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Compendium of Avian Ecology

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Compendium of Avian Ecology Compendium of Avian Ecology ZOL 360 Brian M. Napoletano All images taken from the USGS Patuxent Wildlife Research Center. http://www.mbr-pwrc.usgs.gov/id/framlst/infocenter.html Taxonomic information based on the A.O.U. Check List of North American Birds, 7th Edition, 1998. Ecological Information obtained from multiple sources, including The Sibley Guide to Birds, Stokes Field Guide to Birds. Nest and other images scanned from the ZOL 360 Coursepack. Neither the images nor the information herein be copied or reproduced for commercial purposes without the prior consent of the original copyright holders. Full Species Names Common Loon Wood Duck Gaviiformes Anseriformes Gaviidae Anatidae Gavia immer Anatinae Anatini Horned Grebe Aix sponsa Podicipediformes Mallard Podicipedidae Anseriformes Podiceps auritus Anatidae Double-crested Cormorant Anatinae Pelecaniformes Anatini Phalacrocoracidae Anas platyrhynchos Phalacrocorax auritus Blue-Winged Teal Anseriformes Tundra Swan Anatidae Anseriformes Anatinae Anserinae Anatini Cygnini Anas discors Cygnus columbianus Canvasback Anseriformes Snow Goose Anatidae Anseriformes Anatinae Anserinae Aythyini Anserini Aythya valisineria Chen caerulescens Common Goldeneye Canada Goose Anseriformes Anseriformes Anatidae Anserinae Anatinae Anserini Aythyini Branta canadensis Bucephala clangula Red-Breasted Merganser Caspian Tern Anseriformes Charadriiformes Anatidae Scolopaci Anatinae Laridae Aythyini Sterninae Mergus serrator Sterna caspia Hooded Merganser Anseriformes Black Tern Anatidae Charadriiformes Anatinae Scolopaci Aythyini Laridae Lophodytes cucullatus Sterninae Childonias niger Ruddy Duck Anseriformes Anatidae Anatinae Oxyurini Oxyura jamaicensis Bonaparte’s Gull Charadriiformes Scolopaci Laridae Larinae Larus philadelphia Ring-billed Gull Charadriiformes Scolopaci Laridae Larinae Larus delawarensis American Bittern Killdeer Ciconiiformes Charadriiformes Ardeidae Charadrii Botaurus lentiginosus Charadriidae Charadrius vociferus Black-crowned Night-heron American Avocet Ciconiiformes Charadriiformes Ardeidae Charadrii Nycticorax nycticorax Recurvirostridae Green-backed Heron Recurvirostra americana Ciconiiformes Spotted Sandpiper Ardeidae Charadriiformes Butorides virescens Charadrii Scolopacidae Virginia Rail Scolopacinae Gruiformes Tringini Rallidae Actitis macularia Rallus limicola Dunlin Sora Charadriiformes Gruiformes Charadrii Rallidae Scolopacidae Porzana carolina Scolopacinae Calidridini American Coot Calidris alpina Gruiformes Common Snipe Rallidae Charadriiformes Fulica americana Charadrii Sandhill Crane Scolopacidae Gruiformes Scolopacinae Gruidae Gallinagini Grus canadensis Gallinago gallinago Common Snipe Sharp-shinned Hawk Charadriiformes Falconiformes Charadrii Accipitres Scolopacidae Accipitridae Scolopacinae Accipitrinae Scolopacini Accipiter striatus Scolopax minor Broad-winged Hawk Turkey Vulture Falconiformes Ciconiiformes Accipitres Cathartidae Accipitridae Cathartes aura Accipitrinae Buteo platypterus Osprey Red-tailed Hawk Falconiformes Falconiformes Accipitres Accipitres Accipitridae Accipitridae Pandioninae Accipitrinae Pandion haliaetus Buteo jamaicensis Northern Harrier American Kestrel Falconiformes Falconiformes Accipitres Falcones Accipitridae Falconidae Accipitrinae Falconinae Circus cyaneus Falconini Falco sparverius Bald Eagle Falconiformes Ring-necked Pheasant Accipitres Galliformes Accipitridae Phasianidae Accipitrinae Phasianinae Haliaeetus leucocephalus Phasianus colchicus Wild Turkey Short-Eared Owl Galliformes Strigiformes Phasianidae Strigidae Meleagridinae Asio flammeus Meleagris gallopavo Great Horned Owl Ruffed Grouse Strigiformes Galliformes Strigidae Phasianidae Bubo virginianus Tetraoninae Barred Owl Bonasa umbellus Strigiformes Northern Bobwhite Strigidae Galliformes Strix varia Odontophoridae Common Nighthawk Colinus virginianus Caprimulgiformes Northern Bobwhite Caprimulgidae Galliformes Chordeilinae Odontophoridae Chordeiles minor Colinus virginianus Whip-poor-will Mourning Dove Caprimulgiformes Columbiformes Caprimulgidae Columbidae Caprimulginae Zenaida macroura Caprimulgus vociferus Yellow-billed Cuckoo Chimney Swift Cuculiformes Apodiformes Cuculidae Apodidae Coccyzus americanus Chaetura pelagica Barn Owl Ruby-throated Hummingbird Strigiformes Apodiformes Tytonidae Trochilidae Tyto alba Archilochus colubris Belted Kingfisher Pileated Woodpecker Coraciiformes Piciformes Alcedines Pici Alcedininae Picidae Ceryle alcyon Picinae Dryocopus pileatus Red-headed Woodpecker Piciformes Eastern Wood-Pewee Pici Passeriformes Picidae Tyranni Picinae Tyrannidae Melanerpes erythrocephalus Fluvicolinae Contopus virens Red-bellied Woodpecker Piciformes Great Crested Flycatcher Pici