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Field Linguistics : a Beginner's Guide Field Linguistics This page intentionally left blank Field Linguistics A Beginner’s Guide Terry Crowley Edited and prepared for publication by Nick Thieberger 1 3 Great Clarendon Street, Oxford ox2 6dp Oxford University Press is a department of the University of Oxford. It furthers the University’s objective of excellence in research, scholarship, and education by publishing worldwide in Oxford New York Auckland Cape Town Dar es Salaam Hong Kong Karachi Kuala Lumpur Madrid Melbourne Mexico City Nairobi New Delhi Shanghai Taipei Toronto With oYces in Argentina Austria Brazil Chile Czech Republic France Greece Guatemala Hungary Italy Japan Poland Portugal Singapore South Korea Switzerland Thailand Turkey Ukraine Vietnam Oxford is a registered trade mark of Oxford University Press in the UK and in certain other countries Published in the United States by Oxford University Press Inc., New York ß The Estate of the Late Professor Terry Crowley 2007 The moral rights of the authors have been asserted Database right Oxford University Press (maker) First published 2007 All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, without the prior permission in writing of Oxford University Press, or as expressly permitted by law, or under terms agreed with the appropriate reprographics rights organization. Enquiries concerning reproduction outside the scope of the above should be sent to the Rights Department, Oxford University Press, at the address above You must not circulate this book in any other binding or cover and you must impose the same condition on any acquirer British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data Data available Library of Congress Cataloguing in Publication Data Data available Typeset by SPI Publisher Services, Pondicherry, India Printed in Great Britain on acid-free paper by Biddles Ltd, www.biddles.co.uk ISBN 978-019-928434-4 (hbk.) ISBN 978-019-921370-2 (pbk.) 13579108642 Contents Preface ix Acknowledgements xiii Editor’s Foreword xiv Publisher’s Note xiv 1 Field Linguistics: Why Bother? 1 1.1 The threat to diversity 1 1.1.1 Some lessons from Truganini 1 1.1.2 The value of records 5 1.1.3 Diversity still undocumented 8 1.2 The ‘Big Questions’ 11 1.2.1 Armchairs and dirty feet 11 1.2.2 Fieldwork at home and fieldwork in The Field 13 1.3 What kind of linguistics? 16 1.4 Anthropological and linguistic fieldwork 18 2 Ethical Issues 23 2.1 Linguists and speakers 23 2.1.1 Ethical guidelines 23 2.1.2 Avoiding harm 25 2.1.3 Informed consent 27 2.1.4 Voluntary participation 28 2.1.5 Money and fieldwork 30 2.1.6 Ethical delinquency 32 2.2 Linguists and communities 33 2.2.1 Grammars 34 2.2.2 Dictionaries 38 2.2.3 Reading materials 44 2.2.4 Technical advice 48 2.2.5 Public awareness 48 2.2.6 Terminology development 50 2.2.7 Recognizing our limitations 50 2.3 Linguists and other linguists 52 vi contents 3 Getting Started 57 3.1 The fieldworker 57 3.2 Choosing a language 58 3.3 Background work 62 3.3.1 Reading the literature 62 3.3.2 The linguist and the lingua franca 64 3.4 Planning your fieldtrip 65 3.4.1 Fieldwork duration 66 3.4.2 Planning for contingencies 68 3.5 Funding 69 3.6 Permits 70 3.7 Equipment and supplies 73 3.7.1 Recording gear 73 3.7.2 Other needs 76 3.8 Getting about in the field 78 3.9 First contact 80 3.9.1 Arriving with an invitation 80 3.9.2 Arriving without an invitation 81 3.9.3 Local reactions to the fieldworker 82 4 Gathering your Data 85 4.1 Choosing language-helpers 85 4.1.1 ‘Informants’ 85 4.1.2 Language-helpers at home 86 4.1.3 Language-helpers in the field 88 4.2 Phonological and grammatical elicitation 92 4.2.1 Language of elicitation 93 4.2.2 Working environment 94 4.2.3 Initial elicitation 95 4.2.4 Eliciting grammatical patterns 97 4.2.5 Taking notes 101 4.2.6 Native-speaker judgements 102 4.3 Gathering words 104 4.3.1 Direct elicitation 105 4.3.2 Beyond elicitation 106 4.3.3 Spontaneous speech 108 4.3.4 Sound substitutions 110 contents vii 4.3.5 When is the dictionary done? 111 4.4 Keeping track of data 111 4.4.1 Daily records 112 4.4.2 Filing systems 113 4.4.3 Computer storage 116 4.5 Archiving 117 5 Beyond Elicitation 121 5.1 The textual corpus 121 5.1.1 Early corpora 121 5.1.2 The recording of speech 122 5.1.3 What to record 124 5.1.4 Reasons for recording 127 5.1.5 How large a corpus? 