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4. SELF-SUFFICIENCY INDICATORS Youth neither in , nor training (NEETs)

Participation in employment, education or training is unemployed or inactive and neither in education nor in important for youth to become established in the labour training in the fourth quarter of 2012. market and achieve self-sufficiency. Record high unem- ployment rates in a number of countries have hit youth especially hard. In addition, inactivity rates of youth are substantial in many countries, meaning that they are nei- ther employed, nor registered as unemployed, in education Definitions and measurement or in training. The so-called NEET population refers to youth popu- More than 20% of all youth aged 15/16-24 were unemployed lation who is neither in employment, education nor or inactive, and neither in education nor in training (NEET) training. Data refer to OECD estimates based on in , , and in the fourth quarter national labour force surveys. National definitions of 2012 (Figure 4.7, Panel A). The lowest rates were observed broadly conform to this generic definition, but may in , , the and , vary depending on national circumstances. with rates of 6% or lower. The average NEET rate in the NEET rates are presented by status of inactivity OECD area was about 13%. (unemployed or inactive), completed level of educa- The NEET rate has increased in most OECD countries tion and migrant status. since the onset of the economic crisis (Figure 4.7, Panel B). Data for some countries (such as Iceland) should be From the fourth quarter of 2007 to the fourth quarter interpreted carefully due to relatively small sample of 2012, the increase was strongest in Greece, , size. Ireland, Italy and . On the other hand, there were also some countries where the NEET rates dropped. The decrease was particularly strong in the and Turkey. The higher NEET rates in many counties can mainly be explained by increased . At the average OECD level, the inactivity rate declined by 1 percentage Further reading point, and in most countries the rate declined or increased OECD (2013a), OECD Employment Outlook 2013, OECD Publish- moderately. ing, Paris, http://dx.doi.org/10.1787/empl_outlook-2013-en. On average across OECD countries, the NEET rates for the OECD (2013b), Education at a Glance 2013, OECD Publishing, broader 15-29 age group are higher for people with low Paris, http://dx.doi.org/10.1787/eag-2013-en. education levels than for those with high education (Figure 4.8). The gap is highest in , Mexico and the OECD (2013c), International Migration Outlook 2013, OECD Pub- . lishing, Paris, http://dx.doi.org/10.1787/migr_outlook-2013-en. The share of 15-24 year-olds who are unemployed or inac- tive and neither in education nor in training is higher for Figure notes foreign-born than for natives (Figure 4.9). Exceptions are , Ireland and the United Kingdom. The impact of Figure 4.7: Detailed data are not available for South Africa. Argentina the crises on the NEET rates is relatively similar for foreign- and Brazil: Selected urban areas only. Saudi Arabia and : May include some unemployed people who are students. born and natives in most countries. In the Czech Republic, , Greece, Luxembourg, and , were Figure 4.8: For , data refer to 15-24 year-olds. the relative change in the rates for foreign-born larger than Figure 4.9: The results for NEET in Europe are overestimated because for natives. they are based on three quarters, including summertime, when under declaration of school enrolment of students is commonly The NEET rates in emerging economies are generally high observed. Data are sorted by increasing rate of unemployment for (Figure 4.7, Panel A). In India, Saudi Arabia and South the foreign-born population. Africa, more than 20% of the population aged 15/16-24 were Information on data for : http://dx.doi.org/10.1787/888932315602.

102 SOCIETY AT A GLANCE 2014: OECD SOCIAL INDICATORS © OECD 2014 4. SELF-SUFFICIENCY INDICATORS

Youth neither in employment, education nor training (NEETs)

4.7. More young people are unemployed or inactive and not in education nor in training (NEET)

Panel A. NEET rates, 15/16-24 year-olds, Panel B. Percentage point change between Q4 2012 (%) Q4 2007 and Q4 2012 Unemployed Inactive Unemployed Inactive

12.6 14.7 Greece 22.2 4.5 Turkey 11.5 9.8 Italy 17.5 3.6 Mexico 6.4 13.2 Spain 7.7 10.8 Slovak Republic 7.5 9.2 Ireland 4.9 10.4 7.8 7.3 Hungary 9.3 5.7 7.5 6.4 Belgium 8.0 5.7 6.4 7.1 United Kingdom 4.4 8.9 6.7 5.9 OECD 5.4 6.9 7.1 5.0 7.0 4.2 5.9 4.5 Luxembourg 3.7 6.3 Slovenia 5.1 4.5 3.4 5.7 Czech Republic 4.9 3.5 Finland 4.6 3.0 3.5 3.7 4.2 2.7 Japan 4.5 2.2 Norway 3.1 3.1 3.5 2.5 Switzerland 2.3 3.6 Iceland 3.9 1.9 Denmark 2.8 1.7 Netherlands 35 30 25 20 15 10 5 0 -15 -10 -5 0 5 31.6 South Africa 3.5 25.4 India 5.3 15.3 Saudi Arabia 4.6 14.4 Argentina 4.2 12.5 Brazil 3.7 6.6 China

4.8. Young people with low education are more likely 4.9. Immigrant youth are more likely to be NEET to be NEET Percentage of 15-29 year-olds not in education and not employed NEET rates by place of birth in selected OECD countries, 2008 and 2012 by completed level of education, 2011

Total () Low education High education 2012 2008 40 50

35 45 40 30 35 25 30

20 25

15 20 15 10 10 5 5

0 0 ITA ISL FIN IRL ISR BEL EST CZE ESP JPN NZL FRA CHL CHE PRT LUX AUT POL SVK DEU AUS NLD TUR USA SVN CAN KOR GRC GBR DNK HUN NOR MEX SWE OECD Native-born Native-born Native-born Native-born Native-born Native-born Native-born Native-born Native-born Native-born Native-born Native-born Native-born Native-born Native-born Native-born Native-born Native-born Native-born Native-born Native-born Native-born Native-born Foreign-born Foreign-born Foreign-born Foreign-born Foreign-born Foreign-born Foreign-born Foreign-born Foreign-born Foreign-born Foreign-born Foreign-born Foreign-born Foreign-born Foreign-born Foreign-born Foreign-born Foreign-born Foreign-born Foreign-born Foreign-born Foreign-born Foreign-born DNK NLD CHE GBR FIN DEU AUT USA SWE NOR FRAOECD LUX HUN PRT CZE IRL SVN ITA BEL ESP GRC TUR

Source: OECD estimates based on national labour force surveys; OECD Short-Term Labour Market Statistics; OECD Employment Outlook 2013 (www..org/ els/emp/oecdemploymentoutlook.htm); Education at a Glance 2013 (www.oecd.org/edu/eag.htm); International Migration Outlook 2013 (www.oecd.org/els/mig/ imo2013.htm); for European countries: Labour force surveys (Eurostat), Q1-Q3 2008, Q1-Q3 2011, Q1-Q3 2012; United States: Monthly Current Population Surveys, 2007, 2011 and 2012. 1 2 http://dx.doi.org/10.1787/888932966409

SOCIETY AT A GLANCE 2014: OECD SOCIAL INDICATORS © OECD 2014 103 From: Society at a Glance 2014 OECD Social Indicators

Access the complete publication at: https://doi.org/10.1787/soc_glance-2014-en

Please cite this chapter as:

OECD (2014), “Youth neither in employment, education nor training (NEETs)”, in Society at a Glance 2014: OECD Social Indicators, OECD Publishing, Paris.

DOI: https://doi.org/10.1787/soc_glance-2014-14-en

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