DOCSLIB.ORG

Anglo-Indian Identity, Knowledge, and Power

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Anglo-Indian Identity, Knowledge, and Power Anglo-Indian Identity, Knowledge, and Power Western Ballroom Music in Lucknow Bradley Shope Beginning in the first half of the 20th century, Western ballroom and dance music began to make its way into Lucknow in Uttar Pradesh, as well as other cities in North India. It was imported via gramophone disks, radio broadcasts, and sheet music coming from Europe and America. In the 1930s, an increasing number of dance halls, railway social institutes, auditoriums, and cafe´s were built to cater to a growing number of British and Americans in India, satisfying their nostalgia for the live performance of the foxtrot, the tango, the waltz, the rumba, big-band music, and Dixieland. Influenced by sound and broadcast technology, sheet music, instrument availability, the railway system, and con- vent schools teaching music, an appreciation for these styles of music was found in other communities. Especially involved were Portuguese Goans and Anglo-Indians, defined here as those of European and Indian descent who were born and raised in India.1 For these two groups, it served to assert their identities as distinct from other South Asians and highlighted that their taste for music reached beyond the geographical boundaries of India. Numerous types of media, institutions, and venues contributed to this vibrant Western music performance culture in Lucknow in the early 20th century. James Perry, an elderly Goan musician, and Mr. John Sebastian and Mr. Jonathan Taylor,2 two elderly Anglo-Indian ex-railway workers, were involved in its perfor- mance and appreciation.3 By drawing from multiple field interviews in North India conducted with these individuals between 1999 and 2001, and by de- scribing the character of the performance culture, I will highlight the role of music in creating socioeconomic mobility and a distinct identity among Anglo-Indians in Lucknow, and address issues of power relations and coloni- alism with reference to the consumption of the music. Just before and during World War II, Lucknow was considered a strategic military defense location because of the fear of bombing campaigns in Kolkata (formerly Calcutta) by the Japanese military. A large portion of the Allied Eastern Command was moved inland and established in Lucknow to counter The Drama Review 48, 4 (T184), Winter 2004. ᭧ 2004 New York University and the Massachusetts Institute of Technology 167 Downloaded from http://www.mitpressjournals.org/doi/pdf/10.1162/1054204042442053 by guest on 30 September 2021 168 Bradley Shope this threat. A large cantonment area built in the early 19th century greatly increased in size during the war, which generated a growth of businesses in an area ad- jacent to its periphery (see Llewellyn-Jones 1985). Beginning in the 1920s, this locale, known as Hazrat- ganj, was considered a center for the sale of European goods and services. By the time the British left Luck- now after India won independence in 1947, a num- ber of dance halls, cinema houses, sheet music and instrument stores, and cafe´s were built there to cater to a growing British, Goan, and Anglo-Indian popu- 1. The Mayfair Cinema lation celebrating the popular and ballroom music and Ballroom featured pop- originating from America and Europe. Cafe´s and dance halls with names such ular music and English- as Magnolia’s Cafe´, the Ambassador, the Mayfair Ballroom, Melrose, the Sol- language films during the dier’s Club, the Silver Snow, and the Royal Cafe´ catered to the performance 1920s to 1940s. The audito- of the music. Cinema halls such as the Mayfair Cinema (plates 1 and 2), Cap- rium is currently abandoned itol Cinema, Nishat Cinema, Prince Cinema, Wesley Cinema, and Plaza Cin- and the ballroom is a cafe´. ema showed English-language films from Europe and America. Godino’s Lucknow, India. (Photo by Music Shop in Hazratganj was selling and distributing sheet music and instru- Bradley Shope) ments. All of these venues supported the economic growth of the music. The styles of music performed were the jazz foxtrot, the popular waltz, the popular tango, big-band jazz, swing, cabaret songs, and Hollywood war-film songs. Dependent on technology and trans–regional/global economic net- works for their dissemination, these styles were mass-mediated, and as such were heard by large numbers of people in multiple and often times distant geo- graphic locales. The music was produced, performed, and