Biographical Dictionary

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A Astor, John Jacob (1763–1848) American fur trader and financier, he founded the fur-trading post of Astoria and the American Fur Company. (p. 308) Adams, John (1735–1826) American statesman, Austin, Stephen F. (1793–1836) American colonizer he was a delegate to the Continental Congress, in Texas, he was imprisoned for urging Texas a member of the committee that drafted the statehood after Santa Anna suspended Mexico’s Declaration of Independence, vice president to constitution. After helping Texas win indepen- George Washington, and the second president dence from Mexico, he became secretary of state ICTIONARY of the United States. (p. 228)

D for the Texas Republic. (p. 313) Adams, John Quincy (1767–1848) Son of President John Adams and the secretary of state to James Monroe, he largely formulated the Monroe B Doctrine. He was the sixth president of the United States and later became a representative Bagley, Sarah G. (d. 1847?) American mill worker in Congress. (p. 267) and union activist, she advocated the 10-hour Adams, Samuel (1722–1803) American revolution- workday for private industry. She was elected ary who led the agitation that led to the Boston

IOGRAPHICAL vice president of the New England Working Tea Party; he signed the Declaration of Indepen-

B Men’s Association, becoming the first woman dence. (p. 65) to hold such high rank in the American labor Addams, Jane (1860–1935) American social movement. (p. 357) worker and activist, she was Banneker, Benjamin (1731–1806) African American the co-founder of Hull House, mathematician and astronomer, he was hired an organization that focused by Thomas Jefferson to help survey land for the on the needs of immigrants. new capital in Washington, D.C. (p. 202) She helped found the American Barton, Clara (1821–1912) Founder of the American Civil Liberties Union and won Red Cross, she obtained and administered sup- the Nobel Peace Prize in 1931. plies and care to the Union soldiers during the (p. 597) American Civil War. (p. 496) Beecher, Catharine (1800–1878) American educator Aguinaldo NAHL Emilio (ahg-ee- -doh), (1869–1964) and the daughter of Lyman Beecher, she pro- Filipino leader and commander of forces in moted education for women in such writings as rebellion against Spain, he led an insurrection An Essay on the Education of Female Teachers. She against the authority of the United States. founded the first all-female academy. (p. 413) (p. 648) Beecher, Lyman (1775–1863) American clergyman, Alcott, Louisa May (1832–1888) American novelist, he disapproved of the style of preaching of the her revised letters written as a Civil War nurse were Great Awakening ministers. He served as presi- published as Hospital Sketches. She is famed for the dent of the Lane Theological Seminary and sup- novel Little Women and its sequels. (p. 409) ported female higher education. (p. 410) Anthony, Susan B. (1820–1906) American social Bell, Alexander Graham (1847–1922) reformer, she was active in the temperance, abo- American inventor and educator, his interest litionist, and women’s suffrage movements and in electrical and mechanical devices to aid the was co-organizer and president of the National hearing-impaired led to the development and Woman Suffrage Association. (p. 427) patent of the telephone. (p. 577) Arkwright, Richard (1732–1792) English inventor, Bidwell, Annie (1839–1918) American pioneer activ- he patented the water-powered spinning frame, ist, she worked for social and moral causes and improving the production of cotton thread. for women’s suffrage. (p. 562) (p. 347) Black Hawk (1767–1838) Native American leader of Arthur, Chester A. (1829–1886) Vice-president Fox and Sauk Indians, he resisted the U.S.-ordered of the United States in 1880, he became the removal of Indian nations from Illinois and raided twenty-first president of the United States upon settlements and fought the U.S. Army. (p. 297) the death of James Garfield. (p. 607)

R52 BIOGRAPHICAL DICTIONARY BIOGRAPHICAL DICTIONARY R53 Cooper Last of Well-known Italian explor- Mexican revolu- Mexican American educa- American Revo- Twenty-second and Twenty-second Chief of Nez American soldier and American painter, he American painter, (1789–1851) American politician from (1451–1506) (1859–1920) (1859–1947) (1752–1818) (1837–1908) BIOGRAPHICAL DICTIONARY Percé tribe, he led a resistance Percé in against white settlement even- the Northwest. He but his tually surrendered, eloquent surrender speech earned him a place in American history. (p. 559) (1770–1838) (1801–1848) (c.1840–1904) (1777–1852) Early American novelist, he wrote the er, he was convinced that he could reach Asia er, by sailing westward across the Atlantic Ocean. and monarchs He gained the support of Spain’s commanded a small fleet that reached the so- setting off a tide of European called New World, exploration of the area. (pp. 15, 17) tionist, he led revolts against Huerta and became led revolts against tionist, he programs of of Mexico. He adopted president reform, but he faced revolts social and economic (p. 661) from other revolutionists. was the founder of the Hudson River school, a group of artists who emphasized the beauty of the American landscape, especially the Hudson (p. 272) River valley. lutionary soldier and frontier leader, he captured lutionaryleader, soldier and frontier during the British trading village of Kaskaskia leaders to the Revolution and encouraged Indian remain neutral. (p. 97) he was known as the Great Pacificator Kentucky, Compro- because of his support of the Missouri of 1850 to mise. He developed the Compromise (pp. 264, 266) try to avoid civil war. on steelmaking and made a fortune through his a fortune through and made on steelmaking (pp. 580, 583) method. vertical integration she led a successful fight to tor and reformer, women and to secure the pas- obtain suffrage for Amendment. (p. 623) sage of the Nineteenth friend of Meriwether Lewis, he was invited to friend of Meriwether Lewis, he was what and joined explore the Louisiana Purchase expedi- became known as the Lewis and Clark tion. (p. 237) twenty-fourth president of the United States, he promoted civil service reform and a merit system of advancement for government jobs. (p. 608) Cooper, James Fenimore James Fenimore Cooper, Clark, George Rogers Clark, George Clark, William Henry Clay, Grover Cleveland, Thomas Cole, Christopher Columbus, Carranza, Venustiano Venustiano Carranza, Chapman Carrie Catt, Chief Joseph American French engi- American industri- American politician American politician American congress- American enslaved Progressive lawyer and Progressive South American revolu- South American American abolitionist, he American abolitionist, (1860–1925) (1859–1940) (1835–1919) (1791–1868) (1782–1850) lawyer and Populist politician, he favored free silver coinage, an economic policy expected to help farmers. He was a Democratic nominee for president in 1896 and was McKinley. defeated by William (p. 564) (1819–1857) (1834–1862) (1856–1941) (1783–1830) (1800–1859) C alist and humanitarian, he focused his attention man, he assaulted and beat Senator Charles man, he assaulted Sumner for his antislavery speeches and for insulting a pro-slavery relative. He was nick- by northerners. (p. 449) named Bully Brooks neer, he served Panama to the as minister from neer, for U.S. United States and negotiated a treaty control of the Panama Canal Zone. (p. 653) African, he ran away and was arrested in Bos- ton. His arrest became the center of violent protests by northern opponents of the Fugitive Slave Act. (p. 442) jurist, he was the first Jewish nominee to the jurist, he was the was appointed Associate Supreme Court and Justice. (p. 630) started the Pottawatomie Massacre in Kansas to started the Pottawatomie abolitionists; he later seized revenge killings of to Virginia, the federal arsenal at Harpers Ferry, tried and encourage a slave revolt. He was later executed. (p. 455) tionary Liberator, nicknamed the leader who was independence, win- many battles for he fought U.S. leaders. (p. 262) support of many ning the and fifteenth president of the United States, he and fifteenth president of the United for presi- was chosen as the Democratic nominee dent in 1854 for being politically experienced 450) and not offensive to slave states. (p. and supporter of slavery and states’ rights, he served as vice president to Andrew Jackson and was instrumental in the South Carolina nullification crisis. (p. 285) Carnegie, Andrew Andrew Carnegie, Calhoun, John C. Calhoun, Burns, Anthony Anthony Burns, Bunau–Varilla, Philippe Bunau–Varilla, Buchanan, James Bryan, William Bryan, William Jennings Brown, John Brown, Brooks, Preston Preston Brooks, Brandeis, Louis Louis Brandeis, Bolívar, Simon Bolívar, Bolívar Bolívar BIOGRAPHICAL DICTIONARY R54 Dix, Dorothea Emily Dickinson, Díaz, Porfirio Dewey, John Deere, John Davis, Jefferson Custer, George Armstrong Crittenden, JohnJ. Crazy Horse Cortés, Hernán Cooper, Peter Cooper states. (p.458) 1860 ledtothesecessionofmanysouthern the electionofPresidentAbrahamLincolnin dent oftheConfederateStatesAmericaafter Bighorn. (p.556) killed withhistroopsintheBattleofLittle Native AmericanfighterintheWest andwas can armyofficerintheCivilWar, hebecamea (p. 412) for thementallyillinstead ofimprisonment. development ofstatehospitals fortreatment prison systemnationwide by advocatingthe pist andsocialreformer, she helpedchangethe ing thicksoilontheGreatPlains.(p.366) developed asteelplowtoeasedifficultyofturn- investment. (p.659) ple ofMexicoharshlybutencouragedforeign Mexico foratotalof30years.Heruledthepeo- politician, hewaspresidentanddictatorof model forprogressivepubliceducation.(p.612) skills overmemorizationandthatbecamethe ing methodsthatemphasizedproblem-solving chologist, andphilosopher, hedevelopedteach- Thumb, manufacturer whodesignedandbuilt dering andresistingimprisonment.(p.555) rounded andkilled.Hewaskilledaftersurren- Little Bighorn,inwhichGeneralCusterwassur- of OglalaSioux,hetookpartintheBattle widely acclaimeduntilafterherdeath.(p.407) lived areclusivelife,andherpoemswerenot den’s Compromise.(p.459) states intheSenateproposalknownasCritten- ing differencesbetweennorthernandsouthern he attemptedtosavetheUnionbyreconcil- of theAztecEmpire.(p.20) he conqueredMexicoandbroughtaboutthefall (p. 271) the Mohicans BIOGRAPHICAL DICTIONARY BIOGRAPHICAL D thefirstAmericanlocomotive.(p.360) (1804–1886) (1842?–1877) (1859–1952) (1830–1915) (1791–1883) (1802–1887) (1485–1547) and manystoriesabouttheWest. (1808–1889) (1830–1886) (1787–1863) American industrialist;he American educator, psy- Native Americanchief Mexican generaland (1839–1876) American ironworks American philanthro- Spanish conquistador, First andonlypresi- Ameri Kentucky senator, can poet,she Ameri- Tom Douglass, Frederick Douglas, Stephen Equiano, Olaudah Emerson, Ralph Waldo Edwards, Jonathan Alva Edison, Thomas Du Bois, W. B. E. (NAACP). (p.624) ment ofColoredPeople Association fortheAdvance- helped foundtheNational ity forAfricanAmericans.He nomic andeducationalequal- Movement, callingforeco- and writer, heledtheNiagara can Americaneducator, editor, North Star.North abolitionist newspaper, the Douglass, Narrative oftheLifeFrederick published hisbiography, ican spokesmanandwriter.He became aleadingAfricanAmer- writer, and heescapedslavery American abolitionistand sovereignty. (p.446) ing theideaofpopular Freeport Doctrine,uphold- Act, andheestablishedthe unpopular Kansas-Nebraska rial race.Heproposedthe during theIllinoissenato- ham Lincolnaboutslavery president, hedebatedAbra- nomineefor pro-slavery American politicianand scendentalist philosophyofself-reliance.(p.405) essayist andpoet,hewasasupporterofthetran- electricity topartsofNewYork City. (p. 576) bulb andestablishedapowerplantthatsupplied tor ofover1,000patents,heinventedthelight- damnation. (p.58) sermons onthechoicebetweensalvationand ing religiousmovement,hedelivereddramatic influential revivalistleaderintheGreatAwaken- (pp. 41,57) esting NarrativeoftheLife OlaudahEquiano. abolitionist movementand writerof was eventuallyfreedandbecame aleaderofthe abolitionist, hewasanenslaved Africanwho E and foundedthe (pp.418,422) (1868–1963) (1813–1861) (c.1750–1797) (1703–1758) (1817–1895) (1847–1931) (1803–1882) The Afri- Frederick Douglass Important and African American American inven- American The Inter- BIOGRAPHICAL DICTIONARY R55 Hay (1792– American American writ- Sarah Sarah American states- which supported Twenty-third American labor and he is recognized Eighteenth president (1773–1841) Chiricahua Apache leader, Chiricahua American diplomat, he was (1804–1864) (1755–1804) (1833–1901) (1850–1924) BIOGRAPHICAL DICTIONARY (1805–1879) and (1822–1885) of the United States, he received a of the United States, lieutenant gen- field promotion to Union forces eral in charge of all battle. He after leading a successful of surrender Lee’s accepted General at Appomattox Confederate forces Courthouse, ending the Civil War. (pp. 484, 489) Federalist Papers, The Scarlet Letter, (1829–1909) (1838–1905) American sisters and reformers, they were American sisters and reformers, they H he evaded capture for years and led an extraor- capture for years he evaded dinary settle- against white opposition struggle until his the American Southwest ments in (p. 557) surrender. eventual secretary of state in the Roosevelt administra- politician, he served as the governor of Indian in the Battle of and fought Tecumseh Territory He was the ninth president of the Tippecanoe. United States. (p. 293) er, he is famous for his many stories and books, er, including as one of the first authors to write in a unique American style. (p. 406) the daughters of a slaveholding family from the daughters of a slaveholding family South Carolina who became antislavery supporters and lecturers for the American Anti-Slavery rights They also took up the women’s Society. campaign. (p. 417) leader, he helped found the American Federation he helped leader, for workers’ rights, such as of Labor to campaign boycotts. (p. 585) the right to organize president of the United States, he was a general and helped pass the Sherman in the Civil War Antitrust Act, regulating monopolies. (p. 608) man and member of the Continental Congress man and member of the Continental he was an and the Constitutional Convention, author of the was the first ratification of the Constitution. He secretary of treasury George Washington under States. and developed the Bank of the United (p. 200) 1873) Hawthorne, Nathaniel Nathaniel Hawthorne, John Hay, Hamilton, Alexander Hamilton, Alexander Harrison, Benjamin Harrison, William Henry Geronimo Geronimo SamuelGompers, S. Ulysses Grant, Angelina Grimké, and which led American Liberator, American Governor of (p. 131) American states- American educator, Twentieth president Twentieth Clermont, American explorer, American soldier, he soldier, American American engineer and (1792–1875) (1805–1879) (1746–1786) (1706–1790) (1787–1851) (1831–1881) (1813–1890) (1801–1870) (1765–1815) Poor Richard’s Almanack. Poor Richard’s F G army officer, and politician, he was chosen as and politician, he was army officer, He the first Republican candidate for president. was and he was against the spread of slavery, a “single rejected by all but the free states as (p. 451) issue” candidate in the election of 1856. man, he was a philosopher, scientist, inventor, man, he was a philosopher, and mem- first U.S. postmaster, publisher, writer, ber of the committee to draft the Constitution. rod and He invented bifocals and the lightning wrote Spanish Louisiana, he captured key cities from the British, greatly aiding the American Patriot movement and enabling the Spanish acquisition of Florida. (p. 95) he studied techniques for instructing hearing- he studied techniques for instructing first Ameri- impaired people and established the can school for the hearing impaired. (p. 413) was the first commissioned American admiral, commissioned was the first New Orleans he captured Civil War and in the blockade along the Gulf Coast and maintained a (pp. 485, 486) forces. against Confederate inventor, he built the first commercially success- he built the first commercially inventor, ful full-sized steamboat, the of the United States, he was elected in 1880 but was assassinated only months after inauguration. (p. 607) clergyman and educator, he became influential clergyman and educator, after a dramatic Awakening in the Second Great and conversion. He led long religious experience conventional ministers. revivals that annoyed (p. 410) journalist and reformer, he published the journalist and reformer, the famous antislavery newspaper, helped found the American Anti–Slavery Society, promoting immediate emancipation and racial (p. 417) equality. to the development of commercial steamboat to the development of commercial ferry services people. (p. 359) for goods and Garrison, William Garrison, William Lloyd Garfield, James A. Gálvez, Bernardo de Bernardo Gálvez, Gallaudet, Thomas Gallaudet, Thomas Fulton, Robert Fulton, Frémont, John C. Frémont, Franklin, Benjamin Franklin, Finney, Charles Grandison Charles Grandison Finney, Farragut, David David Farragut, Farragut Farragut BIOGRAPHICAL DICTIONARY R56 Jackson, Andrew WashingtonIrving, Hutchinson, Anne Victoriano Huerta, Hidalgo yCostilla, Father Miguel Randolph Hearst, William Hayes, B. Rutherford Hay ion fortheSpanish-AmericanWar. (p.646) feelings ofnationalismandformedpublicopin- stories, knownasyellowjournalism,thatstirred journalist, hewasfamedforsensationalnews militia, hedefeatedtheCreek Indians,securing of NewOrleans.Ascommander oftheTennessee Hickory, hewasanAmericanherointhe Battle American settingsandcharacters.(p.270) and authentic He oftenusedAmericanhistory Rip Van Winkle to gaininternationalacclaim.Hisworksinclude satirical writer, hewasthefirstAmericanwriter independence. (p.312) lion eventuallygrewandhelpedleadtoMexican living conditions;thoughdefeated,therebel- mestizos of about80,000impoverishedIndiansand can priestandrevolutionist,heledarebellion a specialelectoralcommittee.(p.607) tial electionof1876,hewaschosenpresidentby general andheroand,inthedisputedpresiden- dent oftheUnitedStates,hewasaCivilWar nized bytheUnitedStates.(p.660) leaders.Hisgovernmentwasnotrecog- tionary president andfacedrevoltswithmanyrevolu- and politician,heoverthrewMaderoasMexican to China.(p.653) and putforththeOpenDoorpolicywithregard United States’constructionofthePanamaCanal tion, andhenegotiatedtreatiesprovidingforthe BIOGRAPHICAL DICTIONARY BIOGRAPHICAL J I againstSpaininthehopeofimproving day RhodeIsland.(p.46) colony ofPortsmouthinpresent- setts colony;shelaterestablishedthe and wasbanishedfromMassachu- of underminingchurch authorities isters; shewastriedandconvicted did notneedguidancefrommin- that people’s relationshiptoGod angered otherPuritansbyclaiming (1767–1845) and (1591–1643) (1854–1916) (1783–1859) (1822–1893) The LegendofSleepyHollow. (1863–1951) Nicknamed Old Puritan leaderwho Mexican general Early American (1753–1811) Nineteenth presi- American Mexi- Johnson, Andrew Jefferson, Thomas Jay, John Jackson, Thomas “Stonewall” Lafayette, Marquis de Kelley, Florence Harris Jones, Mary Jones, JohnPaul (pp. 248,287) era ofdemocracycalledJacksonianDemocracy. enth presidentoftheUnitedStatesmarkedan 23 millionacresofland.Hiselectionasthesev- to fight!”(p.97) during whichhedeclared,“Ihavenotyetbegun wasthedefeatofBritishwarship tory officer famedforbravery, hismostfamousvic- of theWorld. (p.586) nizer. ShehelpedfoundtheIndustrialWorkers Mother Jonesandwasakeyspeakerorga- and Americanlaborleader, shewasknownas margin. (p.517) struction. Heheldontotheofficebyaone-vote impeached forhisunpopularideasaboutRecon- States upontheassassinationofLincoln,hewas and theseventeenthpresidentofUnited president oftheUnitedStates.(pp.84,233) main authorandoneofitssigners,thethird Declaration ofIndependence,theDeclaration’s gresses, chairmanofthecommitteetodraft man, andmemberoftwoContinentalCon- authored someofthe member oftheContinentalCongress,he general. (p.95) asmajor finance theRevolutionand served Revolution asimportantto theworld,hehelped man andofficerwhoviewed theAmerican tions forwomenandchildren.(p.616) ment andledprogressivereformsinlaborcondi- she wasactiveinthesettlementhousemove- Battles ofBullRun.(p.479) Seven Days’BattlesandtheFirstSecond Valley campaignandfoughtwithLeein the can Confederategeneral,heledtheShenandoah outstanding disputes.(p.207) tiated Jay’s Treaty withGreatBritaintosettle K L (1745–1829) (1859–1932) (1747–1792) (1808–1875) (1743–1826) (1830–1930) (1757–1834) American statesmanand Federalist Papers American reformer, (1824–1863) American naval American politician American states- Irish immigrant French states- andnego- Ameri- Lafayette Serapis, La Follette Marshall

La Follette, Robert M. (1855–1925) Progressive American politician, he was active in local M Wisconsin issues and challenged party bosses. As governor, he began the reform program called McClellan, George B. (1826–1885) American army the Wisconsin Idea to make state government general put in charge of Union troops and later removed by Lincoln for failure to press Lee’s B more professional. (p. 614) IOGRAPHICAL Las Casas, Bartolomé de (1474–1566) Spanish Confederate troops in Richmond. (p. 479) missionary and historian, he became the first McCormick, Cyrus (1809–1884) American inventor ordained Catholic priest in the New World and and industrialist, he invented the mechanical advocated for the welfare and protection of reaper and harvesting machine that quickly cut Native Americans as well as preached against the down wheat. (p. 366) slavery system. (p. 23) McKinley, William (1843–1901) Twenty-fifth presi- Lee, Robert E. (1807–1870) American soldier, he dent of the United States, he enacted protective tariffs in the McKinley Tariff Act of 1890 and refused Lincoln’s offer to head the D

Union army and agreed to lead acquired Cuba, Puerto Rico, Guam, and the Phil- ICTIONARY Confederate forces. He success- ippines during his administration. He was later fully led several major battles until assassinated. (p. 608) his defeat at Gettysburg, and he Madero, Francisco (1873–1913) Mexican revolution- surrendered to the Union’s com- ary leader, he called for the restoration of the mander General Grant at Appo- Mexican constitution and planned an overthrow mattox Courthouse. (pp. 479, 481) of Díaz. He became president of Mexico but was overthrown by Victoriano Huerta. (p. 660) Lewis, Meriwether (1774–1809) Former army cap- Madison, James (1751–1836) American statesman, tain selected by President Jefferson to explore he was a delegate to the Constitutional Conven- the Louisiana Purchase, he led the expedition tion, the fourth president of the United States, the that became known as the Lewis and Clark expe- author of some of the Federalist Papers, and is called dition. (p. 237) the father of the Constitution for his proposals at Liliuokalani (li-lee-uh-woh-kuh-LAHN-ee) (1838– the Constitutional Convention. He led the United 1917) Queen of the Hawaiian Islands, she States through the War of 1812. (pp. 126, 149) opposed annexation by the United States but Magellan (muh–JEL–uhn), Ferdinand (1480–1521) lost power in a U.S.-supported revolt by planters Portuguese captain of a Spanish fleet that that led to a new government. (p. 642) sought a western route to Asia via the “South- Lincoln, Abraham (1809–1865) Sixteenth president ern Ocean,” he found a passage through South of the United States, he promoted equal rights America, now known as the Strait of Magellan, for African Americans in the famed Lincoln- but died during the expedition. His crew of 18 Douglas debates. He issued the Emancipation people with one remaining ship successfully Proclamation and set in motion the Civil War, circumnavigated the world. (p. 17) but he was determined to preserve the Union. Mann, Horace (1796 –1859) American He was assassinated in 1865. (pp. 452, 477) educator, he is considered Little Turtle (c. 1752–1812) Miami chief who led a the father of American Native American alliance that raided settlements public education. He was in the Northwest Territory, he was defeated and a leader of the common- forced to sign the Treaty of Greenville, and he school movement, later became an advocate for peace. (p. 208) advocating education Longfellow, Henry Wadsworth (1807–1882) Ameri- for all children. can poet in the mid-nineteenth century, he is (pp. 412, 413) best known for his story-poems, such as “Paul Revere’s Ride” in Tales of a Wayside Inn and The Marion, Francis (1732?–1795) Revolutionary War Song of Hiawatha. (p. 407) commander of Marion’s Brigade, a group of Lowell, Francis Cabot (1775–1817) American indus- guerrilla soldiers in South Carolina that used trialist who developed the Lowell system, a mill surprise raids against British communications system that included looms that could both and supply lines. (p. 99) weave thread and spin cloth. He hired young Marshall, John (1755–1835) Federalist leader who women to live and work in his mill. (p. 354) served in the House of Representatives and as U.S. Secretary of State, he later became the Chief

BIOGRAPHICAL DICTIONARY R57 BIOGRAPHICAL DICTIONARY R58 Osceola O’Connor, Sandra Day Mott, Lucretia Morse, F. Samuel B. Monroe, James II Moctezuma Melville, Herman Meade, George G. Marshall, Thurgood Marshall died inprison.(p.297) forced tosign.Hewaseventuallycapturedand an earliertreatythatSeminole leadershadbeen resisted removalbytheU.S. governmentdespite appointed totheCourt.(p.148) the U.S.SupremeCourt,shewasfirstwoman ing thefollowingAztecuprising.(p.20) killed, andtheAzteccapitalwasdestroyeddur- god butwastakenprisonerbyhim.Helater Aztec Empire,hewelcomedexplorerCortésasa for women’s rightsintheUnitedStates.(p.426) beth CadyStanton,thefirstorganizedmeeting planned theSenecaFallsConventionwithEliza- racial segregation.(p.148) the AdvancementofColoredPeopleandfought sented asalawyertheNationalAssociationfor American U.S.SupremeCourtJustice,herepre- foreign policy. (p.261) Hemisphere thatbecamethefoundationofU.S. ing theU.S.sphereofinfluenceinWestern He putforththeMonroeDoctrineestablish- he wasthefifthpresidentofUnitedStates. figure andnegotiatoroftheLouisianaPurchase, and isfamousfor based hisbooksonownsailingexperiences a decisivevictory. (p.498) federate armyatGettysburgbutfailedtoobtain War battles.Heforced backGeneralLee’s Con- cer, asaUniongeneralatmajorCivil heserved Marbury Justice oftheU.S.SupremeCourt,establishingin of judicialreview. (p.232) BIOGRAPHICAL DICTIONARY BIOGRAPHICAL O (c.1804–1838) v. Madison (1466–1520) (1793–1880) (1758–1831) (pp. 364,365) across thecountry. soon sentmessagesall the telegraph,which magnetism todevelop coveries ofelectricityand applied scientists’dis- artist andinventor, he (1819–1891) (1815–1872) (1791–1872) (1908–1993) Moby-Dick. theSupremeCourt’s power (1930– ) Florida Seminoleleader, he Emperor ofMexico’s American reformer, she Leading Revolutionary American writer, he Associate justiceof American armyoffi- (p.407) First African American Perry, Oliver Hazard Penn, William Paul, Alice Paine, Thomas Pocahontas Pizarro Pike, Zebulon Pierce, Franklin Pickett, George Pershing, JohnJ. model offreedomandtolerance.(p.50) representative self-governmentandbecamea the colonyprovidedanimportantexampleof founded acolonyforQuakersinPennsylvania; ered aturningpointoftheCivilWar. (p.499) Ridge intheBattleofGettysburg,oftenconsid- Charge, afailedbutheroiceffortatCemetery the Confederatearmy, hewasfamedforPickett’s Inca Empire.(p.21) Mountains ofSouthAmericaandconqueredthe pursued rumorsofgoldencitiesintheAndes ofthePacificOcean, helater on thediscovery Spanish conquistadorwhosailedwithBalboa Nebraska Act.(p.445) settlement, andpassedtheunpopularKansas- Purchase, whichopenedtheNorthwestfor dent oftheUnitedStates,hemadeGadsden for presidentin1852andthefourteenthpresi- of 1812.(p.247) the BritishatBattleofLakeErieinWar captain whoputtogetherthefleetthatdefeated Common Sense. his anonymouslyandsimplywrittenpamphlet, declaration ofindependencefromEnglandin philosopher andauthor, heurgedanimmediate Peak inColorado.(p.238) attempted toclimbwhatisnowknownasPikes to findtheheadwatersofRedRiver. He a missiontoexploretheWest, hewasordered Expeditionary ForcesExpeditionary inWorld War I.(p.661) general andcommanderinchiefoftheAmerican into MexicotofindPanchoVilla. Hewasthemajor mander, force hecommandedtheexpeditionary sent colonist JohnRolfe.(p.37) English, convertedtoChristianity, andmarried Powhatan. Shewaslatertaken prisonerbythe was capturedandsentenced todeathbythe cess, shesavedthelifeofJohn Smithwhenhe women’s suffrage.(p.624) that workedtoobtain Woman’s Party(NWP) of theorganizationthatbecameNational suffragist, andactivist,shewasthefounder P (puh– (1885–1977) (c.1595–1617) ZAHR (1644–1718) (1779–1813) (1737–1809) (1804–1869) (1825–1875) (1860–1948) –oh), (p. 83) (1785–1819) Francisco American socialreformer, American Indianprin- Quaker leaderwho Army officersenton American political Democratic candidate American generalin American armycom- (c. 1475–1541) American naval Pocahontas BIOGRAPHICAL DICTIONARY R59 Singer Mexi- (1713– American Ameri- Dred Scott Dred –pay–roh) American politi- (1794–1876) NEE (1820–1891) –uh) (1786?–1812) American general, he Revolutionary War American inventor; he Enslaved African who (hoo– WEE (1801–1872) BIOGRAPHICAL DICTIONARY Junípero Junípero (1786–1866) (1747?–1825) (1811–1875) (sak–uh–juh– (1795?–1858) (between 1760 and 1770–1843) (ser–rah), S can general and politician, he was president of can general and politician, He fought in the a dictator. Mexico and became and seized the Alamo but was Revolution Texas by Sam Houston at San defeated and captured Jacinto. (p. 313) patented an improved sewing machine and by 1860 was the largest manufacturer of sewing (p. 367) machines in the country. decision upheld slavery the Missouri and found 451) Compromise unconstitutional. (p. filed suit for his freedom stating that his time filed suit for his freedom made him a free man; the living in a free state Supreme Court ruling known as the can Indian scholar and craftsman, he created a can Indian scholar and craftsman, and writing system for the Cherokee language (p. 295) taught literacy to many Cherokee. 1784) Spanish Franciscan missionary to Califor- missions nia, he planned or founded numerous San Fran- all along the Pacific coast and founded (p. 22) cisco in an effort to spread Christianity. served as commander in the Mexican War and served War as commander in the Mexican South in used a two-part strategy against the to destroy the South’s he wanted the Civil War; gain con- economy with a naval blockade and (p. 475) trol of the Mississippi River. Rebellion, an uprising officer who led Shays’s of farmers in western Massachusetts that shut down the courts so that farmers would not lose their farms for tax debts. He was defeated and condemned to death, but pardoned. (p. 123) Shoshone woman who, along with her French woman who, along Shoshone and aided husband, accompanied fur-trapper their expedition. (p. 238) Lewis and Clark on cian, who as Secretary was laughed at of State of Alaska from the purchase Folly,” for “Seward’s which Russia for less than two cents an acre, added approximately 600,000 square miles of land to the United States. (p. 641) to the Sea his famous March Union army officer, captured Atlanta, Georgia, marking an impor- (p. 501) tant turning point in the war. Singer, Isaac Singer, Sequoya Sequoya Serra William H. Seward, Daniel Shays, Tecumseh Sherman, William Sacagawea Sacagawea de López Antonio Santa Anna, Dred Scott, Winfield Scott, Twenty-sixth American American labor (p. 407) American writer, he writer, American American journalist Eleventh president of Eleventh president American clergyman, Ottawa chief who united Ottawa chief who (1858–1919) (1849–1924) (1839 –1937) The Gold Bug. The Gold (1809–1849) industrialist and philan- thropist, he made a fortune in the oil business and used vertical and horizontal integration to establish a monopoly on the steel business. (pp. 580, 583) the Great Lakes’ Indians to the Great Lakes’ Indians try advance of to halt the he European settlements, in a attacked British forts as Pontiac’s rebellion known Rebellion; he eventually surrendered in 1766. (p. 61) (1847–1911) (1795–1849) (1822–1901) (c.1720–1769) R president of the United States after William McKinley was assassinated, he organized the first volunteer cavalry regiment known as the Rough Riders which fought in Cuba during the Spanish- As president, he acquired the Pan- American War. ama Canal Zone, and announced the Roosevelt making the United States the defender Corollary, Hemisphere. (pp. 627, 655) of the Western leader for the Knights of Labor, he removed the he removed leader for the Knights of Labor, organization, secrecy originally surrounding the national leading to its becoming the first truly American labor union. (p. 585) educator, and politician, he became the first and politician, he became educator, (p. 525) African American in the U.S. Senate. the United States, he settled the Oregon bound- the United States, ary Britain and successfully conducted with Great (p. 317) War. the Mexican-American and newspaper publisher, he established the he established and newspaper publisher, Pulitzer Prize for public service and advancement of education. (p. 646) is famed for his haunting poem “The Raven,” as “The Raven,” for his haunting poem is famed or romantic stories other chilling well as many first with creating the He is credited and poems. story, detective Roosevelt, Theodore Theodore Roosevelt, Rockefeller, John D. John D. Rockefeller, Revels, Hiram Hiram Revels, Pulitzer, Joseph Pulitzer, Powderly, Terence V. V. Terence Powderly, Pontiac Pontiac Polk, James K. Polk, Poe, Edgar Allan Allan Edgar Poe, Poe Poe BIOGRAPHICAL DICTIONARY R60 Sutter, John Stuyvesant Stowe, HarrietBeecher Stone, Lucy Stevens, Thaddeus Stanton, ElizabethCady Stanford, Leland Squanto Smith, John Slater, Samuel Sitting Bull Sitting Bull cotton industry. (p.348) ca, heisconsideredthefounderofAmerican who broughtadesignfortextilemilltoAmeri- men andpoorsoutherners.(p.519) policies. Hesoughteconomicjusticeforfreed- was anopponentandcriticofAndrewJohnson’s Republicans intheReconstructioneffortand and politician,hewastheleaderofRadical Black Hills reservations. (p.556) Black Hillsreservations. resist governmentdemandstobuylandsonthe nation, heencouragedotherSiouxleadersto who becametheheadchiefofentireSioux California goldrush.(p.327) nia frontier;goldwasdiscovered, leadingtothe built Sutter’s Fort, atradingpostontheCalifor- land totheEnglish.(p.37) colony, hewasforced tosurrender NewNether- Director generaloftheDutchNewNetherland rights movement.(p.427) speakerwhosupportedthe women’santislavery fragist, shewasawell-knownandaccomplished slavery novel, slavery an abolitionistandauthorofthefamousanti- author anddaughterofLyman Beecher, shewas at thefeastlaterknownasThanksgiving.(p.43) lish relationswiththeWampanoag, theIndians native farmingmethodsandhelpedthemestab- land andthenAmerica;hetaughtthePilgrims and enslavedinSpainbutlaterescapedtoEng- ford University. (pp.581,583) nia CentralPacificRailroadandfoundedStan- builder andpolitician,heestablishedtheCalifor- build betterhousing.(p.37) and encouragedsettlerstoworkharder Americas whohelpedfoundJamestownColony BIOGRAPHICAL DICTIONARY BIOGRAPHICAL (?–1622) (c.1831–1890) ( (1818–1893) (c.1580–1631) (1803–1880) STY (1768–1835) –vuh–suhnt), (pp. 426,429) launched thesuffragemovement. rights intheUnitedStates,which organized meetingforwomen’s The conventionwasthefirst Convention withLucretiaMott. organized theSenecaFalls woman suffrageleader, she UncleTom’s Cabin (1824–1893) Patuxet Indianwhowascaptured (1792–1868) (1811–1896) (1815–1902) American womansuf- American pioneerwho American Indianleader English colonisttothe English industrialist Peter American railroad American lawyer (c.1610–1672) (p. 443) American American Tecumseh Taylor, Frederick W. Taney Taft,Howard William Vallejo, MarianoGuadalupe Tweed, Marcy William Turner, Nat Tubman, Harriet Truth, Sojourner Thoreau, David Henry duction process,notashumanbeings.(p.584) viewed workersasmechanicalpartsofthepro- ing systemknownasscientificmanagementthat ciency engineer, heintroducedthemanufactur- settlement intheNorthwestTerritory. (p.242) ed toformanIndianconfederationresistwhite Walden Pond. Disobedience,” aswellhisfamousbook, nature andpublishedamagazinearticle,“Civil and transcendentalistphilosopher, hestudied ity opinioninthe Supreme CourtChiefJustice,hewrotethemajor- the NewYork Citytreasury. (p.607) as BossTweed. Hewasconvictedofstealingfrom many Hallpoliticalmachineandbecameknown cian, hegainedcontrolofNewYork City’s Tam- executed. (p.390) hewastried,convicted, and one inU.S.history; Rebellion, theslaverevoltwasmostviolent system.CalledNat Turner’sto endtheslavery he claimedthatdivineinspirationhadledhim ond term.(p.629) Roosevelt’s supportandwasdefeatedfor asec- much.Helost which didnotlowertariffsvery and bysupportingthePayne-AldrichTariff, gressives bymovingcautiouslytowardreforms president oftheUnitedStates,heangeredpro- soldier andpolitician,heincreased settlementin abolition andwomen’s suffrage.(p.418) but waslaterfreedandbecameaspeakerfor and reformer, shewasbornanenslavedAfrican (p. 452) the MissouriCompromisewasunconstitutional. African Americanswerenotcitizensandthat known astheMosesofherpeople.(p.420) famous UndergroundRailroadconductorandis enslaved Africanstoescape;sheisthemost andassistedother tionist whoescapedslavery V T ( TAW (1768–1813) –nee), (1800–1831) (p.405) (c.1820–1913) (c.1797–1883) Roger B. (1856–1915) Dred Scott (1857–1930) (1823–1878) (1817–1862) Shawnee chiefwhoattempt- American slaveleader, (1777–1864) (1808–1890) decision, statingthat American aboli- American evangelist American effi- Twenty-seventh American politi- American writer U.S. American Vallejo BIOGRAPHICAL DICTIONARY R61 Zapata (1867–1912)

