least Grebe 2 Tachybaptus dominicus Pied-billed Grebe 1 Podilymbus podiceps Magnificent Frigatebird 1 Fregata magnificens Brown Booby 2 Sula leucogaster ________________________________________________________________________________________________________ WINGS ● 1643 N. Alvernon Way Ste. 109 ● Tucson ● AZ ● 85712 ● www.wingsbirds.com (866) 547 9868 Toll free US + Canada ● Tel (520) 320-9868 ● Fax (520)
    [Show full text]
  • BEARDED VULTURE POPULATION and HABITAT VIABILITY ASSESSMENT (Gypaetus Barbatus Meridionalis)
    BEARDED VULTURE POPULATION AND HABITAT VIABILITY ASSESSMENT (Gypaetus barbatus meridionalis) Sterkfontein Dam, Harrismith, Free State Province, South Africa 6 - 10 March 2006 BEARDED VULTURE (Gypaetus barbatus meridionalis) POPULATION AND HABITAT VIABILITY ASSESSMENT IN SOUTHERN AFRICA 6 - 10 March 2006 WORKSHOP REPORT Convened by: CONSERVATION BREEDING SPECIALIST GROUP SOUTHERN AFRICA ENDANGERED WILDLIFE TRUST EZEMVELO KWAZULU-NATAL WILDLIFE Sponsored by: Maloti Drakensberg Transfrontier Project In collaboration with THE CONSERVATION BREEDING SPECIALIST GROUP (CBSG) OF THE IUCN SPECIES SURVIVAL COMMISSION Population and Habitat Viability Assessment: Bearded Vulture (Gypaetus barbatus meridionalis) 1 © Conservation Breeding Specialist Group (CBSG-SSC / IUCN) and the Endangered Wildlife Trust. The copyright of the report serves to protect the Conservation Breeding Specialist Group workshop process from any unauthorised use. Krüger, S., Piper, S., Rushworth, I., Botha, A., Daly, B., Allan, D., Jenkins, A., Burden, D. and Friedmann, Y. (editors). 2006. Bearded Vulture (Gypaetus barbatus meridionalis) Population and Habitat Viability Assessment Workshop Report. Conservation Breeding Specialist Group (SSC / IUCN) / CBSG Southern Africa. Endangered Wildlife Trust, Johannesburg. The CBSG, SSC and IUCN encourage workshops and other fora for the consideration and analysis of issues related to conservation, and believe that reports of these meetings are most useful when broadly disseminated. The opinions and recommendations expressed in this report
    [Show full text]
  • Disaggregation of Bird Families Listed on Cms Appendix Ii
    Convention on the Conservation of Migratory Species of Wild Animals 2nd Meeting of the Sessional Committee of the CMS Scientific Council (ScC-SC2) Bonn, Germany, 10 – 14 July 2017 UNEP/CMS/ScC-SC2/Inf.3 DISAGGREGATION OF BIRD FAMILIES LISTED ON CMS APPENDIX II (Prepared by the Appointed Councillors for Birds) Summary: The first meeting of the Sessional Committee of the Scientific Council identified the adoption of a new standard reference for avian taxonomy as an opportunity to disaggregate the higher-level taxa listed on Appendix II and to identify those that are considered to be migratory species and that have an unfavourable conservation status. The current paper presents an initial analysis of the higher-level disaggregation using the Handbook of the Birds of the World/BirdLife International Illustrated Checklist of the Birds of the World Volumes 1 and 2 taxonomy, and identifies the challenges in completing the analysis to identify all of the migratory species and the corresponding Range States. The document has been prepared by the COP Appointed Scientific Councilors for Birds. This is a supplementary paper to COP document UNEP/CMS/COP12/Doc.25.3 on Taxonomy and Nomenclature UNEP/CMS/ScC-Sc2/Inf.3 DISAGGREGATION OF BIRD FAMILIES LISTED ON CMS APPENDIX II 1. Through Resolution 11.19, the Conference of Parties adopted as the standard reference for bird taxonomy and nomenclature for Non-Passerine species the Handbook of the Birds of the World/BirdLife International Illustrated Checklist of the Birds of the World, Volume 1: Non-Passerines, by Josep del Hoyo and Nigel J. Collar (2014); 2.
