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Fish and Fishery Products Hazards and Controls Guidance Fourth Edition – APRIL 2011
SGR 129 Fish and Fishery Products Hazards and Controls Guidance Fourth Edition – APRIL 2011 DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH AND HUMAN SERVICES PUBLIC HEALTH SERVICE FOOD AND DRUG ADMINISTRATION CENTER FOR FOOD SAFETY AND APPLIED NUTRITION OFFICE OF FOOD SAFETY Fish and Fishery Products Hazards and Controls Guidance Fourth Edition – April 2011 Additional copies may be purchased from: Florida Sea Grant IFAS - Extension Bookstore University of Florida P.O. Box 110011 Gainesville, FL 32611-0011 (800) 226-1764 Or www.ifasbooks.com Or you may download a copy from: http://www.fda.gov/FoodGuidances You may submit electronic or written comments regarding this guidance at any time. Submit electronic comments to http://www.regulations. gov. Submit written comments to the Division of Dockets Management (HFA-305), Food and Drug Administration, 5630 Fishers Lane, Rm. 1061, Rockville, MD 20852. All comments should be identified with the docket number listed in the notice of availability that publishes in the Federal Register. U.S. Department of Health and Human Services Food and Drug Administration Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition (240) 402-2300 April 2011 Table of Contents: Fish and Fishery Products Hazards and Controls Guidance • Guidance for the Industry: Fish and Fishery Products Hazards and Controls Guidance ................................ 1 • CHAPTER 1: General Information .......................................................................................................19 • CHAPTER 2: Conducting a Hazard Analysis and Developing a HACCP Plan -
FIELD GUIDE to WARMWATER FISH DISEASES in CENTRAL and EASTERN EUROPE, the CAUCASUS and CENTRAL ASIA Cover Photographs: Courtesy of Kálmán Molnár and Csaba Székely
SEC/C1182 (En) FAO Fisheries and Aquaculture Circular I SSN 2070-6065 FIELD GUIDE TO WARMWATER FISH DISEASES IN CENTRAL AND EASTERN EUROPE, THE CAUCASUS AND CENTRAL ASIA Cover photographs: Courtesy of Kálmán Molnár and Csaba Székely. FAO Fisheries and Aquaculture Circular No. 1182 SEC/C1182 (En) FIELD GUIDE TO WARMWATER FISH DISEASES IN CENTRAL AND EASTERN EUROPE, THE CAUCASUS AND CENTRAL ASIA By Kálmán Molnár1, Csaba Székely1 and Mária Láng2 1Institute for Veterinary Medical Research, Centre for Agricultural Research, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest, Hungary 2 National Food Chain Safety Office – Veterinary Diagnostic Directorate, Budapest, Hungary FOOD AND AGRICULTURE ORGANIZATION OF THE UNITED NATIONS Ankara, 2019 Required citation: Molnár, K., Székely, C. and Láng, M. 2019. Field guide to the control of warmwater fish diseases in Central and Eastern Europe, the Caucasus and Central Asia. FAO Fisheries and Aquaculture Circular No.1182. Ankara, FAO. 124 pp. Licence: CC BY-NC-SA 3.0 IGO The designations employed and the presentation of material in this information product do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO) concerning the legal or development status of any country, territory, city or area or of its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries. The mention of specific companies or products of manufacturers, whether or not these have been patented, does not imply that these have been endorsed or recommended by FAO in preference to others of a similar nature that are not mentioned. The views expressed in this information product are those of the author(s) and do not necessarily reflect the views or policies of FAO. -
Molecular Interaction Between Fish Pathogens and Host Aquatic Animals
K. Tsukamoto, T. Kawamura, T. Takeuchi, T. D. Beard, Jr. and M. J. Kaiser, eds. Fisheries for Global Welfare and Environment, 5th World Fisheries Congress 2008, pp. 277–288. © by TERRAPUB 2008. Molecular Interaction between Fish Pathogens and Host Aquatic Animals Laura L. Brown* and Stewart C. Johnson National Research Council of Canada Institute for Marine Biosciences 1411 Oxford Street Halifax, NS, B3H 3Z1, Canada Present address: Fisheries and Oceans Canada Pacific Biological Station 3190 Hammond Bay Road Nanaimo, NS, V9T 6N7, Canada *E-mail: [email protected] We have studied the host-pathogen interactions between Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar L.) and Aeromonas salmonicida. Sequencing the genome of the bacterium allowed us to investigate virulence factors and other gene products with potential as vaccines. Using knock-out mutants of A. salmonicida, we identified key virulence factors. Proteomics studies of bacterial cells grown in a variety of media as well as in an in vivo implant system revealed differential protein production and have shed new light on bacterial proteins such as superoxide dismutase, pili and flagellar proteins, type three secretion systems, and their roles in A. salmonicida pathogenicity. We constructed a whole ge- nome DNA microarray to use in comparative genomic hybridizations (M-CGH) and bacterial gene expression studies. Carbohydrate analysis has shown the variation in LPS between strains and reveals the importance of LPS in viru- lence. Salmon were challenged with A. salmonicida and tissues were taken to construct suppressive subtractive hybridization libraries to investigate differ- ential host gene expression. We constructed an Atlantic salmon cDNA microarray to investigate the host response to A. -
