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FORGING BONDS ACROSS BORDERS Transatlantic Collaborations for Women’S Rights and Social Justice in the Long Nineteenth Century

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FORGING BONDS ACROSS BORDERS Transatlantic Collaborations for Women’S Rights and Social Justice in the Long Nineteenth Century Bulletin of the German Historical Institute Supplement 13 (2017) FORGING BONDS ACROSS BORDERS Transatlantic Collaborations for Women’s Rights and Social Justice in the Long Nineteenth Century Edited by Britta Waldschmidt-Nelson and Anja Schüler Bulletin of the German Historical Institute Washington DC Editor: Richard F. Wetzell Supplement 13 Supplement Editor: Patricia C. Sutcliffe The Bulletin appears twice and the Supplement once a year; all are available free of charge. Current and back issues are available online at: www.ghi-dc.org/bulletin To sign up for a subscription or to report an address change, please contact Ms. Susanne Fabricius at [email protected]. For editorial comments or inquiries, please contact the editor at [email protected] or at the address below. For further information about the GHI, please visit our website www.ghi-dc.org. For general inquiries, please send an e-mail to [email protected]. German Historical Institute 1607 New Hampshire Ave NW Washington DC 20009-2562 Phone: (202) 387-3355 Fax: (202) 483-3430 © German Historical Institute 2017 All rights reserved ISSN 1048-9134 Cover: Offi cial board of the International Council of Women, 1899-1904; posed behind table at the Beethoven Saal, Berlin, June 8, 1904: Helene Lange, treasurer, Camille Vidart, recording secretary, Teresa Wilson, corresponding secretary, Lady Aberdeen, vice president, May Sewall, president, & Susan B. Anthony. Library of Congress P&P, LC-USZ62-44929. Photo by August Scherl. Bulletin of the German Historical Institute Supplement 13 | 2017 Forging Bonds Across Borders: Transatlantic Collaborations for Women’s Rights and Social Justice in the Long Nineteenth Century 5 INTRODUCTION Britta Waldschmidt-Nelson and Anja Schüler NEW WOMEN’S BIOGRAPHY 17 Transatlantic Freethinker, Feminist, and Pacifi st: Ernestine Rose in the 1870s Bonnie S. Anderson 35 Speaking Truth to Divergent Powers: Margaret Fuller, Bettina von Arnim and the Broken Bond Carol Strauss Sotiropoulos WOMEN’S INTERNATIONAL NETWORKS 55 Transatlantic Networks for Legal Feminism, 1888–1912 Sara L. Kimble 75 Reform Claims in Family Law and Legal Struggles of the Bund Deutscher Frauenvereine within the International Council of Women, 1888-1914 Marion Röwekamp 93 A Rare Colored Bird: Mary Church Terrell, Die Fortschritte der farbigen Frauen, and the International Council of Women’s Congress in Berlin, Germany, 1904 Noaquia N. Callahan WOMEN IN SOCIAL MOVEMENTS 111 Abolitionists Abroad: Women, Travel, and Abolitionist Networks Stephanie J. Richmond 129 The World Woman’s Christian Temperance Union: An Early Transnational Women’s Organization and Its Work in India, 1883-1900 Lori Osborne THE TRANSATLANTIC EXCHANGE OF KNOWLEDGE 145 A Transatlantic Network: American and German Women in the Kindergarten Movement Ann Taylor Allen 167 Aletta Jacobs and the Dutch Cap: The Transfer of Knowledge and the Making of a Reputation in the Changing Networks of Birth Control Activists Mineke Bosch 2 GHI BULLETIN SUPPLEMENT 13 (2017) Introduction New Women’s Women’s International Women in Social The Transatlantic Introduction Biography Networks Movements Exchange of Knowledge INTRODUCTION Britta Waldschmidt-Nelson and Anja Schüler Oft en I wonder if you have an idea of how much you and Mrs. Stanton have infl uenced my life. You may know […] how much you have infl uenced the women of your own country, but I want that you should know how vividly we Finnish women feel our gratitude to you, how we follow what you speak and write. Is it not wonderful how great ideas unite diff erent peoples?1 Finnish feminist Aleksandra Gripenberg penned these lines to her American counterpart Susan B. Anthony in 1903, three years before Finland, at the time a Russian Grand Duchy, became the fi rst country in the world to grant women the right to vote, not the least because of Gripenberg’s untiring eff orts. Her letter provides evidence of the great importance of women’s collaboration, the exchange of ideas and knowledge, and their mutual support for emancipation pro- cesses on both sides of the Atlantic and beyond throughout the long 2 nineteenth century. 