recorded in Europe and America. But because unique local performance techniques were em- ployed in Lucknow, the performance and consumption of the music was “In- dian” in character, especially with reference to improvisational skills taken from North Indian classical music. The performance of the music was “West- ern” only inasmuch as it was learned by Anglo-Indians and Goans from gram- ophone discs, films, recorded radio broadcasts, and published sheet music coming directly from Europe and America. Examples of recording artists found in gramophone collections of residents of Lucknow include Glen Miller, 2. Still intact, the lobby of the Mayfair Cinema and Ballroom. Lucknow, India. (Photo by Bradley Shope) Downloaded from http://www.mitpressjournals.org/doi/pdf/10.1162/1054204042442053 by guest on 30 September 2021 Ballroom Music in Lucknow 169 Survey of 78 RPM Collections in Lucknow The following is an abbreviated list of 78 RPM disks found in the col- lections of Raja “Jimmy,” a wealthy man of royal descent living just off Hazratganj in Lucknow, and Mrs. D’Costa, an Anglo-Indian woman. These are all from the 1930s through the 1950s. This list includes only music recorded in Europe and America, but many of the labels included here, including larger labels such as HMV, also pressed songs in Hindi and Urdu. Most of the ballroom music found in both collections was distributed by HMV, which built a factory in Dumdum outside of Kol- kata in the early 20th century, and Columbia records. Raja “Jimmy’s” 78 RPM Collection “Dance Away the Night.” Leo Riesman and His Orchestra. HMV. “Livin’ in the Sunlight, Lovin’ in the Moonlight.” Ambrose and His Orchestra. HMV. “You Brought a New Kind of Love to Me.” Ambrose and His Orchestra. HMV. “To Be in Love.” Warring’s Pennsylvanians. HMV. “Mr. Blackman Cakewalk.” H.M. Goldstream Guards. Gramophone Concert Record-London. “Silvery Moon and Golden Sands.” Henry Jacques and His Correct Dance Tempo Orchestra. HMV. “Scotch Country Dance.” Bohemian Orchestra. HMV-London. “The Waltz Dream.” The Black Diamonds. Gramophone Concert Record. HMV-London. “Following the Sun Around.” Jacques Benard and His Orchestra. HMV- London. “Too Romantic.” Glen Miller and His Orchestra. HMV-London. “Falling in Love Again.” Jack Hylton and His Orchestra. HMV-London. “You’re Always in my Arms.” Ben Pollack and His Dixieland Central Orchestra. HMV-London. “Blue Sky’s Are Around the Corner.” M. Pierre and His Strict Dance Orchestra. HMV-London. Mrs. D’Costa’s 78 RPM Collection “Easter Parade.” Bing Crosby. Columbia. “Bells of St. Mary’s.” Bing Crosby. Columbia. “Voices of Spring.” Boston Promenade Orchestra. HMV. “Where Is Sometime?” Frank Sinatra. Columbia. “Wish Me Luck.” Gracie Fields. The Twins. “Trees.” Nielson Eddie. HMV. “Dancin’ Banjos.” Multiple Performers. Gramophone Company of India. “Ballroom Favorites.” Multiple Performers. Spectrum (Holland). “Hello Young Lovers.” Ray Conniff. Hallmark. Downloaded from http://www.mitpressjournals.org/doi/pdf/10.1162/1054204042442053 by guest on 30 September 2021 170 Bradley Shope Leo Riesman and His Orchestra, Ambrose and His Orchestra, the Bohemian Orchestra, The Black Diamonds, Jacques Benard, Ben Pollack and His Dixie- land Central Orchestra, and Frank Sinatra.4 All are recordings of waltzes, fox- trots, big band, or other pieces that are appropriate in a ballroom or formal dance environment in an auditorium, dance hall, or other establishment with a stage and dancing area. The boxed sidebar gives an example of the styles of music that were available in the 1930s through the 1950s in Hazratganj. One of the main orchestras performing frequently in and around Lucknow beginning in the 1930s was the Savoyans Orchestra (plate 3). Many orchestras had multiple performers playing on diverse instruments such as the ukulele, banjo, trumpet, double bass, saxophone, clarinet, flute, violin, and drums. The number of musical groups and venues increased beginning in the 1930s with the buildup of American and British military personnel during WWII. A tes- tament to the vibrancy of the music scene at this time, a number of elaborate halls were constructed to accommodate the British, Americans, Goans, and Anglo-Indians willing to pay a significant amount of money to attend an eve- ning of dancing.5 An example of one such venue is the Mayfair Cinema and Ballroom constructed in 1939 in Hazratganj in Lucknow. This hall has remark- able art deco characteristics such as “sunburst” hand railings, upward protrud- ing columns, and a streamlined and