How to Use This Guide
Total Page:16
File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb
How to Use this Guide The New-York Historical Society, one of America’s pre-eminent cultural institutions, is dedicated to fostering research, presenting history and art exhibitions, and public programs that reveal the dynamism of history and its influence on the world of today. Founded in 1804, New-York Historical has a mission to explore the richly layered political, cultural and social history of New York City and State and the nation, and to serve as a national forum for the discussion of issues surrounding the making and meaning of history. Student Historians are high school interns at New-York Historical who explore our museum and library collection and conduct research using the resources available to them within a museum setting. Their project this academic year was to create a guide for fellow high school students preparing for U.S. History Exams, particularly the U.S. History & Government Regents Exam. Each Student Historian chose a piece from our collection that represents a historical event or theme often tested on the exam, collected and organized their research, and wrote about their piece within its historic context. The intent is that this catalog will provide a valuable supplemental review material for high school students preparing for U.S. History Exams. The following summative essays are all researched and written by the 2015-16 Student Historians, compiled in chronological order, and organized by unit. Each essay includes an image of the object or artwork from the N-YHS collection that serves as the foundation for the U.S. History content reviewed. Additional educational supplementary materials include a glossary of frequently used terms, review activities including a crossword puzzle as well as questions and answers taken from past U.S. History & Government Regents exams, and tips for taking the Regents and analyzing documents for a DBQ. Please use this guide not only as a resource, but as a workbook for your own active study for exams. For more information on the New-York Historical Society and our opportunities for high school students please visit our website: http://www.nyhistory.org/education/teen-programs Enjoy! Kinneret Kohn Manager of Teen Programs 2 Table of Contents I. Unit One: Constitutional Foundations of The United States 4 Federalist Paper Number 64: The Inception of an Independent American Government 5 The Forgotten Father: John Jay and the Creation of a New Nation 8 The Feud That Killed a Founding Father 13 Slave Shackles: The Institution of an Imperfect Union 15 A Nation Divided: Sectionalism and its Effect on the United States 18 Civil War Draft Wheel: Unrest in New York 21 II. Unit Two: Industrialization of the United States 24 Typewriters and the Technological Revolution 25 Unions: Paving the Way for Worker’s Rights in America 27 Sewing the Path to an Industrialized Nation 31 The Golden Door to Immigrants 34 The Orange Box: The Nation of Immigrants 37 III. Unit Three: The Progressive Movement 41 Clara Driscoll and the Struggle for Labor and Women's Rights 42 Pitcher and Basin: The United States’ Emerging Middle Class 45 Votes for Women: The Culmination of Many Efforts 48 IV. Unit Four: Prosperity and Depression 51 Waving the Flags of War 52 The Dancer: Changes of the 1920s 55 Bright Lights Cannot Hide Dark Secrets 58 Advertisement Uprising 61 V. Unit Five: Global Crisis, The Responsibilities and Cooperation 65 Rising Tension: Buildup to the War in the Pacific 66 The Face of Anti-Semitism: A look into the Holocaust 70 VI. Unit Six: A World In Uncertain Times 73 Feeling the Heat of the Cold War 74 Civilian Unrest and the Impossible War: Jack Stewart’s Graffiti Door 77 Reagan: The Leader Who Defined a Decade 81 Keith Haring: Pop Art and Popular Movements 84 VII. Unit Seven: The New Millennium 87 Broken, But Not Destroyed: 9/11 and its Aftermath 88 IIX. Educational Supplements 91 Glossary of Terms 91 Regents Review Crossword Puzzle 98 Tips for Taking the Regents 100 Practice Multiple Choice Questions 101 How to Analyze Documents for a DBQ 105 3 Unit One: Constitutional Foundations of The United States 4 Federalist Paper Number 64: The Inception of an Independent American Government Will Bartlett This object is a sheet of paper with ink script. It is a manuscript of Federalist Paper #64, written by John Jay in 1788, one of 85 essays, of which 5 were written by Jay: Articles #2-5 and #64. This essay discusses the merits of the Constitution’s Senate, arguing that the appointment of Senators, rather than an election of Senators, made it unlikely that this body would fall into the hands of the rabble. The Federalist Papers were a series of polemical articles advocating for the ratification of the new Constitution of the United States within the state of New York. After the conclusion of the Constitutional Convention, the draft of the Constitution was sent to the states to begin the