    [Show full text]
  • A Multi-Gene Phylogeny of Aquiline Eagles (Aves: Accipitriformes) Reveals Extensive Paraphyly at the Genus Level
    Available online at www.sciencedirect.com MOLECULAR SCIENCE•NCE /W\/Q^DIRI DIRECT® PHYLOGENETICS AND EVOLUTION ELSEVIER Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 35 (2005) 147-164 www.elsevier.com/locate/ympev A multi-gene phylogeny of aquiline eagles (Aves: Accipitriformes) reveals extensive paraphyly at the genus level Andreas J. Helbig'^*, Annett Kocum'^, Ingrid Seibold^, Michael J. Braun^ '^ Institute of Zoology, University of Greifswald, Vogelwarte Hiddensee, D-18565 Kloster, Germany Department of Zoology, National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution, 4210 Silver Hill Rd., Suitland, MD 20746, USA Received 19 March 2004; revised 21 September 2004 Available online 24 December 2004 Abstract The phylogeny of the tribe Aquilini (eagles with fully feathered tarsi) was investigated using 4.2 kb of DNA sequence of one mito- chondrial (cyt b) and three nuclear loci (RAG-1 coding region, LDH intron 3, and adenylate-kinase intron 5). Phylogenetic signal was highly congruent and complementary between mtDNA and nuclear genes. In addition to single-nucleotide variation, shared deletions in nuclear introns supported one basal and two peripheral clades within the Aquilini. Monophyly of the Aquilini relative to other birds of prey was confirmed. However, all polytypic genera within the tribe, Spizaetus, Aquila, Hieraaetus, turned out to be non-monophyletic. Old World Spizaetus and Stephanoaetus together appear to be the sister group of the rest of the Aquilini. Spiza- stur melanoleucus and Oroaetus isidori axe nested among the New World Spizaetus species and should be merged with that genus. The Old World 'Spizaetus' species should be assigned to the genus Nisaetus (Hodgson, 1836). The sister species of the two spotted eagles (Aquila clanga and Aquila pomarina) is the African Long-crested Eagle (Lophaetus occipitalis).
    [Show full text]
  • Bald Eagle Haliaeetus Leucocephalus
    Wyoming Species Account Bald Eagle Haliaeetus leucocephalus REGULATORY STATUS USFWS: Delisted; Migratory Bird USFS R2: Sensitive USFS R4: Sensitive Wyoming BLM: Sensitive State of Wyoming: Protected Bird CONSERVATION RANKS USFWS: Bird of Conservation Concern WGFD: NSS3 (Bb), Tier II WYNDD: G5, S4B/S5N Wyoming Contribution: LOW IUCN: Least Concern PIF Continental Concern Score: 9 STATUS AND RANK COMMENTS Bald Eagle (Haliaeetus leucocephalus) is provided international protection under the Federal Migratory Bird Treaty Act of 1918, as amended 1. In 1940, Bald Eagle was provided protection under the Bald and Golden Eagle Protection Act 2. In 1966, the southern subspecies was listed as federally endangered under the Endangered Species Preservation Act; the entire population in the contiguous United States was listed as endangered in 1978 under the 1973 Endangered Species Act (ESA). A significant increase in numbers of nesting pairs, productivity, and distribution allowed Bald Eagle to be reclassified from Endangered to Threatened in 1995 under the ESA 3. Bald Eagle was delisted in 2007, and numbers are considered to be stable to increasing across its range 4. The species has been assigned different state conservation ranks by the Wyoming Natural Diversity Database for the breeding season and nonbreeding season because the abundance of the species is different between seasons. NATURAL HISTORY Taxonomy: Bald Eagle is a member of the family Accipitridae, which includes kites, eagles, harriers, and hawks 5. There are two subspecies of Bald Eagle; H. l. alascanus is found north of 40 degrees latitude across North America, including Wyoming, while H. l. leucocephalus is found south of 40 degrees latitude in the Gulf coast states 6.
    [Show full text]
  • Status of the Eastern Imperial Eagle (Aquila Heliaca) in the European Part of Turkey
    ACTA ZOOLOGICA BULGARICA Acta zool. bulg., Suppl. 3, 2011: 87-93 Status of the Eastern Imperial Eagle (Aquila heliaca) in the European part of Turkey Dimitar A. Demerdzhiev1, Stoycho A. Stoychev2, Nikolay G. Terziev2, and Ivaylo D. Angelov2 1 31 Bulgaria Blv�., 4230 Asenovgra�, Bulgaria; E�mails: �emer�jiev@yahoo.�om; �_�emer�[email protected]; w��.bspb.org 2 Haskovo 6300, P.O.Box 130, Bulgaria; E�mails: stoy�hev.s@gmail.�om; w��.bspb.org; [email protected]; ivailoange� [email protected]; w��.bspb.org Abstract: This arti�le presents the results of the �rst more �etaile� stu�ying on the �istribution an� numbers of the Eastern Imperial Eagle (Аquila heliaca SA V I G NY 1809) population in the European part of Turkey. T�enty territories o��upie� by Imperial Eagle pairs, �istribute� in three �ifferent regions �ere �is�overe� �uring the perio� 2008�2009. The bree�ing population was estimate� at 30�50 pairs. The stu�y i�enti�e� t�o main habitat types typi�al of the Imperial Eagles in European Turkey – open hilly areas an� lo� mountain areas (up to 450 m a.s.l.) an� lo� relief plain areas (50�150 m a.s.l.). Poplar trees (Populus sp. L) were i�enti�e� as the most preferre� nesting substratum (44%), follo�e� by Oaks (Quercus sp. L) (40%). Bree�ing �ensity �as 1 pair/100 km2 in both habitat types. The shortest �istan�e bet�een t�o bree�ing pairs �as 5.8 km re�or�e� in plain areas in the Thra�e region.
