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FIELD GUIDE to WARMWATER FISH DISEASES in CENTRAL and EASTERN EUROPE, the CAUCASUS and CENTRAL ASIA Cover Photographs: Courtesy of Kálmán Molnár and Csaba Székely

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SEC/C1182 (En) FAO Fisheries and Aquaculture Circular I SSN 2070-6065 FIELD GUIDE TO WARMWATER FISH DISEASES IN CENTRAL AND EASTERN EUROPE, THE CAUCASUS AND CENTRAL ASIA Cover photographs: Courtesy of Kálmán Molnár and Csaba Székely. FAO Fisheries and Aquaculture Circular No. 1182 SEC/C1182 (En) FIELD GUIDE TO WARMWATER FISH DISEASES IN CENTRAL AND EASTERN EUROPE, THE CAUCASUS AND CENTRAL ASIA By Kálmán Molnár1, Csaba Székely1 and Mária Láng2 1Institute for Veterinary Medical Research, Centre for Agricultural Research, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest, Hungary 2 National Food Chain Safety Office – Veterinary Diagnostic Directorate, Budapest, Hungary FOOD AND AGRICULTURE ORGANIZATION OF THE UNITED NATIONS Ankara, 2019 Required citation: Molnár, K., Székely, C. and Láng, M. 2019. Field guide to the control of warmwater fish diseases in Central and Eastern Europe, the Caucasus and Central Asia. FAO Fisheries and Aquaculture Circular No.1182. Ankara, FAO. 124 pp. Licence: CC BY-NC-SA 3.0 IGO The designations employed and the presentation of material in this information product do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO) concerning the legal or development status of any country, territory, city or area or of its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries. The mention of specific companies or products of manufacturers, whether or not these have been patented, does not imply that these have been endorsed or recommended by FAO in preference to others of a similar nature that are not mentioned. The views expressed in this information product are those of the author(s) and do not necessarily reflect the views or policies of FAO. ISBN 978-92-5-131489-0 © FAO, 2019 Some rights reserved. This work is made available under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 3.0 IGO licence (CC BY-NC-SA 3.0 IGO; https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/igo/legalcode/legalcode). Under the terms of this licence, this work may be copied, redistributed and adapted for non-commercial purposes, provided that the work is appropriately cited. In any use of this work, there should be no suggestion that FAO endorses any specific organization, products or services. The use of the FAO logo is not permitted. If the work is adapted, then it must be licensed under the same or equivalent Creative Commons licence. If a translation of this work is created, it must include the following disclaimer along with the required citation: “This translation was not created by the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO). FAO is not responsible for the content or accuracy of this translation. The original [Language] edition shall be the authoritative edition.” Disputes arising under the licence that cannot be settled amicably will be resolved by mediation and arbitration as described in Article 8 of the licence except as otherwise provided herein. The applicable mediation rules will be the mediation rules of the World Intellectual Property Organization http://www.wipo.int/amc/en/mediation/rules and any arbitration will be conducted in accordance with the Arbitration Rules of the United Nations Commission on International Trade Law (UNCITRAL). Third-party materials. Users wishing to reuse material from this work that is attributed to a third party, such as tables, figures or images, are responsible for determining whether permission is needed for that reuse and for obtaining permission from the copyright holder. The risk of claims resulting from infringement of any third-party-owned component in the work rests solely with the user. Sales, rights and licensing. FAO information products are available on the FAO website (www.fao.org/publications) and can be purchased through [email protected]. Requests for commercial use should be submitted via: www.fao.org/contact-us/licence-request. Queries regarding rights and licensing should be submitted to: [email protected]. iii Preparation of this document Recognizing that diseases cause severe damage to aquaculture production and fisheries of Central and Eastern Europe, the Caucasus and Central Asia, the Food and Agriculture Organisation of the United Nations prepared a comprehensive document that details the diseases that influence the outcomes of warmwater fish production in the region. The authors of this book are experts in diagnosis, prevention and treatment fish diseases in Hungary, as well as having extensive knowledge of fish diseases in the countries of Central and Eastern Europe, Caucusus and Central Asia. The main goal of this study is to provide information and easy to follow instructions / diagrams on identification ofthe diseases of the most commonly cultured cyprinid species (carps and their relatives) for the relevant region. However, the diseases of other cultured warmwater species (e.g. predators such as northern pike and wels catfish) are also detailed. This will be most beneficial to extension agents and research institutes of the targeted region in supporting aquaculture development in their respective communities. The preparation of this publication was initiated by Mr Raymon Van Anrooy, Fishery Officer and funded through the FAO Sub Regional Office for Central Asia External editing was provided by Dr James Richard Arthur, FAO Consultant (English grammar and technical editing) and Nadav Davidovich, Fish Health Veterinary Officer, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development, Israel. Final editing and publication was facilitated by Dr Melba Reantaso, Fishery Resources Officer (Aquaculture), FAO; Dr Victoria Chomo, Senior Fishery and Aquaculture Officer and Ms Eva Kovaks, Fish Production Expert from the FAO Regional Office for Europe and Central Asia, Budapest and Dr Atilla Ozdemir, Aquaculture Expert from the FAO Subregional Office for Central Asia, Ankara. iv Abstract Due to the recent rapid development of freshwater aquaculture in the Caucasus Region, many new and previously known fish diseases have appeared. One of the most prominent features of the region’s aquaculture is that it is mostly based on the rearing of cyprinids, mainly the common carp (Cyprinus carpio), as well as a few other predatory fish species. As a result, this book focuses on the diseases that affect these and other important warmwater fish species. Although this field guide covers the diseases of warmwater fish of Central and Eastern Europe, the Caucasus and Central Asia, it also draws upon the extensive knowledge base available for the countries of Central Europe and the former Soviet Union, as well as recent research findings from the Islamic Republic of Iran and from Turkey. The major warmwater fish species cultured in the region and their health status are discussed, and two major categories of disease are recognized: biotic and abiotic diseases. Although there are numerous biotic diseases, abiotic factors (e.g. lack of oxygen, temperature, feeding mistakes) remain the main cause of losses in aquaculture. The best practices for the field and laboratory examination of disease outbreaks are reviewed, and the importance of accurate and detailed data recording emphasized. Prevention as a key factor in avoiding the spread of disease is highlighted, and actions to prevent the spread of diseases between farms, regions, countries and continents are discussed. Possible methods for the treatment of each disease are reviewed; unfortunately, the chemicals available for use in aquaculture are now rather limited, as many of them are hazardous to both the environment and human health. Of the viral diseases discussed, spring viraemia of carp (SVC) and koi herpesvirus (KHV) pose the greatest threats to the world’s carp populations. Of the bacterial diseases, ulcer disease is still the main problem in carp culture, while among the parasites, Ichthyophthirius multifiliis, the cause of white spot disease, is among the most important. Exotic parasites such as various Thelohanellus species, as well as tapeworms belonging to the genera Bothriocephalus and Khawia, are responsible for a considerable amount of damage. Some diseases of unknown aetiology are also discussed. Key Words: Central and Eastern Europe, the Caucasus and Central Asia; Aquaculture; Fish Diseases; Identification; Prevention; Treatment v Contents Preparation of this document ..................................................................................................... iii Abstract ....................................................................................................................................iv Acknowledgements ................................................................................................................. viii Abbreviations and acronyms ...................................................................................................... ix Glossary .....................................................................................................................................x 1. INTRODUCTION ................................................................................................................. 1 1.1 Fish species included ................................................................................................... 2 1.2 Status of fish health in the region ................................................................................ 3 1.3 Guide to users .............................................................................................................
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  • How Barriers Shape Freshwater Fish Distributions: a Species Distribution Model Approach

