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Status of the Eastern Imperial Eagle (Aquila Heliaca) in the European Part of Turkey

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Status of the Eastern Imperial Eagle (Aquila Heliaca) in the European Part of Turkey ACTA ZOOLOGICA BULGARICA Acta zool. bulg., Suppl. 3, 2011: 87-93 Status of the Eastern Imperial Eagle (Aquila heliaca) in the European part of Turkey Dimitar A. Demerdzhiev1, Stoycho A. Stoychev2, Nikolay G. Terziev2, and Ivaylo D. Angelov2 1 31 Bulgaria Blv�., 4230 Asenovgra�, Bulgaria; E�mails: �emer�jiev@yahoo.�om; �_�emer�[email protected]; w��.bspb.org 2 Haskovo 6300, P.O.Box 130, Bulgaria; E�mails: stoy�hev.s@gmail.�om; w��.bspb.org; [email protected]; ivailoange� [email protected]; w��.bspb.org Abstract: This arti�le presents the results of the �rst more �etaile� stu�ying on the �istribution an� numbers of the Eastern Imperial Eagle (Аquila heliaca SA V I G NY 1809) population in the European part of Turkey. T�enty territories o��upie� by Imperial Eagle pairs, �istribute� in three �ifferent regions �ere �is�overe� �uring the perio� 2008�2009. The bree�ing population was estimate� at 30�50 pairs. The stu�y i�enti�e� t�o main habitat types typi�al of the Imperial Eagles in European Turkey – open hilly areas an� lo� mountain areas (up to 450 m a.s.l.) an� lo� relief plain areas (50�150 m a.s.l.). Poplar trees (Populus sp. L) were i�enti�e� as the most preferre� nesting substratum (44%), follo�e� by Oaks (Quercus sp. L) (40%). Bree�ing �ensity �as 1 pair/100 km2 in both habitat types. The shortest �istan�e bet�een t�o bree�ing pairs �as 5.8 km re�or�e� in plain areas in the Thra�e region. Pro�u�tivity (number of fle�glings/o��u� pie� territory), bree�ing su��ess (number of fle�glings/bree�ing pair) an� fle�gling su��ess (number of fle�glings/su��essful pair) for 2008 an� 2009 �ere reporte�, in�lu�ing 33 bree�ing attempts. The threats are insuf��iently stu�ie� an� nee� further investigation. Key words: Eastern Imperial Eagle, population, �istribution, number, European Turkey Introduction The Eastern Imperial Eagle �as �lassi���e���������� as an en�an� 1996). GURSAN , BIL G IN (2002) mentione� bree�ing gere� spe�ies �ith a �e�lining population in Turkey of the spe�ies in Thra�e an� along the Maritsa River (KIRWAN et al. 2008). The spe�ies �as reporte� in �ithout provi�ing any �ata on �on�rete lo�alities or lo� numbers as a resi�ent, partially migrating lo�al numbers. In the monograph on the bir�s of Turkey bree�er in almost all regions of Turkey (KIRWAN et publishe� in 2008 the Imperial Eagle �as reporte� to al. 2008). Different authors give �is�repant estimates be “on the brink of extin�tion as a bree�er in Thrace” of the bree�ing population. HEREDIA (1996) estimate� (KIRWAN et al. 2008). the national population at 10�50 pairs; accor�ing to This arti�le presents the results of the �rst more DE ROEC K (1993) the population totale� 50�150 pairs; �etaile� stu�y on the �istribution an� numbers of the an� GURSAN , BIL G IN (2002) reporte� 35�70 pairs. The Eastern Imperial Eagle population in the European s�anty bibliographi� �ata on the spe�ies �istribution part of Turkey. T�enty territories occupie� by Imperial in the European part of Turkey reporte� the spe�ies Eagle pairs, �istribute� in three �ifferent regions, as bree�ing in the vi�inities of Istanbul at the en� �ere �is�overe� as a result of our stu�ies �arrie� out of the 19th C (ALLEON , VIAN , 1869). In mi� 1960s, 2 in the perio� 2008�2009. Base� on this �ata an� other bree�ing pairs �ere reporte� along the lo�er rea�hes observations �e estimate� the Eastern Imperial Eagle of the Maritsa River (WARNC K E 1966, 1968, WIRT H population in European Turkey at 30�50 pairs. 87 Demerdzhiev D., S. Stoychev, N. Terziev, and I. Angelov Material and Methods the Shapiro�Wilk test (SH APIRO et al., 1968). Results with p<0.05 [α=5%] �ere �onsi�ere� signi��ant. Five expe�itions �ith a total �uration of 22 �el� �ays �ere �arrie� out in the European part of Turkey Results in the perio� Mar�h–O�tober 2008. In 2009 �e implemente� three �el� surveys �ith a total �ura� Breeding distribution and habitats tion of 10 �el� �ays in the perio� April�July. The During����������� ����������the������� resear�h �e �arrie�d�������������� ���������������������������out���������� in���������������� three �if� resear�h �as �arrie� out in three main regions. The ferent��������������������� ��������������������regions �������������������������in���������� ���������the������ perio�d���������� 2008�2009 �we���� re� �rst region �omprise� the Stran�ja Mountains an� �or�e� a total of 201 territories o��upie� by the Dervent Heights near the Bulgarian�Turkish bor� bree�ers, an� i�enti�e� a fe� more territories of �er, �ith a total stu�ie� area of about 2300 km2. The possible bree�ing (Fig.1). se�on� region �e stu�ie� �as a territory of