Little House American writer American Paiute Indian Wilbur Twenty-eighth Mexican revolution- American religious Leader of the Massa- (1867–1957)

(1844–1891)

(1856–1924) BIOGRAPHICAL DICTIONARY

(1879–1919)

(1801–1877)

(1588–1649) (p. 562)

(1871–1948) and

Sarah Ingalls

John

Emiliano Orville Woodrow

Laura Brigham

Z Y leader who headed the Mormon Church after leader who headed the Mormon Church the com- the murder of Joseph Smith, he moved along what munity to Utah, leading thousands to the Trail came to be known as the Mormon (p. 311) main settlement at Salt Lake City. reformer, she was an activist for Indian rights she was reformer, about the problems of and lectured specifically the reservation system. (p. 558) ary, he was a guerrilla leader helping Madera ary, overthrow Díaz. He was a champion of farmers and revolted against Carranza. (p. 661) American pioneers of aviation, they went from American pioneers of aviation, they to piloting experiments with kites and gliders flight the first successful gas-powered airplane Com- and later founded the American Wright 578) pany to manufacture airplanes. (p. and frontierswoman who wrote a well-known who and frontierswoman own based on her books series of children’s classic including the experiences, on the Prairie. States, his reform legisla- president of the United name New Freedom, and tion was given the amendments: it included three constitutional senators, prohibition, and direct election of Federal Reserve suffrage. He created the women’s Commission, and he Trade System, the Federal laws. (p. 629) enacted child labor chusetts Bay Colony who led Puritan colonists chusetts Bay Colony who led Puritan Christian to Massachusetts to establish an ideal first community; he later became the colony’s (p. 44) governor. oung, Wright, Y Zapata, Wilder, Wilson, Winnemucca, Winthrop, journal- (p. 624) Mexican African Ameri- Revolutionary American politician American American insurrec- American lawyer and American poet, he African American American inventor whose (1878–1923)

(1856–1915)

(1732–1799)

Memphis Free Speech. Memphis Free (1782–1862)

(c.1767–1822) War hero and Patriot leader, War he served as a representative to the Continental Congresses, commanded the Continental and was unanimously Army, elected to two terms as president of the United States. (pp. 80, 82)

(1782–1852)

(1819–1892) “Pancho”

George Booker

(1862–1931) (1765–1825)

Martin

Walt B.

Eli Daniel

Denmark

Ida

Francisco

W Buren,

bandit and revolutionary leader, he led revolts bandit and revolutionary leader, Huerta. He was pursued by against Carranza and (p. 661) the U.S. but evaded General Pershing. tionist, he was brought to America as a slave but tionist, he was brought He planned a large his own freedom. purchased Carolina and was tried slave uprising in South with 36 others accused of and hanged along (p. 390) plotting the rebellion. cotton gin changed cotton harvesting proce- dures and enabled large increases in cotton production; he introduced the technology of mass production through the development of parts in gun-making. (p. 349) interchangeable can educator and civil rights leader, he was can educator and civil rights leader, born into slavery head of the and later became African Institute for career training for Tuskegee conservativeAmericans. He was an advocate for social change. (p. 624) ist and anti-lynching activist, she was part-owner and editor of the and secretary he under Andrew Jackson, of state of the United the eighth president later became States. (p. 286) gained recognition abroad and later at home for unrhymed works of poetry praising the and United States, Americans, democracy, individualism.(p. 407) northern California and became a rich cattle- California and became northern for to get statehood helped in the effort man. He (p. 319) California. statesman, he spoke out against nullification and states’ rights, believing that the country should stay unified. (p. 290) Whitney, Whitman, Wells, Webster, Washington, Washington, Villa, Vesey, Van Vallejo English and Spanish Glossary

MARK AS IN RESPELLING EXAMPLE Phonetic Respelling and a alphabet a *AL-fuh-bet Pronunciation Guide a¯ Asia ay AY-zhuh Many of the key terms in this textbook have been respelled ä cart, top ah KAHRT, TAHP LOSSARY LOSSARY to help you pronounce them. e let, ten e LET, TEN The letter combinations used G e¯ even, leaf ee EE-vuhn, LEEF in the respelling throughout i it, tip, British i IT, TIP, BRIT-ish the narrative are explained in the following phonetic respell- ı¯ site, buy, Ohio y SYT, BY, oh-HY-oh ing and pronunciation guide. iris eye EYE-ris The guide is adapted from PANISH k card k KAHRD Merriam-Webster’s Collegiate S o¯ over, rainbow oh OH-vuhr, RAYN-boh Dictionary, 11th Edition; Merriam-Webster’s Biographical u˙ book, wood ooh BOOHK, WOOHD Dictionary; and Merriam- o˙ all, orchid aw AWL, AWR-kid Webster’s Geographical o˙ i foil, coin oy FOYL, KOYN Dictionary. au˙ out ow OWT

e cup, butter uh KUHP, BUHT-uhr

ü rule, food oo ROOL, FOOD NGLISH AND

E yü few yoo FYOO

zh vision zh VIZH-uhn

*A syllable printed in small capital letters receives heavier emphasis than the other syllable(s) in a word.

Alien and Sedition Acts (1798) laws passed by a Feder- A alist-dominated Congress aimed at protecting the government from treasonous ideas, actions, and ABC Powers Argentina, Brazil and Chile; nations that people (p. 215) offered to negotiate a dispute between the United Leyes de No Intervención Extranjera (1798) leyes States and Mexico when unrest following the aprobadas por un Congreso mayormente federalista Mexican Revolution brought the two countries into con el fi n de proteger al gobierno de la infl uencia de confl ict (p. 661) ideas, acciones y personas desleales (pág. 215) potencias ABC Argentina, Brasil y Chile; naciones amendment offi cial change, correction, or addition to a que se ofrecieron a resolver el desacuerdo entre Esta- law or constitution (p. 135) dos Unidos y México cuando el descontento poste- enmienda cambio, corrección o adición realizado de rior a la Revolución mexicana provocó un confl icto manera ofi cial a una ley o constitución (pág. 135) entre ambos países (pág. 661) American Anti-Slavery Society an organization started abolition an end to slavery (p. 416) by William Lloyd Garrison whose members wanted abolición fi n de la esclavitud (pág. 416) immediate emancipation and racial equality for Afri- Adams-Onís Treaty (1819) an agreement in which Spain can Americans (p. 417) gave East Florida to the United States (p. 261) Sociedad Americana contra la Esclavitud organización tratado de Adams y Onís (1819) acuerdo en el que fundada por William Lloyd Garrison cuyos miem- España cedió el territorio del este de Florida a Estados bros pedían la emancipación inmediata y la igualdad Unidos (pág. 261) racial de los afroamericanos (pág. 417) agrarian relating to farming and agriculture (p. 41) American Federation of Labor an organization that agrario relacionado con los cultivos y la agricultura united skilled workers into national unions for spe- (pág. 41) cifi c industries (p. 585) Federación Estadounidense del Trabajo organización Alamo Spanish mission in San Antonio, Texas, that was que agrupó obreros especializados en sindicatos the site of a famous battle of the Texas Revolution in nacionales defi nidos por industrias (pág. 585) 1836 (p. 314) El Álamo misión española en San Antonio, Texas; esce- nario de una famosa batalla durante la Revolución texana de 1836 (pág. 314)

R62 ENGLISH AND SPANISH GLOSSARY American System/Sistema estadounidense Battle of the Little Big Horn/batalla de Little Big horn

American System Henry Clay’s plan for raising tariffs to Battle of Fallen Timbers (1794) a battle between U.S. pay for internal improvements such as better roads troops and an American Indian confederation that

and canals (p. 264) ended Indian efforts to halt white settlement in the E

Sistema estadounidense plan de alza de impuestos Northwest Territory (p. 209) NGLISH AND creado por Henry Clay para realizar mejoras internas batalla de Fallen Timbers (1794) batalla entre las como la reparación de caminos y canales (pág. 264) tropas estadounidenses y una confederación de indí- Antifederalists people who opposed ratifi cation of the genas norteamericanos que puso fi n a los intentos de Constitution (p. 132) los indígenas para detener la emigración de personas antifederalistas personas que se oponían a la apro- de raza blanca al Territorio del Noroeste (pág. 209) bación de la Constitución (pág. 132) Battle of Gettysburg (1863) a Union Civil War victory Anti-Imperialist League a group of citizens opposed to that turned the tide against the Confederates at Gettysburg, Pennsylvania (p. 498) imperialism, and, specifi cally, to the peace treaty that S batalla de Gettysburg (1863) victoria del ejército de la gave the United States control of Cuba, Guam, Puerto PANISH Rico, and the Philippines (p. 650) Unión durante la Guerra Civil que cambió el curso de Liga Antiimperialista grupo de ciudadanos que se la guerra en contra de los confederados en Gettys- oponían al imperialismo y, más concretamente, burg, Pensilvania (pág. 498) al tratado de paz que otorgaba a Estados Unidos Battle of Lake Erie (1813) U.S. victory in the War of

el control de Cuba, Guam, Puerto Rico y Filipinas 1812, led by Oliver Hazard Perry; broke Britain’s con- G (pág. 650) trol of Lake Erie (p. 247) LOSSARY Appomattox Courthouse Virginia town where General batalla del lago Erie (1813) victoria en la Guerra de Robert E. Lee was forced to surrender, thus ending 1812 en la que el ejército estadounidense, comandado the Civil War (p. 502) por Oliver Hazard Perry, puso fi n al control británico del Appomattox Courthouse poblado de Virginia donde lago Erie (pág. 247) el general Robert E. Lee fue obligado a rendirse, Battle of New Orleans (1815) the greatest U.S. victory in dando fi n a la Guerra Civil (pág. 502) the War of 1812; actually took place two weeks after a peace treaty had been signed ending the war (p. 248) Articles of Confederation (1777) the document that batalla de Nueva Orleáns (1815) la mayor victoria created the fi rst central government for the United del ejército estadounidense en la Guerra de 1812; States; was replaced by the Constitution in 1789 tuvo lugar dos semanas después de la fi rma de un (p. 116) tratado de paz en el que se declaraba el fi nal de la Artículos de la Confederación (1777) documento que guerra (pág. 248) creó el primer gobierno central en Estados Uni- dos; fue reemplazado por la Constitución en 1789 Battle of San Jacinto (1836) the fi nal battle of the Texas (pág. 116) Revolution; resulted in the defeat of the Mexican army and independence for Texas (p. 314) batalla de San Jacinto (1836) batalla fi nal de la Revo- lución texana en la que fue derrotado el ejército me- B xicano y Texas obtuvo su independencia (pág. 314) Battle of Saratoga (1777) a Revolutionary War battle in Bacon’s Rebellion (1676) an atttack led by Nathaniel New York that resulted in a major defeat of British Bacon against American Indians and the colonial troops; marked the Patriots’ greatest victory up to government in Virginia (p. 38) that point in the war (p. 94) Rebelión de Bacon (1676) ataque encabezado por batalla de Saratoga (1777) batalla de la Guerra de Nathaniel Bacon contra los indígenas norteamerica- Independencia estadounidense que tuvo lugar en nos y el gobierno colonial en Virginia (pág. 38) Nueva York y en la que las fuerzas británicas sufrieron Bank of the United States a national bank chartered by una de sus mayores derrotas; los patriotas obtuvieron Congress in 1791 to provide security for the U.S. su mayor victoria hasta ese momento (pág. 94) economy (p. 204) Battle of Shiloh (1862) a Civil War battle in Tennessee Banco de Estados Unidos banco nacional constituido in which the Union army gained greater control over por el Congreso en 1791 para dar establidad a la the Mississippi River valley (p. 485) economía de Estados Unidos (pág. 204) batalla de Shiloh (1862) batalla de la Guerra Civil en Battle of Antietam (1862) a Union victory in the Civil Tennessee en la que el ejército de la Unión adquirió War that marked the bloodiest single-day battle in mayor control sobre el valle del río Mississippi U.S. military history (p. 481) (pág. 485) batalla de Antietam (1862) victoria del ejército de la Battle of the Little Big Horn (1876) “Custer’s Last Stand”; Unión durante la Guerra Civil en la batalla de un solo battle between U.S. soldiers, led by George Armstrong día más sangrienta en la historia militar de Estados Custer, and Sioux warriors, led by Crazy Horse and Unidos (pág. 481) Sitting Bull, that resulted in the worst defeat for the Battle of Bunker Hill (1775) a Revolutionary War battle U.S. Army in the West (p. 556) in Boston that demonstrated that the colonists could batalla de Little Big Horn (1876) última batalla del fi ght well against the British army (p. 81) general Custer; esta batalla entre las tropas de George batalla de Bunker Hill (1775) batalla de la Guerra de Armstrong Custer y los guerreros siux al mando de Independencia estadounidense que tuvo lugar en Caballo Loco y Toro Sentado produjo la mayor derrota Boston; en ésta se demostró que los colonos podían del ejército estadounidense en el Oeste (pág. 556) luchar bien contra el ejército británico (pág. 81)

ENGLISH AND SPANISH GLOSSARY R63 Battle of Tippecanoe/batalla de Tippecanoe capitalism/capitalismo

Battle of Tippecanoe (1811) U.S. victory over an Indian pueblo de rápido crecimiento comunidad del Oeste confederation that wanted to stop white settle- que se desarrolló con gran rapidez debido a la fi ebre ment in the Northwest Territory; increased tensions del oro, pero que desapareció cuando los yacimientos between Great Britain and the United States (p. 244) se agotaron (pág. 548) batalla de Tippecanoe (1811) victoria del ejército border states Delaware, Kentucky, Maryland, and Mis- estadounidense sobre la confederación indígena que souri; slave states that lay between the North and the intentaba evitar el establecimiento de poblaciones South and did not join the Confederacy during the de blancos en el Territorio del Noroeste; esta batalla Civil War (p. 474) LOSSARY LOSSARY aumentó las hostilidades entre Gran Bretaña y Esta- estados fronterizos Delaware, Kentucky, Maryland dos Unidos (pág. 244) y Missouri; estados ubicados entre el Norte y el Sur, G Battle of Trenton (1776) a Revolutionary War battle in que practicaban la esclavitud y que no se unieron a la New Jersey in which Patriot forces captured more Confederación durante la Guerra Civil (pág. 474) than 900 Hessian troops (p. 93) Boston Massacre (1770) an incident in which British batalla de Trenton (1776) batalla de la Guerra de soldiers fi red into a crowd of colonists, killing fi ve Independencia estadounidense que tuvo lugar en PANISH people (p. 67) Nueva Jersey; en esta batalla las fuerzas de los patri- S matanza de Boston (1770) incidente en el que los otas capturaron a más de 900 soldados mercenarios soldados británicos dispararon entre una multitud hessianos (pág. 93) de colonos, ocasionando la muerte a cinco personas Battle of Yorktown (1781) the last major battle of the (pág. 67) Revolutionary War; site of British general Charles Boston Tea Party (1773) a protest against the Tea Act in Cornwallis’s surrender to the Patriots in Virginia which a group of colonists boarded British tea ships (p. 100) and dumped more than 340 chests of tea into Boston batalla de Yorktown (1781) la última batalla impor- Harbor (p. 68) tante de la Guerra de Independencia estadounidense; Motín del Té de Boston (1773) protesta en contra de NGLISH AND lugar donde se rindió el general británico Charles la Ley del Té en la que un grupo de colonos abordó E Cornwallis ante las tropas de los patriotas en Virginia barcos británicos que transportaban té y arrojó al mar (pág. 100) alrededor de 340 baúles con este producto en el puerto Bear Flag Revolt (1846) a revolt against Mexico by de Boston (pág. 68) American settlers in California who declared the terri- Boxer Rebellion (1900) a siege of a foreign settlement tory an independent republic (p. 320) in Beijing by Chinese nationalists who were angry at Revuelta de Bear Flag (1846) rebelión iniciada por foreign involvement in China (p. 645) colonos estadounidenses en contra de México para rebelión de los boxers (1900) asedio a un asentamien- declarar al territorio de California una república inde- to extranjero en Beijing por parte de un grupo de pendiente (pág. 320) nacionalistas chinos que estaban en desacuerdo con benevolent society an aid organization formed by la participación extranjera en China (pág. 645) immigrant communities (p. 591) Bureau of Indian Aff airs a government agency created sociedad de benefi cencia organización de ayuda for- in the 1800s to oversee federal policy toward Native mada por comunidades de inmigrantes (pág. 591) Americans (p. 294) Bessemer process a process developed in the 1850s that Ofi cina de Asuntos Indígenas agencia creada por el led to faster, cheaper steel production (p. 575) gobierno en el siglo XIX para encargarse de las políti- proceso de Bessemer proceso de producción de acero cas federales sobre los indígenas norteamericanos más económico y rápido, desarrollado en la década (pág. 294) de 1850 (pág. 575) Bill of Rights the fi rst 10 amendments to the Constitu- tion; ratifi ed in 1791 (p. 135) Declaración de Derechos primeras 10 enmien- C das hechas a la Constitución; aprobada en 1791 (pág. 135) Californios Spanish colonists in California in the 1800s Black Codes laws passed in the southern states during (p. 319) Reconstruction that greatly limited the freedom and californios colonos españoles que vivían en Califor- rights of African Americans (p. 518) nia en el siglo XIX (pág. 319) códigos para negros decretos aprobados en los estados capital money or property that is used to earn more sureños en la época de la Reconstrucción que limi- money (p. 13) taron en gran medida la libertad y los derechos de los capital dinero o propiedades usadas para ganar más afroamericanos (pág. 518) dinero (pág. 13) bond a certifi cate that represents money the govern- capitalism an economic system in which private busi- ment has borrowed from private citizens (p. 200) nesses run most industries (p. 619) bono certifi cado que representa dinero que el go- capitalismo sistema económico en el que las empre- bierno toma prestado de los ciudadanos (pág. 200) sas privadas controlan la mayoría de las industrias boomtown a Western community that grew quickly (pág. 619) because of the mining boom and often disappeared when the boom ended (p. 548)

R64 ENGLISH AND SPANISH GLOSSARY cattle drive/arreo de ganado Confederate States of America/Estados Confederados de América cattle drive a long journey on which cowboys herded Committees of Correspondence committees created by cattle to northern markets or better grazing lands the Massachusetts House of Representatives in the

(p. 549) 1760s to help towns and colonies share information E

arreo de ganado viaje largo en el que los vaqueros about resisting British laws (p. 65) NGLISH AND arreaban ganado para llevarlo a los mercados del comités de correspondencia comités creados por la Norte o a mejores pastizales (pág. 549) Cámara de Representantes de Massachusetts en la Cattle Kingdom an area of the Great Plains on which década de 1760 para que poblados y colonias com- many ranchers raised cattle in the late 1800s (p. 549) partieran información que los ayudara a resistirse a Reino del Ganado área de las Grandes Planicies en la las leyes británicas (pág. 65) que muchos ganaderos se establecieron a ﬁ nales de common-school movement a social reform effort that siglo XIX (pág. 549) began in the mid-1800s and promoted the idea of

charter an ofﬁ cial document that gives a person the having all children educated in a common place S

right to establish a colony (p. 27) regardless of social class or background (p. 412) PANISH carta de constitución documento legal que da a movimiento de escuelas comunes reforma social una persona el derecho de establecer una colonia iniciada a mediados del siglo XIX para fomentar la idea (pág. 27) de que todos los niños debían recibir educación en checks and balances a system established by the Consti- un mismo lugar sin importar su origen o clase social tution that prevents any branch of government from (pág. 412) G becoming too powerful (p. 129) Common Sense (1776) a pamphlet written by Thomas LOSSARY pesos y contrapesos sistema establecido por la Paine that criticized monarchies and convinced Constitución para evitar que cualquier poder del many American colonists of the need to break away gobierno adquiera demasiada autoridad en relación from Britain (p. 83) con los demás (pág. 129) Sentido común (1776) folleto escrito por Thomas Chinese Exclusion Act (1882) a law passed by Congress Paine en el que criticaba a las monarquías con el that banned Chinese from immigrating to the United fi n de convencer a los colonos estadounidenses de States for 10 years (p. 593) la necesidad de independizarse de Gran Bretaña Ley de Exclusión de Chinos (1882) ley aprobada por (pág. 83) el Congreso que prohibió la inmigración de chinos a Compromise of 1850 Henry Clay’s proposed agreement Estados Unidos por un período de 10 años (pág. 593) that allowed California to enter the Union as a free Chisholm Trail a trail that ran from San Antonio, Texas, state and divided the rest of the Mexican Cession to Abilene, Kansas, established by Jesse Chisholm in into two territories where slavery would be decided the late 1860s for cattle drives (p. 549) by popular sovereignty (p. 441) Camino de Chisholm camino creado por Jesse Acuerdo de 1850 acuerdo redactado por Henry Clay Chisholm a fi nales de la década de 1860 que iba desde en que se permitía a California ingresar en la Unión San Antonio, Texas hasta Abilene, Kansas, para realizar como estado libre y se proponía la división del resto arreos de ganado (pág. 549) del territorio cedido por México en dos partes donde la esclavitud sería reglamentada por soberanía popu- Civil Rights Act of 1866 a law that gave African Ameri- lar (pág. 441) cans legal rights equal to those of white Americans (p. 520) Compromise of 1877 an agreement to settle the disputed Ley de Derechos Civiles de 1866 ley que daba a los presidential election of 1876; Democrats agreed to afroamericanos derechos legales similares a los que accept Republican Rutherford B. Hayes as president tenían los ciudadanos de raza blanca (pág. 520) in return for the removal of federal troops from the South (p. 527) Clermont the fi rst full-sized U.S. commercial steam- Acuerdo de 1877 acuerdo en el que se resolvió la boat; developed by Robert Fulton and tested in 1807 disputa de las elecciones presidenciales de 1876; los (p. 359) demócratas aceptaron al republicano Rutherford B. Clermont primer barco comercial de vapor de grandes Hayes como presidente a cambio del retiro de las dimensiones, diseñado por Robert Fulton y probado tropas federales del Sur (pág. 527) en 1807 (pág. 359) Comstock Lode Nevada gold and silver mine discovered collective bargaining a technique used by labor unions by Henry Comstock in 1859 (p. 547) in which workers act collectively to change working veta de Comstock yacimiento de oro y plata des- conditions or wages (p. 586) cubierto en Nevada por Henry Comstock en 1859 negociación colectiva método empleado por los (pág. 547) sindicatos en el que los trabajadores actúan colecti- vamente para cambiar las condiciones laborales o los Confederate States of America the nation formed by the salarios (pág. 586) southern states when they seceded from the Union; also known as the Confederacy (p. 458) Columbian Exchange the transfer of plants, animals, Estados Confederados de América nación formada and diseases between the Americas and Europe, Asia, por los estados del Sur cuando se separaron de la and Africa (p. 18) Unión; también conocida como Confederación intercambio colombino intercambio de plantas, ani- (pág. 458) males y enfermedades entre América y Europa, Asia y África (pág. 18)

ENGLISH AND SPANISH GLOSSARY R65 conquistador/conquistador Declaration of Sentiments/Declaración de Sentimientos

conquistador a Spanish soldier and explorer who led región algodonera zona que se extendía desde military expeditions in the Americas and captured Carolina del Sur hasta el este de Texas, en la que se land for Spain (p. 20) producía la mayor parte del algodón cosechado en conquistador soldado y explorador español que enca- Estados Unidos a mediados del siglo XIX (pág. 379) bezó expediciones militares en América y capturó cotton diplomacy Confederate efforts to use the impor- territorios en nombre de España (pág. 20) tance of southern cotton to Britain’s textile industry consul general chief diplomat (p. 644) to persuade the British to support the Confederacy in cónsul general jefe diplomático (pág. 644) the Civil War (p. 475) LOSSARY LOSSARY constitution a set of basic principles that determines the diplomacia del algodón esfuerzos de la Confede- ración por aprovechar la inﬂ uencia del algodón del G powers and duties of a government (p. 115) constitución conjunto de principios básicos que Sur en la industria textil británica para convencer a determina los poderes y las obligaciones de un go- Gran Bretaña de apoyar su causa durante la Guerra bierno (pág. 115) Civil (pág. 475) Constitutional Convention (1787) a meeting held in cotton gin a machine invented by Eli Whitney in 1793

PANISH Philadelphia at which delegates from the states wrote to remove seeds from short-staple cotton; revolution-

S the Constitution (p. 126) ized the cotton industry (p. 377) Convención Constitucional (1787) encuentro rea- desmotadora de algodón máquina inventada por Eli lizado en Filadelfi a en el que delegados de los estados Whitney en 1793 para separar las fi bras de algodón redactaron la Constitución (pág. 126) de las semillas; revolucionó la industria del algodón Constitutional Union Party a political party formed in (pág. 377) 1860 by a group of northerners and southerners who culture the common values and traditions of a society, supported the Union, its laws, and the Constitution such as language, government, and family relation- (p. 457) ships (p. 7) cultura valores y tradiciones comunes de una socie- NGLISH AND Partido Constitucional por la Unión partido político dad, como el lenguaje, la forma de gobierno y las E formado en 1860 por habitantes del Norte y del Sur en apoyo de la Unión, sus leyes y la Constitución relaciones familiares (pág. 7) (pág. 457) Cumberland Road the fi rst federal road project, con- Continental Army the army created by the Second Con- struction of which began in 1815; ran from Cum- tinental Congress in 1775 to defend the American berland, Maryland, to present-day Wheeling, West colonies from Britain (p. 80) Virginia (p. 265) Ejército Continental ejército creado por el Segundo camino de Cumberland primer proyecto federal de Congreso Continental en 1775 para defender las construcción de carreteras, iniciado en 1815 para colonias estadounidenses del dominio británico crear un camino entre Cumberland, Maryland y el (pág. 80) poblado que actualmente lleva el nombre de Wheel- contraband an escaped slave who joined the Union ing, en Virginia Occidental (pág. 265) army during the Civil War (p. 493) contrabando bienes introducidos en un país de forma ilegal; esclavo que escapó y que se unió al ejército de la Unión durante la Guerra Civil (pág. 493) D Convention of 1818 an agreement between the United States and Great Britain that settled fi shing rights and Dawes General Allotment Act (1887) legislation passed established new North American borders (p. 260) by Congress that split up Indian reservation lands Convención de 1818 acuerdo entre Estados Unidos among individual Indians and promised them citi- y Gran Bretaña para defi nir los derechos de pesca zenship (p. 558) y establecer las nuevas fronteras norteamericanas Ley de Adjudicación General de Dawes (1887) ley (pág. 260) aprobada por el Congreso que dividía el terreno de Copperheads a group of northern Democrats who las reservaciones indígenas entre sus habitantes y les opposed abolition and sympathized with the South prometía otorgarles la ciudadanía estadounidense during the Civil War (p. 494) (pág. 558) copperheads grupo de demócratas del Norte que se Declaration of Independence (1776) the document oponían a la abolición de la esclavitud y simpatiza- written to declare the colonies free from British rule ban con las creencias sureñas durante la Guerra Civil (p. 84) (pág. 494) Declaración de Independencia (1776) documento corporation a business that sells portions of ownership redactado para declarar la independencia de las colo- called stock shares (p. 579) nias del dominio británico (pág. 84) corporación compañía que vende partes de la misma Declaration of Sentiments (1848) a statement writ- llamadas acciones (pág. 579) ten and signed by women’s rights supporters at the cotton belt a region stretching from South Carolina to Seneca Falls Convention; detailed their beliefs about east Texas where most U.S. cotton was produced dur- social injustice against women (p. 426) ing the mid-1800s (p. 379)

R66 ENGLISH AND SPANISH GLOSSARY Declaration of Sentiments/Declaración de Sentimientos Emancipation Proclamation/Proclamación de Emancipación

Declaración de Sentimientos (1848) declaración double jeopardy the act of trying a person twice for the redactada y ﬁ rmada por una serie de personas en same crime (p. 180)

apoyo de los derechos de la mujer durante la Con- doble proceso acto de juzgar a una persona dos veces E

vención de Seneca Falls, en la que se describía con por el mismo delito (pág. 180) NGLISH AND detalle su punto de vista sobre las injusticias sociales draft a system of required service in the armed forces que afectaban a las mujeres (pág. 426) (p. 185) deﬂ ation a decrease in money supply and overall lower conscripción sistema de servicio obligatorio en las prices (p. 564) fuerzas armadas (pág. 185) deﬂ ación reducción de la disponibilidad del dinero y Dred Scott (1857) a slave whose court case led to a baja general en los precios (pág. 564) U.S. Supreme Court ruling that declared African Democratic Party a political party formed by supporters Americans were not U.S. citizens, that the Missouri

of Andrew Jackson after the presidential election of Compromise’s restriction on slavery was unconstitu- S