    How Barriers Shape Freshwater Fish Distributions: a Species Distribution Model Approach

    1 How barriers shape freshwater fish distributions: a species distribution model approach 2 3 Mathias Kuemmerlen1* [email protected] 4 Stefan Stoll1,2 [email protected] 5 Peter Haase1,3 [email protected] 6 7 1Senckenberg Research Institute and Natural History Museum Frankfurt, Department of River 8 Ecology and Conservation, Clamecystr. 12, D-63571 Gelnhausen, Germany 9 2University of Koblenz-Landau, Institute for Environmental Sciences, Fortstr. 7, 76829 Landau, 10 Germany 11 3University of Duisburg-Essen, Faculty of Biology, Essen, Germany 12 *Corresponding author: Tel: +49 6051-61954-3120 13 Fax: +49 6051-61954-3118 14 15 Running title: How barriers shape fish distributions 16 17 Word count main text = 4679 18 1 PeerJ Preprints | https://doi.org/10.7287/peerj.preprints.2112v2 | CC BY 4.0 Open Access | rec: 18 Aug 2016, publ: 18 Aug 2016 19 Abstract 20 Aim 21 Barriers continue to be built globally despite their well-known negative effects on freshwater 22 ecosystems. Fish habitats are disturbed by barriers and the connectivity in the stream network 23 reduced. We implemented and assessed the use of barrier data, including their size and 24 magnitude, in distribution predictions for 20 species of freshwater fish to understand the 25 impacts on freshwater fish distributions. 26 27 Location 28 Central Germany 29 30 Methods 31 Obstruction metrics were calculated from barrier data in three different spatial contexts 32 relevant to fish migration and dispersal: upstream, downstream and along 10km of stream 33 network. The metrics were included in a species distribution model and compared to a model 34 without them, to reveal how barriers influence the distribution patterns of fish species.