Chemical Pollution of the Oceans Toxic Chemical Pollutants in the Oceans Have Been Shown Capable of Causing a Wide Range of Human Diseases
Supplementary Appendix to “Human Health and Ocean Pollution”, Annals of Global Health, 2020 This Supplementary Appendix contains additional references and documentation supporting the information presented in the report, Human Health and Ocean Pollution. Chemical Pollution of the Oceans Toxic chemical pollutants in the oceans have been shown capable of causing a wide range of human diseases. Toxicological and epidemiological studies document that pollutants such as toxic metals, POPs, dioxins, plastics chemicals, and pesticides can cause cardiovascular effects, developmental and neurobehavioral disorders, metabolic disease, endocrine disruption and cancer. Table 1 in this Supplementary Appendix summarizes the known links between chemical pollutants in the oceans and a range of human health outcomes. The strengths of the associations listed in Table 1 vary depending on the nature of the studies establishing these associations. Some associations have been assessed in systematic reviews and meta-analyses of animal and human data.1 2 Some are single cross-sectional or case-control studies. There are now a growing number of relevant epidemiological studies, including powerful prospective cohort studies, such as the Nurses’ Health Study II and the Prospective Investigation of the Vasculature in Uppsala Seniors (PIVUS)3 Findings from these investigations are strengthening the evidence base for associations between exposures to organic chemical pollutants and adverse health outcomes. Supplementary Appendix Table 1. Adverse Human Health Outcomes -
Common Diseases of Wild and Cultured Fishes in Alaska
COMMON DISEASES OF WILD AND CULTURED FISHES IN ALASKA Theodore Meyers, Tamara Burton, Collette Bentz and Norman Starkey July 2008 Alaska Department of Fish and Game Fish Pathology Laboratories The Alaska Department of Fish and Game printed this publication at a cost of $12.03 in Anchorage, Alaska, USA. 3 About This Booklet This booklet is a product of the Ichthyophonus Diagnostics, Educational and Outreach Program which was initiated and funded by the Yukon River Panel’s Restoration and Enhancement fund and facilitated by the Yukon River Drainage Fisheries Association in conjunction with the Alaska Department of Fish and Game. The original impetus driving the production of this booklet was from a concern that Yukon River fishers were discarding Canadian-origin Chinook salmon believed to be infected by Ichthyophonus. It was decided to develop an educational program that included the creation of a booklet containing photographs and descriptions of frequently encountered parasites within Yukon River fish. This booklet is to serve as a brief illustrated guide that lists many of the common parasitic, infectious, and noninfectious diseases of wild and cultured fish encountered in Alaska. The content is directed towards lay users, as well as fish culturists at aquaculture facilities and field biologists and is not a comprehensive treatise nor should it be considered a scientific document. Interested users of this guide are directed to the listed fish disease references for additional information. Information contained within this booklet is published from the laboratory records of the Alaska Department of Fish and Game, Fish Pathology Section that has regulatory oversight of finfish health in the State of Alaska. -
NASCO Scientific Working Group
N A S C O NORTH AMERICAN COMMISSION PROTOCOLS FOR THE INTRODUCTION AND TRANSFER OF SALMONIDS by NAC/NASCO Scientific Working Group on Salmonid Introductions and Transfers Edited by T. Rex Porter Canadian Co-chairman Department of Fisheries and Oceans P O Box 5667 St John's, NF A1C 5X1 NAC(92)24 i TABLE OF CONTENTS Page INTRODUCTION ............................................................................................................... 1 PART I SUMMARY OF PROTOCOLS BY ZONE .............................................. 3 1 ZONING OF RIVER SYSTEMS ......................................................................... 5 2 DESCRIPTION OF ZONES ................................................................................. 5 3 PROTOCOLS ......................................................................................................... 6 3.1 Protocols applicable to all three Zones ..................................................... 6 3.2 Protocols applicable to Zone I ................................................................... 7 3.2.1 General within Zone I ................................................................................... 7 3.2.2 Rehabilitation ................................................................................................ 7 3.2.3 Establishment or re-establishment of Atlantic salmon in a river or part of a watershed where there are no salmon ........................................ 7 3.2.4 Aquaculture .................................................................................................. -