symmetrical box office design in the lobby of the cinema. Much effort and money was put into constructing this building in a style that mirrored architectural trends in America and Europe. Though only a small fraction of the people in the city at this time were participating in the consumption of this music, they had the power and finances to support an enthusiastic celebration of the music by hiring full orchestras to perform in elaborate halls. These performances continued until Indian Independence. Constructing Anglo-Indian Musical Knowledge Formal knowledge about and appreciation for ballroom music and dancing was supported by the convent educational system in India. Many convent schools throughout North India were teaching music, and some even encour- aging students to learn jazz. Sheet music was widely available in most cities with well-known schools, and an efficient network of distribution was orga- nized out of Kolkata. Some students were also learning to dance to ballroom music.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • In Pursuit of Cultural Immersion: an Anthropological Look Into American Students' Study Abroad Experience Jessica Sarrantonio Union College - Schenectady, NY
    Union College Union | Digital Works Honors Theses Student Work 6-2012 In Pursuit of Cultural Immersion: An Anthropological Look into American Students' Study Abroad Experience Jessica Sarrantonio Union College - Schenectady, NY Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalworks.union.edu/theses Part of the Anthropology Commons, and the Education Commons Recommended Citation Sarrantonio, Jessica, "In Pursuit of Cultural Immersion: An Anthropological Look into American Students' Study Abroad Experience" (2012). Honors Theses. 894. https://digitalworks.union.edu/theses/894 This Open Access is brought to you for free and open access by the Student Work at Union | Digital Works. It has been accepted for inclusion in Honors Theses by an authorized administrator of Union | Digital Works. For more information, please contact [email protected]. In Pursuit of Cultural Immersion: An Anthropological Look into American Students’ Study Abroad Experience By Jessica C. Sarrantonio ******** Submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for Honors in the Department of Anthropology UNION COLLEGE March 2012 Table of Contents Abstract……………………………………………………3 Introduction………………………………………………..5 Methods of Research……………………………………..24 Student Preparedness…………………………………….38 The Faculty and Administration of the Programs..............48 Expectations for India……………………………………56 Expectations for Australia………………………………..64 Previous Travel…………………………………………..71 Culture Shock and Cultural Sensitivity…………………..80 Free Time: Insight into what Students do while Abroad...88
    [Show full text]
  • Columbia University Graduate School of Arts & Sciences Liberal Studies
    Columbia University Graduate School of Arts & Sciences Liberal Studies Master of Arts South Asian Studies The Indian and Pakistani Diaspora in the U.S.: Interest Groups, American Politics and Policy Process a final paper by Britt Roels Submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements For the degree of Master of Arts February 2005 Introduction The United States has always been a nation of immigrants where people from every region of the world have come to begin a new life. Who are these immigrants? Why did they decide to come? How well have they adjusted to this new land? What has been the general reaction to these immigrants? Numerous studies about earlier waves of immigrants, i.e. the Irish, Germans, Jews, Italians and Poles have assiduously been published, but relatively little has been written about those arriving since the passage of the 1965-Immigration Act. 1 The purpose of this thesis is to investigate how the Asian Indian 2 and Pakistani American community has asserted itself over the last 50 years and how the coming of age of both diaspora communities has contributed to its infiltration in mainstream American politics. Moreover, to what extent have these diaspora communities been able to steer and guide U.S. foreign policy as to favor India or Pakistan? Do Indian and Pakistani Americans play a role in improving respectively India-U.S. or Pakistan-U.S. relations? Have these minority groups been able to 'capture' foreign policy, i.e. control policy toward a foreign nation such that the result is variance with the policy preferences of the majority of the Americans? As we advance into the 21st century more people will be on the move.