debate over ratification. In New York, opposition to the John Jay, Draft of Federalist #64, ca.1788. Collection Constitution came swiftly and brutally; as the process of of New-York Historical Society, BV Jay. ratification first reached New York, state newspapers harshly criticized the Constitution for going back upon the gains, specifically rights, won in the Revolutionary War for Americans. This criticism prompted Alexander Hamilton, an ardent Federalist who firmly believed in the strengthening of the Federal Government and a New Yorker, to begin writing the Federalist Papers. On October 27, 1787, the first Federalist Paper was published in the New York Independent Journal under the pseudonym “Publius.” Soon after this, Hamilton would recruit like-minded political figures of the day John Jay and James Madison to aid him in writing these polemics. The Federalist Papers are but one, albeit crucial, part of the process that would culminate with the ratification of the Constitution. The origins of the modern United States government lie with the Continental Congress. After the Declaration of Independence was written in 1776 by Thomas Jefferson and America entered the Revolutionary War against England, the Continental Congress had the duty of leading the war effort, commanding and supporting the American soldiers in the war. 5 In this effort, the Articles of Confederation were drafted in 1777. This document can best be described as creating a loose confederation of states, for its powers and scope were limited: the Congress had the power to make treaties, declare war, make peace, sign treaties, borrow money, and establish a national Post Office; all other functions of government were allocated to the states. The Federal Government under the Articles of Confederation had no power to tax, being forced to rely on the goodwill of the states to accrue money for the war effort, they also had no executive control to force decisions, no court system, no national currency, the government consisted of only one delegate per state - appointed not democratically, but through state legislatures, and required a supermajority of delegates to pass legislation within the body. At this time, states also passed their own constitutions. Both the Articles of Confederation and state constitutions reflected the feelings of the American people and their leaders at the time. After their experiences with Britain and its governmental tyranny over the colonists, American leaders greatly dreaded tyrannical governmental control over their rights and freedoms. State constitutions echoed this trend, with their emphasis on power stemming from the people, constitutional provisions protecting the rights of the people, and the principles of Separation of Powers, or delegating specific functions to differing branches of government so as to avoid overlap which would give one branch more power over another. Despite these good intentions, the Articles of Confederation were, in the eyes of many American leaders, too weak to run the country after the conclusion of the Revolutionary War. Exacerbating the document’s weaknesses was the fledgling nation’s war debt. In Massachusetts, farmers who were brought into debt by the nation’s inability to pay them for their war service instigated an uprising called Shay’s Rebellion, which showed the nation’s weakness due to this debt. The States printed their own money, leading to a hectic financial situation that the Confederation Government had no ability to stop. The only success of the Articles of Confederation was the Northwest Ordinance, passed in 1787, which established the framework by which new territories and states could be created in America’s westward expansion. These dangers and failures led to two conventions being called to examine the state of the Federal government and devise a way for it to be changed. The first one, the Annapolis Convention in 1786, was unsuccessful in bringing about any changes to the government, while the second, held in Philadelphia, was what is now known as the Constitutional Convention in 1787. The Constitutional Convention, attended by 70 delegates from 12 states (Rhode Island chose not to attend the convention), was where the greatest political minds in America would fiercely debate what government would be best for the people of the United States of America and, eventually, had to 6 produce shrewd compromises in order to create an acceptable constitution to all parties. The product was the Constitution of the United States. It would require, as per its specifications, a two-thirds majority among the states before it could be adopted. This process was called ratification. The Federalist Papers would be a key part of this process, swaying many undecided and opposing Americans to the side of ratification with their eloquent and well-reasoned arguments. The Constitution was finally ratified by the states in 1789. Sources Cited “The Constitutional Convention." Constitution Facts.