Table S5. the Information of the Bacteria Annotated in the Soil Community at Species Level
Table S5. The information of the bacteria annotated in the soil community at species level No. Phylum Class Order Family Genus Species The number of contigs Abundance(%) 1 Firmicutes Bacilli Bacillales Bacillaceae Bacillus Bacillus cereus 1749 5.145782459 2 Bacteroidetes Cytophagia Cytophagales Hymenobacteraceae Hymenobacter Hymenobacter sedentarius 1538 4.52499338 3 Gemmatimonadetes Gemmatimonadetes Gemmatimonadales Gemmatimonadaceae Gemmatirosa Gemmatirosa kalamazoonesis 1020 3.000970902 4 Proteobacteria Alphaproteobacteria Sphingomonadales Sphingomonadaceae Sphingomonas Sphingomonas indica 797 2.344876284 5 Firmicutes Bacilli Lactobacillales Streptococcaceae Lactococcus Lactococcus piscium 542 1.594633558 6 Actinobacteria Thermoleophilia Solirubrobacterales Conexibacteraceae Conexibacter Conexibacter woesei 471 1.385742446 7 Proteobacteria Alphaproteobacteria Sphingomonadales Sphingomonadaceae Sphingomonas Sphingomonas taxi 430 1.265115184 8 Proteobacteria Alphaproteobacteria Sphingomonadales Sphingomonadaceae Sphingomonas Sphingomonas wittichii 388 1.141545794 9 Proteobacteria Alphaproteobacteria Sphingomonadales Sphingomonadaceae Sphingomonas Sphingomonas sp. FARSPH 298 0.876754244 10 Proteobacteria Alphaproteobacteria Sphingomonadales Sphingomonadaceae Sphingomonas Sorangium cellulosum 260 0.764953367 11 Proteobacteria Deltaproteobacteria Myxococcales Polyangiaceae Sorangium Sphingomonas sp. Cra20 260 0.764953367 12 Proteobacteria Alphaproteobacteria Sphingomonadales Sphingomonadaceae Sphingomonas Sphingomonas panacis 252 0.741416341 -
The Salmon Louse Lepeophtheirus Salmonis (Caligidae) As a Vector of Aeromonas Salmonicida
THE SALMON LOUSE LEPEOPHTHEIRUS SALMONIS (CALIGIDAE) AS A VECTOR OF AEROMONAS SALMONICIDA by Colin William Novak B.Sc., Vancouver Island University, 2009 A THESIS SUBMITTED IN PARTIAL FULLFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF MASTER OF SCIENCE in THE FACULTY OF GRADUATE STUDIES (Animal Science) THE UNIVERSITY OF BRITISH COLUMBIA (Vancouver) July 2013 © Colin William Novak, 2013 Abstract The sea louse, Lepeophtheirus salmonis, has been hypothesized to be a vector of fish pathogens and previous studies have isolated viral and bacterial pathogens from L. salmonis parasitizing farmed salmon. To examine the potential transmission of A. salmonicida by preadult and adult L. salmonis via parasitism of Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar), an in vivo bacteria-parasite challenge model was tested. Two pathogen challenge trials were performed, in which sea lice from donor (Aeromonas salmonicida-injected) fish were allocated among recipient fish for 14 days. Three hypotheses were examined: (i.) L. salmonis can acquire A. salmonicida from donor fish via parasitism; (ii.) A. salmonicida-exposed sea lice can transmit the pathogen to recipient Atlantic salmon via parasitism and (iii.) L. salmonis and A. salmonicida infections can cause synergistic effects on host fish. Sea lice acquired A. salmonicida externally (Trial 1 and 2, 100%) and internally (Trial 1, 100%) from parasitizing donor fish. Trial 1 (~44g fish) demonstrated a successful transfer of bacteria from lice to salmon (mucus, 100%; kidney, 77.3%), with a decrease (t = 5.29, df = 6, p = 0.00186) in mean fish condition factor and 59.1% cumulative fish mortality. Conversely, there was no evidence of bacteria transfer, no fish mortality and no decrease in mean fish condition factor in Trial 2 (~155g fish). -
Shellfish Diseases and Their Management in Commercial Recirculating Systems
Shellfish Diseases and Their Management in Commercial Recirculating Systems Ralph Elston AquaTechnics & Pacific Shellfish Institute PO Box 687 Carlsborg, WA 98324 Introduction Intensive culture of early life stages of bivalve shellfish culture has been practiced since at least the late 1950’s on an experimental basis. Production scale culture emerged in the 1970’s and today, hathcheries and nurseries produce large numbers of a variety of species of oysters, clams and scallops. The early life stage systems may be entirely or partially recirculating or static. Management of infectious diseases in these systems has been a challenge since their inception and effective health management is a requisite to successful culture. The diseases which affect early life stage shellfish in intensive production systems and the principles and practice of health management are the subject of this presentation. Shellfish Diseases and Management Diseases of bivalve shellfish affecting those reared or harvested from extensive culture primarily consist of parasitic infections and generally comprise the reportable or certifiable diseases. Due to the extensive nature of such culture, intervention options or disease control are limited. In contrast, infectious diseases known from early life stages in intensive culture systems tend to be opportunistic in nature and offer substantial opportunity for management due to the control that can be exerted at key points in the systems. In marine shellfish hatcheries, infectious organisms can enter the system from three sources: brood stock, seawater source and algal food source. Once an organism is established in the system, it may persist without further introduction. Bacterial infections are the most common opportunistic infection in shellfish hatcheries. -
