The Boletoideae of Florida with Notes on Extralimital Species III

Home , Boletineae, Boletus auripes, Boletus edulis, Boletus subvelutipes, Gyrodon, Leccinum

The American MidlandNaturalist PublishedBi-Monthly by The Universityof NotreDame, NotreDame, Indiana

VOL. 37 JANUARY, 1947 No. 1

TheBoletoideae of Florida

The Boletineae of Florida with Notes on Extralimital Species 111.1

Rolf Singer

The Boletoideaeare the centralgroup of the Boletaceae,the most typical representativesof whatwe commonlycall boletes.In generalappearance, they resemblemost closely Boletus edulis Bull. ex. Fr., the type of the genus Boletus whichin its turnis the nomenclatoraltype of the familyBoletaceae and the subfamilyBoletoideae. The precedingpapers on the Boletineaeof Florida dealt withthe less typical"boletes," i.e., formsthat are aberrantin importantcharacters either of the sporesand hymenium(Strobilomycetaceae), or in havingclamped hyphal septa (Gyrodontoideae),or formsbelonging to that characteristictype of obligatorysymbionts of conifers(Suilloideae), or to a groupwith atypical tramal structure. The Boletoideaeare, as faras the numberof speciesis concerned,by farthe largestsubfamily of the Boletaceae in Florida. This is in strikingcontrast withsuch boreal regionsas most of Canada, the northernpart of the Rocky Mountains,or Siberia wherethe Suilloideae undoubtedlymaintain the first place in abundanceand in importance.On the otherhand, the genus Boletus and allied generaare supposed to be rare in tropicalregions. Actually there seemsto be a beltreaching from New Jerseysouth to North Floridawhere the numberof boletoidspecies is unusuallyhigh, only to diminshboth southward and northwardwithout, however, disappearing wholly in eitherthe tropicalor in the boreal zone. The numberof species is much higherin this continent than in Europe. Florida alone has 39 speciesof Boletoideae,not countingthe specieswhich are imperfectlyknown, and omittingthe subspeciesand varieties. As for the determinationof the genera (Phlebopus,Pulveroboletus, Bole- tus,Xanthoconium, Tylopilus, Leccinum) the readeris referredto the keysin part 112 of Boletineaeof Florida (Farlowia 2:225-230. 1945).

SubfamilyBoletoideae, subfam.nov.

Fungi familiaeBoletacearum, characteres subfamiliae Suilloidearum (Far- lowia 2:250. 1945) haud reunientibus,tramate typice bilaterali-divergente;

1 The firsttwo monographson Florida Boletineae,treating the Strobilomycetaceae and the Boletaceae subfamiliesGyrodontoideae, Suilloideae, and Xerocomoideaehave appeared in Farlowia 2(1) :97-141. 1945 and Farlowia 2(2) :223-303. 1945. A fourth monograph,on the lamellateBoletineae, has appearedin Farlowia 2(4) :527-567. 1946. 2 The numbersin parenthesespreceding the generaare thoseof the keys.

This content downloaded from 160.36.178.25 on Thu, 16 Oct 2014 13:11:59 PM All use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions 2 THE AMERICAN MIDLAND NATURALIST [Vol.37 hyphishaud fibuligeris;sporis haud flavisin cumuloatque ellipsoideissub- microscopio;hymenophoris nunquam lamellosis. Charactersof the subfamily:see key,Farlowia, 1. c. and theabove Latin diagnosis.The typegenus is BoletusDill. ex Fr. em.

1(10). PHLEBOPUS (Heim) Sing., Ani. Mycol. 34:326. 1936. Boleussubgenus Phlebopus Heim, Rev. de Mycol.1:6. 1936. Charactersof the genus: The genusPhlebopus is representedby two speciesin Africaand at leasttwo more in Asia, Europeand Americawhere, however,the moststriking characters of the stipeon whichthe genuswas foundedare almostcompletely lost. They thusbecome very similar to the speciesof Pulveroboletusfrom which they differ in theshape of thehymeno- phorewhich consists of relativelyshort to mediumlong tubeswith a concave- arcuatelower surface at leastin youngspecimens. The tubesare distinctly decurrentor at leastshow a decurrenttooth; they are never depressed around the stipe.The myceliumis veryabundantly developed around the base and quitefrequently forms some kind of pseudosclerotium.The contextfrequent- ly changesto blue wheninjured. There is no veil.The Africanspecies, in additionto thesecharacters have a conspicuouslyfurrowed stipe. The sporesof mostof the speciesare ovoid-ellipsoidbut in someforms of P. sulphureus theyare more elongate, often cylindric. The typespecies of thegenus Phlebo- pus is Boletus(Phlebopus) colossus Heim.