    [Show full text]
  • Race, Gender, and Imperialism in the Early American Foreign Mission Movement
    The Conversion of the World in the Early Republic: Race, Gender, and Imperialism in the Early American Foreign Mission Movement The Harvard community has made this article openly available. Please share how this access benefits you. Your story matters Citation Conroy-Krutz, Emily. 2012. The Conversion of the World in the Early Republic: Race, Gender, and Imperialism in the Early American Foreign Mission Movement. Doctoral dissertation, Harvard University. Citable link http://nrs.harvard.edu/urn-3:HUL.InstRepos:10086047 Terms of Use This article was downloaded from Harvard University’s DASH repository, and is made available under the terms and conditions applicable to Other Posted Material, as set forth at http:// nrs.harvard.edu/urn-3:HUL.InstRepos:dash.current.terms-of- use#LAA ! !2012—Emily Louise Conroy-Krutz All rights reserved. ! Dissertation Advisor: Professor Nancy F. Cott Emily Louise Conroy-Krutz The Conversion of the World in the Early Republic: Race, Gender, and Imperialism in the Early American Foreign Mission Movement Abstract This is a transnational history of the early republic that focuses on religious actors. The early American foreign mission movement was an outward-looking expression of the benevolent network of the early republic. Building on transatlantic connections that predated the American Revolution, it represented American evangelicals’ attempt to transform the “heathen world” into part of God’s kingdom. Using ABCFM missions to in India, the Cherokee Nation, and Liberia as case studies, this dissertation examines the relationship between the church and imperial politics. In the 1800s, Americans, who had focused their evangelism on Native Americans, joined British evangelicals in the work of world mission.
    [Show full text]
  • Biographical Dictionary
    Biographical Dictionary A Astor, John Jacob (1763–1848) American fur trader and financier, he founded the fur-trading post of Astoria and the American Fur Company. (p. 308) Adams, John (1735–1826) American statesman, Austin, Stephen F. (1793–1836) American colonizer he was a delegate to the Continental Congress, in Texas, he was imprisoned for urging Texas a member of the committee that drafted the statehood after Santa Anna suspended Mexico’s Declaration of Independence, vice president to constitution. After helping Texas win indepen- George Washington, and the second president dence from Mexico, he became secretary of state ICTIONARY of the United States. (p. 228) D for the Texas Republic. (p. 313) Adams, John Quincy (1767–1848) Son of President John Adams and the secretary of state to James Monroe, he largely formulated the Monroe B Doctrine. He was the sixth president of the United States and later became a representative Bagley, Sarah G. (d. 1847?) American mill worker in Congress. (p. 267) and union activist, she advocated the 10-hour Adams, Samuel (1722–1803) American revolution- workday for private industry. She was elected ary who led the agitation that led to the Boston IOGRAPHICAL vice president of the New England Working Tea Party; he signed the Declaration of Indepen- B Men’s Association, becoming the first woman dence. (p. 65) to hold such high rank in the American labor Addams, Jane (1860–1935) American social movement. (p. 357) worker and activist, she was Banneker, Benjamin (1731–1806) African American the co-founder of Hull House, mathematician and astronomer, he was hired an organization that focused by Thomas Jefferson to help survey land for the on the needs of immigrants.
