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Imer Master Thesis Lotte Twaalfhoven 960602T328

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Imer Master Thesis Lotte Twaalfhoven 960602T328 The Cultural Preservation of the Navajo Nation A multicultural and assimilation policy analysis on the Navajo Nation and cultural preservation Lotte Twaalfhoven International Migration and Ethnic Relations One-year master’s program Master thesis 15 credits Spring Semester 2019 Supervisor: Anne- Sofie Roald Abstract In this thesis the cultural preservation of the Navajo Nation is analyzed through a multicultural and assimilation framework. The Navajo Nation is a case study in this research. A policy analysis is used in this thesis and analyses policies in three proxy categories of culture: education, land ownership, and self-governance. The main policies analyzed in this thesis are the current (federal) policies regarding education, land ownership, and self-governance. Current means the policies that are in place and in effect today. This thesis also analyses past policies in order to create a foundation. It further analyzes these policies to examine the outcomes and implications of the policies on the cultural preservation of the Navajo Nation. Gerd Baumann’s theories on culture, Kymlicka’s liberal multiculturalism, Margalit and Halbertal’s communitarian multiculturalism, and assimilation are used as the theoretical framework of this thesis. The findings cannot be generalized. Some policies have the outcome that was intended whereas other policies have the opposite outcomes of what was intended in the policy. Thus, multicultural policies do not necessarily have a multicultural outcome, sometimes the outcomes of the policy can have an opposite outcome of what the nature of the policy is. Keywords: Navajo Nation, multiculturalism, assimilation, culture, policy analysis !2 Acknowledgments “Acknowledgment is a simple, powerful way of showing respect and a step toward correcting the stories and practices that erase Indigenous people’s history and culture and toward inviting and honoring the truth.” - U.S. Department of Arts and Culture The first acknowledgment I want to make is a land acknowledgment. Usually land acknowledgments are done on the territory one is currently residing, however, my thesis is about the Navajo Nation, one of the many Native American/Indigenous peoples who live and who have lived in the United States. Land Acknowledgments are made because “to acknowledge the traditional territory is to recognize its longer history, reaching beyond colonization and the establishment of European colonies, as well as its significance for the Indigenous peoples who lived and continue to live upon this territory, and whose practices and spiritualities were tied to the land and continue to develop in relationship to the land and its other inhabitants today” (University of Alberta). “Land acknowledgments do not exist in a past tense, or historical context: colonialism is a current ongoing process, and we need to build our mindfulness of our present participation. It is also worth noting that acknowledging the land is Indigenous protocol” (lspirg.org/knowtheland). So I am making a land acknowledgment for all the Native American/Indigenous