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Downloaded from Brill.Com10/11/2021 06:43:08AM Via Free Access 182 T Bijdragen tot de Dierkunde, 56 (2): 181-204 — 1986 Microscopic identification of feathers and feather fragments of Palearctic birds by Tim G. Brom Institute of Taxonomic Zoology (Zoologisch Museum), University of Amsterdam, P.O. Box 20125, 1000 HC Amsterdam, The Netherlands much better and Abstract a assessment of the problem could suggest the most adequate preventive Using light microscopy, a method has been developed for measures. the identification of feathers and feather fragments col- of lected after collisions between birds and aircraft. Charac- LaHam (1967) started the application of the barbules of feathers described for 22 ters downy are microscopic investigation of scrapings collected orders of birds. The of in combination with the use a key of amino from engines, combined with the use macroscopic method of comparing feathers with bird skins acid of and able analysis protein residues, was in a museum collection results in identificationto order or to bird so that defective family level in 97% of the analysed bird strikes. Applica- diagnose strikes, could be into those tion of the method to other fields of biological research engines rapidly separated is discussed. including taxonomy due to either bird strikes or mechanical failures. The microscopic structure of feathers was Résumé first studied by Chandler (1916). He described of feathers of North the structure pennaceous Une méthode utilisant la microscopie optique a été mise l’identification des des American and found differences à point pour plumes et fragments birds, large de collectés des collisions oiseaux plume après entre et between different taxa. He also examined the avions. On décrit les caractères des barbules duveteuses downy barbules of a few species and provided des 22 ordres d’oiseaux. L’utilisation d’une plumes pour evidence that the structure of these barbules is clé la des en même temps que comparaison macroscopique of and taxonomic value. muséales, diagnostic plumes avec des exemplaires de collections dans des de collisions l’identification In the the characters of the permet 97% cas au present study, niveau de l’ordre ou de la famille. On discute l’application downy barbules of 350 palearctic species are de cette méthode à d’autres domaines de la recherche described.* The results have been applied to la taxonomie. biologique, y compris the identification of feather fragments collected after collisions between birds and aircraft. INTRODUCTION About 1400 bird-aircraft incidents have been analysed, which allowed for a statistical evalua- the of tion of the of birds often involved One of the first steps in solving problem groups most birds aircraft is in bird strikes collisions between and (Brom & Buurma, 1979, 1981; which bird Buurma establishing species are most & Brom, 1980, 1981; Buurma, 1983; bird strike Brom, 1984; Buurma et al., 1984; for literature accident-prone. During many years, statistics were based on observations by pilots synopsis see Brom, 1986). and and the of ground personnel, on occurrence Feather identification is not only important dead birds airfields. in bird strike but it has shown be found on Consequently, analysis, to useful bird strike statistics were strongly biased by the in many areas of study: in forensic of and science food presence large easily recognizable species as applied to criminology, con- do and law (Buurma & Brom, 1979). These, however, taminations, wildlife enforcement not necessarily constitute the highest risk. So if bird identification is extended * beyond A version of this preliminary paper was sent to this would result in interested in countries macroscopical examination, colleagues many (Brom, 1980). Downloaded from Brill.com10/11/2021 06:43:08AM via free access 182 T. G. BROM - MICROSCOPIC IDENTIFICATION OF FEATHERS sides form the inner (Davies, 1970; Deedrick & Mullery, 1981; to outer and vanes. From Robertson these form Olsen, 1981; et al., 1984), in barbs, barbules are branching off to work Mes- the and inner vanules. The archeological (Hargrave, 1965; outer basal part of and in the is singer, 1965; Bennike & Dyck, 1986), vanes more (in body feathers) or less (in ecological studies on feeding habits of car- flight feathers) downy in character. animals consist nivorous (Day, 1966; Altenburg et al., The downy barbules of a base and a it 1982; Astier, 1982; Gilbert & Nancekivell, pennulum, and is here that we find the features which of 1982). on many taxa birds, some- times down to species level, can be distin- The characters used in MATERIAL AND METHODS guished. following are identification: Material 1. The borders of the cells the forming pen- nulae often swollen show are or prongs. In The examined feathers were taken from freshly dead birds and from in the skin collection of the this the barbules divided into nodes specimens way, are Museum Amsterdam No differences Zoologisch (ZMA). and internodes, clearly visible at lower in feather structures proved