    [Show full text]
  • Administration of Donald J. Trump, 2019 Remarks with Prime Minister Narendra Modi of India at A
    Administration of Donald J. Trump, 2019 Remarks With Prime Minister Narendra Modi of India at a "Howdy, Modi: Shared Dreams, Bright Futures" Rally in Houston, Texas September 22, 2019 Prime Minister Modi. Good morning, Houston. Good morning, Texas. Good morning, America. Greetings to my fellow Indians in India and around the world. Friends, this morning we have a very special person with us. He needs no introduction. His name is familiar to every person on the planet. His name comes up in almost every conversation in the world on global politics. His every word is followed by tens of millions. He was a household name and very popular even before he went on to occupy the highest office in this great country. From CEO to Commander in Chief, from boardrooms to the Oval Office, from studios to global stage, from politics to the economy and to security, he has left a deep and lasting impact everywhere. Today he is here with us. It is my honor and privilege to welcome here, in this magnificent stadium and magnificent gathering—and I can say I had a chance to meet him often, and every time, I found the friendliness, warmth, energy—the President of the United States of America, Mr. Donald Trump. This is extraordinary. This is unprecedented. Friends, as I told you, we have met a few times. And every time, he has been the same warm, friendly, accessible, energetic, and full of wit. I admire him for something more: his sense of leadership, a passion for America, a concern for every American, a belief in American future, and a strong resolve to make America great again.
    [Show full text]
  • US Crisis Management After the 2008 Mumbai Attacks
    The Unfinished Crisis: US Crisis Management after the 2008 Mumbai Attacks Polly Nayak and Michael Krepon February 2012 Copyright © 2012 The Henry L. Stimson Center ISBN: 978-0-9836674-1-4 Cover and book design/layout by Crystal Chiu, Shawn Woodley, and Alison Yost All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means without prior written consent from the Stimson Center. Stimson Center 1111 19th Street, NW, 12th Floor Washington, DC 20036 Telephone: 202.223.5956 Fax: 202.238.9604 www.stimson.org Table of Contents Preface..................................................................................................................................v Executive Summary.........................................................................................................vii Acronyms...........................................................................................................................ix Introduction.........................................................................................................................1 I. Scoping the Crisis.......................................................................................................5 II. Formulating a Coordinated US Response............................................................25 III. Plan A in Action.......................................................................................................35 IV. Preparing for a Likely Next Crisis..........................................................................55
    [Show full text]
  • Embassy New Delhi, India and Constituent Posts
    SENSITIVE BUT UNCLASSIFIED United States Department of State and the Broadcasting Board of Governors Office of Inspector General Office of Inspections Inspection of Embassy New Delhi, India and Constituent Posts Report Number ISP-I-11-39A, June 2011 Important Notice This report is intended solely for the official use of the Department of State or the Broadcasting Board of Governors, or any agency or organization receiving a copy directly from the Office of Inspector General. No secondary distribution may be made, in whole or in part, outside the Department of State or the Broadcasting Board of Governors, by them or by other agencies of organizations, without prior authorization by the Inspector General. Public availability of the document will be determined by the Inspector General under the U.S. Code, 5 U.S.C. 552.Improper disclosure of this report may result in criminal, civil, or administrative penalties. i SENSITIVE BUT UNCLASSIFIED Office of Inspector General Inspector of Office SENSITIVE BUT UNCLASSIFIED SENSITIVE BUT UNCLASSIFIED PURPOSE, SCOPE, AND METHODOLOGY OF THE INSPECTION This inspection was conducted in accordance with the Quality Standards for Inspections, as issued by the President’s Council on Integrity and Efficiency, and the Inspector’s Handbook, as issued by the Office of Inspector General for the U.S. Department of State (Department) and the Broadcasting Board of Governors (BBG). PURPOSE AND SCOPE The Office of Inspections provides the Secretary of State, the Chairman of the BBG, and Congress with systematic and independent evaluations of the operations of the Department and the BBG. Inspections cover three broad areas, consistent with Section 209 of the Foreign Service Act of 1980: • Policy Implementation: whether policy goals and objectives are being effectively achieved; whether U.S.
