Biographical Dictionary A Astor, John Jacob (1763–1848) American fur trader and financier, he founded the fur-trading post of Astoria and the American Fur Company. (p. 308) Adams, John (1735–1826) American statesman, Austin, Stephen F. (1793–1836) American colonizer he was a delegate to the Continental Congress, in Texas, he was imprisoned for urging Texas a member of the committee that drafted the statehood after Santa Anna suspended Mexico’s Declaration of Independence, vice president to constitution. After helping Texas win indepen- George Washington, and the second president dence from Mexico, he became secretary of state ICTIONARY of the United States. (p. 228) D for the Texas Republic. (p. 313) Adams, John Quincy (1767–1848) Son of President John Adams and the secretary of state to James Monroe, he largely formulated the Monroe B Doctrine. He was the sixth president of the United States and later became a representative Bagley, Sarah G. (d. 1847?) American mill worker in Congress. (p. 267) and union activist, she advocated the 10-hour Adams, Samuel (1722–1803) American revolution- workday for private industry. She was elected ary who led the agitation that led to the Boston IOGRAPHICAL vice president of the New England Working Tea Party; he signed the Declaration of Indepen- B Men’s Association, becoming the first woman dence. (p. 65) to hold such high rank in the American labor Addams, Jane (1860–1935) American social movement. (p. 357) worker and activist, she was Banneker, Benjamin (1731–1806) African American the co-founder of Hull House, mathematician and astronomer, he was hired an organization that focused by Thomas Jefferson to help survey land for the on the needs of immigrants. new capital in Washington, D.C. (p. 202) She helped found the American Barton, Clara (1821–1912) Founder of the American Civil Liberties Union and won Red Cross, she obtained and administered sup- the Nobel Peace Prize in 1931. plies and care to the Union soldiers during the (p. 597) American Civil War. (p. 496) Beecher, Catharine (1800–1878) American educator Aguinaldo NAHL Emilio (ahg-ee- -doh), (1869–1964) and the daughter of Lyman Beecher, she pro- Filipino leader and commander of forces in moted education for women in such writings as rebellion against Spain, he led an insurrection An Essay on the Education of Female Teachers. She against the authority of the United States. founded the first all-female academy. (p. 413) (p. 648) Beecher, Lyman (1775–1863) American clergyman, Alcott, Louisa May (1832–1888) American novelist, he disapproved of the style of preaching of the her revised letters written as a Civil War nurse were Great Awakening ministers. He served as presi- published as Hospital Sketches. She is famed for the dent of the Lane Theological Seminary and sup- novel Little Women and its sequels. (p. 409) ported female higher education. (p. 410) Anthony, Susan B. (1820–1906) American social Bell, Alexander Graham (1847–1922) reformer, she was active in the temperance, abo- American inventor and educator, his interest litionist, and women’s suffrage movements and in electrical and mechanical devices to aid the was co-organizer and president of the National hearing-impaired led to the development and Woman Suffrage Association. (p. 427) patent of the telephone. (p. 577) Arkwright, Richard (1732–1792) English inventor, Bidwell, Annie (1839–1918) American pioneer activ- he patented the water-powered spinning frame, ist, she worked for social and moral causes and improving the production of cotton thread. for women’s suffrage. (p. 562) (p. 347) Black Hawk (1767–1838) Native American leader of Arthur, Chester A. (1829–1886) Vice-president Fox and Sauk Indians, he resisted the U.S.-ordered of the United States in 1880, he became the removal of Indian nations from Illinois and raided twenty-first president of the United States upon settlements and fought the U.S. Army. (p. 297) the death of James Garfield. (p. 607) R52 BIOGRAPHICAL DICTIONARY Bolívar Cooper Bolívar, Simon (1783–1830) South American revolu- on steelmaking and made a fortune through his tionary leader who was nicknamed the Liberator, vertical integration method. (pp. 580, 583) he fought many battles for independence, win- Carranza, Venustiano (1859–1920) Mexican revolu- ning the support of many U.S. leaders. (p. 262) tionist, he led revolts against Huerta and became Brandeis, Louis (1856–1941) Progressive lawyer and president of Mexico. He adopted programs of B jurist, he was the first Jewish nominee to the social and economic reform, but he faced revolts IOGRAPHICAL Supreme Court and was appointed Associate from other revolutionists. (p. 661) Justice. (p. 630) Catt, Carrie Chapman (1859–1947) American educa- Brooks, Preston (1819–1857) American congress- tor and reformer, she led a successful fight to man, he assaulted and beat Senator Charles obtain suffrage for women and to secure the pas- Sumner for his