Passeriformes Picidae Tyranni Picinae Tyrannidae Melanerpes carolinus Tyranninae Myiarchus crinitus Northern Flicker Piciformes Eastern Kingbird Pici Passeriformes Picidae Tyranni Picinae Tyrannidae Colaptes auratus Tyranninae Tyrannus tyrannus Downy Woodpecker Piciformes Northern Shrike Pici Passeriformes Picidae Passeres Picinae Laniidae Picoides pubescens Lanius excubitor Red-eyed Vireo Passeriformes Passeres Vireonidae Vireo Olivaceus Blue Jay Passeriformes Passeres Corvidae Cyanocitta cristata Gray Jay Passeriformes Passeres Corvidae Perisoreus canadensis American Crow Passeriformes Passeres Corvidae Corvus brachyrhynchos Horned Lark Brown Creeper Passeriformes Passeriformes Passeres Passeres Alaudidae Certhiidae Eremophila alpestris Certhis americana Tree Swallow White-breasted Nuthatch Passeriformes Passeriformes Passeres Passeres Hirundinidae Sittidae Tachycineta bicolor Sitta carolinensis House Wren Purple Martin Passeriformes Passeriformes Passeres Passeres Troglodytidae Hirundinidae Troglodytes aedon Progne subis Golden-crowned Kinglet Tufted Titmouse Passeriformes Passeriformes Passeres Passeres Regulidae Paridae Regulus satrapa Baeolophus bicolor Blue-grey Gnatcatcher Black-capped Chickadee Passeriformes Passeriformes Passeres Passeres Polioptilidae Paridae Polioptilinae Poecile atricapillus Polioptila caerulea Eastern Bluebird Cedar Waxwing Passeriformes Passeriformes Passeres Passeres Turdidae Bombycillidae Sialia sialis Bombycilla cedrorum Wood Thrush Golden-winged Warbler Passeriformes Passeriformes Passeres Passeres Turdidae Parulidae Hylocichla mustelina Vermivora chrysoptera American Robin Yellow Warbler Passeriformes Passeriformes Passeres Passeres Turdidae Parulidae Turdus migratorius Dendroica petechia Gray Catbird Mourning Warbler Passeriformes Passeriformes Passeres Passeres Mimidae Parulidae Dumetella carolinensis Oporomis philadelphia Brown Thrasher Ovenbird Passeriformes Passeriformes Passeres Passeres Mimidae Parulidae Toxostoma rufum Seiurus aurocapillus European Starling American Redstart Passeriformes Passeriformes Passeres Passeres Sturnidae Parulidae Sturnus vulgaris Setophaga ruticilla Scarlet Tanager Northern Cardinal Passeriformes Passeriformes Passeres Passeres Thraupidae Cardinalidae Piranga olivacea Cardinalis cardinalis Eastern Towhee Indigo Bunting Passeriformes Passeriformes Passeres Passeres Emberizidae Cardinalidae Pipilo erythrophthalmus Passerina cyanea Chipping Sparrow Eastern Meadowlark Passeriformes Passeriformes Passeres Passeres Emberizidae Icteridae Spizella passerina Sturnella magna Song Sparrow Red-winged Blackbird Passeriformes Passeriformes Passeres Passeres Emberizidae Icteridae Melospiza melodia Agelaius phoeniceus White-throated Sparrow Brown-headed Cowbird Passeriformes Passeriformes Passeres Passeres Emberizidae Icteridae Zonotrichia albicollis Molothrus ater Rose-breasted Grosbeak Baltimore Oriole Passeriformes Passeriformes Passeres Passeres Cardinalidae Icteridae Pheucticus ludovicianus Icterus galbula Purple Finch Passeriformes Passeres Fringillidae Carpodacus purpureus American Goldfinch Passeriformes Passeres Fringillidae Carduelis tristis Remember, these are just the birds you need to know the full species name for. House Sparrow There’s plenty more birds Passeriformes below. Passeres Passeridae Passer domesticus Common Yellowthroat Passeriformes Passeres Parulidae Geothlypis trichas The Avian Skeleton Axial Skeleton Consists of skull, vertebral column, ribs and sternum Skull Ribs and Sternum Pelvic Girdle Appendicular Skeleton Consists of pectoral girdle, pelvic girdle, and limbs Pectoral Girdle Forelimb Hind Limb Feathers and Plumage Five Types of Feathers: • Contour •Semiplume • Filoplume •Down •Bristle Contour Feathers Pennaceous region Plumulaceous region Semiplume Feathers Filoplume Feathers Barb Barb Barbule Rachis Rachis Feathers and Plumage Down Feathers Bristle Feathers Barbule Barb Rachis Barb Rachis Feather Microstructure Distal Proximal Eight Major Pterylae Capital (Head) Spinal (Dorsal) Humeral Alar (Wing) Ventral Femoral (Upper Leg) Crural (Lower Leg) Crural (Lower Leg) Above Below Caudal (Tail) Eight Pterylae: 1. Capital (Head) 2. Spinal (Dorsal) 3. Caudal (Tail) 4. Crural (Lower Leg) 5. Femoral (Upper Leg) 6. Ventral 7. Humeral 8. Alar (Wing) Nests Three Primary Functions: 1. Provide microclimate for egg incubation and young brooding, as well as buffering to parents 2. Cradle for the developing young 3. Roosting sites for adults while attending eggs and young Features of Eggs Some birds don’t need to use nests, though. 1. Egg Shape- Important feature of nest placement. For instance, seabirds lay pyriform eggs to keep them from rolling off of ledges. A. Elliptical B. Subelliptical C. Oval D. Pyriform 2. Size of eggs- Variable among species, but smaller birds tend to lay eggs larger relative
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