    [Show full text]
  • Extreme Variation in the Tails of Adult Harlan’S Hawks
    EXTREME VARIATION IN THE TAILS OF ADULT HARLAN’S HAWKS William S. (Bill) Clark Some adult Harlan’s Hawks have tails somewhat similar to this one Bob Dittrick But many others have very different tails, both in color and in markings Harlan’s Hawk type specimen. Audubon collected this adult in 1830 in Louisiana (USA) and described it as Harlan’s Buzzard or Black Warrier - Buteo harlani It is a dark morph, the common morph for this taxon. British Museum of Natural History, Tring Harlan’s Hawk Range They breed in Alaska, Yukon, & ne British Columbia & winter over much of North America. It occurs in two color morphs, dark and light. The AOS considers Harlan’s Hawk a subspecies of Red- tailed Hawk, Buteo jamaicensis harlani, but my paper in Zootaxa advocates it as a species. Clark (2018) Taxonomic status of Harlan’s Hawk Buteo jamaicensis harlani (Aves: Accipitriformes) Zootaxa concludes: “It [Harlan’s Hawk] should be considered a full species based on lack of justification for considering it a subspecies, and the many differences between it and B. jamaicensis, which are greater than differences between any two subspecies of diurnal raptor.” Harlan’s Hawk is a species: 1. Lack of taxonomic justification for inclusion with Buteo jamaicensis. 2. Differs from Buteo jamaicensis by: * Frequency of color morphs; * Adult plumages by color morph, especially in tail pattern and color; * Neotony: Harlan’s adult & juvenile body plumages are almost alike; whereas those of Red-tails differ. * Extent of bare area on the tarsus. * Some behaviors. TYPE SPECIMEN - Upper tail is medium gray, with a hint of rufous and some speckling, wavy banding on one feather, & wide irregular subterminal band.
    [Show full text]
  • An Early Pleistocene Eagle from Nebraska
    248 SHORT COMMUNICATIONS kunthii blossoms by Bombus queens occurred and depend on many factors. That hummingbirds and the workers were unable to secure nectar while positioned ancestor of P. kunthii co-existed may be assumed; within the floral tube, probably as much as lo-20 otherwise its adaptation to hummingbird pollination per cent more nectar was available to Bombus p&her would make little sense. Thus it is possible that P. and Bombus trinominatus populations during this kunthii could have undergone much of its development period due to the feeding activity of Diglossa. under selective pressure from hummingbirds; still, it is clear that Diglossa baritula has co-existed with DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSIONS hummingbirds throughout New World montane hab- Grant and Grant (1968) have proposed an explanation itats for some time and therefore an earlier and more for the reciprocal evolution of hummingbirds and the important role in the evolution of P. kunthii would plants upon which they feed. According to this inter- not be unexpected. This is not to suggest that exploita- pretation most hummingbird-pollinated flowers, espe- tion late in the evolutionary development of P. kunthii cially temperate species, have evolved from bee flowers would be insignificant. Even at present, given the (Grant 1961; Grant and Grant 1965). The process potential counter-selection pressures on P. kunthii involves an incipient stage during which a primitive from bees, the presence of Dglossa perforations un- hummingbird or progenitor already “preadapted” to doubtedly precludes a certain amount of bee pollina- feed on a particular bee flower (in the sense of tion which would probably otherwise occur, helping securing insects within the corolla, or nectar, or both), to maintain the selection pressures on P.
    [Show full text]
  • Uncorrected Proof
    Policy and Practice UNCORRECTED PROOF BBarney_C011.inddarney_C011.indd 117979 99/13/2008/13/2008 44:11:24:11:24 PPMM UNCORRECTED PROOF BBarney_C011.inddarney_C011.indd 118080 99/13/2008/13/2008 44:11:24:11:24 PPMM Copy edited by Richard Beatty 11 Conservation Values from Falconry Robert E. Kenward Anatrack Ltd and IUCN-SSC European Sustainable Use Specialist Group, Wareham, UK Introduction Falconry is a type of recreational hunting. This chapter considers the conser- vation issues surrounding this practice. It provides a historical background and then discusses how falconry’s role in conservation has developed and how it could grow in the future. Falconry, as defi ned by the International Association for Falconry and Conservation of Birds of Prey (IAF), is the hunting art of taking quarry in its natural state and habitat with birds of prey. Species commonly used for hunt- ing include eagles of the genera Aquila and Hieraëtus, other ‘broad-winged’ members of the Accipitrinae including the more aggressive buzzards and their relatives, ‘short-winged’ hawks of the genus Accipiter and ‘long-winged’ falcons (genus Falco). Falconers occur in more than 60 countries worldwide, mostly in North America, the Middle East, Europe, Central Asia, Japan and southern Africa. Of these countries, 48 are members of the IAF. In the European Union falconry Recreational Hunting, Conservation and Rural Livelihoods: Science and Practice, 1st edition. Edited by B. Dickson, J. Hutton and B. Adams. © 2009 Blackwell Publishing, UNCORRECTEDISBN 978-1-4051-6785-7 (pb) and 978-1-4051-9142-5 (hb). PROOF BBarney_C011.inddarney_C011.indd 118181 99/13/2008/13/2008 44:11:24:11:24 PPMM Copy edited by Richard Beatty 182 ROBERT E.
    [Show full text]