antislavery speeches and for sage of the Nineteenth Amendment. (p. 623) insulting a pro-slavery relative. He was nick- Chief Joseph (c.1840–1904) Chief of Nez named Bully Brooks by northerners. (p. 449) Percé tribe, he led a resistance Brown, John (1800–1859) American abolitionist, he against white settlement in D started the Pottawatomie Massacre in Kansas to the Northwest. He even- ICTIONARY revenge killings of abolitionists; he later seized tually surrendered, but his the federal arsenal at Harpers Ferry, Virginia, to eloquent surrender speech encourage a slave revolt. He was later tried and earned him a place in executed. (p. 455) American history. Bryan, William Jennings (1860–1925) American (p. 559) lawyer and Populist politician, he favored free silver coinage, Clark, George Rogers (1752–1818) American Revo- an economic policy expected lutionary soldier and frontier leader, he captured to help farmers. He was a the British trading village of Kaskaskia during Democratic nominee for the Revolution and encouraged Indian leaders to president in 1896 and was remain neutral. (p. 97) defeated by William McKinley. Clark, William (1770–1838) American soldier and (p. 564) friend of Meriwether Lewis, he was invited to explore the Louisiana Purchase and joined what Buchanan, James (1791–1868) American politician became known as the Lewis and Clark expedi- and fifteenth president of the United States, he tion. (p. 237) was chosen as the Democratic nominee for presi- Clay, Henry (1777–1852) American politician from dent in 1854 for being politically experienced Kentucky, he was known as the Great Pacificator and not offensive to slave states. (p. 450) because of his support of the Missouri Compro- Bunau–Varilla, Philippe (1859–1940) French engi- mise. He developed the Compromise of 1850 to neer, he served as minister from Panama to the try to avoid civil war. (pp. 264, 266) United States and negotiated a treaty for U.S. Cleveland, Grover (1837–1908) Twenty-second and control of the Panama Canal Zone. (p. 653) twenty-fourth president of the United States, he Burns, Anthony (1834–1862) American enslaved promoted civil service reform and a merit system African, he ran away and was arrested in Bos- of advancement for government jobs. (p. 608) ton. His arrest became the center of violent Cole, Thomas (1801–1848) American painter, he protests by northern opponents of the Fugitive was the founder of the Hudson River school, a Slave Act. (p. 442) group of artists who emphasized the beauty of the American landscape, especially the Hudson River valley. (p. 272) C Columbus, Christopher (1451–1506) Italian explor- er, he was convinced that he could reach Asia Calhoun, John C. (1782–1850) American politician by sailing westward across the Atlantic Ocean. and supporter of slavery and states’ rights, he He gained the support of Spain’s monarchs and served as vice president to Andrew Jackson and commanded a small fleet that reached the so- was instrumental in the South Carolina nullifi- called New World, setting off a tide of European cation crisis. (p. 285) exploration of the area. (pp. 15, 17) Carnegie, Andrew (1835–1919) American industri- Cooper, James Fenimore (1789–1851) Well-known alist and humanitarian, he focused his attention Early American novelist, he wrote the Last of BIOGRAPHICAL DICTIONARY R53 Cooper the Mohicans and many stories about the West. Douglas, Stephen (1813–1861) (p. 271) American politician and Cooper, Peter (1791–1883) American ironworks pro-slavery nominee for manufacturer who designed and built Tom president, he debated Abra- Thumb, the first American locomotive. (p. 360) ham Lincoln about slavery Cortés, Hernán (1485–1547) Spanish conquistador, during the Illinois senato- he conquered Mexico and brought about the fall rial race. He proposed the of the Aztec Empire. (p. 20) unpopular Kansas-Nebraska Crazy Horse (1842?–1877) Native American chief Act, and he established the of Oglala Sioux, he took part in the Battle of the Freeport Doctrine, uphold- ICTIONARY Little Bighorn, in which General Custer was sur- ing the idea of popular D rounded and killed. He was killed after surren- sovereignty. (p. 446) dering and resisting imprisonment. (p. 555) Douglass, Frederick (1817–1895) Crittenden, John J. (1787–1863) Kentucky senator, American abolitionist and he attempted to save the Union by reconcil- writer, he escaped slavery and ing differences between northern and southern became a leading African Amer- states in the Senate proposal known as Critten- ican spokesman and writer. He den’s Compromise. (p. 459) published his biography, The Custer, George Armstrong (1839–1876) Ameri- Narrative of the Life of Frederick IOGRAPHICAL can army officer in the Civil War, he became a Douglass, and founded the B Native American fighter in the West and was abolitionist newspaper, the killed with his troops in the Battle of the Little North Star. (pp. 418, 422) Bighorn. (p. 556) Du Bois, W.