129 5.1.6 Different genres 130 5.2 Getting it right 131 5.2.1 Evolving analyses 132 5.2.2 Native-speaker error 132 5.2.3 Fieldworker error 134 5.2.4 The problem of tunnel vision 136 5.3 Text transcription 137 5.4 Participant observation 141 5.4.1 Extracting and observing language 141 5.4.2 Overhearing in the field 147 5.4.3 Beyond linguistics 149 6 Problems and Pitfalls 151 6.1 Analysis in the field 151 6.2 Learning to speak the language 154 6.2.1 Reasons for trying 155 6.2.2 Reasons for success and failure 156 6.2.3 Individual differences 159 6.3 Going troppo 161 6.4 Getting caught up 165 6.4.1 Becoming part of the scene 165 6.4.2 Unexpected entanglements 166 6.5 Linguists behaving badly 172 viii contents 7 Salvage Fieldwork 177 7.1 Getting started 177 7.1.1 Responding to the enthusiastic 177 7.1.2 Persuading the reluctant 179 7.2 Working with a limited number of speakers 181 7.2.1 Diminishing speaker populations 181 7.2.2 Diminishing structures 182 7.3 Legitimate linguistic authority 185 7.4 Saving the language? 187 References 191 Index 197 Preface A huge number of the world’s languages remain poorly described, or even completely undescribed. Many may have disappeared altogether by the end of the twenty-Wrst century, and only a small number of people are doing anything about this. Even among linguists—who we might expect to be among the most concerned—there are surprisingly many who are doing surprisingly little. This book deals with one aspect of the issue of linguistic diversity in the world: the task of linguistic documentation arising out of original re- search in the Weld. Although many linguistics programmes include a Weld methods component, I have often been asked by academics, ‘When you do Weldwork, how do you actually start?’ This suggests that researchers are possibly sometimes still being thrown into the Weld at the deep end, much as I suppose I was back in the early 1970s when I was sent on my Wrst Weldtrip. I went with an abundance of enthusiasm, tempered with some trepidation, but not a whole lot of practical training. There therefore has to be a substantial need for a book such as this. I have chosen to concentrate in this volume on only a subset of Weld- work activities. Clearly, somebody who is involved in recording a corpus of some variety of non-standard spoken English is just as much engaged in Weldwork as somebody who journeys forth to the Kamchatka Penin- sula to document a previously undescribed language. While some of the issues are the same for all kinds of linguistic Weld research, the linguist who is heading for Kamchatka is likely to be faced with quite diVerent sorts of issues from the linguist who is headed for the Bronx. The latter kind of Weld linguist is extremely well served with information about how to assemble a corpus (e.g. Milroy 1987), while the Kamchatka-bound linguist is much less well served. There are, admittedly, other guides to linguistic Weldwork, but none seems to me to be completely satisfactory. Some were written in a diVerent technological era when reel-to-reel tapes and typewriters were our main tools. Some are far too dry, concentrating on how to take notes and how to make satisfactory voice recordings, while ignoring the interrelationships between the linguist and language speakers as people. Some concentrate exclusively on problems arising from personal x preface relationships in the Weld while sidestepping crucial issues of data-gather- ing. Some completely ignore the fact that Weldwork involves an array of ethical issues which need to be addressed, and treat Weldwork instead entirely as an exercise in advanced linguistic analysis. Some seem better designed for the experienced Weldworker who wants to look back on Weldwork, rather than being geared towards the neophyte who has yet to test the waters. This volume is geared towards people who already have some background in linguistics and who intend to apply their training to the recording, analysis, and description of previously undescribed, or poorly described, languages. I anticipate that my major audience will be students enrolled in undergraduate courses in Field Methods (or any number of other courses with vaguely similar-sounding names), as well as graduate students—or even linguists occupying academic positions in universities— who are contemplating the possibility of their Wrst foray into The Field. However, I hope that this volume is appreciated also by anthropo- logical Weldworkers, and those from kindred disciplines such as psych- ology, education, and sociology.
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