1824 (p. 285) tional, and that Congress did not have the right to PANISH Partido Demócrata partido político formado por par- ban slavery in any federal territory (p. 451) tidarios de Andrew Jackson después de las elecciones Dred Scott (1857) esclavo que fue encausado y cuyo presidenciales de 1824 (pág. 285) juicio concluyó con una decisión de la Corte Democratic-Republican Party a political party founded Suprema; en la que se declaraba que los afroameri- in the 1790s by Thomas Jefferson, James Madison, canos no podían ser ciudadanos de Estados Unidos, G que las restricciones de la esclavitud impuestas en el

and other leaders who wanted to preserve the power LOSSARY of the state governments and promote agriculture Acuerdo de Missouri eran inconstitucionales y que el (p. 212) Congreso no tenía derecho de abolir la esclavitud en Partido Demócrata Republicano partido político ninguna parte del territorio federal (pág. 451) formado en la década de 1790 por Thomas Jefferson, dry farming a method of farming used by Plains farmers James Madison y otros líderes políticos con el fi n de in the 1890s that shifted focus from water-dependent preservar el poder de los gobiernos estatales y pro- crops to more hardy crops (p. 561) mover la agricultura (pág. 212) agricultura sin irrigación método de cultivo que department store giant retail shop (p. 596) usaban los agricultores de las Planicies en la década tiendas por departamenentos grandes comercios de de 1890 que provocó un cambio de los cultivos que venta al público (pág. 596) dependían del agua a otros más resistentes (pág. 561) deport to send an immigrant back to his or her country due process the fair application of the law (p. 180) of origin (p. 184) debido proceso aplicación justa de la ley (pág. 180) deportar enviar a un inmigrante de regreso a su país de origen (pág. 184) depression a steep drop in economic activity combined with rising unemployment (p. 123) depresión descenso considerable en la actividad económica, combinado con un alza en el desempleo E (pág. 123) direct primary a procedure for direct selection of candidates by voters instead of by party leaders (p. 613) Eighteenth Amendment (1919) a constitutional amend- elecciones primarias método de elección en el que ment that outlawed the production and sale of los votantes (y no los líderes de los partidos) eligen alcoholic beverages in the United States; repealed in directamente a los candidatos (pág. 613) 1933 (p. 623) Decimoctava Enmienda dollar diplomacy President Taft’s policy of infl uencing (1919) enmienda constitu- Latin America through economic rather than mili- cional que prohibía la producción y venta de bebidas tary intervention (p. 657) alcohólicas en Estados Unidos; revocada en 1933 (pág. 623) diplomacia del dólar política creada por el presidente Taft para infl uir en los gobiernos de América Latina electoral college a group of people selected from each of mediante la intervención económica en lugar de la the states to cast votes in presidential elections (p. 196) militar (pág. 657) colegio electoral grupo de personas elegido en cada estado para votar en las elecciones presidenciales Donner party a group of western travelers who were (pág. 196) stranded in the Sierra Nevada during the winter of 1846–47; only 45 of the party’s 87 members survived emancipation freeing of the slaves (p. 491) (p. 327) emancipación liberación de los esclavos (pág. 491) grupo Donner grupo de viajeros del Oeste extravia- Emancipation Proclamation (1862) an order issued by dos en la Sierra Nevada durante el invierno de President Abraham Lincoln freeing the slaves in areas 1846–47; sólo 45 de los 87 viajeros sobrevivieron rebelling against the Union; took effect January 1, (pág. 327) 1863 (p. 491)

ENGLISH AND SPANISH GLOSSARY R67 Emancipation Proclamation/Proclamación de Emancipación Federalists/federalistas

Proclamación de Emancipación (1862) decreto emitido canal de Erie canal que va de Albany a Búfalo, en el por el presidente Abraham Lincoln para liberar a los estado de Nueva York; completado en 1825 (pág. 265) esclavos en las áreas que luchaban contra la Unión; executive branch the division of the federal government entró en vigor el primero de enero de 1863 (pág. 491) that includes the president and the administrative embargo the banning of trade with a country (p. 241) departments; enforces the nation’s laws (p. 129) embargo prohibición del comercio con un país poder ejecutivo división del gobierno federal que (pág. 241) incluye al presidente y a los departamentos admin- Embargo Act (1807) a law that prohibited American istrativos; vigila el cumplimiento de las leyes de la LOSSARY LOSSARY merchants from trading with other countries (p. 241) nación (pág. 129)

G Ley de Embargo (1807) ley que prohibía a los co- executive orders nonlegislative directives issued by the merciantes estadounidenses comerciar con otros U.S. president in certain circumstances; executive países (pág. 241) orders have the force of congressional law (p. 147) eminent domain the government’s power to take per- órdenes ejecutivas órdenes no legislativas dictadas sonal property to beneﬁ t the public (p. 180) por el presidente de Estados Unidos en circunstancias

PANISH derecho de expropiación poder otorgado al go- especíﬁ cas; tienen la misma validez que las leyes del

S bierno para tomar propiedades particulares por el Congreso (pág. 147) bien común (pág. 180) Exodusters African Americans who settled western lands empresarios agents who were contracted by the Mexi- in the late 1800s (p. 561) can republic to bring settlers to Texas in the early colonos del éxodo afroamericanos que se establecie- l800s (p. 312) ron en el Oeste a ﬁ nales del siglo XIX (pág. 561) empresarios personas contratadas por la República Mexicana para reclutar personas que desearan establecer poblaciones en Texas a principios del siglo F NGLISH AND XIX (pág. 312)

E encomienda system a system in Spanish America that gave settlers the right to tax local Indians or to factor a crop broker who managed the trade between demand their labor in exchange for protecting them southern planters and their customers (p. 379) and converting them to Christianity (p. 22) comisionado intermediario que administraba el sistema de encomienda sistema adoptado en la intercambio comercial entre las plantaciones del Sur América española que permitía a los colonos cobrar y sus clientes (pág. 379) impuestos a los indígenas o exigirles trabajo a cambio federal system a system that divided powers between de su protección y de convertirlos al cristianismo the states and the federal government (p. 144) (pág. 22) sistema federal sistema en el que se distribuye el pod- English Bill of Rights (1689) a shift of political power er entre los estados y el gobierno federal (pág. 144) from the British monarchy to Parliament (pp. 55, 114) federalism U.S. system of government in which power Declaración de Derechos inglesa (1689) cambio del is distributed between a central government and poder político de la monarquía británica al Parlamento individual states (p. 129) inglés (págs. 55, 114) federalismo sistema de gobierno de Estados Unidos Enlightenment the Age of Reason; movement that en el que el poder está distribuido entre una autori- began in Europe in the 1700s as people began exam- dad centralizada y varios estados (pág. 129) ining the natural world, society, and government Federalist Papers a series of essays that defended and (p. 59) explained the Constitution and tried to reassure Ilustración Era de la Razón; movimiento iniciado en Americans that the states would not be overpowered Europa en el siglo XVIII cuando las personas empe- by the proposed national government (p. 133) zaron a adquirir más conocimientos sobre la natura- Federalist Papers serie de ensayos que defi enden y leza, la sociedad y el gobierno (pág. 59) explican la Constitución con el propósito de que los entrepreneur a person who organizes, operates, and ciudadanos quedaran convencidos de que el go- assumes the risk for a business venture (p. 380) bierno nacional propuesto no tendría supremacía empresario persona que organiza, opera y asume el sobre el gobierno de los estados (pág. 133) riesgo de un nuevo negocio (pág. 380) Federalist Party a political party created in the 1790s environment the climate and landscape that surrounds and infl uenced by Alexander Hamilton that wanted living things (p. 7) to strengthen the federal government and promote medio ambiente el clima y paisaje donde habitan industry and trade (p. 212) seres vivos (pág. 7) Partido Federalista partido político creado en la déca- Era of Good Feelings a period of peace, pride, and prog- da de 1790 siguiendo las ideas de Alexander Hamil- ress for the United States from 1815 to 1825 (p. 265) ton para fortalecer al gobierno federal y fomentar la Era de los buenos sentimientos período de paz, industria y el intercambio comercial (pág. 212) orgullo y progreso de los Estados Unidos de 1815 a Federalists people who supported ratifi cation of the 1825 (pág. 265) Constitution (p. 132) Erie Canal the canal that runs from Albany to Buffalo, federalistas personas que apoyaban la ratifi cación de New York; completed in 1825 (p. 265) la Constitución (pág. 132)

R68 ENGLISH AND SPANISH GLOSSARY Fifteenth Amendment/Decimoquinta Enmienda Gettysburg Address/Discurso de Gettysburg

Fifteenth Amendment (1870) a constitutional amend- Oﬁ cina de Esclavos Libertos oﬁ cina creada por el ment that gave African American men the right to Congreso en 1865 para ayudar a los pobres del Sur

vote (p. 523) del país (pág. 516) E

Decimoquinta Enmienda (1870) enmienda constitu- Freeport Doctrine (1858) a statement made by Stephen NGLISH AND cional que otorgaba a los hombres afroamericanos el Douglas during the Lincoln-Douglas debates that derecho al voto (pág. 523) pointed out how people could use popular sover- 54th Massachusetts Infantry African American Civil eignty to determine if their state or territory should War regiment that captured Fort Wagner in South permit slavery (p. 454) Carolina (p. 493) Doctrina de Freeport (1858) declaración hecha 54º Batallón de Infantería de Massachusetts regimiento por Stephen Douglas durante los debates Lincoln- de la Guerra Civil formado por soldados afroameri- Douglas que señalaba que el pueblo podía usar la

canos que tomó el fuerte Wagner en Carolina del Sur soberanía popular para decidir si su estado o territorio S

(pág. 493) debía permitir la esclavitud (pág. 454) PANISH First Battle of Bull Run (1861) the fi rst major battle of the Free-Soil Party a political party formed in 1848 by anti- Civil War, resulting in a Confederate victory; showed slavery northerners who left the Whig and Demo- that the Civil War would not be won easily (p. 479) cratic parties because neither addressed the slavery primera batalla de Bull Run (1861) primera batalla issue (p. 439) importante de la Guerra Civil, en la cual el ejército Partido Tierra Libre partido político formado en 1848 G confederado obtuvo la victoria; en esta batalla se por abolicionistas de los estados del Norte que habían LOSSARY demostró que ninguno de los bandos ganaría la abandonado al Partido Whig y al Partido Demócrata guerra con facilidad (pág. 479) porque ninguno de los dos apoyaba esta causa First Continental Congress (1774) a meeting of colonial (pág. 439) delegates in Philadelphia to decide how to respond French Revolution French rebellion that began in 1789 to the closing of Boston Harbor, increased taxes, and in which the French people overthrew the monarchy abuses of authority by the British government; dele- and made their country a republic (p. 205) gates petitioned King George III, listing the freedoms Revolución francesa rebelión francesa iniciada en they believed colonists should enjoy (p. 78) 1789 en la que la población francesa derrocó la Primer Congreso Continental (1774) encuentro de de- monarquía y convirtió el país en una república legados de las colonias en Filadelfi a para decidir cómo (pág. 205) responderían al cierre del puerto de Boston, al alza de frontier an undeveloped area (p. 546) impuestos y a los abusos de la autoridad británica; los frontera área sin explotar (pág. 546) delegados hicieron una serie de peticiones al rey Jorge Fugitive Slave Act (1850) a law that made it a crime to III, incluyendo los derechos que consideraban justos help runaway slaves; allowed for the arrest of escaped para los colonos (pág. 78) slaves in areas where slavery was illegal and required folktale a story that often provides a moral lesson their return to slaveholders (p. 441) (p. 389) Ley de Esclavos Fugitivos (1850) ley que califi caba cuento popular narración que con frecuencia ofrece como delito el ayudar a un esclavo a escapar de una moraleja (pág. 389) su amo, además de permitir la captura de esclavos Fort Sumter a federal outpost in Charleston, South fugitivos en zonas donde la esclavitud era ilegal para Carolina, that was attacked by the Confederates in devolverlos a sus dueños (pág. 441) April 1861, sparking the Civil War (p. 473) fuerte Sumter puesto de avanzada federal en Charles- ton, Carolina del Sur, cuyo ataque por parte de los confederados en abril de 1861 dio origen a la Guerra G Civil (pág. 473) forty-niner a gold-seeker who moved to California dur- Gadsden Purchase (1853) U.S. purchase of land from ing the gold rush (p. 327) Mexico that included the southern parts of present- gambusino buscador de oro que emigró a California day Arizona and New Mexico (p. 323) durante la fi ebre del oro (pág. 327) Compra de Gadsden (1853) compra por parte del Fourteenth Amendment (1866) a constitutional amend- gobierno de Estados Unidos de territorio mexicano ment giving full rights of citizenship to all people que incluía la región ocupada actualmente por el sur born or naturalized in the United States, except for de Arizona y Nuevo México (pág. 323) American Indians (p. 521) Gettysburg Address (1863) a speech given by Abraham Decimocuarta Enmienda (1866) enmienda constitu- Lincoln in which he praised the bravery of Union cional que otorgaba derechos totales de ciudadanía soldiers and renewed his commitment to winning a todas las personas nacidas en Estados Unidos o the Civil War (p. 500) naturalizadas estadounidenses, con excepción de los Discurso de Gettysburg (1863) discurso presentado indígenas (pág. 521) por Abraham Lincoln en el que alababa la valentía de Freedmen’s Bureau an agency established by Congress las tropas de la Unión y renovaba su compromiso de in 1865 to help poor people throughout the South triunfar en la Guerra Civil (pág. 500) (p. 516)

ENGLISH AND SPANISH GLOSSARY R69 Ghost Dance/Danza de los Espíritus impeach/someter a juicio político

Ghost Dance a religious movement among Native Haymarket Riot a riot that broke out at Haymarket Americans that spread across the Plains in the 1880s Square in Chicago over the deaths of two strikers (p. 558) (p. 586) Danza de los Espíritus movimiento religioso de los Revuelta de Haymarket revuelta que se originó en indígenas norteamericanos que se extendió por la la Plaza Haymarket de Chicago por la muerte de dos región de las Planicies en la década de 1880 (pág. 558) huelguistas (pág. 586) Gibbons v. Ogden (1824) a Supreme Court ruling that Homestead Act (1862) a law passed by Congress to reinforced the federal government’s authority over encourage settlement in the West by giving govern- LOSSARY LOSSARY the states (p. 359) ment-owned land to small farmers (p. 560) Gibbons contra Ogden (1824) decreto de la Corte Ley de Colonización de Tierras (1862) ley aprobada G Suprema que reforzó la autoridad del gobierno federal por el Congreso para fomentar la colonización del sobre los estados (pág. 359) Oeste mediante la cesión de tierras gubernamentales Great Awakening a religious movement that became a pequeños agricultores (pág. 560) widespread in the American colonies in the 1730s Homestead strike (1892) a labor-union strike at Andrew

PANISH and 1740s (p. 58) Carnegie’s Homestead steel factory in Pennsylvania

S Gran Despertar movimiento religioso que tuvo gran that erupted in violence between strikers and private popularidad en las colonias estadounidenses en las detectives (p. 587) décadas de 1730 y 1740 (pág. 58) huelga de Homestead (1892) huelga sindical en la Great Compromise (1787) an agreement worked out at fábrica de acero de Andrew Carnegie en Homestead, the Constitutional Convention establishing that a Pensilvania, que originó brotes de violencia entre state’s population would determine representation huelguistas y detectives privados (pág. 587) in the lower house of the legislature, while each state horizontal integration owning all the businesses in a would have equal representation in the upper house certain ﬁ eld (p. 581) of the legislature (p. 127) integración horizontal posesión de todas las empresas NGLISH AND Gran Acuerdo (1787) acuerdo redactado durante la que realizan actividades comerciales en un campo E Convención Constitucional en el que se establece especíﬁ co (pág. 581) que la población de un estado debe determinar su Hudson River school a group of American artists in the representación en la cámara baja de la asamblea le- mid-1800s whose paintings focused on the American gislativa y que cada estado debe tener igual represen- landscape (p. 272) tación en la cámara alta de ésta (pág. 127) Escuela del Río Hudson grupo de artistas norteamericanos a mediados del siglo XIX cuya obra mues- tra diversos paisajes del territorio estadounidense (pág. 272) H Hull House a settlement house founded by Jane Addams and Ellen Gates Starr in 1889 (p. 597) habeas corpus the constitutional protection against Hull Casa casa de asistencia a la comunidad fun- unlawful imprisonment (p. 494) dada por Jane Addams y Ellen Gates Starr en 1889 hábeas corpus protección constitucional contra el (pág. 597) encarcelamiento ilegal (pág. 494) hunter-gatherer a person who hunts animals and gath- Hartford Convention (1815) a meeting of Federalists at ers wild plants to provide for his or her needs (p. 6) Hartford, Connecticut, to protest the War of 1812 cazador y recolector persona que caza animales (p. 249) y recolecta plantas para satisfacer sus necesidades Convención de Hartford (1815) encuentro de federa- (pág. 6) listas en Hartford, Connecticut, para protestar por la Guerra de 1812 (pág. 249) Hay–Bunau-Varilla Treaty (1903) an identical treaty to the earlier Hay-Herrán Treaty except that it widened I the Panama Canal zone to 10 miles (p. 653) tratado de Hay-Bunau-Varilla (1903) tratado idéntico immigrant a person who moves to another country al anterior tratado Hay-Herrán, con la excepción de after leaving his or her homeland (pp. 42, 184) que amplió la zona del canal de Panamá a 10 millas inmigrante persona que abandona su país para esta- (pág. 653) blecerse en un país diferente (págs. 42, 184) Hay-Herrán Treaty (1903) an agreement that the Immigration Restriction League a group founded in United States would pay Colombia $10 million plus 1894 by nativists who made demands intended to $250,000 a year for a 99-year lease on a strip of land reduce immigration (p. 593) across the Isthmus of Panama (p. 653) Liga de Restricción de Inmigración grupo fundado en tratado de Hay-Herrán (1903) acuerdo que estableció 1894 por nativistas que exigían medidas dirigidas a la que Estados Unidos pagaría 10 millones de dólares reducción de la inmigración (pág. 593) más $250,000 al año a Colombia por una concesión impeach to bring charges against (p. 146) de 99 años para operar en el terreno del canal que someter a juicio político presentar cargos en contra de cruza el istmo de Panamá (pág. 653) un funcionario (pág. 146)

R70 ENGLISH AND SPANISH GLOSSARY impeachment/juicio político Jacksonian Democracy/democracia jacksoniana impeachment the process used by a legislative body to infl ación alza en los precios de los bienes al mismo bring charges of wrongdoing against a public ofﬁ cial tiempo que se produce una devaluación del dinero

(p. 522) (pág. 25) E

juicio político proceso por el cual se presentan cargos initiative a method of allowing voters to propose a new NGLISH AND en contra de un funcionario público (pág. 522) law if enough signatures are collected on a petition imperialism the practice of extending a nation’s power (p. 613) by gaining territories for a colonial empire (p. 640) iniciativa método que permite a los votantes propo- imperialismo práctica en la que una nación extiende ner una nueva ley mediante la recopilación de ﬁ rmas su poder mediante la adquisición de territorios para para una petición (pág. 613) un imperio colonial (pág. 640) interchangeable parts a process developed by Eli Whit- impressment the practice of forcing people to serve in ney in the 1790s that called for making each part of a

the army or navy; led to increased tensions between machine exactly the same (p. 349) S

Great Britain and the United States in the early 1800s piezas intercambiables proceso desarrollado por Eli PANISH (p. 241) Whitney en la década de 1790 para que las piezas leva práctica que obligaba a las personas a servir en de todas las máquinas similares fueran exactamente el ejército o la marina; aumentó las fricciones entre iguales (pág. 349) Gran Bretaña y Estados Unidos a principios del siglo interest group a group of people who share common XIX (pág. 241) interests for political action (p. 186) G indentured servant a colonist who received free passage grupo de interés grupo de personas que comparten LOSSARY to North America in exchange for working without intereses comunes en lo que respecta a iniciativas pay for a certain number of years (p. 38) políticas (pág. 186) sirviente por contrato colono que recibía un pasaje interstate commerce trade between two or more states gratuito a Norteamérica a cambio de trabajar sin (p. 122) salario por varios años (pág. 38) comercio interestatal intercambio comercial entre dos Indian Removal Act (1830) a congressional act that o más estados (pág. 122) authorized the removal of Native Americans who Intolerable Acts (1774) laws passed by Parliament to lived east of the Mississippi River (p. 294) punish the colonists for the Boston Tea Party and to Ley de Expulsión de Indígenas (1830) ley redactada tighten government control of the colonies (p. 68) por el Congreso que autorizaba la expulsión de los Ley de Asuntos Intolerables (1774) serie de decretos indígenas norteamericanos que habitaban al este del aprobados por el Parlamento para castigar a los colo- río Mississippi (pág. 294) nos que participaron en el Motín del Té de Boston y Indian Territory an area covering most of present-day para aumentar su control sobre las colonias (pág. 68) Oklahoma to which most Native Americans in the ironclad a warship that is heavily armored with iron Southeast were forced to move in the 1830s (p. 294) (p. 482) Territorio Indígena área que abarcaba la mayor parte acorazado buque de guerra fuertemente protegido del actual estado de Oklahoma a la que la mayoría con hierro (pág. 482) de las tribus indígenas del sureste fueron obligadas a Iroquois League a political confederation of fi ve trasladarse durante la década de 1830 (pág. 294) northeastern Native American nations of the Seneca, indict to formally accuse (p. 180) Oneida, Mohawk, Cayuga, and Onondaga that made procesar acusar formalmente (pág. 180) decisions concerning war and peace (p. 11) industrialist a person owning or engaged in the man- Liga de Iroqueses confederación política formada agement of an industry (p. 580) por cinco naciones indígenas del noreste de Estados industrial persona que es dueña de una industria o Unidos (los senecas, los oneidas, los mohawks, los que participa en su administración (pág. 580) cayugas y los onondagas) para tomar decisiones rela- Industrial Revolution a period of rapid growth in the use cionadas con asuntos de guerra y de paz (pág. 11) of machines in manufacturing and production that isolationism a national policy of avoiding involvement began in the mid-1700s (p. 347) in other countries’ affairs (p. 641) revolución industrial período de rápido desarrollo aislacionismo política mediante la cual una nación debido al uso de maquinaria en la fabricación y evita involucrarse en los asuntos de otras naciones producción; comenzó a mediados del siglo XVIII (pág. 641) (pág. 347) Industrial Workers of the World (IWW) a union founded in 1905 by socialists and union leaders that included workers not welcomed in the AFL (p. 619) J Trabajadores Industriales del Mundo (IWW, por sus siglas en inglés) sindicato fundado en 1905 por Jacksonian Democracy support for an increase in socialistas y líderes sindicales que agrupaba a los voting rights by lowering property requirements, obreros que no admitía la Federación Estadounidense abolishing the infl uential National Bank, and del Trabajo (pág. 619) encouraging westward expansion (p. 285) infl ation increased prices for goods and services com- democracia jacksoniana apoyo de una ampliación del bined with the reduced value of money (p. 25) derecho al voto mediante la reducción de requisitos de propiedad, la abolición del infl uyente Banco Nacional y la expansión hacia el oeste (pág. 285)

ENGLISH AND SPANISH GLOSSARY R71 Jamestown/Jamestown legislative branch/poder legislativo

Jamestown the ﬁ rst colony in America; set up in 1607 Kentucky and Virginia Resolutions (1798–99) Republican along the James River in Virginia (p. 36) documents that argued that the Alien and Sedition Jamestown primera colonia estadounidense; fundada Acts were unconstitutional (p. 215) en 1607 a lo largo del río James en Virginia (pág. 36) Resoluciones de Kentucky y Virginia (1798–99) docu- Jay’s Treaty (1794) an agreement negotiated by John Jay mentos republicanos que argumentaban el carácter to work out problems between Britain and the United inconstitucional de las Leyes de No Intervención States over northwestern lands, British seizure of U.S. Extranjera (pág. 215) ships, and U.S. debts owed to the British (p. 207) Kitchen Cabinet President Andrew Jackson’s group of LOSSARY LOSSARY Tratado de Jay (1794) acuerdo negociado por John informal advisers; so called because they often met in Jay para resolver los problemas entre Gran Bretaña y the White House kitchen (p. 286) G Estados Unidos por los territorios del noroeste, por gabinete de la cocina grupo informal de conse- la incautación británica de barcos estadounidenses, jeros del presidente Andrew Jackson; llamado así y por las deudas estadounidenses con los británicos porque solían reunirse en la cocina de la Casa Blanca (pág. 207) (pág. 286)

PANISH Jim Crow law a law that enforced segregation in the Knights of Labor secret society that became the ﬁ rst

S southern states (p. 528) truly national labor union in the United States ley de Jim Crow ley que fomentaba la segregación en (p. 585) los estados del Sur (pág. 528) Knights of Labor sociedad secreta que se convirtió John Brown’s raid (1859) an incident in which abolition- en el primer sindicato verdaderamente nacional en ist John Brown and 21 other men captured a federal Estados Unidos (pág. 585) arsenal in Harpers Ferry, Virginia, in hope of starting Know-Nothing Party a political organization founded in a slave rebellion (p. 455) 1849 by nativists who supported measures making it ataque de John Brown (1859) incidente en el que diffi cult for foreigners to become citizens and to hold el abolicionista John Brown y otros 21 hombres se offi ce (p. 402) NGLISH AND apropiaron de un arsenal federal en Harpers Ferry, Partido de los Ignorantes organización política E Virginia, con la esperanza de iniciar una rebelión de fundada en 1849 por un grupo de nativistas; apoyaba esclavos (pág. 455) medidas que difi cultaban a los inmigrantes de otros joint-stock company a business formed by a group of países la adquisición de la ciudadanía estadounidense people who jointly make an investment and share in y su nombramiento en cargos públicos (pág. 402) the profi ts and losses (p. 13) Ku Klux Klan a secret society created by white southern- sociedad por acciones negocio formado por un grupo ers in 1866 that used terror and violence to keep de personas que realizan una inversión conjuntamente African Americans from obtaining their civil rights y comparten las ganancias y las pérdidas (pág. 13) (p. 526) judicial branch the division of the federal govern- Ku Klux Klan sociedad secreta creada en 1866 por ment that is made up of the national courts; inter- personas de raza blanca del Sur que usaba el terror prets laws, punishes criminals, and settles disputes y la violencia para impedir que los afroamericanos between states (p. 129) obtuvieran derechos civiles (pág. 526) poder judicial división del gobierno federal confor- mada por las cortes de justicia; interpreta las leyes, castiga a los delincuentes y resuelve las disputas entre estados (pág. 129) L judicial review the Supreme Court’s power to declare acts of Congress unconstitutional (p. 232) laissez-faire the theory that the economy works best recurso de inconstitucionalidad poder de la Corte with as few regulations as possible (p. 606) Suprema para declarar inconstitucionales las acciones liberalismo económico teoría de que la economía del Congreso (pág. 232) funciona mejor si tiene los mínimos reglamentos Judiciary Act of 1789 legislation passed by Congress that posibles (pág. 606) created the federal court system (p. 198) Land Ordinance of 1785 legislation passed by Congress Ley de Judicatura de 1789 decreto aprobado por el authorizing surveys and the division of public lands Congreso para crear el sistema federal de tribunales in the western region of the country (p. 117) (pág. 198) Ordenanza de Territorios de 1785 decreto aprobado por el Congreso en el que se autorizaban las medicio- nes de terreno y la división de territorios públicos en el oeste del país (pág. 117) K legislative branch the division of the government that proposes bills and passes them into laws (p. 129) Kansas-Nebraska Act (1854) a law that allowed voters poder legislativo división del gobierno federal que in Kansas and Nebraska to choose whether to allow propone proyectos de ley y los somete a aprobación slavery (p. 447) para convertirlos en leyes (pág. 129) Ley de Kansas y Nebraska (1854) ley que permitía a los votantes de Kansas y Nebraska decidir la aproba- ción o abolición de la esclavitud (pág. 447)

R72 ENGLISH AND SPANISH GLOSSARY Lewis and Clark expedition/expedición de Lewis y Clark mercenaries/mercenarios

Lewis and Clark expedition an expedition led by Meri- wether Lewis and William Clark that began in 1804 M

to explore the Louisiana Purchase (p. 237) E

expedición de Lewis y Clark expedición encabezada NGLISH AND Magna Carta (1215) a charter of liberties agreed to by por Meriwether Lewis y William Clark que partió en King John of England, it made the king obey the 1804 para explorar el territorio adquirido en la Com- same laws as citizens (p. 114) pra de Louisiana (pág. 237) Carta Magna (1215) carta de libertades, ﬁ rmada por el Lincoln-Douglas debates a series of debates between rey Juan de Inglaterra, que establecía que el rey debía Republican Abraham Lincoln and Democrat Stephen obedecer las mismas leyes que el resto de los ciudada- Douglas during the 1858 U.S. Senate campaign in nos (pág. 114) Illinois (p. 453) majority rule the idea that policies are decided by the debates Lincoln-Douglas serie de debates entre el S greatest number of people (p. 178)

republicano Abraham Lincoln y el demócrata Ste- PANISH principio de la mayoría idea de que las políticas phen Douglas durante la campaña de 1858 para el se adoptan en función de lo que decida el mayor Senado estadounidense en Illinois (pág. 453) número de personas (pág. 178) Lochner v. New York (1905) Supreme Court case that manifest destiny a belief shared by many Americans in ruled that states could not restrict the rights of the mid-1800s that the United States should expand employers and workers to enter into any labor agree- G across the continent to the Paciﬁ c Ocean (p. 316) ment they wished (p. 619)

destino manifi esto creencia de muchos ciudadanos LOSSARY Lochner contra Nueva York (1905) caso de la Corte estadounidenses a mediados del siglo XIX de que Suprema que resolvió que los estados no podían Estados Unidos debía expandirse por todo el conti- restringir el derecho de los empleadores y los traba- nente hasta el océano Pacífi co (pág. 316) jadores de alcanzar el acuerdo laboral que quisieran (pág. 619) Marbury v. Madison (1803) U.S. Supreme Court case that established the principle of judicial review (p. 232) Long Walk (1864) a 300-mile march made by Navajo captives to a reservation in Bosque Redondo, New Marbury contra Madison (1803) caso de la Corte Mexico, that led to the deaths of hundreds of Navajo Suprema que dio origen al recurso de inconstitucio- (p. 557) nalidad (pág. 232) La Larga Marcha (1864) caminata de 300 millas que Massacre at Wounded Knee (1890) the U.S. Army’s kill- hizo un grupo de prisioneros navajos hasta una reser- ing of approximately 150 Sioux at Wounded Knee vación indígena en Bosque Redondo, Nuevo México, Creek in South Dakota; ended U.S-Indian wars on the en la que murieron cientos de ellos (pág. 557) Plains (p. 557) loose construction a way of interpreting the Consti- matanza de Wounded Knee (1890) matanza de aproxi- tution that allows the federal government to take madamente 150 indios siux en Wounded Knee Creek, actions that the Constitution does not specifi cally Dakota del Sur; dio por terminadas las guerras entre forbid it from taking (p. 204) estadounidenses e indígenas en las Planicies (pág. 557) interpretación fl exible interpretación de la Consti- mass culture leisure and cultural activities shared by tución que permite al gobierno federal tomar accio- many people (p. 595) nes que el mismo documento no prohíbe de manera cultura de masas actividades de ocio y cultura popula- específi ca (pág. 204) res entre mucha gente (pág. 595) Louisiana Purchase (1803) the purchase of French mass production the effi cient production of large num- land between the Mississippi River and the Rocky bers of identical goods (p. 349) Mountains that doubled the size of the United States producción en masa producción efi ciente de grandes (p. 236) cantidades de productos idénticos (pág. 349) Compra de Luisiana (1803) adquisición del territorio mass transit public transportation (p. 595) francés localizado entre el río Mississippi y las mon- transporte colectivo transporte público (pág. 595) tañas Rocallosas, que duplicó el tamaño del territorio Mayfl ower Compact (1620) a document written by the de Estados Unidos (pág. 236) Pilgrims establishing themselves as a political society Lowell system the use of waterpowered textile mills that and setting guidelines for self-government (p. 43) employed young, unmarried women in the 1800s Pacto del Mayfl ower (1620) documento redactado (p. 354) por los peregrinos en el que se constituían en una sistema de Lowell el uso de molinos de agua en la sociedad política y establecían los principios para industria textil, medida que dio empleo a muchas gobernarse a sí mismos (pág. 43) mujeres jóvenes solteras en el siglo XIX (pág. 354) McCulloch v. Maryland (1819) U.S. Supreme Court case Loyalists colonists who sided with Britain in the Ameri- that declared the Second Bank of the United States can Revolution (p. 84) was constitutional and that Maryland could not leales colonos que apoyaron la causa británica interfere with it (p. 292) durante la Guerra de Independencia estadounidense McCulloch contra Maryland (1819) caso de la Corte (pág. 84) Suprema que declaraba que el Segundo Banco de la Nación era constitucional y que Maryland no podía intervenir en sus operaciones (pág. 292) mercenaries hired foreign soldiers (p. 92) mercenarios soldados extranjeros a sueldo (pág. 92)

ENGLISH AND SPANISH GLOSSARY R73 Mexican Revolution/Revolución mexicana National Woman’s Party/Partido Nacional de la Mujer

Mexican Revolution a revolution led by Francisco clave Morse sistema desarrollado por Alfred Lewis Madero in 1910 that eventually forced the Mexican Vail para el telégrafo en el que una combinación dictator Díaz to resign (p. 660) de puntos y rayas representa cada letra del alfabeto Revolución mexicana revolución iniciada en 1910 por (pág. 365) Francisco Madero, que ﬁ nalmente obligó al dictador mountain men men hired by eastern companies to trap mexicano Díaz a renunciar (pág. 660) animals for fur in the Rocky Mountains and other middle class the social and economic level between the western regions of the United States (p. 308) wealthy and the poor (p. 402) montañeses hombres contratados por compañías del LOSSARY LOSSARY clase media nivel social y económico ubicado entre este para atrapar animales y obtener sus pieles en las la clase rica y la clase pobre (pág. 402) montañas Rocallosas y en otras regiones del oeste de G Middle Passage a voyage that brought enslaved Africans Estados Unidos (pág. 308) across the Atlantic Ocean to North America and the muckrakers a term coined for journalists who “raked West Indies (p. 58) up” and exposed corruption and problems of society Paso Central viaje a través del océano Atlántico para (p. 610)

PANISH transportar esclavos africanos a Norteamérica y a las muckrakers término acuñado para denominar a los