to exist when fresh feathers magnifications. Nodes vary in shape from were compared with feathers from bird skins that had round and to heart-shaped to elongated may been for preserved many years. be more or less strongly pigmented. Prongs Methods in and curvature. vary length Collectively nodes and prongs are called nodal structures. The characters examined in this study are found at the Nodal be 2. structures may uniformly downy base (pars plumea) of the contour feathers ofa bird When distributed the entire of the bar- (fig. 1). making preparations, only this part is along length taken: the barbs off close the shaft of are cut to the bule found its base downy or only at or tip. feather and are sandwiched between an object glass and a 3. The basal cells which the by barbules are cover slip, which are glued togetheralong the edges. This attached the barbs villi to may show (out- technique is simple and not time-consuming. After initial experiments with embedding substances, mounting the growths). 4. The of the barbules well the feathers dry under the cover slip turned out to be most length as as appropriate. More contrast is obtained than with the number of nodal structures per mm are employment of embedding substances which have distinctive for certain groups. Whenever unsuitable refractive indices. possible, the nodal structures have been feathers washed in Dirty or greasy are warm water to counted of 50 and their which mild has added. Then (at magnification x ) a soap or detergent been they rinsed several times in clear the number of barbule is are water to remove soap per mm given. with hair and dried a dryer. Dirty or twisted feathers can be restored their usually to original shape by this pro- The intraspecific variability of these characters cedure. Different feathers require somewhat different was examined before differences between techniques ofdrying. Feathers with long and lax barbules taxa of birds were described. (such as those of owls and other birds of prey) are more higher variation: Of five difficult to blow out as their tips tend to become tangled, a. Topical species (Black- whereas feathers from birds like waterfowl fluff up readily. headed Gull Larus ridibundus, Lapwing The feather structures were studied by light microscopy Vanellus vanellus, Oystercatcher Haematopus using magnifications between 50 and 500 x . ostralegus, Chaffinch Fringilla coelebs, and Skylark Alauda arvensis) an extensive series of DESCRIPTION OF CHARACTERS feather preparations (taken from 26 different feathers from each specimen) was examined A is of three elements: feather composed the in order to determine the variation within an axis, the barbs, and the barbules. The proximal individual plumage. Considerable dif- of part a feather, the calamus, is fixed in the ferences proved to exist in degree of pigmen- skin of the bird. From distal called number of the part, the tation, nodal structures per mm off both and The shaft or rachis, barbs are branching on of barbule, length of the barbules. Downloaded from Brill.com10/11/2021 06:43:08AM via free access 56 - 1986 183 BIJDRAGEN TOT DE DIERKUNDE, (2) following feather regions have been found to DESCRIPTION OF ORDERS the whole of variation within one cover range tail The of bird follows the bird: breast, belly, under coverts, upper description species tax- tail and onomic Voous coverts, mantle, upper wing coverts. sequence as given by (1973, In of bird strike it is case a usually not known 1977). feather of from which part of the bird a In addition to a description of the structure in the tables their information the originates. So, only ranges are downy barbules, on given (instead of averages) for number of weights of the different species has been nodes and for of barbule. In as is a factor in the per mm length included, weight key all feather studied from each of of bird strikes This species a was analysis (Buurma, 1984). the six regions mentioned above. From each information was mainly taken from Cramp & 5 Simmons feather at least barbules were measured (1977, 1980, 1983), Brough (1983), from collection files in and counted for nodal structures, so the and Cramp (1985), and result from about 30 the Museum Amsterdam. given ranges Zoologisch measurements and counts for each species, b. Individual variation: Feathers from two 1. G aviiformes (fig. 2; table I) of the have been individuals same species This order consists of a single family compared to establish the degree of (Gaviidae). All species have been examined. individual variation. This was done for of 800-6400 Range weights g. Black-headed Gull Larus ridibundus, Swift — The barbules GoosanderMergus merganser, Apus apus, Description. are extremely and Secretary Bird Sagittarius serpentarius. No short (0.5-1.1 mm). At low magnification they variation found. intraspecific was appear filamentous, not pigmented. They Sexual variation: In two most at their c. species (Lapwing possess prongs, conspicuously Vanellus vanellus and Red-footed Falcon Falco tips.
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