Common Conditions in Freshwater Aquarium Fish Fish Are the Largest and Most Species-Rich Group of Vertebrates, Numbering 60,229 Species and Subspecies
WILDLIFE and EXOTICS | FISH ONLINE EDITION Common conditions in freshwater aquarium fish Fish are the largest and most species-rich group of vertebrates, numbering 60,229 species and subspecies. Given there is such a plethora of species, fish have adapted to a wide range of aquatic environments – from the oceans to desert puddles, and from deep-sea hydrothermal vents to glacial mountain lakes and streams (Weber, Sonya Miles 2013). This article focuses on cold and tropical freshwater fish that are kept as pets. BVSc CertAVP(ZM) MRCVS Sonya qualified from Bristol In this author’s experience, University in 2013. After there are a large variety of beginning her professional pathogens that can affect career in small animal practice, freshwater fish. Stress she now works at Highcroft and subsequent immune Exotic Vets where she sees a suppression – invariably wide variety of species. She caused by poor water has a special interest in reptile quality – often underpin the medicine and surgery, but enjoys pathogenesis of many of all aspects of being an exotic these ubiquitous organisms. species veterinary surgeon. Underlying causes should, therefore, always be Sonya runs North Somerset investigated and corrected Reptile Rescue in her spare time. (Roberts et al, 2009; Roberts- Sweeney, 2016). Unlike mammalian patients, Figure 1. A blood sample being taken from the caudal vein in a fish. samples taken for culture and sensitivity testing in freshwater to cause infections and, as ensuring that the head is also fish should be cultured at such, first-choice antibiotics removed and the remaining room temperature (22°- should target them (Roberts- wound treated with a 25°C). -
Aquarium Problem Solver
Aquarium problem solver Approved by For more information: www.tetra.net 2 3 Contents If you follow the advice Water clarity 4-7 given by your aquatics Algae 8-9 outlet, and in our information Sick fish 10-13 brochures, it is unlikely that you will Sick plants 14-15 have any difficulty with your aquarium. However, in case you need additional help, this brochure tells you how to solve some common problems. 2 3 Water clarity Problems with water clarity are usually simple to resolve, and normally fall under one of the following: Cloudy / milky water 2 Bacterial bloom This has two possible In new aquariums, it is not causes: uncommon to experience a 1 Failure to clean new temporary cloudiness of the substrate water caused by bacteria. Because new aquariums Gravel, sand, and other do not have an established aquarium substrates contain population of micro- a lot of dust, which should organisms in the gravel be cleaned off before use. and filter, dissolved organic If the water goes cloudy as material accumulates in soon as it’s filled, this is the the water and promotes the most likely cause. The colour rapid growth of bacteria. of the water can be anything from a slight cloudiness to As the aquarium matures, a dirty brown, depending on this should settle down the type of substrate used. and clear. It is not directly harmful to fish, however Although your filter should it could indicate that too clear the water over time, many fish have been added it is preferable to remove at once. -
White's Sea Horse (Hippocampus Whitei)
Husbandry Manual For White’s Seahorse Hippocampus whitei Actinopterygii : Syngnathidae Compiler: Charisse Kate Pitargue Western Sydney Institute of TAFE, Richmond Course Name and Number: 1068 Captive Animals Certificate III Lecturer: Graeme Phipps, Jackie Sakeld, Brad Walker TABLE OF CONTENTS 1 INTRODUCTION............................................................................................................................... 4 2 TAXONOMY ...................................................................................................................................... 8 2.1 NOMENCLATURE ............................................................................................................................... 8 2.2 SUBSPECIES ....................................................................................................................................... 8 2.3 RECENT SYNONYMS .......................................................................................................................... 8 2.4 OTHER COMMON NAMES .................................................................................................................. 8 3 NATURAL HISTORY ....................................................................................................................... 9 3.1.1 MORPHOMETRICS ............................................................................................................................. 9 3.1.1 Mass And Basic Body Measurements ....................................................................................