S Antillas (pág. 58) periodistas que se dedicaban a investigar y exponer la migration the movement of people from one region to corrupción y los problemas de la sociedad (pág. 610) another (p. 6) migración desplazamiento de personas de una región a otra (pág. 6) minutemen American colonial militia members ready to N ﬁ ght at a minute’s notice (p. 79) milicianos miembros de la milicia norteamericana en National American Woman Suﬀ rage Association

NGLISH AND la época colonial que estaban preparados para com- (NAWSA) an organization founded by Elizabeth Cady

E batir en cualquier momento si la situación lo requería Stanton and Susan B. Anthony in 1890 to obtain (pág. 79) women’s right to vote (p. 623) Missouri Compromise (1820) an agreement proposed by Asociación Nacional Estadounidense para el Sufragio Henry Clay that allowed Missouri to enter the Union Femenino (NAWSA, por sus siglas en inglés) orga- as a slave state and Maine to enter as a free state and nización fundada en 1890 por Elizabeth Cady Stan- outlawed slavery in any territories or states north of ton y Susan B. Anthony para obtener el derecho al 36°30´ latitude (p. 267) voto de las mujeres (pág. 623) Acuerdo de Missouri (1820) acuerdo redactado por National Association for the Advancement of Colored Henry Clay en el que se aceptaba a Missouri en la People (NAACP) an organization founded in 1909 by Unión como estado esclavista y a Maine como estado W. E. B. Du Bois and other reformers to bring atten- libre, además de prohibir la esclavitud en los territo- tion to racial inequality (p. 625) rios o estados localizados al norte del paralelo 36°30´ Asociación Nacional para el Progreso de la Gente de (pág. 267) Color (NAACP, por sus siglas en inglés) organización Monroe Doctrine (1823) President James Monroe’s state- fundada en 1909 por W. E. B. Du Bois y otros refor- ment forbidding further colonization in the Americas madores para llamar la atención sobre la desigualdad and declaring that any attempt by a foreign country racial existente (pág. 625) to colonize would be considered an act of hostility national debt the total amount of money owed by a (p. 262) country to its lenders (p. 200) Doctrina Monroe (1823) declaración hecha por el deuda pública cantidad de dinero que un país debe a presidente James Monroe en la que se prohibía la sus acreedores (pág. 200) colonización adicional del continente americano a National Grange a social and educational organization partir de entonces, considerando cualquier intento for farmers (p. 563) de colonización por parte de un país extranjero como National Grange organización social y educativa para inicio de hostilidades (pág. 262) los agricultores (pág. 563) Mormon a member of the Church of Jesus Christ of nationalism a sense of pride and devotion to a nation Latter-day Saints (p. 311) (p. 264) mormón miembro de la Iglesia de Jesucristo de los nacionalismo sentimiento de orgullo y lealtad a una Santos de los Últimos Días (pág. 311) nación (pág. 264) Morrill Act (1862) a federal law passed by Congress that National Woman’s Party (NWP) a women’s suffrage gave land to western states to encourage them to organization that used more aggressive means than build colleges (p. 560) the National American Woman Suffrage Association Ley de Morrill (1862) ley federal aprobada por el Con- to attain its goals (p. 624) greso para otorgar tierras a los estados del Oeste con Partido Nacional de la Mujer (NWP, por sus siglas en el ﬁ n de fomentar la construcción de universidades inglés) organización a favor del sufragio femenino (pág. 560) que empleaba medios más agresivos que la Aso- Morse code a system developed by Alfred Lewis Vail for ciación Nacional Estadounidense para el Sufragio the telegraph that used a certain combination of dots Femenino para alcanzar sus objetivos (pág. 624) and dashes to represent each letter of the alphabet (p. 365)

R74 ENGLISH AND SPANISH GLOSSARY nativists/nativistas Oregon Trail/Camino de Oregón nativists U.S. citizens who opposed immigration Ley de No Interacción (1809) ley que reemplazaba a la because they were suspicious of immigrants and Ley de Embargo, restableciendo el intercambio co-

feared losing jobs to them (p. 402) mercial con todas las naciones, excepto Gran Bretaña, E

nativistas ciudadanos estadounidenses que se Francia y sus colonias (pág. 242) NGLISH AND oponían a la aceptación de inmigrantes porque sos- Northwest Ordinance of 1787 legislation passed by Con- pechaban de ellos y temían que se apropiaran de sus gress to establish a political structure for the North- empleos (pág. 402) west Territory and create a system for the admission Nat Turner’s Rebellion (1831) a rebellion in which Nat of new states (p. 117) Turner led a group of slaves in Virginia in an unsuc- Ordenanza del Noroeste de 1787 ley aprobada por el cessful attempt to overthrow and kill planter families Congreso para establecer una estructura política en el (p. 390) Territorio del Noroeste y crear un proceso de admi- Rebelión de Nat Turner (1831) rebelión de un grupo sión de nuevos estados (pág. 117) S

de esclavos encabezados por Nat Turner en Virginia Northwest Passage a nonexistent path through North PANISH en un intento frustrado de derrocar y asesinar a los America that early explorers searched for that would dueños de plantaciones y a sus familias (pág. 390) allow ships to sail from the Atlantic to the Paciﬁ c naturalized citizen a person born in another country Ocean (p. 17) who has been granted citizenship in the United Pasaje del Noroeste ruta inexistente buscada por

States (p. 184) muchos exploradores a lo largo de Norteamérica G ciudadano naturalizado persona nacida en otro país que para cruzar en barco del océano Atlántico al océano ha obtenido la ciudadanía estadounidense (pág. 184) Pacífi co (pág. 17) LOSSARY Neutrality Proclamation (1793) a statement made by Northwest Territory lands including present-day Illinois, President George Washington that the United States Indiana, Michigan, Ohio, and Wisconsin; organized would not side with any of the nations at war in by the Northwest Ordinance of 1787 (p. 117) Europe following the French Revolution (p. 206) Territorio del Noroeste organización del territorio Proclamación de Neutralidad (1793) declaración en que incluía los actuales estados de Illinois, Indiana, la que el presidente George Washington anunció Michigan, Ohio y Wisconsin; creado por la Ordenan- que Estados Unidos no sería aliado de ninguna de las za del Noroeste de 1787 (pág. 117) naciones europeas en guerra después de la Revolu- nullifi cation crisis a dispute led by John C. Calhoun ción francesa (pág. 206) that said that states could ignore federal laws if they new immigrant a term often used for an immigrant who believed those laws violated the Constitution (p. 290) arrived in the United States beginning in the 1880s crisis de anulación controversia iniciada por John C. (p. 588) Calhoun que argumentaba que los estados podían nuevo inmigrante término empleado a menudo para hacer caso omiso a las leyes federales si consideraban referirse a los inmigrantes que llegaron a Estados Uni- que dichas leyes violaban la Constitución (pág. 290) dos a partir de la década de 1880 (pág. 588) New Jersey Plan a proposal to create a unicameral legislature with equal representation of states rather than representation by population; rejected at the Consti- O tutional Convention (p. 127) Plan de Nueva Jersey propuesta para la creación de old immigrant a term often used for an immigrant who un gobierno con una sola cámara que contara con arrived in the United States before the 1880s (p. 588) la misma representación por parte de cada estado, antiguo inmigrante término empleado a menudo sin basarse en el tamaño de su población; la propu- para referirse a los inmigrantes que llegaron a Estados esta fue rechazada en la Convención Constitucional Unidos antes de la década de 1880 (pág. 588) (pág. 127) Open Door Policy a policy established by the United Nineteenth Amendment (1920) a constitutional amend- States in 1899 to promote equal access for all nations ment that gave women the vote (p. 624) to trade in China (p. 644) Decimonovena Enmienda (1920) enmienda consti- política de puertas abiertas política establecida por tucional que otorgó a la mujer el derecho al voto Estados Unidos en 1899 para promover el acceso por (pág. 624) igual a todas las naciones al intercambio comercial nominating conventions a meeting at which a politi- con China (pág. 644) cal party selects its presidential and vice presidential Oregon Trail a 2,000-mile trail stretching through the candidate; fi rst held in the 1820s (p. 285) Great Plains from western Missouri to the Oregon convenciones de nominación encuentro en el que un Territory (p. 310) partido político elige a sus candidatos a la presidencia Camino de Oregón ruta de 2,000 millas que cruzaba y la vicepresidencia; se realizaron por primera vez en las Grandes Planicies desde el oeste de Missouri hasta la década de 1820 (pág. 285) el Territorio de Oregón (pág. 310) Non-Intercourse Act (1809) a law that replaced the Embargo Act and restored trade with all nations except Britain, France, and their colonies (p. 242)

ENGLISH AND SPANISH GLOSSARY R75 Paleo-Indians/paleoindígenas poll tax/impuesto electoral

tratado de Pinckney (1795) acuerdo entre Estados P Unidos y España que modifi có los límites de Florida y facilitó a los barcos estadounidenses el uso del puerto de Nueva Orleáns (pág. 207) Paleo-lndians the fi rst Americans who crossed from Asia into North America sometime between 38,000 and placer miner a person who mines for gold by using pans 10,000 BC (p. 6) or other devices to wash gold nuggets out of loose paleoindígenas primeros habitantes de América que rock and gravel (p. 328) cruzaron de Asia a Norteamérica entre el 38,000 y el buscador de oro con batea persona que busca oro LOSSARY LOSSARY 10,000 a. C. (pág. 6) con bateas u otros dispositivos similares para lavar las pepitas de oro y separarlas de las piedras y la gravilla G Panama Canal an artifi cial waterway across the Isthmus del lecho de un río (pág. 328) of Panama; completed by the United States in 1914 (p. 655) plantation a large farm that usually specialized in grow- canal de Panamá canal artifi cial que atraviesa el ing one kind of crop for profi t (p. 23) istmo de Panamá; Estados Unidos completó su plantación gran fi nca que por lo general se especia-

PANISH construcción en 1914 (pág. 655) liza en un cultivo especíﬁ co para obtener ganancias

S (pág. 23) Panic of 1837 a ﬁ nancial crisis in the United States that led to an economic depression (p. 293) planter a large-scale farmer who held more than 20 Pánico de 1837 crisis ﬁ nanciera en Estados Unidos slaves (p. 378) que provocó una depresión económica (pág. 293) hacendado agricultor a gran escala que tenía más de 20 esclavos (pág. 378) pardon freedom from punishment (p. 147) indulto liberación de un castigo (pág. 147) Platt Amendment a part of the Cuban constitution drafted under the supervision of the United States patent an exclusive right to make or sell an invention that limited Cuba’s right to make treaties, gave the (p. 576)

NGLISH AND U.S. the right to intervene in Cuban affairs, and patente derecho de exclusividad para la fabricación o

E required Cuba to sell or lease land to the U.S (p. 650) venta de un invento (pág. 576) Enmienda Platt parte de la constitución cubana cuyo Patriots American colonists who fought for indepen- borrador fue redactado bajo la supervisión de Estados dence from Great Britain during the Revolutionary Unidos y que limitaba el derecho de Cuba a fi rmar War (p. 84) tratados, otorgaba a Estados Unidos el derecho de patriotas colonos estadounidenses que lucharon para intervenir en los asuntos cubanos y exigía a Cuba independizarse de Gran Bretaña durante la Guerra de vender o arrendar tierras a Estados Unidos (pág. 650) Independencia estadounidense (pág. 84) Plessy v. Ferguson (1896) U.S. Supreme Court case that Pendleton Civil Service Act (1883) a law applying a merit established the separate-but-equal doctrine for public system controlled by the Civil Service Commission to facilities (p. 529) federal government jobs (p. 608) Plessy contra Ferguson (1896) caso en el que la Corte Ley Pendleton de Administración Pública (1883) ley Suprema estableció la doctrina de “separados pero que estableció un sistema de méritos controlado por iguales” en los lugares públicos (pág. 529) la Comisión de Administración Pública para otorgar political action committee (PAC) an organization that empleos en el gobierno federal (pág. 608) collects money to distribute to candidates who sup- petition to make a formal request of the government port the same issues as the contributors (p. 186) (p. 179) comité de acción política (PAC, por sus siglas en petición hacer una solicitud formal al gobierno inglés) organización que recolecta dinero para distri- (pág. 179) buirlo entre los candidatos que apoyan los mismos Pickett’s Charge (1863) a failed Confederate attack dur- asuntos que los contribuyentes (pág. 186) ing the Civil War led by General George Pickett at the political machine a powerful organization that infl u- Battle of Gettysburg (p. 499) enced city and county politics in the late 1800s ataque de Pickett (1863) ataque fallido del ejército (p. 606) confederado, al mando del general George Pickett, maquinaria política organización poderosa que en la batalla de Gettysburg durante la Guerra Civil infl uía en la política municipal y del condado a fi na- (pág. 499) les del siglo XIX (pág. 606) Pilgrim a member of a Puritan Separatist sect that left political party a group of people who organize to help England in the early 1600s to settle in the Americas elect government offi cials and infl uence government (p. 42) policies (p. 212) peregrino miembro de una secta separatista puritana partido político grupo de personas que se organiza que emigró de Inglaterra a principios del siglo XVII para facilitar la elección de los funcionarios del para establecerse en América (pág. 42) gobierno e infl uye en las políticas gubernamentales Pinckney’s Treaty (1795) an agreement between the (pág. 212) United States and Spain that changed Florida’s border poll tax a special tax that a person had to pay in order and made it easier for American ships to use the port to vote (p. 528) of New Orleans (p. 207) impuesto electoral impuesto especial que debía pagar una persona para poder votar (pág. 528)

R76 ENGLISH AND SPANISH GLOSSARY Pony Express/Pony Express referendum/referéndum

Pony Express a system of messengers that carried mail Puritans Protestants who wanted to reform the Church between relay stations on a route 2,000 miles long in of England (p. 42)

1860 and 1861 (p. 550) puritanos protestantes que querían reformar la Igle- E

Pony Express sistema de mensajeros que transportaba sia anglicana (pág. 42) NGLISH AND el correo entre estaciones de relevo a lo largo de una ruta de 2,000 millas entre 1860 y 1861 (pág. 550) popular sovereignty the idea that political authority belongs to the people (pp. 129, 438) Q soberanía popular idea de que la autoridad política pertenece al pueblo (págs. 129, 438) Quakers Society of Friends; Protestant sect founded Populist Party a political party formed in 1892 that sup- in 1640s in England whose members believed that

ported free coinage of silver, work reforms, immigra- salvation was available to all people (p. 50) S

tion restrictions, and government ownership of rail- cuáqueros Sociedad de Amigos; secta protestante PANISH roads and telegraph and telephone systems (p. 564) fundada en la década de 1640 en Inglaterra cuyos Partido Populista partido político formado en 1892 miembros creían que la salvación estaba al alcance de que apoyaba la libre producción de monedas de todos (pág. 50) plata, reformas laborales y restricciones inmigratorias,

además de asignar al gobierno la propiedad de los G sistemas ferroviario, telegráfi co y telefónico (pág. 564) LOSSARY Pottawatomie Massacre (1856) an incident in which R abolitionist John Brown and seven other men mur- dered pro-slavery Kansans (p. 449) Radical Republicans members of Congress who felt that matanza de Pottawatomie (1856) incidente en el southern states needed to make great social changes que el abolicionista John Brown y siete hombres más before they could be readmitted to the Union asesinaron a habitantes de Kansas que apoyaban la (p. 519) esclavitud (pág. 449) republicanos radicales integrantes del Congreso precedent an action or decision that later serves as an convencidos de que los estados del Sur necesitaban example (p. 197) realizar grandes cambios sociales antes de volver a ser precedente acción o decisión que más tarde sirve de admitidos en la Unión (pág. 519) ejemplo (pág. 197) ratifi cation an offi cial approval (p. 116) printing press a machine that produces printed copies ratifi cación aprobación formal (pág. 116) (p. 25) recall a vote to remove an offi cial from offi ce (p. 613) imprenta máquina que produce copias impresas destitución votación para retirar a un funcionario de (pág. 25) su cargo (pág. 613) privateer a private ship authorized by a nation to attack Reconstruction (1865–77) the period following the its enemies (p. 206) Civil War during which the U.S. government worked corsario barco privado autorizado por una nación to reunite the nation and to rebuild the southern para atacar a sus enemigos (pág. 206) states (p. 512) progressives a group of reformers who worked to Reconstrucción (1865–77) período posterior a la improve social and political problems in the late Guerra Civil en el que el gobierno de Estados Unidos 1800s (p. 610) trabajó por lograr la unifi cación de la nación y la progresistas grupo de reformistas que trabajaban reconstrucción de los estados del Sur (pág. 512) para resolver problemas sociales y políticos a fi nales Reconstruction Acts (1867–68) the laws that put the del siglo XIX (pág. 610) southern states under U.S. military control and prospect to search for gold (p. 328) required them to draft new constitutions upholding catear buscar oro (pág. 328) the Fourteenth Amendment (p. 521) Protestant Reformation a religious movement begun Leyes de Reconstrucción (1867–68) leyes que decla- by Martin Luther and others in 1517 to reform the raban a los estados del Sur territorio sujeto a control Catholic Church (p. 25) militar estadounidense y los obligaban a reformar sus Reforma protestante movimiento religioso iniciado constituciones, de manera que defendieran la Deci- por Martín Lutero y otros en 1517 para reformar la mocuarta Enmienda (pág. 521) Iglesia católica (pág. 25) Redcoats British soldiers who fought against the colo- Protestants reformers who protested certain practices of nists in the American Revolution; so called because of the Catholic Church (p. 25) their bright red uniforms (p. 80) protestantes reformistas que protestaban por ciertas casacas rojas soldados británicos que lucharon prácticas de la Iglesia católica (pág. 25) contra los colonos en la Guerra de Independencia Pullman Strike (1894) a railroad strike that ended when estadounidense, llamados así por el color rojo bri- President Grover Cleveland sent in federal troops llante de sus uniformes (pág. 80) (p. 587) referendum a procedure that allows voters to approve or huelga de Pullman (1894) huelga de los trabajadores reject a law already proposed or passed by govern- del ferrocarril que fi nalizó cuando el presidente Gro- ment (p. 613) ver Cleveland envió a tropas federales (pág. 587)

ENGLISH AND SPANISH GLOSSARY R77 referendum/referéndum Seventeenth Amendment/Decimoséptima Enmienda

referéndum medida que permite a los ciudadanos a gran parte de las tropas de la Unión a abandonar el votar para aprobar o rechazar una ley previamente territorio de Virginia (pág. 480) propuesta o aprobada por el gobierno (pág. 613) Second Continental Congress (1775) a meeting of colo- Republican Party a political party formed in the 1850s nial delegates in Philadelphia to decide how to react to stop the spread of slavery in the West (p. 450) to ﬁ ghting at Lexington and Concord (p. 80) Partido Republicano partido político formado en Segundo Congreso Continental (1775) reunión la década de 1850 para detener la expansión de la de delegados coloniales realizada en Filadelﬁ a para esclavitud en el Oeste (pág. 450) tomar decisiones acerca de la lucha en Lexington y LOSSARY LOSSARY reservations federal lands set aside for American Indians Concord (pág. 80)

G (p. 555) Second Great Awakening a period of religious evange- reservaciones territorios federales apartados para los lism that began in the 1790s and became widespread indígenas norteamericanos (pág. 555) in the United States by the 1830s (p. 410) Rhode Island system a system developed by Samuel Segundo Gran Despertar período de evangelización Slater in the mid-1800s in which whole families were religiosa iniciado en la década de 1790 que se

PANISH hired as textile workers and factory work was divided extendió por Estados Unidos para la década de 1830

S into simple tasks (p. 353) (pág. 410) Sistema de Rhode Island sistema desarrollado por Second Industrial Revolution a period of rapid growth Samuel Slater a mediados del siglo XIX mediante el in manufacturing and industry in the late 1800s cual se contrataba a familias completas para trabajar (p. 575) en la industria textil y en el que el trabajo de las fábri- segunda revolución industrial período de gran creci- cas estaba dividido en tareas sencillas (pág. 353) miento en la manufactura y en la industria, a ﬁ nales Roosevelt Corollary (1904) Theodore Roosevelt’s addi- del siglo XIX (pág. 575) tion to the Monroe Doctrine warning nations in sectionalism a devotion to the interests of one geo-

NGLISH AND the Americas that if they didn’t pay their debts, the graphic region over the interests of the country as a

E United States would get involved (p. 656) whole (pp. 266, 439) Corolario de Roosevelt (1904) agregado del presi- regionalismo dedicación a los intereses de una región dente Theodore Roosevelt a la Doctrina Monroe geográﬁ ca y no a los de un país (págs. 266, 439) advirtiendo a las naciones de América que si no segregation the forced separation of people of different pagaban sus deudas, el gobierno de Estados Unidos races in public places (p. 528) intervendría (pág. 656) segregación separación obligada de personas de dife- Rush-Bagot Agreement (1817) an agreement that rentes razas en lugares públicos (pág. 528) limited naval power on the Great Lakes for both the Seneca Falls Convention (1848) the ﬁ rst national United States and British Canada (p. 260) women’s rights convention at which the Declaration Acuerdo de Rush-Bagot (1817) acuerdo que limitaba of Sentiments was written (p. 426) el poder naval en los Grandes Lagos a embarcaciones Convención de Seneca Falls (1848) primera conven- de Estados Unidos y de la Canadá británica (pág. 260) ción nacional a favor de los derechos de la mujer, en la cual se redactó la Declaración de Sentimientos (pág. 426) settlement houses neighborhood centers staffed by pro- S fessionals and volunteers for education, recreation, and social activities in poor areas (p. 597) Santa Fe Trail an important trade trail west from Inde- casas de la comunidad centros comunitarios aten- pendence, Missouri, to Santa Fe, New Mexico (p. 311) didos por profesionales y voluntarios para ofrecer Camino de Santa Fe importante ruta comercial que va educación, esparcimiento y actividades sociales en desde Independence, Missouri, hasta Santa Fe, Nuevo zonas pobres (pág. 597) México (pág. 311) Seven Days’ Battles (1862) a series of Civil War battles in search warrant a judge’s order authorizing the search of which Confederate army successes forced the Union a person’s home or property to look for evidence of a army to retreat from Richmond, Virginia, the Con- crime (p. 180) federate capital (p. 480) orden de cateo orden de un juez que permite reg- batallas de los Siete Días (1862) serie de batallas de istrar el hogar y las propiedades de una persona en la Guerra Civil en las que las victorias del ejército busca de posibles pruebas de un delito (pág. 180) confederado obligaron a las tropas de la Unión a reti- secession the act of formally withdrawing from the rarse de Richmond, Virginia, la capital confederada Union (p. 458) (pág. 480) secesión acto de separarse formalmente de la Unión Seventeenth Amendment (1913) a constitutional (pág. 458) amendment allowing American voters to directly Second Battle of Bull Run (1862) a Civil War battle in elect U.S. senators (p. 613) which the Confederate army forced most of the Decimoséptima Enmienda (1913) enmienda consti- Union army out of Virginia (p. 480) tucional que permite a los votantes estadounidenses segunda batalla de Bull Run (1862) batalla de la elegir directamente a los senadores de Estados Unidos Guerra Civil en la que el ejército confederado obligó (pág. 613)

R78 ENGLISH AND SPANISH GLOSSARY sharecropping/cultivo de aparceros strike/huelga sharecropping a system used on southern farms after especulador inversionista que compra artículos a the Civil War in which farmers worked land owned precios bajos con la esperanza de que aumente su

by someone else in return for a small portion of the valor (pág. 201) E

crops (p. 529) sphere of infl uence an area where foreign countries NGLISH AND cultivo de aparceros sistema usado en las fi ncas sure- control trade or natural resources of another nation ñas después de la Guerra Civil en el que los agricul- or area (p. 644) tores trabajaban las tierras de otra persona a cambio esfera de infl uencia área de un país cuyos recursos de una pequeña porción de la cosecha (pág. 529) naturales y comercio son controlados por otra nación Shays’s Rebellion (1786–87) an uprising of Massachu- o área (pág. 644) setts’s farmers, led by Daniel Shays, to protest high spirituals emotional Christian songs sung by enslaved taxes, heavy debt, and farm foreclosures (p. 123) people in the South that mixed African and Euro-

Rebelión de Shays (1786–87) rebelión de los agri- pean elements and usually expressed slaves’ religious S

cultores de Massachusetts, encabezados por Daniel beliefs (p. 389) PANISH Shays, para protestar por los altos impuestos, el espirituales canciones religiosas cantadas con gran aumento de sus deudas y la confi scación de las gran- emotividad por los esclavos del Sur que combinaban jas (pág. 123) elementos de origen africano y europeo y solían Sherman Antitrust Act (1890) a law that made it illegal expresar sus creencias religiosas (pág. 389) to create monopolies or trusts that restrained free spoils system a politician’s practice of giving govern- G trade (p. 582) ment jobs to his or her supporters (p. 286) LOSSARY Ley Antimonopolio de Sherman (1890) ley que tráfi co de infl uencias práctica de los políticos de prohibía la creación de monopolios o consorcios que ofrecer empleos a las personas que los apoyan restringieran el libre comercio (pág. 582) (pág. 286) Siege of Vicksburg (1863) the Union army’s six-week Stamp Act of 1765 a law passed by Parliament that blockade of Vicksburg that led the city to surrender raised tax money by requiring colonists to pay for during the Civil War (p. 486) an offi cial stamp whenever they bought paper items Sitio de Vicksburg (1863) bloqueo de seis semanas such as newspapers, licenses, and legal documents realizado por el ejército de la Unión en Vicksburg (p. 66) para forzar la rendición de esa ciudad durante la Ley del Timbre de 1765 ley aprobada por el Parlamento Guerra Civil (pág. 486) para recaudar impuestos en la que se obligaba a los colonos a pagar un timbre ofi cial cada vez que com- slave codes laws passed in the colonies to control slaves praran artículos de papel, como periódicos, licencias (p. 41) y documentos legales (pág. 66) códigos de esclavos leyes aprobadas por las colonias para el control de los esclavos (pág. 41) staple crop a crop that is continuously in demand (p. 51) social Darwinism a view of society based on Charles cultivo básico Darwin’s scientifi c theory of natural selection (p. 581) producto de demanda constante (pág. 51) darwinismo social visión de la sociedad basada en la teoría científi ca de la selección natural de Charles states’ rights doctrine the belief that the power of the Darwin (pág. 581) states should be greater than the power of the federal government (p. 290) socialism economic system in which government doctrina de los derechos estatales owns and operates a country’s means of production creencia de que el (p. 619) poder de los estados debe ser mayor que el del gobierno federal (pág. 290) socialismo sistema económico en el que el gobierno controla y maneja los medios de producción de un steerage the area on a ship in the lower levels where país (pág. 619) the steering mechanisms were located and where cramped quarters were provided for people who society a group of people who live together and share a could only afford cheap passage (p. 589) culture (p. 7) tercera clase sociedad grupo de personas que viven juntas y com- área inferior del casco de un barco en parten la misma cultura (pág. 7) la que se encontraban los mecanismos del timón y se ofrecían habitaciones muy reducidas para las sodbusters the name given to Plains farmers who personas que sólo podían comprar un pasaje barato worked hard to break up the region’s tough sod (pág. 589) (p. 561) strict construction sodbusters nombre dado a los agricultores de las a way of interpreting the Constitu- Planicies que se esforzaron mucho para trabajar el tion that allows the federal government to take only duro terreno de la región (pág. 561) those actions the Constitution specifi cally says it can take (p. 204) Spanish Armada a large Spanish fl eet defeated by Eng- interpretación estricta interpretación de la Consti- land in 1588 (p. 25) tución que sólo permite al gobierno federal realizar Armada española gran fl ota española que fue de- las acciones permitidas de manera específi ca en ella rrotada por las tropas de Inglaterra en 1588 (pág. 25) (pág. 204) speculator an investor who buys items at low prices in strike the refusal of workers to perform their jobs until hope that their values will rise (p. 201) employers meet their demands (p. 356)

ENGLISH AND SPANISH GLOSSARY R79 strike/huelga trade unions/sindicatos

huelga negativa de los empleados a trabajar hasta que Plan del Diez por Ciento plan de Reconstrucción del sus empleadores satisfagan sus demandas (pág. 356) presidente Abraham Lincoln; si el 10 por ciento de subsidy a bonus payment (p. 642) los votantes de un estado que había sido parte de la subsidio pago adicional (pág. 642) Confederación juraba lealtad a la nación, tenían dere- suburb a neighborhood outside of a downtown area cho a formar un nuevo gobierno y ser readmitidos en (p. 595) la Unión (pág. 513) suburbio vecindario residencial en las afueras de una tenements poorly built, overcrowded housing where ciudad (pág. 595) many immigrants lived (p. 404) LOSSARY LOSSARY suff rage voting rights (p. 115) barracas casas mal construidas donde vivían amon- tonados una gran cantidad de inmigrantes (pág. 404) G sufragio derecho al voto (pág. 115) textile cloth (p. 347) textil tela (pág. 347) Thirteenth Amendment (1865) a constitutional amend- T ment that outlawed slavery (p. 514) PANISH Decimotercera Enmienda (1865) enmienda constitu- S tariff a tax on imports or exports (p. 121) cional que abolió la esclavitud (pág. 514) arancel impuestos pagados por los bienes importados Three-Fifths Compromise (1787) an agreement worked o exportados (pág. 121) out at the Constitutional Convention stating that Tariff of Abominations (1828) the nickname given to a only three-fi fths of the slaves in a state would count tariff by southerners who opposed it (p. 289) when determining its population for representation Arancel de abominaciones (1828) sobrenombre dado in the lower house of Congress (p. 128) a un nuevo impuesto por los habitantes del Sur que Acuerdo de las Tres Quintas Partes (1787) acuerdo se oponían a éste (pág. 289) negociado durante la Convención Constitucional NGLISH AND Tea Act (1773) a law passed by Parliament allowing the en el que se estableció que solamente tres quintas E British East India Company to sell its low-cost tea de los esclavos en un estado contarían para determi- directly to the colonies, undermining colonial tea nar la representación de ese estado en el Congreso merchants; led to the Boston Tea Party (p. 68) (pág. 128) Tea Act/Ley del Té (1773) ley aprobada por el Parla- Toleration Act of 1649 a Maryland law that made mento británico que le permitía a la British East India restricting the religious rights of Christians a crime; Company vender té a bajo costo a las colonias sin the fi rst law guaranteeing religious freedom to be intermediarios, afectando a los comerciantes locales passed in America (p. 39) de té; esta decisión dio origen al Motín del Té de Ley de Tolerancia de 1649 ley de Maryland que califi - Boston (pág. 68) caba como delito la restricción de los derechos reli- giosos de los cristianos; fue la primera ley que garan- technology the tools used to produce goods or to do tizó la libertad religiosa en América (pág. 39) work (p. 349) tecnología herramientas utilizadas para producir total war a type of war in which an army destroys its bienes o realizar un trabajo (pág. 349) opponent’s ability to fi ght by targeting civilian and economic as well as military resources (p. 502) telegraph a machine perfected by Samuel F. B. Morse in guerra total tipo de guerra en la que un ejército 1832 that uses pulses of electric current to send mes- destruye la capacidad de lucha de su oponente me- sages across long distances through wires (p. 364) diante ataques a la población civil, la economía y los telégrafo máquina perfeccionada por Samuel F. B. recursos militares (pág. 502) Morse en 1832 que emplea impulsos eléctricos trans- mitidos por cables para enviar mensajes a grandes totems images of ancestors or animal spirits; often distancias (pág. 364) carved onto tall, wooden poles by Native American peoples of the Pacifi c Northwest (p. 10) Teller Amendment (1898) a congressional resolution tótems imágenes de antepasados o animales; a stating that the U.S. had no interest in taking control menudo talladas en troncos de árboles cortados of Cuba (p. 647) por los indígenas de la costa noroeste del Pacífi co Enmienda Teller (1898) resolución del Congreso en (pág. 10) la que Estados Unidos declaraba que no tenía inten- town meeting ción de tomar el control de Cuba (pág. 647) a political meeting at which people make decisions on local issues; used primarily in New temperance movement a social reform effort begun England (p. 55) in the mid-1800s to encourage people to drink less reunión del pueblo reunión política en la que los alcohol (p. 411) habitantes de una población toman decisiones sobre movimiento de abstinencia movimiento de reforma temas locales; se realizan principalmente en Nueva social iniciado a mediados del siglo XIX para fomen- Inglaterra (pág. 55) tar la disminución en el consumo de bebidas alco- trade unions hólicas (pág. 411) workers’ organizations that try to improve working conditions (p. 356) Ten Percent Plan President Abraham Lincoln’s plan for sindicatos organizaciones formadas por trabajadores Reconstruction; once 10 percent of voters in a former para mejorar sus condiciones laborales (pág. 356) Confederate state took a U.S. loyalty oath, they could form a new state government and be readmitted to the Union (p. 513)

R80 ENGLISH AND SPANISH GLOSSARY Trail of Tears/Ruta de las lágrimas Uncle Tom’s Cabin/La cabaña del tio Tom

Trail of Tears (1838–39) an 800-mile forced march made Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo (1848) a treaty that ended by the Cherokee from their homeland in Georgia to the Mexican War and gave the United States much of

Indian Territory; resulted in the deaths of almost one- Mexico’s northern territory (p. 323) E

fourth of the Cherokee people (p. 296) tratado de Guadalupe Hidalgo (1848) tratado que NGLISH AND Ruta de las lágrimas (1838–39) marcha forzada de daba por terminada la Guerra contra México y daba 800 millas que realizó la tribu cherokee desde su ter- posesión a Estados Unidos de gran parte del norte del ritorio natal en Georgia hasta el Territorio Indígena, territorio mexicano (pág. 323) y en la que perdió la vida casi una cuarta parte del Treaty of Medicine Lodge (1867) an agreement between pueblo cherokee (pág. 296) the U.S. government and southern Plains Indians in transcendentalism the idea that people could rise above which the Indians agreed to move onto reservations the material things in life; a popular movement (p. 555)

among New England writers and thinkers in the mid- tratado de Medicine Lodge (1867) acuerdo entre el S