1 Gripenberg’s letter to Anthony, cit. in Margaret H. McFadden, Golden From the wide international distribution and discussion of British Cables of Sympathy: The feminist Mary Wollstonecraft ’s famous text A Vindication of the Transatlantic Sources of Nineteenth-Century Rights of Woman of 1792 to the creation of the International Council Feminism (Lexington, of Women in 1888 and the founding of the Women’s International 1999), 171. League for Peace and Freedom in 1919, feminists in many parts of the 2 The long nineteenth cen- world were engaged in forging personal friendships as well as in creat- tury, as defi ned by the British historian Eric ing intellectual and organizational networks within the transatlantic Hobsbawm, was the period between the years world. Their collaborations and achievements, which created the base 1789 and 1914, i.e., the for the modern women’s rights movement, have remained rather ne- era between the French 3 Revolution and the First glected by historians for a long time. This volume aims to contribute to World War. closing this scholarly gap. It explores how female activists exchanged 3 In the introduction to the ideas and cooperated on issues across national borders and bodies edited collection of source of water, sometimes also across borders of race, class, and gender. documents, Susan Bell and Karen Off en, eds., The collection of essays by various European and North American Women, the Family, and scholars shows how, even in the absence of formal political rights, Freedom: The Debate in Documents (Stanford, 1983), women were able to develop eff ective strategies and bases of politi- here p. 7, the editors state cal power, working both within their own countries and through the that “the international intellectual ferment sur- transnational connections, alliances, and organizations they created. rounding the cause of women has, until recently, Initially, women did not focus mainly on gaining rights for their own been one of Western civilization’s best-kept sex but were concerned about issues such as abolition, temperance, secrets.” WASLDSCHMIDT-NELSON AND SCHÜLER | INTRODUCTION 5 4 See Kathryn Kish Sklar, Anja child protection, pacifi sm, and labor. Yet through participation in Schüler, and Susan Strasser, eds., Social Justice Feminists in these movements, which were oft en dominated by men, many women the United States and Germany: eventually became aware that they too were an oppressed group in A Dialogue in Documents, 1885-1933 (Ithaca, 1998); need of emancipation. Some fought to link suff rage and women’s Seth Koven and Sonya Michel, rights to the struggle against the inequities of industrial capital- eds., Mothers of a New World: Maternalist Politics and the ism in what came to be known as “social justice feminism.” Others Origins of Welfare States (New embraced “maternalist” ideologies that exalted women’s status as York, 1993). mothers and, rather than seeking feminist alternatives to that role, 5 See, e.g., the works of Jean 4 Baker, Ellen Du Bois, Susan sought to apply the values associated with that to society at large. Conrad, Nancy Isenberg, Karen Off en, and Keith Melder for By now, historians have produced a rather extensive literature on the USA; Ann Taylor Allen, 5 John Fout, Ute Frevert, Ute women’s movements in single countries, as well as a number of Gerhard, Gabrielle Hauch, binational and multinational comparative studies of female mobiliza- Carola Lipp, Renate Möhrmann, 6 7 and Gudrun Wittig for tion. There are also some excellent collections of primary sources. Germany; Patrick Bidelman, But so far, few scholars have focused on the transnational—and espe- Sara Melzer, Claire Goldberg, and Joan W. Scott for France; cially the transatlantic—collaborations of female activists throughout as well as Christine Bolt, the nineteenth century.8 Two volumes deserve special mention in this Barbara Caine, Philippa Levine, Marie M. Roberts, and context, since they were the fi rst monographs to explore transatlantic Diane M. Worzala for Britain. connections between European and American feminists: Margaret 6 See Christine Bold, The H. McFadden’s Golden Cables of Sympathy: The Transatlantic Sources Women’s Movements in the of Nineteenth-Century Feminism (1999) and Bonnie S. Anderson’s United States and Britain (New York, 1993), Richard Evans, Joyous Greetings: The First International Women’s Movement 1830-1860 The Feminists: Women’s Eman- (2000). The main focus of McFadden’s study is on the individual cipation Movements in Europe, America and Australasia, roles and networking skills of selected feminists whom she refers 1840-1920 (London, 1977); Ute Gerhard, Frauenbewegung to as “mothers of the matrix.” Anderson’s book presents sweeping und Feminismus: Eine insights into feminists’ activism in Europe and the United States but Geschichte seit 1789 (Munich, 2012); Karen Off en, Globa- centers on developments in the United States during the antebellum lizing Feminism, 1789-1945 era; it ends with the outbreak of the American Civil War. The research (London, 2010); Sylvia Palatschek and Bianka provided by McFadden and Anderson as well as that of other scholars Pietrow-Ennker, eds., Women’s Emancipation Movements in the Nineteenth Century: A European Perspective Donna J. Guy, and Angela movements, especially topics from body politics, (Stanford, 2004). See also Woollacott, eds., Feminism with regard to women’s human rights, citizenship, Kathryn Kish Sklar and James and Internationalism organizing activities and state building to fem- Brewer Stewart, eds., Women’s (Oxford, 1999). in the so-called Third inist political ecology, but Rights and Transatlantic World. However, almost the focus is on the period Antislavery in the Era of Eman- 7 See the collections already all of these volumes deal since 1990; another one is cipation (New Haven, 2007); cited in notes 3 and 4 with the post-World War II Women’s Activism and and Ian Tyrrell, Reforming as well as Nacy M.
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