    [Show full text]
  • American Abolitionism in Nineteenth-Century Brazil Isad
    On the Imminence of Emancipation: Black Geopolitical Literacy and Anglo- American Abolitionism in Nineteenth-Century Brazil Isadora Moura Mota Submitted in fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in the Department of History at Brown University Providence, Rhode Island May 2017 ! © Copyright 2017 by Isadora Moura Mota ! This dissertation by Isadora Moura Mota is accepted in its present form by the Department of History as satisfying the dissertation requirement for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy. Date____________ ___________________________ James N. Green, Advisor Recommended to the Graduate Council Date____________ ___________________________ Roquinaldo Ferreira, Reader Date____________ ___________________________ Michael Vorenberg, Reader Date____________ ___________________________ Sidney Chalhoub, Reader Approved by the Graduate Council Date____________ ___________________________ Andrew G. Campbell, Dean of the Graduate School iii! ! ! Curriculum Vitae Born and raised in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, Isadora Moura Mota completed a B.A. in History at the Federal University of Rio de Janeiro in 2003 and a Master’s Degree at the Center for the Social History of Culture at the State University of Campinas (UNICAMP) in 2005. After relocating to the United States, she received a Master’s Degree from Brown University in 2012. Her dissertation research has been supported by an International Dissertation Research Fellowship conferred by the Social Sciences Research Council (SSRC) and funding from the Center for Latin American and Caribbean Studies, The Cogut Center for the Humanities, and the Center for the Study of Slavery and Justice at Brown University. Her research interests have resulted in several publications focusing on slave activism in nineteenth-century Brazil, the role of Anglo- American abolitionism in the history of Brazilian emancipation, Afro-Brazilian literacy, as well as on comparative slavery and emancipation in the Atlantic World.
    [Show full text]
  • Social Exclusion and the Negotiation of Afro-Mexican Identity in the Costa Chica of Oaxaca, Mexico
    Social Exclusion and the Negotiation of Afro-Mexican Identity in the Costa Chica of Oaxaca, Mexico. Inaugural-Dissertation zur Erlangung der Doktorwürde der Philosophischen Fakultät der Albert-Ludwigs-Universität Freiburg i. Br. vorgelegt von Tristano Volpato aus Verona, Italien WS 2013/2014 Erstgutachter: Prof. Hermann Schwengel Zweitgutachterin: Prof. Julia Flores Dávila Vorsitzender des Promotionsausschusses der Gemeinsamen Kommission der Philologischen, Philosophischen und Wirtschafts- und Verhaltenswissenschaftlichen Fakultät: Prof. Dr. Bernd Kortmann Datum der Fachprüfung im Promotionsfach: 07 Juli 2014 Social Exclusion and the Negotiation of Afro-Mexican Identity in the Costa Chica of Oaxaca, Mexico. Tristano Volpato Nr.3007198 [email protected] II I acknowledge Prof. Schwengel, for the opportunity to make concrete an important proyect for my professional life and individual psychological growing, since he was in constant cooperation with me and the work; Prof. Julia Flores Dávila, who accompanied me during the last six years, with her human and professional presence; my parents, who always trusted me; Gisela Schenk, who was nearby me in every occasion, professonal and daily. Finally I want to specially thank all those people of the Costa Chica who, during the process, allowed me to understand better their identity and offered a great example of Mexicanity and humanity. III IV Contents Prefacio ............................................................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • The Force of Re-Enslavement and the Law of “Slavery” Under the Regime of Jean-Louis Ferrand in Santo Domingo, 1804-1809