1800s (p. 405) gobierno de Estados Unidos y los indígenas de las PANISH trascendentalismo creencia de que las personas Planicies del sur en el que éstos aceptaban reubicarse podían prescindir de los objetos materiales en la vida; en el territorio reservado por el gobierno para ellos movimiento popular entre los escritores y pensa- (pág. 555) dores de Nueva Inglaterra a mediados del siglo XIX Treaty of Paris of 1783 a peace agreement that ofﬁ cially (pág. 405) ended the Revolutionary War and established British G transcontinental railroad a railroad system that crossed

recognition of the independence of the United States LOSSARY the continental United States; construction began in (p. 101) 1863 (p. 550) tratado de París de 1783 acuerdo de paz que ofi cial- ferrocarril transcontinental línea ferroviaria que mente daba por terminada la Guerra de Independen- cruzaba Estados Unidos de un extremo a otro; su cia estadounidense y en el que Gran Bretaña reco- construcción se inició en 1863 (pág. 550) nocía la soberanía de Estados Unidos (pág. 101) Transportation Revolution the rapid growth in the speed Tredegar Iron Works a large iron factory that operated and convenience of transportation (p. 358) in Richmond, Virginia, in the early to mid-1800s revolución del transporte rápido crecimiento de la (p. 381) velocidad y comodidad ofrecida por los medios de Tredegar Iron Works gran fábrica de acero que ope- transporte (pág. 358) raba a mediados del siglo XIX en Richmond, Virginia Treaty of Fort Jackson a treaty signed after the U.S. (pág. 381) victory at the Battle of Horseshoe Bend; the Creek Triangle Shirtwaist Fire a factory fi re that killed 146 were forced to give up 23 million acres of their land workers trapped in the building; led to new safety (p. 248) standard laws (p. 618) tratado del fuerte Jackson tratado que se fi rmó tras la incendio de Triangle Shirtwaist incendio de una victoria de Estados Unidos en la batalla de Horseshoe fábrica en la que murieron 146 trabajadores atrapa- Bend; los indígenas creek se vieron obligados a ceder dos en el edifi cio; este suceso obligó a crear nuevos 23 millones de acres de su territorio (pág. 248) estándares legales de seguridad (pág. 618) Treaty of Fort Laramie (1851) a treaty signed in Wyo- triangular trade trading networks in which goods and ming by the United States and northern Plains slaves moved among England, the American colo- nations (p. 554) nies, and Africa (p. 57) tratado del fuerte Laramie (1851) tratado fi rmado en comercio triangular redes de intercambio de esclavos Wyoming por Estados Unidos y las naciones indíge- y bienes entre Inglaterra, las colonias americanas y nas de las Planicies del norte (pág. 554) África (pág. 57) Treaty of Ghent (1814) a treaty signed by the United trust a number of companies legally grouped under a States and Britain ending the War of 1812 (p. 249) single board of directors (p. 581) tratado de Gante (1814) tratado fi rmado por Estados consorcio varias compañías agrupadas legalmente Unidos y Gran Bretaña para dar fi n a la Guerra de bajo el mando de un solo consejo directivo (pág. 581) 1812 (pág. 249) Treaty of Greenville (1795) an agreement between Native American confederation leaders and the U.S. government that gave the United States Indian lands U in the Northwest Territory and guaranteed that U.S. citizens could safely travel through the region Uncle Tom’s Cabin (1852) an antislavery novel written by (p. 209) Harriet Beecher Stowe that showed northerners the tratado de Greenville (1795) acuerdo entre los líderes violent reality of slavery and drew many people to de la confederación de indígenas norteamericanos the abolitionists’ cause (p. 443) y el gobierno estadounidense que otorgó a Estados La cabaña del tío Tom (1852) novela abolicionista Unidos parte del Territorio del Noroeste y garantizó escrita por Harriet Beecher Stowe que mostró a los la seguridad a los ciudadanos estadounidenses que habitantes del norte del país la cruda realidad de la viajaran por esas tierras (pág. 209) esclavitud e hizo que muchos de ellos se unieran a la causa abolicionista (pág. 443)

ENGLISH AND SPANISH GLOSSARY R81 Underground Railroad/Tren Clandestino Worcester v. Georgia/Worcester contra Georgia

Underground Railroad a network of people who helped thousands of enslaved people escape to the North by W providing transportation and hiding places (p. 418) Tren Clandestino red de personas que ayudó a miles War Hawks members of Congress who wanted to de esclavos a escapar al Norte ofreciéndoles trans- declare war against Britain after the Battle of Tippeca- porte y lugares para ocultarse (pág. 418) noe (p. 244) USS Constitution a large warship (p. 240) halcones de guerra integrantes del Congreso que USS Constitution gran buque de guerra (pág. 240) tenían la intención de declarar la guerra a Gran LOSSARY LOSSARY utopian communities places where people worked to Bretaña tras la batalla de Tippecanoe (pág. 244)

G establish a perfect society; such communities were Whig Party a political party formed in 1834 by oppo- popular in the United States during the late 1700s nents of Andrew Jackson and who supported a strong and early to mid-1800s (p. 406) legislature (p. 292) comunidades utópicas lugares en los que un grupo Partido Whig partido político formado en 1834 por de personas trabajaba para establecer una sociedad oponentes de Andrew Jackson que apoyaba una

PANISH perfecta, como las que se popularizaron en Estados asamblea legislativa con mucha autoridad (pág. 292)

S Unidos a ﬁ nales del siglo XVIII y principios y media- Whiskey Rebellion (1794) a protest of small farmers in dos del XIX (pág. 406) Pennsylvania against new taxes on whiskey (p. 209) Rebelión del Whisky (1794) protesta de pequeños agricultores de Pensilvania contra los nuevos impues- V tos sobre la producción de whisky (pág. 209) Wilderness Campaign (1864) a series of battles between Union and Confederate forces in northern and vaqueros Mexican cowboys in the West who tended central Virginia that delayed the Union capture of NGLISH AND cattle and horses (p. 319) Richmond (p. 500)

E vaqueros arrieros mexicanos que vivían en el Oeste Campaña Wilderness serie de batallas entre la y se ganaban la vida arreando ganado y caballos (1864) Unión y los confederados en el norte y el centro de (pág. 319) Virginia que retrasaron la captura de Richmond por vertical integration the business practice of owning all parte de la Unión (pág. 500) of the businesses involved in each step of a manufac- Wilmot Proviso (1846) a proposal to outlaw slavery in turing process (p. 580) the territory added to the United States by the Mexi- integración vertical práctica empresarial de poseer can Cession; passed in the House of Representatives todas las empresas implicadas en cada paso de un but was defeated in the Senate (p. 438) proceso de manufactura (pág. 580) Condición de Wilmot (1846) propuesta de prohibir la veto to cancel (p. 146) esclavitud en el territorio adherido a Estados Unidos vetar cancelar (pág. 146) por la Cesión mexicana; aprobada por la Cámara Virginia Plan (1787) the plan for government proposed de Representantes, pero rechazada por el Senado at the Constitutional Convention in which the (pág. 438) national government would have supreme power Wisconsin Idea a program of progressive reforms set and a legislative branch would have two houses forth by Robert M. La Follette to reduce the power of with representation determined by state population political machines and make state government more (p. 126) professional (p. 614) Plan de Virginia (1787) plan del gobierno propuesto idea de Wisconsin programa de reformas progresistas en la Convención Constitucional por el que el creado por Robert M. La Follette para reducir el poder gobierno nacional tendría poder supremo y habría de la maquinaria política y profesionalizar el go- un Poder Legislativo con dos cámaras en las que la bierno de los estados (pág. 614) representación de cada estado sería determinada por Woman’s Christian Temperance Union (WCTU) a reform su población (pág. 126) movement founded in 1874 to prohibit the produc- Virginia Statute for Religious Freedom (1786) a docu- tion and sale of alcohol (p. 623) ment that gave people in Virginia freedom of wor- Unión de Mujeres Cristianas por la Abstinencia ship and prohibited tax money from being used to (WCTU, por sus siglas en inglés) movimiento de fund churches (p. 115) reforma fundado en 1874 para prohibir la produc- Estatuto de Virginia por la Libertad Religiosa ción y venta de bebidas alcohólicas (pág. 623) (1786) documento que reconocía a los habitantes Worcester v. Georgia (1832) the Supreme Court ruling de Virginia la libertad de culto y prohibía utilizar el that stated that the Cherokee nation was a distinct dinero procedente de impuestos para ﬁ nanciar igle- territory over which only the federal government sias (pág. 115) had authority; ignored by both President Andrew Jackson and the state of Georgia (p. 296)

R82 ENGLISH AND SPANISH GLOSSARY Worcester v. Georgia/Worcester contra Georgia yeomen/pequeños terratenientes

Worcester contra Georgia (1832) resolución de la Corte Suprema que establecía que la nación cherokee Y

era un territorio distinto sobre el que sólo el gobierno E federal tenía autoridad; fue ignorada por el presidente yellow journalism the reporting of exaggerated stories in NGLISH AND Andrew Jackson y por el estado de Georgia (pág. 296) newspapers to increase sales (p. 646) workers’ compensation laws laws which would guaran- prensa amarillista publicación de noticias exageradas tee a portion of lost wages to workers injured on the en los periódicos para aumentar las ventas (pág. 646) job (p. 618) yeomen owners of small farms (p. 384) leyes de seguro de accidentes del trabajo leyes que pequeños terratenientes propietarios de granjas garantizan que se les pague a los trabajadores una pequeñas (pág. 384) porción de su salario si se lesionan durante el

desempeño de sus funciones laborales (pág. 618) S PANISH X

XYZ aﬀ air (1797) an incident in which French agents G attempted to get a bribe and loans from U.S. dip- LOSSARY lomats in exchange for an agreement that French privateers would no longer attack American ships; it led to an undeclared naval war between the two countries (p. 214) incidente XYZ (1797) incidente en el que funcionarios franceses intentaron obtener sobornos y présta- mos de diplomáticos estadounidenses a cambio de un acuerdo por el cual sus barcos corsarios no atacarían más a los barcos estadounidenses; provocó una guerra no declarada entre las fuerzas navales de ambas naciones (pág. 214)

ENGLISH AND SPANISH GLOSSARY R83 INDEX R84 abolition A A A A A A accused A advisory adobe A A A dams dams dams dams choma ddams frica frican frica BC 228–29, of 1796,212–13;election1800, Independence and,84,89;election Massacre and,67;Declarationof 67; Townshend Actsand,66 Liberty and,65,66;taxrevolt of Independenceand,89;Sons respondence and,68;Declaration sacre and,67;CommitteesofCor- Address, R44 1828, 285–86;FourthofJuly(1821) R23; electionof1824,267; XYZ Affair, 213–14, 423–24 tion to,420–21;women’s rightsand, Fugitive SlaveActand,442;opposi- Emancipation Proclamationand,492; Party and,450;deﬁ 420p, Exchange and,18–19, 38–39, 57;tradewith,13–15, grants from, triangular trade, Congress, colonization inAfricaand,417; War, 492–93, civil rightsof,520–21;intheCivil 518–20; inBostonMassacre,67; 418p, 419m,420p; ist movementand,416–21, tion and,491–92, 516, 452m, Dred Scottdecisionand,451–52, 85; discriminationand,385,624–25; Declaration ofIndependenceand, 594; 529–30, and, 526, Crow lawsand,528;KuKluxKlan and, 59;HomesteadAct560; Jim Gold Rush,329;GreatAwakening Fugitive SlaveActand,441–42;in 515p–16p, and, 516, and,

Po : : c g f , colonization of,417;Columbian Political INDEX 318,325 , , , - A w = feature A = chart = graph Onís John, 126,349,R23;Boston Samuel, 63,132;BostonMas- John Quincy, : , w

ers lsyv egsn 528f, Plessy v. Ferguson, 516p; , council rights ofthe,181 57p, mericans Jane, 597, 514–15;creationofRepublican 416–21, i , 453; educationand,414–15, 9m , T 661 K 229p; 529p; reaty 58; migrationof, 526p, 527p; 516p; E , 509p, 516; freesouthern,385; Emancipation Proclama- R12m , Y TO IN Y TO 54, 591m; , 492p, 493p, , 261, 384p; as vicepresident,197; Freedmen’s Bureau 1p 418p,419m, 417p, freedpeople,515, 597p, 525, 55f 56m, 257p, 491m; BlackCodesand, nition of,416; slavery and, slavery abolition- 261m, 214p m p R DE 611 525m, 525p; MiddlePassage 57–58, = photo =map = Reference 18m; 261,262–63, X farming and, 494–95; 309 590m, 529;poll immi- 417p, 57p 14m; A A amusement amnesty A “A A A A air A agriculture agrarian “A A A A A A A amendments A A A A A A A alcohol A A A A A A A merican merican ge guinaldo merican lbright lmy nalysis naconda lcott mericas lamo merican lcorn labama merican laska lgonquian leut merican merican merican merican merican lien merican mericans merica merican p 377p; 495, 528,553,587;analyzingsources, 167, 171,173,231,285,350,451, analyzing information,147,155, 163, efi 527 347p, 348p–49p, 355p, 361p,381p, taxes and,176, 493, 521, voting rightsof,115,171,284,385, Thirteenth Amendmentand,514–15; ers, 648;ontheSupremeCourt,148; War,Revolutionary 91;inRoughRid- 528; religionand,411,515,597;in and, 519–20, tion of, 18m; 202, of 1812,248;Washington, D.C.and, 6p Seealso 366p. demand, 288–89; staplecrops,51;supplyand 382–84; insoutherncolonies,41, and,376;intheSouth, 380; slavery New Englandcolonies,47;scientifi 16m, 17p individuals specifi War Purchase of,641 rights in,284;inWar of1812,248 in,388;voting Union, 458;slavery struction, 523;secedesfromthe Americans in,295;duringRecon- lane

of ,

p ts, 598; analyzingdiagrams,241; and , William, 348 , E LouisaMay, 409 , , 314, eo

James, 525 2;Paleo-Indiansin,6, R28; abuse x

: , , Skills : 41,266,289,381 202p I ,

c Native Americangroups and invention of,577-78, forsoutherners,510,513,517, Madeleine, 185

: p

triangular trade, the

Federation Slavery p 2;cottonin, R28; Sedition System Fur Revolution Missionary Colonization Medical analyzing visuals,

exploration of,15–19, ,

w loration Plan ndians Crisis : ele le nti Emilio, 648 , in MiddleColonies,51; nd p 40c; ith ,

314m, 315p 9m, Beautiful

, 8, : , Com arks 135 563g; - p 521m, 522p, 411 Slavery analyzing costsandben- , hone

Disabilities , T 482f 8m A 11,59 Radical Republicans , . 264 farming , A he 519p; A p 596 , See s I technologyin,366, 3p, any ssociation

cts of 176p, t

” ( A . and I

See Society s Native Americans; L ” Paine

12–19, ssociation ( ( Society , (Bates), R31 308 abor 17 Grimké ex Redeemers and, T Revolutionary elegra 378m; 9 A 528–29; popula- 56m, 523;inWar 8 ), , ct ), , 92–93 571p, 417,418,515 99p, 176p, , 215,230 , 612 ( 417 13p, 14m, ), 1 p 417 578p , 57–58, 99 Native 516 h 17m, 7m; , 586, 619 0 577 ), 141 57p c, App A a A A a a App A A architecture A A A A A A A A A A annexation antitrust Ap A A A Ap pp pp pp ppeal ppeal ra nthony rctic rgentina ntebellum ntietam nasazi ntifederalists ndros nderson nna nderson nglican nti ndersonville nglo ache alachee p ( (W See also 556p, 575p,585p, 390p, 403p,407p,452p,480-81p, ment, lines, 32,69, 581, 612,618,630,656;readingtime 453, 458,460,485,493,519,561, 391, 413,420,426,440,441,442, 286, 292,296,311,324,353,356, 67, 96,128,134,210,230,238,262, ments, 304,542 tion, 102;usingmapsanddocu- understanding historicalinterpreta- stand causeandeffect,110,342,602; long termcausalpatterns,632;under- oversight anderror, 508;short and time, 74;recognizeroleofchance, canchangeover pretation ofhistory 367, 425,563,577;recognizeinter- cartoons, 214;location, 40c, 479c; indicators, 570;interpretingcharts, interpret andanalyzeeconomic 18m; human-environment interaction, 342, 508;framingquestions,2, central issuesfromthepast,256, drawing conclusions,381;explain relevant information,140,434,508; fact fromopinion,602;distinguish 140, 203,244,456,520;distinguish different pointsofview, 110,136, 140; determiningcontext,188; determine contentofstatements, continuity andchange,636, 643p; 317–18 317; ofPhilippines,650;Texas, of MexicanCession,323;Oregon, rentices ortionment eal -I omattox alachian Grimké aho p m , - alker olis culture area,8, Californians

, to to courts p , , Sir Edmund,55–56 8,325 ,

, 9m,

erialist identifyingcentralissues, movement

Church , Susan B., the the 9m, , , Battleof, ,

California Standards,H22–H27; , 661 Convention 18m; Joseph R., Robert, 473 ), housing , ), 9m , , 306;ofHawaii,643,665; , 47,352 376 417

417

Mountains Courthouse Colored Christian 271p, 10, 324,553,554, , , 148, interpretingpolitical Georgia,495 11, 553,554, , 132,133,134,135 , L 145 , primary sources,primary 38,43, 25 eague 70f, , 273;skyscrapers,595. 327 424p, , 161f

479m, 480p, 581f, Citi

373p, , Women 95, 169,207,243, 124 595, 9m , , 650 234 z , ens 502–03, 427,428,623 582, 381 607p, 611p,

554m o 390m;

o f the f 630p the 554m,

481, 492 664f; World 502p

South move- 276f; 28f; 557

Arizona California

Arizona, R28; Civil War in, 487; Gadsden Beecher, Lyman, 411 Bozeman Trail, 555 Purchase and, 323; Mexican Ameri- Bell, Alexander Graham, 577 Bradford, William, 43 cans in, 325, 592; Mexican Cession Bell, John, 457, 457m Bragg, Braxton, 513 and, 323; Native Americans in, 8, 557 benevolent societies, 590 Brandeis, Louis, 630, R34 Arkansas, R28; Civil War in, 474, 474m, Beothuk, 9m Brant, Joseph. See Thayendanegea 484, 487; cotton in, 378m; exploration Bering Land Bridge, 6, 7, 7m Braxton, Carter, 89 of, 26; during R econstruction, 523 Berkeley, John Lord, 50 Brazil, 661 Arkwright, Richard, 347 Bessemer, Henry, 575 breadbasket, 561 Army of the Potomac, 480 Bessemer process, 575 Brearley, David, 165 Army, U.S., 309m; Mexican War and, 320; Bible, 25 Breckinridge, John C., 457, 457m Native Americans and, 555, 556, 557 bicameral, 45, 127, 295 Breed’s Hill, 80m, 81 Arnold, Benedict, 81, 92, 94, 100 Biddle, Nicholas, 292 Brief Account of the Devastation of the Indies art, 271p, 272, 406, 406p, 407p; of the Bidwell, Annie, 562 (Las Casas), 23f Civil War, 466–67p, 480p; Declaration bill of exchange, 13 Britain. See England; Great Britain I NDEX of Independence, 85p; Florida, 1p Bill of Rights (English). See English Bill British East India Company, 68 Arthur, Chester A., 607, 608p, 609, R25 of Rights British West Indies, 122 Arthur, T.S., 425 Bill of Rights (U.S.), 135, 166–67, 178–83 Brook Farm, Massachusetts, 406 Articles of Confederation, 116, 120, 124, Billy Budd (Melville), 407 Brooklyn Bridge, 576p 130f Bingham, George Caleb, 272 Brooks, Preston, 448–49 Asia: immigrants from, 589, 592p; trade Biography: Addams, Jane, 597, 597p; Broom, Jacob, 165 with, 13–15, 14m Banneker, Benjamin, 202, 202p; Brown, John, 447–48, 455–56, 456p Asia: Political, R11m Bryan, William Jennings, 564, 564p; Brown, Moses, 348 Asian Americans, 592p, 593, 625–26 Carnegie, Andrew, 583, 583p; Chief Brown, Smith, 348 assemblies, 54 Joseph, 559, 559p; Clay, Henry, 266, Brown, William Wells, 418 assembly, freedom of, 167, 179 266p; Columbus, Christopher, 17, Brown v. Board of Education (1954), 141, assembly line, 350f 17p; Douglass, Frederick, 422, 422p; R135 assimilation, 410 Equiano, Olaudah, 57, 57p; Farragut, Bruce, Blanche K., 525, 525p Assiniboin, 554m David, 487, 487p; Franklin, Benjamin, Bryan, William Jennings, 564, 564p, 629 Astor, John Jacob, 308–09 131, 131p; Gompers, Samuel, 585, Buchanan, James, 450, 458, R24 astrolabe, 14 585p; Grant, Ulysses S., 489, 489p; Buena Vista, Battle of, 322, 322p Atlanta, Georgia, 501, 501m, 531p Hutchinson, Anne, 46, 46p; Jackson, buff alo, 7, 10, 551, 554, 555 Atlantic Ocean, 14–15, 17–18; Panama Andrew, 287, 287p; Jefferson, Thom- Bull Moose Party, 630 Canal and, 652–53, 654m, 655 as, 233, 233p; Lee, Robert E., 481, Bull Run, Battle of, 479, 479m, 480 Attucks, Crispus, 67 481p; Lincoln, Abraham, 477, 477p; Bunau-Varilla, Philippe, 653 Audubon, John, 271p Madison, James, 149, 149p; Mann, Bunker Hill, Battle of, 80m, 81 Austin, Stephen F., 312–13, 315 Horace, 413, 413p; Morse, Samuel B., Burgoyne, John, 94, 94m Australia and New Zealand: Political, R13m 365, 365p; Penn, William, 50, 50p; burial mounds, 8 automobile industry, 577–78 Pontiac, 61, 61p; Rockefeller, John D., Burnet, David, 313 Autry, James L., 486 583, 583p; Roosevelt, Theodore, 593, Burns, Anthony, 442, 443 Avery College, 414 593p; Stanford, Leland, 583, 583p; Burnside, Ambrose, 498 Aztec, 8, 20–21 Stanton, Elizabeth Cady, 429, 429p; Burr, Aaron, 212, 228–29 Vallejo, Mariano Guadalupe, 319, Bush, George W., R27; September 11, 319p; Washington, George, 82, 82p; 2001, address, R50 B writing a, 106–07f business: corporations, 579; corrup- Black Codes, 518–20 tion in, 610; horizontal integration, Black Death, 581; leaders in, 580–81, 583, 583p; Bacon, Nathaniel, 39 12 Blackfoot, monopoly, 582, 631; regulation of, Bacon’s Rebellion, 38–39 9m, 11, 554m Black Hawk, Chief, 297 628; Sherman Antitrust Act, 582; Bagley, Sarah, 356f, 357 Black Hawk War, 297 social Darwinism, 581; trusts, 581, Bahamas, 17 Blaine, James, 608 582; vertical integration, 580. See also bail, 182 Blair, John, 165 factories; industry balance of power: in Constitution, 183; Bleeding Kansas, 448–49, 448p Butler, Pierce, 165 between sections, 439 blockades, 121m, 247m, 482–83, 482p, Balboa, Vasco Núñez de, 17 483m, 649, 649m Baldwin, Abraham, 165 Blount, William, 165 Ballinger, Richard, 629 C Bolívar, Simon, 262 Bank of America, 590 Bonaparte, Napoléon. See Napoléon Bank of Italy, 590 Cabeza de Vaca, 16m bonds, 200 Bank of the United States: 204, 231; cabinet posts, 147 Bonhomme Richard (warship), 97 Second, 291–92 cable cars, 595 Book of Mormon, 310 banks and banking: Federal Reserve Cabot, John, 16m boomtowns, 548 system, 631; Hamilton and, 203–04; Cabrillo, Juan Rodríguez, 21 Booth, John Wilkes, 517 reforms, 630–31 Caddo, 9m borders, 101, 260, 261m, 317 Banneker, Benjamin, 202, 202p calendar systems, 8 border states, 474, 474m Bannock, 554m Calhoun, John C., 244, 285, 290, 290p, Boston, 44; Intolerable Acts and, 69; siege Barbary States of North Africa, 240 440, 441 at, 80m, 81 Barton, Clara, 496, 496p California, R24; Adams-Onís Treaty and, Boston Gazette (newspaper), Bartlett, Josiah, 89 67f 309; Bear Flag Revolt, 320, 321m; Boston Manufacturing Company, Bassett, Richard, 165 354 California Trail, 326; cattle industry Boston Massacre, Bastille (Paris), 205, 205p 67, 67f, 67p, 69 in, 548–49; Civil War in, 487; as Boston Tea Party, Bear Flag Revolt, 320, 321m 68 colony, 318–19; culture areas, 9m, 10; Bowie, Bedford, Gunning, Jr., 165 Jim, 314 economy of, 329, 331; gains state- Boxer Rebellion, Beecher, Catherine, 413 645 hood, 331, 546; Gold Rush, 327–31, boycott, 65, 66 327p, 328p, 329p; immigrants to, 330;

INDEX R85 California Congress, U.S.

Mexican Americans in, 325, 326–27, Chicago Exposition, 596 Clayton-Bulwer Treaty (1850), 652 592; Mexican Cession and, 323; Chickasaw, 9m, 295, 554m Clermont (steamship), 359 Mexican War and, 320, 321m; mining Chief Joseph, 557, 559, 559p Cleveland, Grover, 584, 608, 609p, 643, in, 547, 547m; Native Americans in, children: labor and, 352–53, 354–56, 354p, R25; Hawaii and, 581; Pullman Strike 326–27, 331; Oregon Trail, 309–10, 355p, 531, 581, 610, 615–19, 615p, and, 587 309m, 326; railroad in, 550–51; slav- 616p, 618p; social reforms and, 612 climate, 6, 7 ery issue and, 439, 439m, 440, 441; Chile, 661 Clinton, Bill, 146, R27 Spain and, 22, 318–19, 319p Chimakum, 9m Clinton, Henry, 98 California Trail, 326 China: Boxer Rebellion, 645; foreign closed markets, 122 Californios, 319, 320, 331 policy with, 644–45; immigrants Clotel (Brown), 418 Calvert, Cecilius, 39 from, 330, 550, 590m, 593, 625–26; Clymer, George, 89, 165 Canada, 60m; in American Revolution, Japan and, 644; trade with, 317 coal, 362–63; miners’ strike, 627–28 92; borders, 317; in French and Chinese Americans, 593, 625–26 Coast Salish, 9m Indian War, 60; Northwest Passage, Chinese Exclusion Act (1882), 593, 626 Cochimi, 9m 17–18; U.S. foreign policy and, 260; Chinook, 9m, 10 Cody, William, 551 War of 1812, 246–47, 247m Chipewyan, 9m Coercive Acts (1774), 69 canals, 265–66, 265m; cotton trade and, Chippewa, 554m Coffi n, Charles, 479 NDEX 379 Chisholm Trail, 549, 550m Cold Harbor, Battle of, 500 I Cape of Good Hope, 14m, 15 Choctaw, 9m, 248, 294–95, 554m Cole, Thomas, 272, 272p, 406 capital, 13 Christianity, 14m, 642; spread of, 14, 14m, collective bargaining, 585 capitalism, 619 22 Colombia, 653 capital punishment, 182 Chumash, 9m colonial courts, 56 Capitol Building, 230 church and state, 46f colony. See company colony; proprietary Caribbean: Spanish-American War in, Church of England, 25, 42 colony; royal colony 648–49, 649m. See also Cuba; Domini- Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints, Colorado, R28; cattle industry in, 549; can Republic; Haiti; Puerto Rico 310–11 Mexican Cession and, 323; mining Carnegie, Andrew, 580, 581, 582, 583, 583p circuit courts, 147 in, 555; Native Americans in, 8; Pike’s Carolinas, 40, 40m, 61. See also North circuit riding, 147f expedition to, 239 Carolina; South Carolina cities: growth of, 363, 402, 403p, 404; Columbian Exchange, 18–19, 18m carpetbaggers, 524 immigrants and, 402, 403p, 404; Columbia River, 238, 309, 309m Carranza, Venustiano, 661 mass culture in, 595–96; planning of, Columbus, Christopher, 3p, 15, 16m, 17; Carrier, 9m 611; problems in, 596–97; settlement Native Americans and, 17 Carroll, Charles, 89 houses in, 597; of the South, 384; Colville, 554m Carroll, Daniel, 165 tenements in, 404, 590, 596, 611; Comanche, 9m, 11, 553, 554, 554m, 555 Carteret, Sir George, 50 transportation in, 595, 611; urban commerce clause: Native Americans Cartier, Jacques, 16m, 17, 18 growth of, 594–95, 610 and, 155f cash crop, 95, 101, 288, 377–78, 378m, citizenship: duties of, 185, 186p, 187p; Commercial Revolution, 12, 13 380, 530 gaining, 184–85, 185p; Puerto Rico commission form of government, 614 Cass, Lewis, 439 and, 651 Committee of Thirteen, 116 Castro, Cipriano, 656 city council, 614 Committees of Correspondence, 65, Catlin, George, 272p city government, 614 67, 68 Catt, Carrie Chapman, 623–24, 623p civil court, 181 common-school movement, 412 cattle industry, 548–49 civil engineering, 611 Common Sense (Paine), 83, 316 Cattle Kingdom, 549 civil liberties, 117 communications: battleﬁ eld, 495f; Cayuga, 9m, 11 civil rights: of African Americans, 520–21; inventions in, 577 Cayuse, 554m Black Codes and, 518–20; Ku Klux community service, 186–87, 187p Cazenovia Fugitive Slave Convention, 442f Klan and, 526, 526p, 527p company colony, 36, 45, 54 Cemetery Ridge, 498, 499, 499m Civil Rights Act (1866), 520–21 company stores, 353 Centennial Exposition, 596 Civil Rights Act (1875), 527, 528 compass, 14 Central America: Native Americans in, 7; civil service, 608–09 compensation, 515 Panama Canal and, 652–53, 654m, Civil Service Commission, 609 Compromise of 1850, 440–41, 446 655; Spain and, 22, 262. See also Civil War: African Americans in, 492–93, Compromise of 1877, 527 Mesoamerica 492p, 493p, 494–95; art of, 466–67p, Comstock, Henry, 547 central government, 127 480p; battles of, 478–83, 479m, 480p, Comstock Lode, 547 Central Pacifi c Railroad, 550–51, 581 481p, 482m, 483m, 486, 487m, 497– Concord, Massachusetts, 79 Central Park, 596 500, 497p, 498p, 499m, 499p, 500–02, concurrent powers, 144 Champlain, Samuel de, 16m, 17–18 501, 501m; casualties of, 500, 502g; Coney Island, 596 Charles I, King of England, 39, 44 daily life in, 490–96, 491m, 491p, Confederate States of America, 458–59, Charles II, King of England, 40 492p, 493p, 494p, 495p, 496p; disease 473, 473p, 474, 474m, 479m, 501m; Charleston, South Carolina, 99, 379 in, 495; in the East, 478–83, 479m, battles in the West, 484–87, 485p, charter, 27, 54 480p, 481p, 482m, 483m, 500; effects 486m; casualties of, 500, 502g; at Chase, Samuel, 89 of, 502c, 503; medicine in, 495, 496, Gettysburg, 497–500, 497p, 498p, checks and balances, 130–31, 146f, 231f 496p; navies in, 482–83, 482p, 483m; 499m, 499p; naval strategies of, Cheraw, 9m opposition to, 494–95; prisoners of 482–83, 482p, 483m; soldiers of the, Cherokee, 9m, 11, 295–96, 554m, 625 war, 495; soldiers of, 495, 495p; in the 475–76, 475p, 495, 495p Chesapeake Bay, 36–37, 37m, 100 South, 501–02, 501m; in the West, Confederation Congress, 122, 125 Chesapeake (ship), 241 484–87, 485p, 486m; women in, Congress, U.S.: African Americans in, Chesnut, Mary Boykin, 513 496, 496p 509p, 525, 525m, 525p; Alien and Chevalier, Michel, 360 Clark, Abraham, 89 Sedition Acts, 215; Articles of Con- Cheyenne, 9m, 553, 554, 554m Clark, George Rogers, 97 federation and, 116, 120; Bank of Chicago, Illinois, 363, 594; Hull House Clark, William, 222–23p, 235–38 the United States, 204; Constitution in, 596m, 596p, 597, 611; railroad in, Clay, Henry, 243p, 244, 264, 317, 440–41 and the, 151–57; declaration of war, 575; union strikes in, 586, 586m Clayton Antitrust Act (1914), 631 147; delegated powers of, 144; elastic