Thra�e, The most important areas �ere the Stran�ja to the south of the E�irne�Kirklareli�Pinarhisar roa�, Mountain an� the Dervent Heights �here 9 nests �overing a total area of 3000 km2. The thir� stu�ie� �ere �is�overe�. The other t�o regions, where territory �as a region to the north of the Marmara bree�ing �������pairs �������ere��� re�or�e�d�������������� – Thra�������e �����(6 o��u� Sea, bet�een the to�ns of Tekir�ag an� Silivri (1000 pie� territories) an� North Marmara (5 o��upie� km2). �����The�� t�����o��� lo�����������alities ���re�or�e�d�������������������������������������� ������������������in���������������� ���������������the������������ 1960�������s������, situ� territories), �ere insuf��iently stu�ie�, an� the ate� along the lo�er reaches of the Maritsa River number of pairs bree�ing in these areas �as �er� (WARNC K E 1966, 1968) were also inspe�te�. The tainly un�erestimate�. inspe�tions involve� transect metho�s use� mainly While visiting the Ipsala region along the along river valleys or streams, or examination of lo�er���� rea���������������������������hes����������������������� of������������������������������������������ �������������������the���������������� ���������������Maritsa�������� River�������, ����������here �����bree���� high trees in open habitats. Another metho� use� ing of the spe�ies �as re�or�e� in the 1960s, �e �uring the inspe�tions �as observations from vie� observe� an in�ivi�ual in a suitable habitat. The point (BI bb Y et al. 1999, АNDERSEN 2007). torrential rain �uring the expe�ition impe�e� O��upie� territories, bree�ing pairs, age stru�� the tra�king of the bir� an� the���������� eventual �ete���� ture of population an� population bree�ing parame� tion of its nest. The region hel� large pastures ters �ere re�or�e� on an annual basis. We estimate� an� gullies with high trees, provi�ing suitable the pro�u�tivity (number of fle�glings/o��upie� ter� bree�ing �on�itions. We observe� an immature ritory), the bree�ing su��ess (number of fle�glings/ Imperial������������������ �����������������Eagle������������ �����������in �����������������its����� thir�d�������������������������������������������� ���������������������or������������������� ������������������fourth������������ �����������plumage for� bree�ing pair) an� the fle�gling su��ess (number of aging on the north si�e of the Kuru Mountains, fle�glings/su��essful pair) for 2008 an� 2009, in� �here bree�ing �as also possible. �lu�ing 33 bree�ing attempts. Base� on these �n�ings an� the availability The i�enti��ation of plumage �as �one a��or�� of suitable habitats in various regions, �e esti� ing to FORSMAN (2005). The bir�s in sixth �alen�ar mate� the population in European part of Turkey year �ere �onsi�ere� a�ults. The pairs were �ivi�e� at 30�50 bree�ing pairs. into������� three �������������ategories:��� a�������ult ���– ���������������onsisting �����of������ t�����o��� in�i� There were t�o main Imperial Eagle habitats vi�uals in a�ult plumage; mixe� – �onsisting of an in European Turkey. The �rst habitat was in the in�ivi�ual in immature plumage (se�ond-ffth) an� an regions of the Stran�ja Mountains an� Dervent a�ult partner (from sixth plumage up); an� immature – Heights near the Bulgarian–Turkish bor�er. �onsisting of t�o in�ivi�uals in immature plumage. The terrain �as �hara�terize������������������ by open hilly ar� Statistic���� pro�����������essing���� of �ata �as �arrie�������� out us� eas an� lo� mountain areas up to 450 m a.s.l. ing the program Statisti�a for Win�o�s, Release 7.0 The regions �onsiste�d�������������������������������������� of ���������������pastures�������, mosai��� s�at� (STATSOFT INC ., 1984-2004). The �omparison of tere� �el�s, mainly �heat or sunflo�er �rops, �ata �as base� on the parametri� T�������������test ������for in�epen���� an� small Oak �oppi�es. In these areas, Imperial ent variables, as �ell as on �es�riptive statisti�s. The eagle nests were lo�ate� mainly on single Oak �ata was analyse� for normal �istribution through trees in small �el�s. 1 In 2010, 25 nests �ere o��upie� by pairs. 88 Status of the Eastern Imperial Eagle (Aquila heliaca) in the European part of Turkey Fig. 1. Bree�ing �istribution of Eastern Imperial Eagle in the European Part of Turkey (● – �ertain bree�ing; ▲ – pos� sible bree�ing). The se�on� habitat type was typi�al of the Eagle nests (n=9) were situate� at a mean �istan�e Thra�e an� North Marmara regions, �omprising of 10.36 km ±0.86, as the shortest �istan�e re�or�e� lo� relief plain areas at an altitu�e of 50�150 m. bet�een t�o neighboring pairs �as 6.1 km, an� the The groun� �over �onsiste� mainly of mosai� arable longest – 16 km. lan�s an� some pastures. The Imperial Eagle nests in these areas �ere lo�ate� mainly on Poplar trees Breeding parameters of the population along small rivers an� streams (Fig.
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