peoples and groups that are currently living in the United States and the groups who used to live in what is now the United States. I am doing so because it is easy to historicize Indigenous peoples struggles and talk about them and their struggles as a past occurrence. I want to take this opportunity to make sure people know the systems of oppression, that have taken away indigenous land and denied indigenous people of rights, still exists today and we must not let their struggles and rights be something of the past. Those people and groups are the: Abenaki, Arapahoe, Assiniboine, Cherokee, Cheyenne, Chickamauga, Chisca (Kispoko), Choctaw (Chahta, Flathead), Coharie, Comanche, Conoy, Coushatta (Koasati and Kaskinampo people), Coyaha (Yuchi), Creek Confederacy (Muscogee), Fauk, Guale (Oade), Hasinai (Texas Caddo, Angelina and Neches Rivers), Hidatsa (Hiraacá, Minnetaree), Hitchiti, Houma, Iron Confederacy, Kadohadacho, Lumbee, !3 Mingo Seneca, Natchitoches (Louisiana Caddo, Red River), Oabano, Odawa (Mississaugas), Ojibwe, Paiute, Pequot, Sauk (Ozaagiiweg, Sac, Saag), Schaghticoke, Seminole (Lower Creeks), Shawnee, Tiontatecaga (Gwiandotte, Little Mingo), Tomahittan, Wea, Westo, Wyandot, Yamasee, A'ani (Haaninin, Atsina, Gros Ventre), Acopsel (Tlacopsel, Lacopsel), Acuera, Ahtna (Ahtena), Ais, Akenitsi (Occaneechi), Akokisa (Horcoquisa, Orcoquizas), Aleut (Unangax, Unangan), Alibamu, Alsea, Alutiiq (Sugpiag, Pacific Yupik), Amahami (Awaxawi), Androscoggin (Arosaguntacook, Ameriscoggin), Anishinaabeg (Chippewa, Anihšināpē, Saulteaux), Apalachee, Aranama (Texan Coahuilteca, Tamique), Arawak, Arikara (Sahnish, Ree, Arickaree, Adakadaho), Assiniboine (Hohe, Nakota, Nakoda, Nakona), Atsa'Kudok-wa, Awatixa, Bannock, Bidai (Ishak, Quasmigdo), Biloxi, Blackfoot Confederacy (Niitsitapi, Sikasikaitsitapi), Cahto (Kato, Kaipomo), Cahuilla (Ivilyuqaletem, Ivilyuat), Calicua, Calusa, Canaragay, Cascangue, Catawba (Inna, Iswa), Chemehuevi, Cheraw (Seraw), Chickanee, Chickasaw, Chilula, Chimakum (Aqokúlo), Chimariko, Chiricahua (Tsokanende), Chitimacha (Chetimachan, Sitimacha), Chonnonton (Neutral Nation, Niagara), Chowanoke, Chumash, Ciboney (Taino), Ciwāt, Clatskanie, Clatsop, Congaree, Coos, Coosa (Uchis, Chiaha, Coste, Tali, Talisi), Coquille (Kokwell), Coree, Coso, Cowasuck, Cowlitz (Taitnapam), Croatan, Crow Nation (Absaroka), Cui Ui Ticutta, Cupeño (Kuupangaxwichem, Cupa), Cup'ig (Nunivak), Cusabo (Corsaboy), Dakota Oyate (Lakota, Nakota, Santee, Teton, Sioux), Deadose, Deg Xinag (Deg Xit'an, Kaiyuhkhotana, Deg Hit’an), Dena'ina (Tanaina), Dichinanek' Hwt'ana (Upper Kuskokwim Athabascans, Kolchan, Goltsan, Tundra Kolosh), Do:lkabya (Western Yavapai), Duwamish, Edistow (Stono), Eno (Wyanoke), Erie (Eriez, Riquechronon, Cat, Chat), Esselen, Eyak, Gidi'tikadii, Guwevkabaya (Southeast Yavapai), Gwich'in —(Kutchin), Haida (X̱ aadas, X̱ aat), Halchidhoma, Havasupai, Hiratsa (Hiraacá), Ho-chaaqa (Winnebago), Holikachuk (Innoko, Tlëgon- khotana), Hopi, Houma, Huaco, Hualapai, Hupa (Natinixwe, Natinook-wa), Hwech'in (Han, Hankutchin), Ibi, Icafui, Iroquois Confederacy (Hodinoso:ni), Illinois Confederation (Ilinoweg, Illini), Iñupiat (Inuit), Ioway (Iowa, Baxoje), Jicarilla, Juaneño (Acjachemen), Jumano, Kalapuya (Clackama), Kalingo (Carib), Kalispel (Pend d'Oreilles, Ql̓ ispé), Karuk (Karok, Chum-ne), Kathlamet (Guithlamethl, Kwillu'chini, Klamath, Yahuskin, Goyatoka), Katkoc, Kaw (Kansas, Kanza), Kawaiisu (Nuwa), Kennebec (Kinipekw), Keresan, Keyauwee (Keawe), Kichai -- Kitsai, Keechi, K’itaish), Kiowa (Gaigwu, Cáuigù, Kútjàu, Kwu- da, Tep-da), Kitanemuk, Kittitas, Klickitat (Qwû’lh-hwai-pûm, Awi-adshi, Máhane, Wahnookt), Koa’aga’itoka, Konkow, Koop Ticutta, Koroa, Koyukon, Ktunaxa (Kootenai, Flathead), Kucadikadi (Kotsa’va), Kumeyaay (Tipai-Ipai, Kamia, Diegueño), Kwapa (Cocopah, Cucapá, Xawiƚƚ kwñchawaay), Lassik, Lenape (Leni-Lenape, Delaware), Liksiyu (Cayuse), Lipan, Luiseño (Payómkawichum), Madqwadabaya (Desert Yavapai), Mahican (Mohicans), Makah, Makuhadokado, Maliseet (Wolistoqiag), Manahoac (Mahock, Meipontsky), Mandan, Manso, Mascouten(Miami Du'Lac, Gen D'Feu, Maumee, Wea), Mattole (Bear River, Tul'bush, Ni’ekeni), Mayaca, Mayaimi, Mayeye (Macheye, Maiece, Malleye, Maye, Maghay), Meherrin, Menominee (Mackinac), Mescalero, Miami (myaamiaki, Kickapoo, Twigtwee), Missouria, Miwok (Miwuk), Moadokado, Mocoso (Mocoço), Moctobi, Modoc, Mohave !4 (‘Aha Makhav), Mohawk (Kaneng’hega), Molala (Molale, Molele), Moneton, Mono (Nyyhmy), Moosonee (Moose Cree, Monsonis), Mosopelea (Houspe, Ofo, Ofogoula), Multnomah (Chinook), Nabedache (Nabáydácu, Wawadishe), Nabiltse (Applegate , Dakubetede), Nacho Nyak Dun (Tutchone), Nacono, Na'isha, Nanticoke, Navajo, Ndee, Niāl, Niimiipu (Nez Perce, Watapala, Watapahlute), Nisenan, Nisqually, Nomlaki (Noamlakee, Central Wintun), Nongatl, Nottoway (Cheroenhaka), Northern Cheyenne, Ocale, Ohlone (Costanoan), Omaha, O'odham (Pima , Tahono O'odham, Papago), Osage, Otoe, Otse, Ozav Dika, Palus, Pascagoula, Passamaquoddy (Pestomuhkati), Patiri (Petaros, Pastia), Patwin (Southern Wintun), Pawnee (Panis, Skidi), Pedee, Pennacook, Penobscot, Petun (Tobacco Nation, Wenro, Tionontati, Kentatentonga), Piipaash (Kokmalik’op), Piro, Piscataway (Piscatawa, Doeg, Conoy), Pit River, Pomo (Kashaya), Ponca (Ponka), Potano (Alachua , Potavou), Pottawatomi (Bodewadmik), Powhatan, Puyallup (Spuyaləpabš), Quapaw (Arkansas, Ugahxpa), Quechan (Yuma, Kwtsaan), Quileute, Salinan, Santee, Saponi (Monacan, Sapon, Eastern Blackfoot, Christanna), Saturiwa, Sawawatodo, Senandoa (Shenandoah), Serrano(Taaqtam, Maarenga'yam, Yuhaviatam), Sewee, Shakori (Shaccoree, Cacores), Shasta (Chasta, Sasti), Shoshone, Siletz, Sinkine (Sinkyone), Sissipahaw (Haw), Siuslaw Umpqua, Skitswish (Coeur D'Alene, Schitsu’umash), Snohomish, Snuqualmi, Sokoki (Missiquoi), Spokane, Stillaguamish (Stoluckwamish), Sugaree, Suma (Zuma, Jano, Jocome), Suquamish, Susquehannock (Andastes), Sutaio, Swinomish (Skagit), Syilx (Okanagan), Sotaae,Tacatacuru, Taga Ticutta, Takelma (Dagelma), Taltushtuntede (Galice), Tanan Gwich'in, Taos, Taovaya, Tataviam (Alliklik), Tawakoni (Tahuacano), Tenino, Thawikila (Hathawekela, Fort Ancient), Tigua (Ysleta del Sur), Tillamook (Nehalem), Timbisha (Panamint), Timpanogos (Ute), Tioux, Tlingit, Tocobaga, Toi Ticutta, Tockwogh (Trokwae), Tolowa (Talawa Dini’), Tongva (Gabrieleño, Fernandeño, Tobikhar), Tonkawa (Ticanwatic), Tsetsaut (Wetaŀ, Jits’aawit), Tsikip (Appalousa, Opelousa), Tsitsistas, Tübatulabal,
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