R86 INDEX Congress, U.S. economy

clause, 144, 156; Land Ordinances izing, 583; solving problems, 300f; department stores, 596 and, 117; Missouri Compromise, understanding historical interpreta- deportation, 184 266–67; organization of, 145; vetoes tion, 102f depression, economic, 123, 292 and, 146–47; Wade-Davis Bill, Crittenden, John J., 459 De Soto, Hernando, 16m, 21 513–14. See also House of Representa- Crockett, Davy, 314 Detroit, 26, 247, 247m tives, U.S.; Senate, U.S. crop rotation, 380 Dewey, George, 647–48 Connecticut, R28; colonial, 46, 47; con- Crow, 9m, 554m Dewey, John, 612 stitution of, 115; government in, 54, Cuba: Spain and, 646–47; Spanish- Dias, Bartolomeu, 14m, 15 55–56; labor laws in, 357; ratifi cation American War in, 648–49, 649m, 650 Díaz, Porfi rio, 659–60 of the Constitution, 165 Cuban Americans: population of, 22c Dickinson, Emily, 407 conquistadores, 20, 21, 21p Culp’s Hill, 498, 499m Dickinson, John, 165 conscription, 490 culture, 8–11, 8p, 9m, 10p, 270–75, direct primary, 613 conservation, 628, 628p, 629m 405–06, 406p, 407p; in cities, 595–96; disabled Americans, 413 constitution, state, 115 defi nition of, 7; Mexican American, discrimination, 323, 385, 525, 560, 594, I NDEX Constitution, U.S.: amendments to, 135, 325; themes of, 278 622, 624–25, R37 164, 166–77; Bill of Rights and, 135, Cumberland Road, 265, 265m diseases, 610; in cities, 404; in Civil War, 178–83; checks and balances, 130–31; currency, 80, 109p, 111p, 564; in Revolu- 495; Native Americans and, 19, 23, creation of, 126–30; education and, tionary War, 123. See also money 319; progressive reforms and, 612, 182–83; loose construction of, 204; Cusabo, 9m 613p; in tenements, 596; yellow fever, ratifi cation of, 132–35, 165; strengths Custer, George Armstrong, 556 650, 655 of, 130f; strict construction of, 204; Czolgosz, Leon, 627 dissenters, 44 text of, 150–77. See also individual district courts, 147, 161f amendments District of Columbia, 202, R28; Constitution, USS (warship), 240, 241p, D Compromise of 1850 and, 441. See 246 also Washington, D.C. Constitutional Convention, division of labor, 349p 124, 125–26, Da Gama, Vasco, 14m, 15 Dix, Dorothea, 412 125p, 126p; Great Compromise, Dana, Richard Henry, Jr., 319 Dogrib, 8, 9m 126–27; New Jersey Plan, 127; Three- Daniel of St. Thomas Jenifer, 165 Dole, Sanford B., 643 Fifths Compromise, 128; Virginia Dare, Virginia, 27 dollar diplomacy, 657, 657f, 658 Plan, 126–27 Darwin, Charles, 581 Constitutional Union Party, Dominican Republic, 656, 658 457, 457m Daughters of Liberty, 66 Continental Army, Dominion of New England, 55–56 80, 80m, 81, 90–91, Davis, Henry, 513 Donner party, 327 91m, 91p, 95, 120 Davis, Jefferson, 439, 458, 475, 488, 496, Continental Congress, double jeopardy, 180 First, 78; Second, 80, 501, 525 Douglas, Stephen, 450; debates and, 84, 116 Dawes, William, 79 Continental Navy, 453–54, 454p; election of 1860, 457, 97 Dawes General Allotment Act (1887), 558, Convention of 1818, 457m; Kansas-Nebraska Act (1854), 260, 261m 625 Cook, 446–47 James, 642 Dayton, Jonathan, 165 Cooke, Douglass, Frederick, 418, 422, 422p, 426, Jay, 552 death penalty, 182 Cooper, 492, 493, 515 James Fenimore, 271, 274f Debs, Eugene V., 587, 630 Cooper, draft, military, 185, 494–95 Peter, 360 Declaration of Independence, 115, 135; cooperative, Drake, Edwin L., 576 560 creation of, 84–85, 84p, 85p; signing Copeland, Drake, Sir Francis, 25 John A., 456 of, 84p; text of, 86–89, R2–5 Copperheads, Dred Scott decision, 451–52, 451f, 453 494 Declaration of Rights, 78 Cornwallis, dual sovereignty. See federalism Charles, 93, 100 Declaration of Rights for Women, R50 Coronado, Du Bois, W.E.B., 624–25, 624p Francisco Vásquez de, 16m, 21 Declaration of Sentiments, 426, R45 corporations, Dunny, Patrick, 400 579 Declaratory Act, 66 Corps of Discovery, Duryea, Charles and Frank, 577–78 236–38 Deere, John, 365p, 366 Cortés, Dutch. See Netherlands Hernán, 16m, 20–21, 322 defl ation, 564 Costanoan, Dutch East India Company, 643 9m deforestation, 363 cotton, Dutch West India Company, 27 288–89, 376, 377–78, 378g, 378m, Delano, Alonzo, 329 379g, 530, 531 Delaware, R28; Civil War in, 474, 474m; cotton belt, 378–79, 378m, 379g colonial, 50; ratifi cation of the cotton diplomacy, 475 Constitution, 134, 165 cotton gin, E 372p, 377, 377p Delaware, 9m, 61 council-manager government, 614 Delaware River, 27, 92–93, 93p East: Civil War in, 478–83, 479m, 480p, Council of State, 55 delegated powers, 144 481p, 482m, 483m, 500; culture areas Council of the Indies, 22 democracy, 118f; demonstrations and, of the, 9m, 11 county meetings, 55 285f; in Latin America, 657f, 658; rep- economics, 293; capital, 13; capitalism, court systems, 129, 147, 161f, 197–98; resentative, 144; Tocqueville and, 186 619; of cotton, 381p; defl ation, 564; colonial, 56; labor laws and, 618–19 Democratic Party, 349; election of 1852, depression, 123, 292; of farming, 562; cowboys, 318p, 549, 549p 445–46; election of 1860, 457, 457m; infl ation, 25, 122–23, 292, 329; inter- Crazy Horse, 555 election of 1868, 522–23; election est, 13; mass production, 348–49p; Creek, 9m, 11, 244, 295, 554m, 565 of 1876, 527, 607; election of 1884, national debt, 292; Panic of 1837, Creek War, 247m, 248 608; election of 1888, 608; election of 292, 356, 527, 552; Panic of 1893, crime, 596–97, 610 1896, 608; election of 1912, 629–30; 564; reading skills for, 4–5f, 34–35f, criminal court, 181 Emancipation Proclamation and, 491; 194–95f, 282–83f, 306–07f, 344–45f, Critical Thinking Skills: analyzing, 578; formation of Republican Party and, 374–75f, 572–73f, 638–39f; social- categorizing, 589, 596; determining 450; in Reconstruction, 525 ism, 619; supply and demand, 563g; context, 188f; different points of Democratic-Republican Party, 212; election themes of, 302, 336, 394 view, 136f; distinguishing fact from of 1800, 228–29 economy: American System, 264; of opinion, 460f; evaluating; framing Denmark Vesey Document, R46 California, 331; of Europe, 12–13; historical questions, 28, 28f; general-

INDEX R87 economy French West Indies

environment: interstate commerce and the, 122; in the Ice Age, 7; plants and Finney, Charles Grandison, 410–11, 416 of Jamestown, 38–39; of Middle animals in the, 18m. See also human- First Amendment, 119, 166, 178–79, 179p, Colonies, 51; national debt, 200–01, environment interaction 421 equal rights, 201c; of New England, 47; railroad 520–21 First Seminole War, 261 Equiano, and, 575; of the South, 380p, 513; of Olaudah, 41, 57, 57p fi shing industry, 47 Era of Good Feelings, southern colonies, 41; states’ debts, 266 FitzSimons, Thomas, 165 Ericsson, 201–02, 201c John, 483 Flathead, 554m Erie Canal, Edison, Thomas Alva, 576, 577 265–66, 265m, 268f–69f Florence, Italy, 12, 13 Esselen, education: African Americans and, 9m Florida, 1p, R28; cotton in, 378m; explo- Estevanico, 414–15, 516, 516p; civil liberties and, 16m ration of, 16m, 21; and French and Europe: 116m, 117; colonial, 48; common Columbian Exchange and, Indian War, 60; Native Americans in, school movement, 412; Constitu- 18–19, 18m; economy of, 12–13; 261, 297, 297m; during Reconstruc- tion and, 182–83; culture and, 273; immigrants from, 588; trade with, tion, 523; secedes from the Union, of Native Americans, 295–96; in New 13–15, 14m 458; Second Seminole War, 297, Europe: Political, England, 412; reforms in, 610, 612; R10m 297m; Spain and, 40, 101, 207, 207m, executive branch, slavery and, 388; women and, 48, 129; checks and bal- 261, 261m 413, 413p, 424, 622. See also higher ances, 146f; Constitution and the, Floyd, William, 89 NDEX education 158–60; organization of, 146–47; folk music, 272 I Edwards, Jonathan, 58 separation of powers, 145. See also folktales, 389 egalitarian, 114 President, U.S.; Vice President, U.S. Foraker Act (1900), 651 executive orders, Eighteenth Amendment, 172, 623, 631f 147 Ford, Henry, 577 Exodusters, Eighth Amendment, 167, 180, 182 560 Ford’s Theater, 517 Eyak, Einstein, Albert, 185 9m foreign policy, 595p; with Britain, 260, Eisenhower, Dwight D., 176, R26 261m, 262; with Canada, 260; with elastic clause, 144, 156, 204 China, 582–83; imperialism, 578–79; El Camino Real, 22 F isolationism, 579; with Japan, 581– election: of 1796, 212–13, 213m; of 1800, 82, 582p; of Jefferson, 234–35; with 228–29, 229p; of 1804, 241; of 1808, factories, 350, 366, 373p; child labor and, Mexico, 659–61, 659p, 660m; Monroe 245; of 1812, 245; of 1824, 267; of 615–19, 615p, 616p, 617p; families Doctrine, 262–63; with Spain, 261, 1828, 272, 285–86; of 1832, 290, 292; and, 352–53, 353p, 531; immigrants 261m; of Taft, 657; of Theodore Roos- of 1836, 292; of 1840, 293; of 1844, and, 356, 592; labor unions and, evelt, 655–56, 656p; of Wilson, 661 317, 317p, 365; of 1848, 322; of 1852, 585–86, 585p, 587, 587c; in the New forest service, 628 445–46; of 1854, 450–51; of 1860, South, 530–31, 530p; safety in, 618; Fort Detroit, 61, 97, 247, 247m 457, 457m; of 1864, 493,495, 501; of in the South, 380–81; specialization Fort Donelson, 484 1866, 521; of 1868, 522–23; of 1876, in, 584; steam power and, 366; trade Fort Greenville, 208 527, 607; of 1880, 607; of 1884, 608; unions and, 356–57. See also business; Fort Henry, 484 of 1888, 608; of 1890, 564; of 1896, industry Fort McHenry, 247m, 248 564, 608; of 1904, 628; of 1908, 629; Fair Employment Act (1942), 141 Fort Mims, 247m, 248 of 1912, 629–30; of 1916, 631; func- Fallen Timbers, Battle of, 208m, 209 Fort Moultrie, 472p, 473m tion of an, 186, 187p; presidential, families: factories and, 352–53, 353p, 531; Fort Necessity, 60 158; reforms, 613, 614c Mexican Americans, 301p; Pilgrim, Fort Sumter, 459, 473, 473m, 473p electoral college, 158, 158m, 197, 284, 608 44; slavery and, 388–89; social classes Fort Ticonderoga, 81, 94, 94m electricity, 576, 577 and, 402 Fort Wagner, 493 elevator, 595 Farmers’ Alliance, 564 Forty-niners, 327–30, 327p, 328p, 329p, 439 Eleventh Amendment, 168 farming: dry, 561; equipment, 366, 561, Fountain of Youth, 21 Elizabeth I, Queen of England, 25 562p; free silver debate, 564; on the Four Corners, 8 Ellery, William, 89 Great Plains, 561–64, 563g; meth- Fourteenth Amendment, 170–71, 520–21, Ellis Island, 589 ods of, 561, 562p; National Grange, 522f, 523, 529, 618 Ellison, William, 385, 387 562–63; organizations, 562–63, 564; Fourth Amendment, 166, 180 Ellsworth, Oliver, 128 in the South, 529–30, 529p. See also France: American Revolution and, 95, emancipation, 416 agriculture 100, 100m; empire of, 26, 26m, 60m; Emancipation Proclamation, 469p, 491–92, Farragut, David, 485–86, 485f, 487, England and, 205, 205p, 206, 240; 491m, 503, 514 487p, 493 exploration by, 16m; French and Indi- embargo, 241 federal courts, 147, 198 an War, 60; Louisiana and, 235–36; in Embargo Act (1807), 241–42, 243f federal government, 133, 144; branches North America, 101m; revolution in, Emerson, John, 451 of, 145; concurrent powers and, 144; 205, 205p, 206; XYZ Affair, 214 Emerson, Ralph Waldo, 405 delegated powers of, 144; functions Franklin, Benjamin, 84, 85, 89, 95, 101, eminent domain, 180 of, 231; organizing the, 197–98; 131, 131p, 132, 165 empresarios, 312 Tenth Amendment and, 183 Frazier, William, 356 encomienda system, 22–23 federalism, 129, 144, 163f Freedmen’s Bureau, 516, 516p, 520–21 England: colonies of, 27, 36–41, 37m, 39p, Federalist Papers, 133, 134f freedpeople, 515, 515p–16p, 516 40m, 42–48, 45m, 45p, 50, 54–61, Federalist Party, 132–33, 212; election of free enterprise, 329 55p, 56m, 57p, 58p, 60m; economy 1800, 228–29; Embargo Act and, 242 Freeport Doctrine, 453–54 of, 56–57; English Bill of Rights, 55, Federal Judiciary Act (1789), 147 free silver debate, 564 114, 119; exploration by, 16m; Great federal regulatory powers, 628 Free Soil Party, 439, 450 Migration, 44; Navigation Acts, Federal Reserve Act (1913), 631 Free Speech (newspaper), 624 56–57; political change in, 55–56, Federal Reserve system, 631 free states, 266–67, 266m, 419m, 438–39, 55p; religion in, 39; Spain and, 25, Ferdinand, King of Spain, 15 439m 26p; trade laws of, 56–57. See also Fetterman Massacre, 554m free trade, 351 Great Britain Few, William, 165 Frémont, John C., 320, 451 English Bill of Rights, 55, 114, 119, R42 Fifteenth Amendment, 171, 522f, 523 French and Indian War, 60, 64 Enlightenment, 59, 83, 114f Fifth Amendment, 119, 166, 180, 181, 452 French Revolution, 205, 205p, 206 entrepreneur, 380, 579, 580 Fillmore, Millard, 446, 450, 581, R24 French West Indies, 207

R88 INDEX frontier Hill frontier, 546, 547m, 565; literature of the, Ghost Dance, 558 guerrilla warfare, 99, 99p 274–75f. See also Northwest Territory Giannini, Peter, 590 Guinn v. United States (1915), 625 Fugitive Slave Act, 441–42, 443, 446 Gibbons, Thomas, 359 Guiteau, Charles, 607 Fugitive Slave Law, 440 Gibbons v. Ogden (1824), 266, 359, R32 Gulf of Mexico, 26 Fuller, Margaret, 405 Gilded Age, 606–09, 608p, 609p gun control, 180 Fulton, Robert, 342p, 359 Gilman, Nicholas, 165 Gwinnett, Button, 89 fundamental liberties, 166–67 Goethals, George W., 655 Fundamental Orders of Connecticut, 46, gold, 296, 546–48 115, R41 golden spike, 551 H fur trade, 49, 50, 308 Gold Rush, 327–31, 327p, 328p, 329p Goliad, Texas, 314, 314m Futrell, Mary Hatwood, 183 habeas corpus, 494 Gompers, Samuel, 585, 586, 585p, 619 Haida, 9m Gorgas, William C., 655 Haisle, 9m Gorham, Nathaniel, 165 I Haiti, 235, 658 NDEX G government: branches of, 129; colonial, Hall, Lyman, 89 54–55, 55f, 55p, 66; federalism, 129; Gadsden, James, 323 Hamilton, Alexander, 124, 132, 133, 133p, formation of, 115–16; General Court Gadsden Purchase, 323 134, 165; Federalist Party and, 212; of Massachusetts, 45–46; inﬂ uencing, Gage, Thomas, 69, 79 Jefferson and, 201, 202–04, 203p; 186; models of, 115; in Pennsylvania, gag rule, 420–21 national bank and, 203–04; national 50; religion and, 46f. See also city gov- Gallatin, Albert, 213p, 230, 231, 350 debt and, 200–02, 201c; as secretary ernment; federal government; state Gallaudet, Thomas, 413 of the treasury, 197, 197p; Washing- government Gálvez, Bernardo de, 95, 95p ton and, 211; Whiskey Rebellion and, Grady, Henry, 528, 530, 530p gam saan haak, 330 209; Zenger and, 56 Grangerism, 560 gang-labor system, 386 Hamlet, James, 441, 443 Grant, Ulysses S., 469p, R25; at Appo- Garfi eld, James A., 603p, 607, 608p, 609, Hancock, John, 66, 85p, 89 mattox, 502–03, 502p; battles in the R25 Han, 9m West, 484–85; biography of, 489, Garrison, William Lloyd, 397, 417, 417p, Harmar, Josiah, 208, 208m 489p; election of 1868, 522–23; presi- 492, 515, 523 Harpers Ferry, Virginia, 455–56 dency of, 607; at Vicksburg, 486, 500 gasoline, 577–78 Harris, Townsend, 643 graphs, 392f Gates, Horatio, 94, 99 Harrison, Benjamin, 89, 608, 609p, R25 Great Awakening, 58–59, 58p, 83 General Amnesty Act (1872), 527 Harrison, William Henry, 446, R24; Battle Great Awakening, Second, 410–11, 412, 416 General Court of Massachusetts, 45–46, 48 of Tippecanoe and, 243–44; death Great Basin, culture area, 9m, 10 Genet, Edmond, 206 of, 317; election of 1840, 293; War of Great Britain: American Revolution and, Geography Skills: human-environment 1812, 247–48 78–81, 79m, 80m, 84, 91m, 92–97, interaction, 9m, 14m, 26m, 37m, Hart, John, 89 100–01, 100m; colonial policy of, 57, 45m, 60m, 80m, 91m, 100m, 321m, Hartford Convention, 249, 290 61, 64–66, 68–69f; colonial taxation 362m, 521m; interpreting maps, 45m, Harvard, John, 48 by, 64–66; Declaration of Indepen- 56m, 60m, 78m, 91m, 100m, 101m, Harvard College, 48, 414 dence and, 84; Embargo Act and, 116m, 121m, 158m, 208m, 213m, harvesting machine, 366 241–42; France and, 205, 206, 240; 247m, 261m, 265m, 266m, 289m, Hawaii, 636p, R28; territory of, 642–43, French and Indian War and, 59–60, 297m, 309m, 321m, 362m, 401m, 642m, 642p 62; immigrants from, 588; Industrial 419m, 439m, 447m, 448m, 457m, Hawthorne, Nathaniel, 406 Revolution in, 346–47, 350; and Jay’s 499m, 501m, 521m, 525m, 547m, Hay, John, 644, 645, 653 Treaty, 207; North American empire 550m, 554m, 596m, 649m, 650m, Hayes, John W., 582 of, 60m; Oregon Country and, 235m, 654m, 660m; location, 116m, 235m, Hayes, Rutherford B., 527, 607, 608p, 609, 309, 317; and Proclamation of 1763, 297m, 321m, 525m; movement, 14m, R25 61; railroad in, 360; and Treaty of 37m, 56m, 80m, 91m, 100m, 121m, Hay-Herrán Treaty (1903), 653 Paris (1763), 60, 60m; and Treaty of 265m, 309m; place, 26m, 45m, 56m, Haymarket Riot, 586, 586m Paris (1783), 101, 101m, 120; U.S. 101m, 261m; reading skills for, 4–5f, Hay-Pauncefote Treaty (1901), 653 Civil War and, 468, 475; and triangu- 76–77f, 226–27f, 306–07f, 544–45f; Hays, Mary Ludwig, 91 lar trade, 56m, 57; and U.S.-Canadian region, 9m, 16m, 60m, 116m, 121m, Haywood, William, 619 border, 250–51m, 260, 261m, 310; 235m, 261m, 265m, 266m, 289m, headright system, 38 U.S. foreign policy and, 241–42, 260, 521m, 525m health programs, 610, 612 262, 310; U.S. trade with, 120–21, geography themes, 254, 336 hearing-impaired, 413 121m, 122; and War of 1812, 240–41, George II, King of England, 40 Hearst, William Randolph, 646, 647 242–45, 242–43f, 246–48, 247m. See George III, King of England, 61, 78, 84 “Heavenly Road, The” (spiritual), 389 also England Georgia, R28; Civil War in, 495, 501, Heitsuk, 9m Great Compromise, 126–27 501m, 502; colony of, 40, 40m; cot- Helper, Hinton Rowan, 381 Great Lakes, 16m, 18, 101, 260 ton in, 378m; Native Americans in, Henrietta Maria, Queen of England, 39 Great Migration, 44 296; ratiﬁ cation of the Constitution, Henry, Patrick, 66, 78, 79, 84–85, 126, Great Plains, 237, 238, 550m, 551; culture 165; during Reconstruction, 523; in 132, 201 area, 9m, 10–11; farming the, 561–64, Revolutionary War, 98, 99; secedes Henry the Navigator, 15 563g; immigrants on the, 560; Native from the Union, 458; slavery in, 388 Henry VIII, King of England, 25 Americans on the, 553–56, 553p, German, Obadiah, 245 Henson, Josiah, 388 554m, 556p; settling the, 560 Germany: American Revolution and, 92, Herrán, Thomas, 653 Greece, 273, 588 95; immigrants from, 330, 401, 560, Hessians, 92, 93 Greeley, Horace, 417 588; Samoa and, 641 Hewes, George, 68, 89 Greene, Catherine, 377 Geronimo, 557 Heyward, Thomas, Jr., 89 Greene, Nathanael, 99, 100 Gerry, Elbridge, 89 Hiawatha (Longfellow), 407 Grenville, George, 64, 66 Gettysburg, Battle of, 497–500, 497p, Hidalgo y Costilla, Father Miguel, 312 Grimké, Angelina and Sarah, 417, 421, 424 498p, 499m, 499p higher education, 48, 414 Grundy, Felix, 244 Gettysburg Address, 500, R48 Hill, D.H., 480 Guachichil, 9m

INDEX R89 Hispanic Americans Jones

Hispanic Americans: poll tax and, 176; Illinois, 9m Iowa, R28; farming and, 561; Oregon population of, 22c. See also Cuban immigrants, 590m–91m; adjustments for, Trail and, 310 Americans; Mexican Americans; 591; Asian, 592p; Chinese, 330, 550, Iowa, 9m Puerto Rican Americans 590m, 593; cities and, 402, 403p, 404, Ireland: immigrants from, 266, 400, 588, Hispaniola, 17, 19, 235 611; factories and, 356; German, 330, 591m; potato famine in, 400 History and Geography: America’s Growth 401; on the Great Plains, 560; Irish, ironclads, 482-83, 488p 1760, 52–53; The Atlantic Slave 266, 400, 588, 591m; labor unions iron ore, 363, 381 Trade, 62–63; Origins of the Constitu- and, 593; from Mexico, 660; nativists Iroquois, 9m, 11 tion, 118–19; America’s Growth 1820, and, 402; neighborhoods of, 590; Iroquois League, 10p, 11, 59, 60m 250–51; The Erie Canal, 268–69; The new, 588; newspapers and, 596; old, Irving, Washington, 270, 275f Indian Removal Treaties, 298–99; 588; opposition to, 593; patterns of, Isabella, Queen of Spain, 15 America’s Growth 1850, 332–33; The 591c; Pilgrim, 42–43; population of, Islam, 14m Vicksburg Strategy, 488–89; America’s 400, 401, 591g; religious persecution isolationism, 641 Growth 1900, 662–63 and, 588–89; rights of, 184–85; work Italy, 14m; immigrants from, 588, 590, Holmes, Oliver Wendell, 179 and, 591–92 591m Homestead Act (1862), 560 Immigration Restriction League, 593 homesteaders, 565, 565m, 565p impeachment, 146, 160, 509p, 522 NDEX Homestead Strike, 587 imperialism, 640–41 I J Honduras, 657 impressment, 240 Hood, inaugural address: John, 501 of Jefferson, 230, 255, Jackson, Andrew, 248, 261, 267, 281p, Hooker, Thomas, 46 R44; of Lincoln (fi rst), 459, 472, R47; R23; biography, 287; election of 1828, Hooper, William, 89 of Lincoln (second), 477, R49; of 272, 285–86; election of 1832, 290; Hope, James, 480p McKinley, 638; of Pierce, 446; of inauguration of, 286; Indian Removal Hope Leslie (Sedgwick), 271, 272p Wilson, 630 Act and, 294, 296; nullifi cation crisis Hopewell, Inca, 8 8, 21 and, 290–91; regional differences and, Hopi, Incidents in the Life of a Slave Girl (Jacobs), 9m, 554m 288–89, 289m, 289p; Second Bank of Hopkins, Stephen, 89 418 the United States and, 291–92; states’ Hopkinson, income tax, Francis, 89 630 rights doctrine and, 290–91; Tariff of horizontal integration, indentured servants, 581 38–39, 51 Abominations and, 289; Texas and, Horseshoe Bend, Independence Hall, Battle of, 247m, 248 125p, 126 315; in War of 1812, 248 Horton, Indiana, James, 352 R28; in Northwest Territory, Jackson, Helen Hunt, 558 House of Burgesses, 55, 66, 68, 79, 115 116m, 117; voting rights in, 284 Jackson, Thomas “Stonewall”, 478, 498 House of Representatives, Indian Aff airs, U.S., 129, 145; Bureau of, 294 Jackson, William, 165 Indiana Territory, Constitution and the, 151; gag rule, 243–44 Jacksonian Democracy, 285 Indian Removal Act (1830), 420–21; impeachment and, 146; term 294–96, 295p, Jacobs, Harriet, 418, 418p of offi ce, 152f; Ways and Means Com- 297, 297m James II, King of England, 55–56 Indians. mittee, 145. See also Congress, U.S. See Native Americans Jamestown, 36–37, 37m, 38 housing: Indian Territory, factory, 353, 354; Native Ameri- 294, 309m Japan, 644; trade with, 643–44, 644p indict, can, 10p; slum, 610; tenements, 404, 180 Jay, John, 132, 133, 134, 207 Indies, 590, 596, 611 15 Jay Cooke and Company, 527 Houston, indigo, Sam, 313, 315, 459 41 Jay’s Treaty (1794), 207 Howard, individualism, Oliver O., 516 407, 424 Jeff erson, Thomas, 126, R23; architecture Howe, Industrial Revolution: Elias, 367 beginning of, and, 273; Articles of Confederation Howe, Samuel Gridley, 413 346–47; in Great Britain, 346–47, 350; and, 116; biography, 233; Declaration Howe, William, 81, 92, 94 inventions during, 349, 349p; manu- of Independence and, 84, 89; Demo- How the Other Half Lives (Riis), 620f facturing in the, 348p, 349–51, 349p, cratic-Republican Party, 212; election Hudson, Henry, 16m, 18 350p; Second, 574–78, 574p, 575p, of 1800, 228–29, 229p; Embargo Act Hudson Bay, 16m, 18 576p, 577, 577p, 584; textile industry, (1807), 241–42; foreign policy of, Hudson River, 359 347–48, 347p 234–35; France and, 206; freedom of Hudson River school, Industrial Workers of the World, 272, 272p 619 religion and, 179; Hamilton and, 201, Huerta, industry: Victoriano, 661 child labor and, 615–19, 615p, 202–04, 203p; inauguration of, 230; Huguenots, 25, 50 616p, 617p; growth of, 574–76, 575p. Kentucky and Virginia Resolutions, Hull House, 596m, 596p, 597, 611 See also business; factories 215; manufacturing and, 351; policies human-environment interaction, infl ation, 9m, 14m, 25, 122–23, 292, 329 of, 230–31; as secretary of state, 197, Infl uence of Sea Power Upon History, The 26m, 37m, 45m, 60m, 80m, 91m, 197p; spoils system and, 608; state (Mahan), 100m, 321m, 362m, 521m 641 constitutions and, 115; states’ rights Humphrey, Ingersoll, H., 353 Jared, 165 doctrine and, 290; Supreme Court hunter-gatherers, initiative procedure, 6 613 and, 231–32, 232p; as vice president, Huntington, Institute for Colored Youth, Samuel, 89 414 212 Hupa, interchangeable parts, 9m, 10, 554m 348p, 349 Jews, immigrants, 588–89 Huron, interest, 9m, 59, 61 13 Jim Crow laws, 528 Hutchinson, interest groups, Anne, 46, 46p, 47 186 Johnson, Andrew, R24; Black Codes interstate commerce, 122, 266 and, 518–20; election of 1866, 521; Interstate Commerce Act (1887), 563 impeachment of, 146, 509p, 522; Interstate Commerce Commission, 563 Reconstruction and, 517 I Intolerable Acts (1774), 68–69, 69, 78 Johnson, William Samuel, 165 Inuit, Ice Age, 6–7, 7m 8, 8m, 9m Johnston, A.S., 485 inventions, Idaho, R28; Oregon Trail and, 326 364–67, 576–77, 576p, 577p, Johnston, Joseph, 501 Ignacíeno, 9m 595; electricity, 577; telegraph, joint-stock companies, 13, 43, 579 Illinois, R28; coal mining in, 362; labor in, 364–65, 365p, 550, 577; telephone, Jolliet, Louis, 26 587; Mormons in, 311; Native Ameri- 577, 577p; at World’s Fair, 596. See Jones, John Paul, 97 cans in, 297; in Northwest Territory, also science and technology Jones Act (1917), 651 116m, 117; voting rights in, 284 Jones, Mary Harris, 586

R90 INDEX judicial branch Madero judicial branch, 129; checks and balances, La Follette, Robert M., 614 Lincoln’s First Inaugural Address, 459, 472, 146f; Constitution and the, 161–62; Lagunero, 9m R47 organization of, 147–48; separation laissez-faire, 606 Lincoln’s Second Inaugural Address, 477, R49 of powers, 145. See also court system; Lake Erie, 265m, 266 Linking to Today: commerce clause and Supreme Court, U.S. Lake Erie, Battle of, 247, 247m Native Americans, 155f; commu- judicial review, 232 Lakota Sioux, 556 nications, 495f; democracy, 285f; Judiciary Act (1789), 197 land grants, 315, 550, 560 Hispanics, 22f; Louisiana Purchase, Judiciary Act (1801), 231 Land Ordinances (1785 and 1787), 116m, 239f; manufacturing, 350f; Mexican Jumano, 9m 117 Americans, 324f; Native American Jungle, The (Sinclair), 621f, 628 land rush, 565, 565m, 565p tribal councils, 555f jury duty, 185, 186p Langdon, John, 165 Linotype, 595 jury trial, 181, 185 language: of Mexican Americans, 592; literacy tests, 593 sign, 553; Spanish, 325 literature, 270–71, 274–75; African Ameri- Larcom, Lucy, 354, 356 can, 418; American romanticists, I NDEX K La Salle, René-Robert de, 26 406–07; frontier, 274f–75f; muckrak- Las Casas, Bartolomé de, 23 ing, 620f, 621f; of the Progressives, Last of the Mohicans, The (Cooper), 620f, 621f; of slaves, 389; transcen- Kalakaua, King of Hawaii, 580, 636p, 642 271, 274f Latin America, dentalism, 405–06; Uncle Tom’s Cabin Kansa, 9m 652–58, 654m; dollar (Stowe), 444f; utopian, 406 Kansas, R28; African Americans in, 560; diplomacy in, 657; Monroe Doctrine Literature in History: frontier, 274f–75f; Bleeding Kansas, 448–49, 448p; cattle and, 655 Latrobe, How the Other Half Lives (Riis), 620f; industry in, 548–49, 549; Civil War John, 360 laws, Jungle, The (Sinclair), 621f; Last of in, 487; slavery issue in, 446–47, bills become, 154 Leaves of Grass (Whitman), the Mohicans, The (Cooper), 274f; 446m, 447m 407 Lee, Legend of Sleepy Hollow, The (Irving), Kansas-Nebraska Act (1854), 446–47, Ann, 406 Lee, 275f; muckraking, 620f, 621f; of the 446m, 447m, 450–51 Charles, 91 Lee, Francis Lightfoot, 89 Progressives, 620f, 621f Kansas Pacifi c Railroad, 548–49 Lee, Richard Henry, 89, 132 Little Bighorn, Battle of, 554m, 556 Karankawa, 9m Lee, Robert E., 455–56, 469p, 498; battles Little Round Top, 498, 499, 499m Kaskaskia, 97 in the East, 480; biography of, 481, Little Turtle, 206p, 208, 209 Kawaiisu, 9m 481p; surrender of, 502–03, 502p Little Women (Alcott), 409 Kearny, Stephen, 320 legal systems: British, 64. See also court Livingston, Philip, 89 Keating-Owen Child Labor Act (1916), 631 systems Livingston, Robert R., 84, 235–36 Kelley, Florence, 616 “Legend of Sleepy Hollow, The” (Irving), 271, Livingston, William, 165 Kelley, Oliver Hudson, 563 275f Lochner, Joseph, 618–19 Kemble, Frances, 265 legislative branch, 129; checks and bal- Lochner v. New York (1905), 619, R34 Kennedy, John F., 176, R26 ances, 146f; Constitution and the, Locke, John, 59, 115 Kentucky, R28; admitted to the Union, 151–57; organization of, 145; separa- Lodge, Henry Cabot, 641 234; Civil War in, 474, 474m; Second tion of powers, 145. See also Congress, London Company, 36–38, 55 Great Awakening in, 410 U.S.; House of Representatives, U.S.; Lone Star Republic, 314m Kentucky and Virginia Resolutions, 215 Senate, U.S. Longfellow, Henry Wadsworth, 407, 408 Key, Francis Scott, 248, R31 legislatures, 127 longhouses, 10p Key to Uncle Tom’s Cabin, A (Stowe), 443 Leopard (ship), 241 Longstreet, James, 502 Kickapoo, 9m, 554m Lesseps, Ferdinand de, 653 Long Walk, 557 King, Rufus, 165, 266 Lewis, Francis, 89 Los Angeles, California, 320 King Philip, 59 Lewis, Meriwether, 222-23p, 235–38 Louisiana, R28; Civil War in, 484; cot- King Philip’s War, 59 Lewis and Clark expedition, 222-23p, 235m, ton in, 378m; France and, 26, 60m, Kiowa, 9m 236–38 235–36; and French and Indian War, Kitchen Cabinet, 286 Lexington, Battle of, 79–80, 79m, 79p 60; during Reconstruction, 523; Klickitat, 9m libel, 179 secedes from the Union, 458; Spain Knights of Labor, 585, 586 Liberator, The (newspaper), 397, 417 and, 60m, 235–36; Ten Percent Plan Know-Nothing Party, 402, 450 Liberia, 417 and, 513 Knox, Henry, 197p Liberty (ship), 66 Louisiana Purchase, 234–39, 235m, 236p, Knox, Philander Chase, 657 Liliuokalani, Queen of Hawaii, 642–43, 237p, 239m; Kansas-Nebraska Act Ku Klux Klan, 526, 526p, 527p 642p (1854), 446–47, 446m, 447m Kwakiutl, 9m, 10 limited government, 115 Louis XIV, King of France, 26 limited powers, 116 Louis XVI, King of France, 206 Lincoln, Abraham, 490p, R24; assassina- Lovejoy, Elijah, 420 L tion of, 508p, 517; biography of, Lowell, Francis Cabot, 354 477, 477p; Civil War and, 474, 478, Lowell, Massachusetts, 354 labor laws, 357; children and, 615–19, 480, 484–87, 485p, 486m, 494, 501; Lowell Female Labor Reform Association, 357 615p, 616p, 618p; court system and, debates and, 453–54, 454p; Dred Lowell girls, 354–56, 354p, 355p 618–19; reforms and, 618; women Scott decision and, 452, 453; election Lowell Off ering (magazine), 354 and, 618, 619 of 1860, 457, 457m; Emancipation Lowell system, 354 labor organizations, 619 Proclamation and, 491–92, 491m, Loyalists, 84, 85, 98 labor strikes, 356 R48; Gettysburg Address, 500, R48; Luther, Martin, 24–25, 25p labor unions, 585–86, 585p, 587, 587c; inaugural address (first), 459, 472, Lynch, Thomas, Jr., 89 immigrants and, 593; membership in, R47; inaugural address (second), lynching, 624 586g; women in, 586. See also trade R49; on John Brown, 456; secession unions and, 458–59; slavery and, 473; Stowe Labrador, 260 and, 443; Ten Percent Plan and, 513; M Lady at Home, The (magazine), 425 Wade-Davis Bill and, 514 Lafayette, Marquis de, 94p, 95, 100, 100m Lincoln, Mary Todd, 474 Macon, Lafi tte, Jean, 248 Nathaniel, 266–67 Madero, Francisco, 660, 661