    New West Indian Guide Vol. 86, no. 1-2 (2012), pp. 5-28 URL: http://www.kitlv-journals.nl/index.php/nwig/index URN:NBN:NL:UI:10-1-101725 Copyright: content is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 License ISSN: 0028-9930 GRAHAM NESSLER “THE SHAME OF THE NATION”: THE FORCE OF RE-ENSLAVEMENT AND THE LAW OF “SLAVERy” UNDER THE REGIME OF JEAN-LOUIS FERRAND IN SANTO DOMINGO, 1804-1809 On October 10, 1802, the French General François Kerverseau composed a frantic “proclamation” that detailed the plight of “several black and colored children” from the French ship Le Berceau who “had been disembarked” in Santo Domingo (modern Dominican Republic).1 According to the “alarms” and “foolish speculations” of various rumor-mongers in that colony, these children had been sold into slavery with the complicity of Kerverseau.2 As Napoleon’s chief representative in Santo Domingo, Kerverseau strove to dis- pel the “sinister noises” and “Vain fears” that had implicated him in such atrocities, insisting that “no sale [of these people] has been authorized” and that any future sale of this nature would result in the swift replacement of any “public officer” who authorized it. Kerverseau concluded by imploring his fellow “Citizens” to “distrust those who incessantly spread” these rumors and instead to “trust those who are charged with your safety; who guard over 1. In this era the term “Santo Domingo” referred to both the Spanish colony that later became the Dominican Republic and to this colony’s capital city which still bears this name. In this article I will use this term to refer only to the entire colony unless otherwise indicated.
    [Show full text]
  • Double Deterrence and International Mediation
    Double Deterrence and International Mediation Dissertation zur Erlangung des Doktorgrades der Sozialwissenschaftlichen Fakultät der Georg-August-Universität vorgelegt von ANIL KOCAMAN Göttingen, 2018 Erstbetreuer: Prof. h.c. Dr. Peter W. Schulze Weitere Betreuer: Prof. Dr. Walter Reese-Schäfer Prof. Dr. Anja Jetschke Tag der mündlichen Prüfung: 27.09.2017 1 INTRODUCTION ....................................................................................................................... 1 1.1 Defining the Problem ........................................................................................................... 1 1.2 International Mediation ........................................................................................................ 4 1.3 Nuclear Deterrence .............................................................................................................. 6 1.3.1 Deterrence during the Cold War .................................................................................... 8 1.3.2 Nuclear Deterrence in the Post-Cold War.................................................................... 11 1.3.2.1 Pivotal Deterrence ................................................................................................ 13 1.3.2.2 Multilateral Deterrence ......................................................................................... 15 1.3.2.3 Collective Actor Deterrence ................................................................................. 16 1.4 Hypothesis .........................................................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • The First Americans American Literature Before and During the Colonial and Revolutionary Periods
    1 the first americans american literature before and during the colonial and revolutionary periods Imagining Eden ‘America is a poem in our eyes: its ample geography dazzles the imagination, and it will not wait long for metres.’ The words are those of Ralph Waldo Emerson, and they sum up that desire to turn the New World into words which has seized the imagination of so many Americans. But ‘America’ was only one of the several names for a dream dreamed in the first instance by Europeans. ‘He invented America: a very great man,’ one character observes of Christopher Columbus in a Henry James novel; and so, in a sense, he did. Columbus, however, was following a prototype devised long before him and surviving long after him, the idea of a new land outside and beyond history: ‘a Virgin Countrey,’ to quote one early, English settler, ‘so preserved by Nature out of a desire to show mankinde fallen into the Old Age of Creation, what a brow of fertility and beauty she was adorned with when the world was vigorous and youthfull.’ For a while, this imaginary America obliterated the history of those who had lived American lives long before the Europeans came. And, as Emerson’s invocation of ‘America ...a poem’ dis- closes, it also erased much sense of American literature as anything other than the writing into existence of a New Eden. Not that the first European settlers were unaware of the strangeness of America: in October 1492, for example, Christopher Columbus (1451–1506) confided to his journals that there were ‘a thousand kinds of herbs and flowers’ in this New World, ‘of all of which I remain in ignorance as to their properties’.
    [Show full text]