INDEX R91 Madison Mormon Trail

Madison, Dolley, 149, 248p Massachusetts Infantry (54th), 493 91m; women in, 51 Madison, James, 124, 126, 126p, 132, 133, Massacre at Wounded Knee, 543p, 554m, Middle Passage, 57p, 58 134, 135, 165, 197, 206, R23; Bill of 558 Middleton, Arthur, 89 Rights and, 178; biography of, 149, Massasoit, 43 midnight judges, 231 149p; closed markets and, 122; Demo- mass culture, 595–96 “Midnight Ride of Paul Revere, The” (Longfel- cratic-Republican Party, 212; election mass production, 348p–49p, 349, 367 low), 408 of 1808, 245; election of 1812, 245; mass transit, 595 Midway Islands, 641 Federalist Papers, 134f; Kentucky and matrilineal societies, 11 Miffl in, Thomas, 165 Virginia Resolutions, 215; national Mayan culture, 7p, 8 migration, 590m, 594; to the Americas, bank and, 204; as secretary of state, Mayfl ower (ship), 43, 118, 188p 6–7, 7m; maps, 566f 230; states’ debts and, 201–02; states’ Mayfl ower Compact, 43, 43f, 114f, 115, military service, 185, 186p rights doctrine and, 290; War of 1812, 118, R41 militia, 59, 79, 166, 180, 475, 494–95 245; Washington and, 211 McClellan, George B., 480, 484, 495 minimum wage law, 616, 618 Magellan, Ferdinand, 17 McCord, Louisa, 443 mining, 546–48; coal, 362–63, 362m; Magna Carta, 114, 119, R40 McCormack, Joseph, 612 gold, 328–31, 328p; Native Americans Mahan, Alfred T., 641 McCormick, Cyrus, 366, 561 and, 554–55 Maidu, 9m McCoy, Joseph, 548 Minnesota, R28; Native Americans in, NDEX Maine, R28; Missouri Compromise and, McCulloch, James, 291–92 554m I 266m, 267; labor laws in, 357 McCulloch v. Maryland (1819), 266, 291–92, minority party, 145 Maine, USS (battleship), 647, 647p R32 Mint, U.S., 203 maize, 10, 19 McDowell, Irvin, 478 Minuit, Peter, 27 majority party, 145 McGuff ey, William Holmes, 412 minutemen, 79, 80, 80m, 81 majority rule, 178 McHenry, James, 165 missionaries, 642 Makah, 9m McKean, Thomas, 89 missions, 22, 318–19 Malintzin, 20 McKinley, William, 564, 584, 585, 608, Mississippi, R29; Civil War in, 485, 500; mammoths, 7p 609p, 647, 651, R25; assassination cotton in, 378m; Native Americans Mandan, 9m, 11, 238, 554m of, 627 in, 295; secedes from the Union, 458 Manhattan Island, 27, 49 McKinley Tariff (1890), 637, 642 Mississippian culture, 8 manifest destiny, 316–17, 320 McMillan, Harry, 386, 388 Mississippi River, 16m, 26, 26m, 101, 294, Mann, Horace, 412, 413, 413f, 413p Meade, George G., 498, 500 359p; in Civil War, 485-86, 486m; Manuel, King of Portugal, 15 Medici family, 13 trade along the, 121, 121m manufacturing: in Industrial Revolution, medicine, 476, 495, 496, 496p Missouri, R29; becomes a state, 266–67; 348p, 349–51, 349p, 350p Meiji Restoration, 644 Civil War in, 474, 474m, 487; Mor- maps: expansion, 334f; interpreting, 45m, Melville, Herman, 407 mons in, 311; Oregon Trail, 309, 56m, 60m, 78m, 91m, 100m, 101m, Memphis, Tennessee, 521 309m; as a slave state, 438 116m, 121m, 158m, 208m, 213m, Menominee, 554m Missouri Compromise (1820), 266–67, 247m, 261m, 265m, 266m, 289m, mercantilism, 56–57 266m, 438; Dred Scott decision 297m, 309m, 321m, 362m, 401m, mercenaries, 92 and, 452 419m, 439m, 447m, 448m, 457m, merchants, 47 Missouri, 9m 521m, 525m, 547m, 550m, 554m, Merrimack (warship), 482 Missouri River, 237 596m, 649m, 650m, 654m, 660m; Mesoamerica: farming societies in, 7; Miwok, 9m, 10 migration, 566f migration to, 7m; Native Americans Mobile, 9m Marbury, William, 231 in, 8. See also Central America Moby-Dick (Melville), 407 Marbury v. Madison (1803), 231–32, 232p, mestizos, 312 Moctezuma II, 20–21 R32 Metacomet, 59 Modoc, 9m, 10 March to the Sea, 502 Methodists, 411 Mohave, 9m, 554m Marco Polo, 14 Mexican Americans, 301p, 323, 592, 598, Mohawk, 9m, 11, 91 Maricopa, 554m 625p, 626; in California, 326–27; Mohegan, 9m Marie-Antoinette, Queen of France, 206 effects of Mexican War on, 324; Molala, 9m Marion, Francis, 99, 99p mining and, 547; population of, 22c, Molasses Act (1733), 57 Marquette, Jacques, 26 324f; property rights of, 324 molasses, 58 Marshall, John, 232, 232p, 296 Mexican Cession, 323, 438, 440, 441 Molly Pitcher, 91 Marshall, Thurgood, 148 Mexican Revolution, 659–61, 659p, 660m monarchy, 55f, 642–43, 642p martial law, 658 Mexican-American War, 320–25, 321m, money, 564, 579. See also currency Maryland, R28; Articles of Confederation 322p, 323p, 438, 446; effects of, Monitor (warship), 483 and, 116; Civil War in, 474, 474m, 324–25 Mono, 9m 498-500; colony of, 39; labor reforms Mexico: foreign policy with, 659–61, monopoly, 14, 203, 359, 579, 582, 583, in, 618; ratiﬁ cation of the Constitu- 659p, 660m; Gadsden Purchase and, 584, 608, 629, 630, R32 tion, 165; roads in, 265, 265m; slav- 323; independence of, 312; Mexican Monroe, James, 256p, 655, R23; Florida ery in, 379; voting rights in, 284 Cession, 323; Mexican Revolution, and, 261; Louisiana Purchase and, Mason, Biddy, 329–30 659–61, 659p, 660m; Spain and, 22, 235–36 Mason, George, 132, 133p 262; Texas and, 312–15, 313p, 314m, Monroe, John T., 485 Massachuset, 9m 315p; war in, 320–25, 321m, 322p, Monroe Doctrine, 262–63, 655, 656, 657f, Massachusetts, R28; Boston Massacre, 67, 323p R45 67f; colonial, 44–45, 47; education in, Miami, 9m Montagnais, 8, 9m 273, 412, 413; General Court, 45–46, Michigan, R28; immigrants in, 401; in Montana, R29; Native Americans in, 554m 48; government in, 55–56; immi- Northwest Territory, 116m, 117 Montesquieu, Baron de, 115 grants in, 400; minimum wage law, Micmac, 9m Montgomery, Richard, 92 616; Pilgrims in, 43; ratiﬁ cation of Middle Ages, 12–13 Monticello, 225p the Constitution, 165; reform groups middle class, 402, 412 Montreal, Canada, 92 in, 412; in Revolutionary War, 78–81, Middle Colonies, 49–51, 49p; characteris- Morgan, John T., 528 79m, 80m; tax revolt in, 65, 67 tics of, 50f; economy of, 51; govern- Mormons, 310–11, 311, 325 Massachusetts Bay Colony, 44–45, 48 ment in, 55; in Revolutionary War, Mormon Trail, 309m, 311

R92 INDEX Morrill Act (1862) Ogden

Morrill Act (1862), 560 558p. See also specifi c Native Ameri- First Continental Congress and, 78; Morris, Gouverneur, 128, 128p, 165 can groups and individuals government in, 55–56; immigrants Morris, Lewis, 89 nativists, 402, 593 in, 400; labor reforms in, 618–19; Morris, Robert, 89, 165 Nat Turner’s Rebellion, 390–91, 390m, ratifi cation of the Constitution, 134, Morrow, Edwin P., 173p 390p, 421 165; in Revolutionary War, 92, 100; Morse, Samuel B., 364–65, 365p naturalized citizens, 184, 185 Stamp Act Congress in, 66; state debt Morse code, 365 natural law, 114 of, 201; transportation in, 265m, 266; Morton, John, 89 natural resources, 628, 628p, 629m; coal, women’s movement in, 428 Mott, Lucretia, 426 362–63, 362m; wood, 362, 363 New York African Free School, 414 mountain men, 308 natural rights, 437, 491 New York City, 50; ethnic groups in, 402m; Mount Holyoke College, 413 natural selection, 581 as nation’s capital, 199, 199p; political muckrakers, 610, 616 Navajo, 9m, 10, 324, 554m, 557 machine in, 607; population density, mugwumps, 606 Navigation Acts, 56–57 403m; public space in, 596; in Revo- Muir, John, 628, 628p Navy, U.S., 97; Mexico and, 661; in Span- lutionary War, 92; transportation in, I NDEX Muller v. Oregon (1908), 619, R34 ish-American War, 641; War of 1812, 595; workplace safety in, 618 Munsee, 554m 246–48, 247m, 248p New York Journal (newspaper), 646 Murray, Judith Sargent, 197 Nebraska, R29; Native Americans in, 554, New York State Tenement House Act (1901), music, 270p, 272, 389 554m; railroad in, 550–51; slavery 611 Muslims: trade with, 14m, 15 issue in, 446–47, 446m, 447m New York Stock Exchange, 199, 579 Nebraska Territory, 309m New York World (newspaper), 646 necessary and proper clause, 144, 156 Nez Percé, 9m, 10, 238, 554m, 557 N Nelson, Thomas, Jr., 89 Nicaragua, 657 Netherlands: colonies of, 27, 49–51, 49p; Nickerson, A.H., 481 Niña (ship), Nakipa, 9m empire of, 26m, 27; exploration by, 15 Nineteenth Amendment, Napoléon, 235–36 16m; Pilgrims in, 42–43 141, 173, 173p, neutrality, Narranganset, 9m 240 603p, 624, 631f Neutrality Proclamation, Ninth Amendment, Nation, Carry, 623 206–07, 207m 167, 182–83 National American Woman Suff rage Nevada, R29; Mexican Cession and, 323; Non-Intercourse Act (1809), 242 Nooksack, Association, 623–24 mining in, 547, 547m 9m National Association for the Advancement of New Amsterdam, 27, 49–50, 49p Nootka, 9m New England: North: Colored People, 625 colonies in, 42–48, 45m, African Americans in the, 414; national bank, 203–04, 266 45p; economy of, 47; education in, Civil War in, 474–75, 474m; economy National Child Labor Committee, 616 48, 412; factories in, 366; government of, 288, 289m; election of 1860, 457, National Consumers’ League, 616 in, 55; slavery and, 85; textile mills 457m; resources of, 474–75, 474c; national debt, 200–02, 201c, 292 in, 348 response to secession, 459; slavery New England Primer, national government, 116, 129, 163f; 48 and the, 438–39, 439m New-England Tale, A (Sedgwick), North America: supremacy of, 164 271 Columbian Exchange and, New England Working Men’s Association, National Grange, 562–63 357 18–19, 18m; culture areas in, 8–11, Newfoundland, National Guard, 180 260 8p, 9m, 10p; migration to, 6–7, 7m, New France, nationalism, 264–66, 267, 272, 277, 664 26, 26m, 60m 7p; Native Americans in, 8; Northwest New Freedom, National Road, 265, 265m 630 Passage, 17–18 New Hampshire, North America: Political, National Urban League, 625 R29; colonial, 44, 47; R8m North Carolina, National Woman’s Party, 624 government in, 55–56; labor laws in, R29; Civil War in, 474, Native Americans, 8; buffalo and, 554, 357; ratifi cation of the Constitution, 474m, 475, 501m, 502; colony of, 40; 555; in California, 326–27, 331; 134, 165 cotton in, 378m; as English colony, New Jersey, in Civil War, 487; colonists and, R29; in Civil War, 474, 474m; 27; ratifi cation of the Constitution, 59; Columbian Exchange and, colonial, 49–50; government in, 55– 165; during Reconstruction, 523; in 19; Columbus and, 17; commerce 56; immigrants in, 400; ratifi cation of Revolutionary War, 98; state debt of, clause and, 155f; Creek War, 247m, the Constitution, 165; in Revolution- 201. See also Carolinas North Dakota, 248; disease and, 19, 23, 319; educa- ary War, 92–93; technology in, 576; R29 Northeast: tion of, 295–96; Great Awakening voting rights in, 115 culture area, 9m New Jersey Plan, Northern Paiute, and, 59; Great Plains, 553–56, 127 9m New Mexico, Northern Shoshone, 553p, 554m, 556p; horses and, 554; R29; in Civil War, 487; Com- 9m Northup, housing of, 10p; Indian Removal promise of 1850 and, 441; Gadsden Solomon, 387–88 Northwest Coast: Act and, 294–96, 295p, 297, 297m; Purchase and, 323; Mexican Ameri- culture area, 9m Northwest Ordinance (1787), Jackson and, 261; labor of, 319; cans in, 325; Mexican Cession and, 117 Northwest Passage, land loss of, 554m; languages of, 323; Mexican War and, 320; Native 16m, 17–18 Northwest Territory, 553; Lewis and Clark expedition, Americans in, 8, 557; Santa Fe Trail, 116m, 117; confl ict 238; in literature, 271; Manhat- 309m, 310; Spain and, 318 in, 208–09, 208m; Treaty of Green- New Mexico Territory, tan Island and, 27; Mexican War 309m ville and, 242 New Nationalism, Nueces River, and, 324; mining and, 554–55; in 629 320 New Netherlands, nullifi cation crisis, Northwest Territory, 208–09, 208m; 27, 49–50 290–91 New Orleans, number systems, Paleo-Indians, 5, 6, 7; Pilgrims and, 26, 60, 121m, 207, 207m, 8 43; Powhatan Confederacy, 37; pro- 521; Civil War in, 485-86, 486m; Jef- gressive reforms and, 625–26; prop- ferson and, 234–35 New Orleans, erty rights of, 324; religion and, 10, Battle of, 248, 248m, 272 New South, O 22; reservations and, 555, 558; in 530–31, 530p New Spain, Revolutionary War, 91; slavery and, 22, 60m, 318, 319 Oberlin College, 413, 414 newspapers, 23; in South America, 20–21; in the 320, 363, 401, 417; yellow “Objections to This Constitution Southwest, 557; Spain and, 22–23; journalism, 646 of Government” (G. Mason), R43 New Sweden, Treaty of Greenville and, 242; tribal 27 Obregón, Álvaro, 661 New World, councils of, 555f; U.S. Army and, 18 O’Connor, Sandra Day, 148 New York, 555, 556, 557; women, 11, 20, 558, 18, R29; colonial, 49–50; Ogden, Aaron, 359

INDEX R93 Oglethorpe Primary Sources

Oglethorpe, James, 40 Pawnee, 9m, 11, 553, 554, 554m police, 596–97 Ohio, R29; admitted to the Union, 234; Pawtucket, Rhode Island, 348, 352 political action committees (PACs), 186 education in, 413; election of 1890, Pawtuxet, 43, 45m political cartoons, 214, 243, 482, 504, 519, 564; immigrants in, 401; labor laws Payne-Aldrich Tariff (1909), 629 581, 594, 656 in, 357; Mormons in, 310–11; Native Peace Democrats, 494 political machines, 606–07, 607p, 613 Americans in, 208; in Northwest Ter- Pea Ridge, Battle of, 487 political participation, 186 ritory, 116m, 117; oil in, 576; roads Pemberton, John C., 486 political parties, 145, 212; changes in, in, 265, 265m; Second Great Awaken- Pendleton Civil Service Act (1883), 609 450–51; nominating conventions, ing in, 410 Penn, John, 89 285; in 1800s, 284–85. See also Bull oil, 576, 580–81, 580p Penn, William, 50, 50p Moose Party; Democrat Party; Oklahoma, R29; land rush, 565, 565m, Pennsylvania, R29; Civil War in, 474, Democrat-Republican Party; 565p; Native Americans in, 553–54, 474m, 498–500; coal mining in, 362; Do-Nothing Party; Federalist Party; 554m, 557, 565 colonial, 50–51; economy of, 51; Free Soil Party; Know-Nothing Party; Old Three Hundred, 312–13 First Continental Congress in, 78; Populist Party; Progressive Party; Old World, 18 immigrants in, 400; labor in, 587; Republican Party; Socialist Party; Olive Branch Petition, 80 labor laws in, 357; oil in, 576; ratiﬁ ca- Whig Party Olmec society, 8 tion of the Constitution, 165; slavery politics: corruption in, 606–09; explaining NDEX Olmstead, Frederick Law, 596 protest in, 58 the process of, 220–21f; reading skills I Omaha, 9m, 554m Pequot, 9m for, 34–35f, 76–77f, 112–13f, 142–43f, Oneida, 9m, 11, 554m Perry, Benjamin F., 518 226–27f, 258–59f, 282–83f, 436–37f, Onís, Luis de, 261 Perry, Matthew, 301p, 643 470–71f, 510–11f, 638–39f; under- Onondaga, 9m, 11 Perry, Oliver Hazard, 247 standing assumptions, 194–95f Open Door Policy, 644–45 Pershing, John J., 661 Polk, James K., 322, R24; Gold Rush and, oral history, 74, 104 Peru: Spain and, 22 327; Mexican-American War and, Oregon, 318, R29; annexation of, 317; petition, freedom to, 167, 179 320; new territory and, 317–18; election of 1876 in, 527; gains state- petroleum, 576 slavery and, 438 hood, 317; Native Americans in, 557; Philadelphia, 50, 91m, 199, 596; Consti- poll taxes, 176, 176p, 528–29 Oregon Trail, 309–10, 309m; voting tutional Convention in, 124, 125–26, pollution, 611 in, 613 125p, 126p; Constitutional Hall, polygamy, 310 Oregon Country, 235m, 309, 317 111p; First Continental Congress in, Ponca, 554m Oregon Territory, 309m, 317 78; as nation’s capital, 202; Second Ponce de León, Juan, 16m, 21 Oregon Trail, 309–10, 309m, 326 Continental Congress, 80 Pontiac, 33p, 61, 61p Osage, 9m, 554m philanthropy, 581 Pony Express, 542p, 550 Osceola, 297, 297m Philippine Government Act (1902), 651 Pope, John, 480 O’Sullivan, John, 316 Philippines, 637, 647–48, 650–51, 650m popular sovereignty, 129, 439, 441, 446, Otis, Elisha, 595 Pickett, George, 499 453 Otis, James, 65 Pickett’s Charge, 499, 499m, 499p population: of African Americans, 40c; of Ottawa, 9m, 61 Pierce, Franklin, 445–46, 450, R24; Fugi- California, 331; of cities, 594; farm, overproduction, 562 tive Slave Act and, 442 562; Hispanic, 22c; House of Repre- Oviedo, Fernández de, 19 Pike, Zebulon, 235m, 238–39 sentatives and, 145; immigrant, 400, Pikes Peak, 238 401, 591g; Mexican American, 324f; Pilgrims, 42–43; life of, 44; Native Ameri- rural, 198, 198c; urban, 198–99, 198c P cans and, 43; women, 44 population density, 403m Pima, 9m, 554m populism, 562–63 Pinchot, Gifford, 628, 629 Populist Party, 564 Paca, William, 89 Pinckney, Charles, 165 Portugal: exploration by, 14m, 15 Pacifi c Coast: culture area, 9m, 10 Pinckney, Charles Cotesworth, 165, 228 Pory, John, 38f Pacifi c Northwest, 309, 309m Pinckney, Thomas, 207, 212 Potawatomi, 9m, 554m Pacifi c Ocean, 16m, 17–18, 238; Panama Pinckney’s Treaty (1795), 207–08, 207m Pottawatomie Massacre, 448, 455 Canal and, 652–53, 654m, 655 Pinkerton Agency, 587 poverty, 610 Pacifi c Railway Acts, 550 Pinta (ship), 15 Powderly, Terence V., 585 PACs. See political action committees pioneers, 61 Powhatan, 9m, 37 Paine, Robert Treat, 89 Pioneers, The (Cooper), 271 Preamble to the Constitution, 119, 150 Paine, Thomas, 83, 92–93, 316 pirates, 240 precedent, 197 Paiute, 9m, 10, 554m, 558 Pizarro, Francisco, 21 Prescott, Samuel, 79 Paleo-Indians, 5, 6, 7 placer mining, 329 President, U.S., 129, 146, R23–27; as Panama Canal, 652–53, 654m, 655 Plains Cree, 9m commander in chief, 147; Constitu- Panic of 1837, 292, 311, 356 Plains Indians, 237, 553–56, 553p, 554m, tion and the, 158–60; disability of, Panic of 1873, 527, 552 556p 176–77; executive orders, 147; in Panic of 1893, 564 Plains Ojibway, 9m Gilded Age, 607–09, 608p, 609p; Papago, 554m plantations, 23, 38, 41, 289, 373p, 376, pardons and the, 147, 517; during paper industry, 363 381, 382–83, 383p, 386, 509p progressive movement, 627–31, 628p; pardons, 147 planters, 383 term of ofﬁ ce, 152f; veto power of, parks, 596, 611, 628, 628p, 629m plants, 18m 146–47 Participation Skills: accepting social Plateau: culture area, 9m, 10 president pro tempore, 145 responsibility, 430f; group decisions, Platt Amendment, 650 presidios, 22, 318 216f; personal conviction and bias, plea bargain, 181 press, freedom of the, 167, 179 368f; working in groups to solve Pledge of Allegiance, R30 Preston, Thomas, 67 issues, 252f Plessy v. Ferguson (1896), 528f, 529, R33–34 Primary Sources, 292, 296, 311, 426, 453, patents, 576 Plymouth Colony, 33p, 45p 456, 612; assessing, 460f; book, 23f; Paterson, William, 165 Plymouth Rock, 43 historical document, 43f, 134f, 210f, Patriots, 81, 84, 85, 98 Pocahontas, 37 230f, 262f, 440f, 441f, 442f, 458f; Paul, Alice, 624 Poe, Edgar Allan, 407 journal entry, 96f, 238f; letters, 38f,

R94 INDEX Primary Sources Roman Catholic Church

286f, 391f, 493f; magazine article, separation of powers, 145f; Shays’ Red River, 238 356f; newspaper advertisement, 353f; Rebellion, 124f; terms of ofﬁ ce, 152f; Reed, Walter, 650, 655 newspaper article, 67f; points of Texas, 313f; U.S. Constitution, 130f; referendum procedure, 613 view, 128f, 203f, 244f, 520f; political War of 1812, 249f reform movements, 597, 603p; abolition cartoons, 214f, 243f, 482f, 519f, 581f, Quinalt, 554m of slavery, 416–421; child labor and, 594f, 656f; speech, 413f, 485f Quincy, Josiah, 67, 242, 412 612, 615–19, 615p, 616p, 617p; civil Principles of Scientifi c Management, The service, 608–09; progressives and, (Taylor), 584 610–14, 611p, 612p, 613p, 614c; printing press, 24p, 25 R voting and, 613, 614c; women’s prisoners of war, 495 rights, 425–28, 426p prison reform, religion: 412 Radical Republicans, 519–20, 519p, 521, African Americans and, 411, 515, privateers, 206, 214 523 597; in England, 39; freedom of, 115, Privy Council, 54 railroad, 331, 343p, 360–63, 360p, 361p, 166, 179; government and, 46f; Great Proclamation of 1763, 61 Awakening, 58–59, 58p; immigrants I 362m, 562p, 581; cattle industry and, NDEX Progressive Movement, 610–14, 611p, 548–49; economy and the, 575; effect and, 588–89; in Middle Colonies, 612p, 613p, 614c of, 363, 552, 552p; regulation of, 49–50; Mormons, 310–11; music Progressive Party, 630 563; steel and, 575; transcontinental, and, 270p, 272; Native American, 10, Prohibition, 172 550–52, 550m, 551p, 552p 22; in New England colonies, 42–43, Promontory, Utah, 551 Raleigh, Sir Walter, 27 45–46; in Pennsylvania, 50; Protes- propaganda, 67, 186, 226–27f Randolph, Edmund, 126–27, 197p tant Reformation, 24–25, 25p; Puri- property rights, 324; women’s rights ratifi cation, 116, 165 tan, 46; reading skills for, 398–99f; and, 428 “Raven, The” (Poe), 407 Second Great Awakening, 410–11; in proprietary colony, 39, 54 Read, George, 89, 165 slave culture, 389–90; in the South, prospecting, 328 Readers (McGuff ey), 412 384; Toleration Act and, 39. See also Prosser, Gabriel, 390 Reading Skills, 34, 76, 112, 142, 194, 226, individual religions Protestant Reformation, Republican Motherhood, 24–25, 25p 258, 282, 302f, 344f, 374f, 398–99, 197 Protestant religion, Republican Party: 25, 39, 402 510f, 544f, 572, 576, 604–05, 638; creation of, 450; elec- Providence, Rhode Island, 46 compare and contrast, 436–37; tion of 1860, 457, 457m; election of Prussia: American Revolution and, 95 economics, 4–5f, 34–35f, 194–95f, 1868, 522–23; election of 1876, 527, public space, 596, 611 282–83f, 306–07f, 344–45f, 374–75f, 607; election of 1880, 607; election of publishing, 595–96; yellow journalism, 572–73f, 638–39f; evaluating 1884, 608; election of 1888, 608; elec- 584 web-based information, 374–75f; tion of 1896, 608; election of 1912, Publius, 133 geography, 4–5f, 76–77f, 226–27f, 629–30; Emancipation Proclama- Pueblo, 10, 318, 325, 554m 306–07f, 544–45f; politics, 34–35f, tion and, 491; Radical Republicans, pueblos, 22 76–77f, 112–13f, 142–43f, 194–95f, 519–20, 519p, 521, 523; in Recon- Puerto Rican Americans, 184, 651; popula- 226–27f, 258–59f, 282–83f, 398, struction, 525. See also Democratic- tion of, 22c 436–37f, 470–71f, 510–11f, 638–39f; Republican Party Puerto Rico, 575p; Spanish-American War reservations, reading for essential information, 555, 558 in, 649, 649m; as U.S. territory, 651 reserved powers, 510–11f; religion, 398–99f; science 144 Pulitzer, Joseph, 646 Revels, and technology, 344–45f, 544–45f; Hiram, 509p, 525, 525p Pullman, George, 575, 587 Revere, society and culture, 258–59f, 374–75f, Paul, 67, 79, 134 Pullman Palace Car Company, 587 revivals, 398–99f, 436–37f, 470–71f, 510–11f, 58–59, 58p, 272, 384 Pullman Strike, 587 Revolutionary War: 572–73f; specialized vocabulary, 4–5f; allies in, 95; Conti- Pure Food and Drug Act (1906), 628 understanding assumptions, 194–95f; nental Army and, 90–91, 91m, 91p, Puritans, 42–43, 44–45, 45–46, 46; understanding cause and effect, 344– 95; early battles, 78–81, 79m, 80m; self-government and, 45–46 45f, 398–99f, 436–37f; understand- economics of, 200–01; England and, push-pull factor, 30, 401f ing chronological order, 112–13f; 91m, 92–97, 100–01, 100m; French understanding comparison-contrast, Revolution and, 206; Middle Colonies 638–39f; understanding drawing in, 91m; sea battles of, 97; soldiers in, Q conclusions, 282–83f; understanding 90–91, 91p; in the South, 98–99, 99p; propaganda, 226–27f; understanding Treaty of Paris, 101; Valley Forge, 96, Quakers, 50, 58, 414, 416 proposition and support, 470–71f; 96p; war debts, 122–23 Reynolds, Quebec, Canada, 18; in American Revolu- understanding semantic slanting, Mary, 386 Rhode Island, tion, 92; in French and Indian War, 258–59f; understanding structural R29; colonial, 46–47, 47; 60 patterns, 572–73f; understanding Constitutional Convention, 126; Quick Facts, 595; African Americans, 529f; summarizing, 142–43f, 306–07f; government in, 55–56; ratiﬁ cation of Andrew Johnson, 517f; checks and understanding through question- the Constitution, 134 Rhode Island system, balances, 146f; church and state, ing, 544–45f; understanding words 353 Richmond, 46f; Civil War soldiers, 475f; colonial through context, 34–35f, 76–77f Virginia, 381, 513p, 475, 478, government, 55f; Constitution, 130; Reagan, Ronald, 148, R27 480 Riis, Dred Scott decision, 452f; election reaper, 366 Jacob, 596, 620f Rio Grande, of 1800, 229f; federalism, 129f, Reconstruction: Black Codes and, 518–20; 320 “Rip Van Winkle” (Irving), 163f; Federalists and Antifederalists, cotton and, 530, 531; different views 271 roads, 133f; foreign policy, 657f; free states of, 512–14; Ku Klux Klan and, 526, 22, 265–66, 265m, 289, 379 Roanoke Island, and slave states, 439f; government 526p, 527p; military districts, 521m; 27 Rochambeau, sources, 114f; Great Compromise, in the New South, 530–31, 530p; Comte de, 100 Rockefeller, 127f; Hamilton’s economic plan, Panic of 1873 and, 527; Redeemers John D., 580–81, 582, 583, 201f; judicial system, 161f; Middle and, 528; in the South, 524–25, 525p 583p Rocky Mountains, Colonies, 50f; Patriots, 94f; political Reconstruction Acts, 521–22, 522p 260, 309m Rodney, machines, 607f; Progressive amend- Reconstruction amendments, 171 Caesar, 89 Rolfe, ments, 631f; Progressives, 611f; Redcoats, 80, 80m, 81 John, 37 Roman Catholic Church, Reconstruction Amendments, 522f; Redeemers, 528 22, 39, 313, 402; Protestant Reformation and, 25

INDEX R95 Roosevelt Social Studies Skills

Roosevelt, Franklin D., R26; term of scientifi c management, 584 skyscrapers, 595 offi ce, 146, 174 Scientifi c Revolution, 59 slander, 179 Roosevelt, Theodore, 627–30, 628p, R25; Scott, Dred, 451–52, 452m Slater, John, 353 biography, 655, 655p; foreign policy Scott, Winfi eld, 321m, 322, 323, 446, Slater, Samuel, 348, 352, 353 of, 655–56, 656p; Panama Canal and, 475, 482f Slatersville, 353 653, 655; Rough Riders and, 648, Scott v. Sandford (1857), R33. See also slave auctions, 387, 388 648p, 649p Dred Scott decision slave codes, 41, 388, 391 Roosevelt Corollary, 656, 657f sea dogs, 25 slave narratives, 418, 443 Rosebud, Battle of the, 554m secession, 458–59 slave revolts, 390–91, 390m, 390p, 455–56 Ross, George, 89 Second Amendment, 166, 180 slavery, 289, 373p; abolition of, 416–21, Ross, John, 295 Second Seminole War, 297, 297m 417p, 418p, 419m, 420p; Africa and, Rough Riders, 648, 648p, 649p sectionalism, 267, 439 57; agriculture and, 376; buying royal colony, 37, 40, 54 segregation, 528, 529 freedom, 387; compensation for, 515; royal governor, 54 Selective Service, 185 daily life under, 388–90, 388p, 389p; Rush, Benjamin, 89 self-government: for Californios, 319f; for Declaration of Independence and, 85; Rush-Bagot Agreement, 260 Cubans, 646; in English colonies, 43, domestic, 387; Dred Scott decision Russia: empire of, 60m; immigrants from, 45, 50, 102, 118, R41 and, 451–52, 452m, 453; education NDEX 588; in North America, 101m; Oregon Seminary Ridge, 498, 499m and, 388; Emancipation Proclama- I Country and, 309, 317 Seminole, 9m, 11, 261, 297, 297m, 565 tion and, 491-92, 491m, 503; families Rutledge, Edward, 89 Senate, U.S., 129, 145; Constitution and and, 388–89; Fugitive Slave Act and, Rutledge, John, 128, 128p, 165 the, 152; Louisiana Purchase and, 441–42; gang-labor system, 386; 236; president of the, 145; Seven- Kansas-Nebraska Act, 446–47, 446m, teenth Amendment and, 172; term 447m; Lincoln and, 473; living condi- S of offi ce, 152f. See also Congress, U.S.; tions and, 387; manifest destiny and, legislative branch 317; in Middle Colonies, 51; Middle Seneca, Sacagawea, 222-23p, 238 9m, 11 Passage, 57p, 58; Native Americans Seneca Falls Convention, Sack of Lawrence, 447–48 397p, 426–27, and, 23; New England colonies and, Sacramento River, 327 426p 85; in Northwest Territory, 116m, Seneca Falls Declaration of Sentiments, St. Clair, Arthur, 208 426, 117; regional differences about, St. Lawrence River, 17, 18, 26 R45 438–39, 439m; religion and, 389–90; separate but equal, St. Louis, 26, 236f 529 skilled jobs and, 387; in southern separation of powers, Salem, Massachusetts, 47 145f colonies, 39, 40, 41; in Texas, 313; Separatists, Salt Lake City, 309m, 311 42 Thirteenth Amendment, 170; Thir- Sequoya, Sam, Guillaume, 658 295 teenth Amendment and, 514–15; Serapis (warship), Samoa, 641 97 Three-Fifths Compromise, 128; Seri, Samoset, 43 9m Underground Railroad and, 341p, Serra, Sampson, Deborah, 91 Junípero, 22 418–20, 419m; in Virginia, 38–39 settlement houses, slave states, Sand Creek Massacre, 554m, 555 597 266–67, 266m, 419m, Seven Days’ Battles, San Diego, California, 320 479m, 480 438–39, 439m Seventeenth Amendment, slave trade, San Francisco, California, 320, 328, 331g, 172, 613, 631f 128, 379, 440 Seventh Amendment, Slidell, 331p, 570p 166, 167, 180, 181 John, 320 Seven Years’ War, slums, Sanitary Commission, U.S., 476 60 610 Seward, smelting process, sanitation, 611 William, 440, 447, 457, 641 363 Seward’s Folly, Smith, San Jacinto, Battle of, 314, 314m 641 James, 89 sewing machine, Smith, San Juan Hill, 649 366p, 367 John, 36–37 sharecropping, Smith, Santa Anna, Antonio López de, 313–14, 529–30 Joseph, 310–11 Shawnee, Smith, 314m, 322 9m, 61, 242–44 Margaret Bayard, 286f Shawnee Trail, Smith, Santa Fe, New Mexico, 309m, 310, 318 550m Margaret Chase, 179 Shays, Smith, Santa Fe Trail, 309m, 310 Daniel, 122p, 123–24, 123p Sophia, 622 Santa María (ship), 15 Shays’s Rebellion, 122p, 123, 123p Smith College, 622 Sherman, smuggling, Santee Sioux, 9m Roger, 84, 89, 126p, 165 57, 64, 66, 68 Sherman, Snake River, Saratoga, Battle of, 94, 94m, 95 William Tecumseh, 501-02, 326 social classes, Saschutkenne, 9m 501m, 515 402 Sherman Antitrust Act (1890), social Darwinism, satire, 271 582, 608, 628 581 Sherman Silver Purchase Act (1888), socialism, Sauk, 9m, 297 564 619 Shiloh, Socialist Party, Savannah, Georgia, 40, 379, 501m, 502 Battle of, 485 630 Shoemaker, social problems, scalawags, 524–25 David R.P., 476 610–14, 611p, 612p, Shoshone, Scandinavia, 588 9m, 10, 222–23p, 238, 554m 613p, 614c “Shot Heard ‘Round the World,” social reforms, Scarlet Letter, The (Hawthorne), 397p, 406 79–80 612 Shuswap, Social Studies Skills, science and technology, 349; in Age of 9m 532f; accepting social Sierra Nevada, Exploration, 14–15; factories, 366; 326, 327, 550m, 551 responsibility, 430f; analysis, 28f, Signal Corps, farm equipment, 366, 561, 562p; 495f 102f, 136f, 188f, 276f, 460f, 598f, Silet, icebox, 367; during Industrial Revo- 554m 632f, 664f; analyzing costs and bene- Silk Road, lution, 349, 349p; Panama Canal, 13–14, 14m fi ts, 598f; comparing migration maps, silver, 590–91, 592m, 593; reading skills for, 546–48, 564 566f; continuity and change, 664f; Silvester, 344–45f, 544–45f; sewing machine, Naomi, 44 critical thinking, 28f, 102f, 136f, 188f, Sinclair, 366p, 367; spinning machine, 347, Upton, 621f, 628 300f, 460, 460f; determining context, Singer, 347p; steam power, 359, 360, 366; Isaac, 367 188f; different points of view, 136f; Sioux, telegraph, 364–65, 365p; themes of, 9m, 553, 554, 554m, 555, 556 framing historical questions, 28f; Sirius (steamship), 568; USS Constitution, 241p; water 343p group decisions, 216f; identifying Sitting Bull, frame, 347, 347p; at World’s Fair, 596. 556 central issues, 276f; interpreting Sixteenth Amendment, See also inventions 172, 630, 631f graphs, 392f; interpreting maps, 334f; Sixth Amendment, scientifi c agriculture, 380 166, 167, 180, 181, 185 interpreting political cartoons, 504f;

R96 INDEX Social Studies Skills Tennessee

interpreting time lines, 70f; participa- with, 121, 121m; U.S. foreign policy subsidy, 642 tion, 216f, 252f, 368f, 430f; personal and, 261, 261m suburbs, 595 conviction and bias, 368f; primary Spanish-American War, 646–51, 647p, subways, 595 and secondary sources, 460f; short 648p, 649m, 649p, 650m, 650p suff rage, 115, 173, 173p. See also voting and long term causal patterns, 632f; Spanish Armada, 25, 25p rights solving problems, 300f; study, 334f, Spanish Florida, 40 sugar, 642 392f, 504f, 566f; understanding his- Spanish language, 325 Sugar Act (1764), 64, 68 torical interpretation, 102f; working Speaker of the House, 145 sugarcane, 381 in groups to solve issues, 252f Speaking Skills: oral history, 74; thinking, Sullivan, Louis, 595 society and culture: defi nition of, 7; 81 Suma, 9m reading skills for, 258–59f, 374–75f, specialization, 584 Sumner, Charles, 448–49, 520 398–99f, 436–37f, 470–71f, 510–11f, speculators, 201 supply and demand, 563g 572–73f speech, freedom of, 166, 179 Supreme Court, U.S., 130, R34–35p; deci- Society of Friends, 50. See also Quakers spheres of infl uence, 644 sions, 147, 148, 231, 266, 291–92, I NDEX sodbusters, 561, 561p spinning machine, 347, 347p 296, 359, 451, 452, 453, 528, R32–39; Sons of Liberty, 66, 68, 79, 209 spirituals, 272, 389 Jefferson and, 231–32, 232p; judicial South: African Americans in, 384p; Civil spoils system, 286, 608–09 review, 232; term of offi ce, 152f. See War in the, 474-75, 474m, 501-02, Spokane, 9m, 554m also judicial branch; individual cases 501m; colonies in the, 36–41, 37m, Spy, The (Cooper), 271 Susquehanna, 9m 39p, 40m, 55; cotton in, 377–78, Squamish, 9m Sutter, John, 327 378m, 380p; economy of, 41, 288–89, Squanto, 43 Sutter’s Fort, 327 289m, 380p, 513; education in the, Square Deal, 627–28 Swamp Fox. See Marion, Francis 415; election of 1860, 457, 457m; Stamp Act (1765), 66, 68 Swampy Cree, 9m factories in, 380–81; farming in, Stamp Act Congress, 66 sweatshops, 592 288–89, 380, 382–84, 529–30, 529p; Standard Oil Company, 580–81, 580p Sweden, 27; empire of, 26m, 27; immi- Freedmen’s Bureau in, 516, 516p; Ku Stanford, Leland, 550, 581, 583, 583p grants from, 591m Klux Klan and, 526, 526p, 527p; New Stanford University, 581 symbolic speech, 179 South, 530–31, 530p; nullifi cation Stanton, Edwin, 491, 522 crisis and, 290–91; Reconstruction Stanton, Elizabeth Cady, 426, 427, 428, in the, 524–25, 525p; religion in, 429, 429p, 623 T 384; resources of the, 474-75, 474c; staple crops, 51 Starr, Revolutionary War in the, 98–99, 99p; Ellen Gates, 597 Taft, William Howard, 629–30, R26; for- “Star-Spangled Banner, The” slavery in, 39, 40, 41, 128, 438–39, (Key), 248, R31 eign policy of, 657, 657f, 658 state constitutions, 439m; state government in the, 517, 115 Tagish, 9m state courts, 524–25, 525p; urban life in the, 384 198 Taino, 9m, 17 South America: state government, migration to, 7m; Monroe 129, 163f; concurrent Talleyrand-Périgord, Charles-Maurice de, Doctrine and, 262–63; Native Ameri- powers and, 144; Constitution and, 214, 236 cans in, 20–21; Spain and, 262 162–63; delegated powers of, 144; Tammany Hall, 607 South America: Political, R9m nullifi cation crisis and, 290–91; pow- Taney, Roger B., 452 South Carolina: agriculture in, 41; Black ers denied, 157; Redeemers and, 528; Tarahumara, 9m Codes in, 519; Civil War in, 473, reserved powers of, 144; in the South, Tariff of Abominations, 289 473m, 473p, 493; colony of, 40; 517, 524–25, 525p; Tenth Amend- tariff s: British, 121; Confederation Con- cotton in, 378m; economy of, 290; ment and, 183; Thirteenth Amend- gress and, 122; Hamilton and, 209; freedpeople in, 515; nullifi cation ment and, 517; Wisconsin Idea, 614 progressives and, 629; protective, states’ rights doctrine, crisis and, 290–91; plantations, 373p; 290–91 203; regional differences and, 288–89; Statue of Liberty, ratifi cation of the Constitution, 165; 589p transportation and, 264. See also taxes steamboat, during Reconstruction, 523; in Revo- 359, 359p; cotton trade and, Tarlton, Banastre, 98–99 lutionary War, 98, 99, 99p; secedes 379 taxation without representation, 67 steam power, from the Union, 435p, 456, 458; 366 taxes: Boston Tea Party and, 68; House steel industry, Second Great Awakening in, 410. See 363, 574–75, 580 Ways and Means Committee, 145; steerage, also Carolinas 589 income, 630; in Massachusetts Bay South Dakota, Stephens, R29 Alexander, 383, 458 Colony, 44–45. See also tariffs Southeast: Stephens, culture area, 9m Ann Sophia, 406 Taylor, Frederick W., 584 Southwest, Stevens, 318–19; culture area, 9m, 10; John L., 642 Taylor, George, 89 Stevens, Mexican Americans in, 325, 592, 626; Thaddeus, 520, 520p, 522 Taylor, Zachary, 439, 446, R24; stockholders, Native Americans in the, 557 579, 580p Mexican-American War and, 320, Spaight, Stockton, Richard Dobbs, 165 Richard, 89 322, 322p Spain: Stockton, Adams-Onís Treaty, 309; American Robert, 320 Tea Act (1773), 68 Stone, Revolution and, 95; California and, Lucy, 427–28 tea tax, 68 Stone, 318–19, 319p; Central America and, Thomas, 89 technology. See inventions; science and Stowe, 22, 262; colonies of, 22–23; Cuba Harriet Beecher, 424, 435p, 443, technology and, 584–85; empire of, 26m, 27, 444f Tecumseh, 242–44, 247, 248 Strauss, 60m; England and, 25, 26p; explora- Levi, 330 telegraph, 364–65, 365p, 550, 577 strict construction, tion by, 16m, 20–21, 21p; Florida and, 204 telephone, 577, 577p strikes, 101, 207, 207m, 261, 261m; Louisiana 356, 586m, 587, 627–28 Teller Amendment, 647, 650 Strong, and, 235–36; Mexico and, 262; Native George Templeton, 361 temperance movement, 411, 426, 623 Stuart, Americans and, 22–23; New Mexico Jeb, 498 tenant farmers, 562 Study Skills: and, 318; in North America, 101m; comparing migration maps, tenements, 404, 590, 596, 611 Oregon Country and, 317; Pinckney’s 566f; interpreting graphs, 392f; Tennessee, R29; admitted to the Union, Treaty, 207–08, 207m; South America interpreting maps, 334f; interpreting 234; Civil War in, 474, 474m, 484-85; and, 262; Spanish-American War, political cartoons, 504f cotton in, 378m; during Reconstruc- Stuyvesant, 646–51, 647p, 648p, 649m, 649p, Peter, 27, 49p, 50 tion, 523; Second Great Awakening Subarctic, 650m, 650p; Texas and, 312; trade culture area, 8, 8m, 9m in, 410

INDEX R97 Tenochtitlán voting rights

Tenochtitlán, 20–21 Transcontinental Railroad, 331, 550–52, Union Pacifi c Railroad, 550–51 Ten Percent Plan, 513 550m, 551p, 552p unions. See labor unions; trade unions Tenth Amendment, 167, 182, 183 transportation, 264; animals used for, 19; Union States, 474, 474m, 479m terms of offi ce, 152f, 174 canals, 265–66, 265m, 379; in cities, United States of America: Physical, R4–5m Teton Sioux, 9m 595, 611; El Camino Real, 22; inven- United States of America: Political, R2–3m Texas, 309, 309m, R29; Alamo, 314, tions in, 577-78; railroad, 331, 343p, Utah, R29; Compromise of 1850 and, 314m, 315p; annexation of, 317, 360–63, 360p, 361p, 362m, 550–52, 441; Mexican Cession and, 323; Mor- 318; cattle industry in, 548–49, 549; 550m, 551p, 552p; revolution in, 358; mons in, 311; Native Americans in, 8; Civil War in, 484, 487; as a colony, roads, 265–66, 265m, 289, 379; ships, railroad in, 551 312–13; Compromise of 1850 and, 37m; steamboat, 359, 359p; tariffs Utah Territory, 309m 440, 441; cotton in, 378m; frontier, and, 264 Ute, 9m, 10, 554m 318; independence of, 313; Mexican Travis, Jim, 314 Americans in, 592; Mexican-Ameri- treaties, 116, 120, 164, 310, 593, 693, can War and, 321m; Mexican Cession R32; and Congress, 145c, 146c; and V and, 323; Mexico and, 312–15, 313p, courts, 161; with Native Americans, 314m, 315p; Native Americans in, 298, 553–55, 554m; and president, Vail, Alfred Lewis, 365 553; Reconstruction in, 517; as repub- 145c, 147, 160. See also specifi c treaties Vallandigham, Clement L., 494 NDEX lic, 313–15, 314m, 318; secedes from Treaty of Dancing Rabbit Creek, 295 I Vallejo, Mariano Guadalupe, 319, 319p, Treaty of Fort Jackson (1814), the Union, 458, 459; slavery in, 313; 248 321m, 331 Treaty of Fort Laramie (1851), Spain and, 312 554, 554m Valley Forge, 96, 96p Texas Rangers, Treaty of Fort Laramie (1868), 315, 555 555 Van Buren, Martin, 281p, 286, 290, 439, Texas Revolution, Treaty of Ghent (1814), 313–15, 314m 249, 260 R23; election of 1836, 292; labor and, textile industry, Treaty of Greenville (1795), 347–48, 347p, 354–56, 209, 242 357 Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo (1848), 355p, 475, 530–31 323, Van Vorst, Marie, 616 Thacher, James, 80, 94 324 vaqueros, 318p, 549, 549p Thames River, Treaty of Medicine Lodge (1867), Battle of, 247, 247m 554m, 555 Vassar College, 622 Thanksgiving, Treaty of Paris (1763), 43 60 Veiller, Lawrence, 611 Thayendanegea, Treaty of Paris (1783), 91 101, 120 Venezuela, 655–56 Third Amendment, Tredegar Iron Works, 166, 180 373p, 381 Venice, Italy, 13p, 14 Thirteenth Amendment, Trenton, 170, 171, 514–15, Battle of, 93 Veracruz, Mexico, 321, 322 trials, 517, 522f 181 Vermont, R29 Thoreau, Triangle Shirtwaist Company, Henry David, 405 618 vertical integration, 580 Thornton, triangular trade, Matthew, 89 56m, 57–58, 57p Vesey, Denmark, 390. See also Denmark Three-Fifths Compromise, tribal councils, 128 555f Vesey Document Tilden, tricksters, Samuel J., 527, 607 389 Vespucci, Amerigo, 17 Time Lines: trolleys, amendments, 168–69; culture, 595 veto, 146–47 trusts, 270–72; European history, 24–25; 581, 582, 628 Vice President, U.S., 146; as president of Truth, farming, 562–63; interpreting, 70f; Sojourner, 418, 424 the Senate, 145; term of offi ce, 152f Tubman, inventions, 364–67, 576–77; Lewis Harriet, 420, 420p Vicksburg, Siege of, 486, 486m, 488, 500 Tule River culture area, and Clark expedition, 236–37; neutral- 554m Villa, Francisco “Pancho,” 661 Turner, ity, 206–07; Patriots, 94–95; populism, Nat, 390–91, 390m, 390p, 421 Vincennes, Battle of, 97 Tuskegee, 562–63; Road to Revolution, 68–69; 9m Virginia , R29; agriculture in, 41, 378m; Tweed, Road to War, 242–43; suffrage, 424–25 William Marcy, 607, 607p Articles of Confederation and, 124; time zones, Twelfth Amendment, 360 168–69 Civil War in, 474, 474m, 475, 478–81, Tippecanoe, Twentieth Amendment, Battle of, 243–44 173–74 479m, 480p, 500; daily life in, 38–39; Tlingit, Twenty-fi fth Amendment, 9m 176–77 education in, 48; as English colony, tobacco, Twenty-fi rst Amendment, 19, 37, 41, 289, 380 174 27; government in, 55; House of Bur- Tocqueville, Twenty-fourth Amendment, Alexis de, 186, 367 176 gesses, 115; Jamestown, 36–37, 37m, Toleration Act (1649), Twenty-second Amendment, 39 146, 174 38; ratifi cation of the Constitution, Tolowa, Twenty-seventh Amendment, 9m 177 134, 165; in Revolutionary War, 98, Tompkins, Twenty-sixth Amendment, Sally Louisa, 496 141, 177 100, 100m; slave revolts in, 455–56; Tom Thumb (locomotive), Twenty-third Amendment, 343p, 360 174 slavery in, 38–39, 379, 385, 388; state Tongas, Two Years Before the Mast (Dana), 9m 319 debt of, 201; tax revolt in, 66, 68; Tonkawa, Tyler, 9m John, 293, R24; westward expan- western frontier and, 61 Toponce, Alexander, 551 sion and, 317 Virginia (warship), 482-83 Tories, tyranny, 76, 84 83 Virginia and Kentucky Resolutions, 290 totems, 10 Virginia Company. See London Company town meeting, 55, 55f, 114f, 115 Virginia Declaration of Rights, 135 Townshend Acts (1767), 66, 68, 69 Virginia Plan, 126–27 townships, U 116m Virginia Statute for Religious Freedom, 115, trade, 50; with Africa, 13–15, 14m; with Umpqua, 9m 118, 179, R42 Asia, 13–15, 14m; barriers to, 121m; unalienable, 84 visually impaired, 413 with Britain, 121, 121m, 122; with Uncle Tom’s Cabin (Stowe), 443, 444f volunteer groups, 186–87, 187p China, 317; closed markets, 122; cot- Underground Railroad, 341p, 418–20, 419m Von Steuben, Friedrich, 95, 96 ton, 379; with Japan, 643–44, 644p; Underwood Tariff Act (1913), 630 voting: age, 177; elections and, 186; in Middle Colonies, 51; overland, unicameral legislature, 127 reforms in, 613, 614c 13–14, 14m; with Spain, 121, 121m. Union Army, 501m; African Americans in, voting rights, 115; of African Americans, See also free trade; triangular trade 492–93; battles in the West, 484–87, 171, 385, 493, 521, 521m, 522p, 523; trade laws, 56–57 485p, 486m; casualties of, 500, 502g; poll taxes and, 528–29; in 1800s, trade unions, 356. See also labor unions at Gettysburg, 497–500, 497p, 498p, 284–85; in Washington, D.C., 174; Trail of Tears, 295p, 296 499m, 499p; naval strategies of, of women, 173, 173p, 523, 603p, transcendentalism, 405–06 482–83, 482p, 483m; soldiers of the, 623–24, 623p 475–76, 475p, 495, 495p

R98 INDEX Voting Rights Act (1970) Zuni

Voting Rights Act (1970), 177 Americans in, 557; Oregon Coun- 284, 523, 603p, 623–24, 623p try and, 309, 309m; Oregon Trail, Wood, Leonard, 650 309–10, 309m; Pike’s expedition, Woodward, Charlotte, 426, 428 W 238–39; Revolutionary War in the, Worcester v. Georgia (1832), 296, R32–33 97; water-use laws, 325 workers’ compensation, 618 Western Shoshone, workplace safety, Wabash River, 244 9m 618 Western Trail, World: Political, Wade, Benjamin, 513, 522 550m R6–7m West Indies, World’s Fair, Wade-Davis Bill, 513–14 17; trade with, 121m 596 Westinghouse, Wovoka, wagon trains, 309–10, 310p, 311p George, 575, 577 558 West Virginia, Wright, Waicura, 9m R29; Civil War in, 474, Orville and Wilbur, 578 Writing Skills: Wailaki, 554m 474m, 479m; coal mining in, 362; oil biographical narrative, Waldo, Albigence, 96 in, 576; roads in, 265, 265m 106–07f; biographical sketch, 372; whaling, Walker, David, 417 47 cause and effect, 338–39f; character Whig Party, 292, 450; election of 1852, sketch, 256, 278; comparing people I Walla Walla, 9m, 554m NDEX Wall Street, 199 446 and events, 464–65f; explaining a Whipple, Waltham, Massachusetts, 354 William, 89 political process, 220–21f; infomer- Whiskey Rebellion, Walton, George, 89 209 cials, 32; interviews, 280; job history, White, Wampanoag, 9m, 43, 59 John, 27 508; letter of recommendation, 224; Whitefi eld, Wappo, 9m George, 58p, 59 letters, 2; newspaper advertisement, White House, war debts, 122–23 230, 286 342, 372; newspaper article, 468; Whitman, War Hawks, 244–45 Walt, 407 newspaper editorial, 110; Nobel Whitney, War of 1812, 245; battles of, 246–48, Eli, 349, 372p, 377, 377p nomination, 192, 216; outline, 300; Wichita, 247m, 248p; causes and effects of, 9m pamphlets, 140, 190; persuasive essay, Wilder, 249f; manufacturing and the, 351; Laura Ingalls, 562 668–69f; social studies report, 536–39f Wilderness Campaign, writing systems, Rush-Bagot Agreement, 260 500 8, 295 Willard, Wyoming, War of Independence. See Revolutionary Frances, 623 R29; cattle industry in, 549; William and Mary College, War 48 Mexican Cession and, 323; Native Williams, Washington, R29 Joseph E., 493f Americans in, 554, 554m Williams, Wythe, Washington, Booker T., 624, 624p Roger, 46–47 George, 89 Williams, Washington, D.C.: Civil War in, 474, 474m, William, 89 Williamson, 478, 479; corruption in, 607; design Hugh, 165 Wilmot, of, 202, 202p; as nation’s capital, 202, David, 438 Wilmot Proviso, X 202p, 230; voting rights in, 174; in 438–39 Wilson, War of 1812, 247m, 248, 248p. See James, 89, 126p, 165 XYZ Aff air, 213–14, 214p Wilson, also District of Columbia Woodrow, 629, 630–31, R26; Washington, George, 210p, R23; biogra- foreign policy of, 657f, 658, 661 Winnemucca, phy of, 82, 82p; cabinet of, 197p; at Sarah, 558, 558p Winthrop, Y Constitutional Convention, 126, John, 44, 45 Wisconsin, 126p; Continental Army and, 80, R29; immigrants in, 401; in Northwest Territory, 116m, 117; Wis- Yakima, 9m, 554m 80m, 81, 91m, 92–93, 93p, 96, 96p, Yaqui, 9m 100, 100m, 101; court system and, consin Idea, 614 Wisconsin Idea, Yaquina, 9m 197–98; farewell address of, 210f, 211, 614 witchcraft trials, yellow fever, 650, 655 R43; as Federalist, 132; foreign policy 47 Witherspoon, yellow journalism, 646 of, 641; in French and Indian War, John, 89 Wolcott, yeomen, 384 60; inauguration of, 196p, 197; Jay’s Oliver, 89 Woman’s Christian Temperance Union, Yokuts, 9m, 10 Treaty, 207; national bank and, 204; 623 women: in Civil War, 496, 496p; Daugh- Yorktown, Battle of, 100, 100m Neutrality Proclamation, 206–07; Young, Brigham, 311, 325 Northwest Territory and, 208–09, ters of Liberty, 62; Declaration of Independence and, 85; education Yuki, 9m 208m; Pinckney’s Treaty, 207–08, Yuma, 9m 207m; as president, 197–98, 197p; and, 48, 413, 413p, 424, 622; ﬁ rst Whiskey Rebellion and, 209 ladies, 197; in Gold Rush, 328, 329, Washington, Martha, 197 329p; Great Awakening and, 59; Washington’s Farewell Address, 210f, 211, Homestead Act and, 560; immi- Z R43 grant, 592; labor reform and, 357, Washington Territory, 309m 619; in labor unions, 586; in Middle Zapata, Emiliano, 661 Washo, 9m Colonies, 51; in the military, 185; Zavala, Lorenzo de, 313 water frame, 347, 347p mill workers, 343p, 531; minimum Zenger, John Peter, 56 water-use laws, 325 wage law and, 618; Mormon, 310; zoning laws, 611 Wayne, Anthony, 208 Native American, 11, 20; Pilgrim, Zuni, 9m Webster, Daniel, 291, 291p, 361, 440f, 441 44; on plantations, 383; Progressive Weems, Maria, 341p movement and, 622; Quaker, 50; Weld, Charles Richard, 361 reform groups and, 412, 603p; in Weld, Theodore, 416, 424 Revolutionary War, 91; slaves, 387p; Wells, Ida B., 624 on the Supreme Court, 148; temper- West: Civil War in the, 484–87, 485p, ance movement and, 623; in textile 486m; conﬂ icts in the, 242–44; industry, 354–56, 355p; voting rights culture areas, 9m, 10; economy of, of, 115, 173, 173p, 284, 523, 603p, 289, 289m; frontier, 61; fur trade in 623–24, 623p; on wagon trains, 310, the, 308; Lewis and Clark expedi- 311p women’s rights, tion, 235m, 236–38; mining in, 397p, 423–24; leaders, 546–48, 547m; movement to the, 427–28; property rights and, 428; 308–11, 309m, 310p, 311p, 316–17, Seneca Falls Convention, 426–27, 546, 547m, 565, 565m, 565p; Native 426p; voting rights, 115, 173, 173p,

INDEX R99 CREDITS AND ACKNOWLEDGMENTS R100 the Sources Association. Copyright © 1950 Norwegian-American Pauline FarsethandTheodoreC.Blegen. Gro Svendsen, from Association: Historical Norwegian-American Cambridge, Mass.,1949. UniversityPress, Published byHarvard This Was America Quote byaHungarianimmigrantfrom 1978. by HarperCollinsPublishers,NewYork, edited byEmilyWortis Leider. Published Jewish Family From Boston, 1992. Portilla. PublishedbyBeaconPress, Updated Edition,editedbyMiguelLeón- the ConquestofMexico The Broken Spears:TheAztecAccountof Quote byanAztecmessengerfrom material Front I For © StockImagery,Rebecca Marvil/Index U Green/Getty Images;(bl)© Stockbyte. Chapter Openertimelines(tl)Photodisc © Stockbyte. (tl) PhotodiscGreen/GettyImages;(bl) Chip Fanelli.ChapterOpenerTime lines (b), © Concord Museum/Photographby Historical Society, [neg.41800];xxvi xxi (b),© Collection oftheNew-York of GilcreaseMuseum,Tulsa, Oklahoma; xviii(r),FromtheCollection Art Library Museum, Exeter, Devon,UK/Bridgeman (art reference)RoyalAlbertMemorial Chromosohm, Inc./CORBIS;xviii(l), Conway/CORBIS; xvii,© Joseph Sohm, Jack NaylorCollection;xvi,© W. Perry Collection ofMatthewIsenburg;xii(t), (b), © Francis G.Mayer/CORBIS;xi(r), Washington DC/ArtResource, NY; x (t), SmithsonianAmericanArtMuseum, ix, (bdr),© Richard Cummins/CORBIS;x viii (r),AmericanAntiquarianSociety; viii(l),© Library; Dennis Degnan/CORBIS; Museum ofArt,Arizona/BridgemanArt Testa; vii(l),(artreference)Phoenix History, Neg.A108557-c,PhotobyRon vi (r),TheFieldMuseumofNatural EvansPictureLibrary; Images; vi(l),Mary Wells/CORBIS; (br),© Glen Allison/Getty © Robert Maass/CORBIS;(bl),© Randy New York; H11(t),© Daily NewsPix;(c), Congress; j,TheGrangerCollection, Collection, NewYork; of i,Library © Bettmann/CORBIS; f,h,TheGranger © Bettmann/CORBIS; c,Superstock;e, Front llustration C nit p

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Library. EvansPicture AKG-Images; 25(br),Mary 24–25, (l), SaintBridePrintingLibrary; Camp &Associates;23,PRCArchive; 24 Images; 21tr, © Robert Frerck/Woodﬁ Resource, NY; 17,ArtReference:AKG- Collection, NewYork; 13,Scala/Art Nativestock Pictures;(tr),TheGranger (detail); 10(tl),© Marilyn Wynn/ (bl), © 2000 TheArtInstituteofChicago Collection ofGilcreaseMuseum,Tulsa; Ohio HistoricalSociety;(tr),Fromthe A108557-c, PhotobyRonTesta; 9(tl), Field MuseumofNaturalHistory, Neg. 14563; 7(b),GettyImages;8(t),The DC. PhotographbyChipClark#90- (t), SmithsonianInstitution,Washington, Orti; 3(both),Scala/ArtResource, NY; 7 Anthropological MuseumMexico/Dagli Inc. ;2(b),TheArtArchive/National Society. © Collection of© Collection © Bettmann/CORBIS; 91(l),#1921.101, (b), © Robert Llewellyn/SuperStock;84, 82 Art, Arizona/BridgemanArtLibrary; (l), (artreference)PhoenixMuseumof Museum/Photograph byChipFanelli;82 Collection, NewYork; 79,© Concord © Christie’s Images;78–79,TheGranger North Wind PictureArchives; 75(br), Granger Collection,NewYork; 75(cr), 75(cl),The Lemass/Index StockImagery; CORBIS; 69(tr),A Historical Society;69(tl),© Bettmann/ 68, CourtesyoftheMassachusetts 67, PeterNewark’s AmericanPictures; ; 64–65(t),Virginia HistoricalSociety; 63 (t), © Michael Dwyer/AlamyPhotos 62(r),© Art Library; Bettmann/CORBIS; Library, London,UK/TheBridgeman 62(l)British Detroit PublicLibrary; of theBurtonHistoricalCollection, 61(tr),ArtReference:Courtesy Library; Portrait Library, London/BridgemanArt www.bridgeman.co.uk; 58(t),National 57(b),PrivateCollection/ Art Library; Museum, Exeter, Devon,UK/Bridgeman Art Reference:RoyalAlbertMemorial (t), NASA;(b),© SuperStock; 57(r), of Pennsylvania;52,© SuperStock; 53 50 (bl),ArtReference:HistoricalSociety Ref: PRCArchive; 49(b),© SuperStock; Williamsburg Foundation;46(tl),Art © Culver Pictures,Inc.;39,Colonial (br), Collection, DetroitPublicLibrary; (cr) CourtesyoftheBurtonHistorical Massachusetts; 33(bl),© SuperStock; 33 of thePilgrimSociety, Plymouth, © David Ball/CORBIS;33(c),Courtesy Curtin forPlimothPlantation;32(bl), New York.; 100 (both)© Bettmann/CORBIS. © Superstock; 99,TheGrangerCollection, (r), HotelGalvez,Galveston,Texas; 96, 95 Cornwall, UK/BridgemanArtLibrary; 95(l),FalmouthArtGallery,Art Library; Versailles, France/Giraudon/Bridgeman National HistoricPark;94(r),Chateaude 93 (t),© SuperStock; 94(l),Saratoga York HistoricalSociety, neg.31665; Society; 91(r),© of Collection A Cha Cha p p ter c ter

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