KEY TO THE SECTIONS

A. Stipefurrowed below. On theearth and on thebase of Coffea-trunks.African species-Sect. Colossi A.Stipe scarcely or not furrowed on the base. On trunksand stumps of trees,also onsawdust (conifers, Acacia). Not occurring inAfrica, at leastnot in tropical Africa -Sect. Sulphurei

SectionColossi, sect. nov. Stipitebasin versus canaliculato. Species Africanae. Charactersof thesection: see keyand Latin diagnosis. The typespecies is P. colossus(Heim) Sing.The dispositionof thislatter species has been made bythis writer on theassumption that the shape of thespores (Heim, 1. c., p. 11, fig.2, 2), thehymenophore (I.c pl. 1), and theabsence of clampconnections(l.c. fig.2, 1) as drawnin Heim'soriginal figures correctly depict the subject.A fungusof much the same type but smaller and thinner,is P. capensis (Sacc.) Sing.The long,fusoid spores of thelatter may be attributedto a parasiterather than to a bolete.Type material is notavailable at present.

SectionSulphurei, sect. nov. Stipitead basinvix ve1 haud canaliculato. Ad sarmentaet ad truncos. Charactersof thesection: see keyand Latindiagnosis. The typespecies is P. sulphureus(Fr.) Sing. (Boletussulphureus Fr.)

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KEY TO THE SPECIES

A. Pileus dark brownto olive brownwith a slightgreen shimmer; said to grow on wood of Acacia - P. viperinus A. Pileus yellow; on pine,and coniferoussawdust -1. P. sulphureus

Description of the Species Occurring in Florida

1. Phlebopus sulphureus (Fr.) Sing. comb. nov. Boletussulphureus Fr., Epicrisis,p. 413. 1838. Bolefushemichrysus Berk. & Curt.,Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. II. 12:429. 1853. Boletussphaerocephalus Barla, Champ. Nice, p. 72. 1859. Versipellissulfurea Quel., Enchir.,p. 157. 1886. Viscipellissphaerocephala Que61., Enchir., p. 155. 1886. Xerocomussulfureus Qu6l., Flore Mycol., p. 419. 1888. Ixocomussphaerocephalus Qu6l., Flore Mycol., p. 415. 1888. Bolelus hemichrysusvar. mulabilisPeck, Bull. N. Y. State Mus. 8:104. 1889. Suillussulphureus Kuntze, Rev. Gen. P1. 3:536. 1898. Ceriomyceshemichrysus Murr., Mycologia 1:148. 1909. Boletussulphureus f. sphaerocephalusKonr. & Maubl., Icon. Sel. 6:469. 1937. ?Bolelus sulphureusf. silvestrisKallenbach, Ann. Mycol. 22:410. 1924. ?Bolelus lignicolaKallenbach, Pilze Mitteleur.1:57. 1929. ?Xerocomuslignicola Sing., Ann. Mycol. 40:43. 1942. Pileus almost "primulin yellow" when young, becoming "straw yellow," with the margin mostly "picric yellow" to "pale lemon yellow," faintly appressedly fibrillose-subvelutinouswith velutinous margin but more or less glabrescent,slightly shining when properly dried, slightly viscid when wet but drying quickly, the outermost layer very soft and detersible when dried, and then the color "pinard yellow" at the margin, more "baryta yellow" with a tinge of "pale orange yellow" toward the center which in age becomes "antimony yellow," hemispheric, then pulvinate with umbo, or obtuse, with incurved, later lobed margin, 30-200 mm. broad. Hymenophore yellow, initially arcuate-concave and adnate with a decurrent tooth or plainly decurrent; tubes up to 9 mm. long and of rather equal length from near the stipe to near the margin; pores about 3 per mm., their diameter individually very variable, from 0.5-0.75 mm. near the margin to up to 1 mm. near the stipe; spore print with a distinct olive shade. - Stipe as brighta yellow as the pileus, subglabrous or somewhat fibrillose when fresh, the fibrillosityappearing Ike pulverulence when dried, detersible,ventricose or with the basal portion tapering downwards, or in age tapering from the apex downwards, smooth but with the upper half often coarsely fibrillose-ribbedor venose, the apex often brown spotted in old specimens, solid, up to 100 x 35 mm.; mycelium bright yellow. - Context colored almost as the surface, bluing when injured, but the change is variable in promptness and intensity,absent in old and dry material; odor none; taste mild. Spores 5.5-11 x 2.7-4.8,u, ovoid-ellipsoid to cylindric-oblongor cylindric- subclavate, rarely tilda-shaped, thin-walled, brownish melleous to melleous- pallid, the more elongate the paler; basidia 12-28 x 6.8-7.5,u, 4-spored, very few 2-spored (in the short-sporedform only); cystidia 17-36 x 6-8.2ju, very numerous on the pores, hyaline to deep melleous, naked or incrusted, fusoid-ampullaceous or fusoid-mucronate, or plainly fusiform; trama subhyaline, to

This content downloaded from 160.36.178.25 on Thu, 16 Oct 2014 13:11:59 PM All use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions 4 THE AMERICAN MIDLAND NATURALIST [Vol. 37 yellowish,the mediostratum deeper melleous, denser than the lateral stratum, theouter hyphae of themediostratum somewhat diverging as are thehyphae of theloosely arranged lateral stratum, the mediostratum comparatively thick fora boletoidspecies, and progressivelythickening while maturing and then not distinguishablefrom a tramaof the Phylloporus-type;cuticular velvet deepcanary yellow when seen in a thicklayer but single hyphae almost hyaline, thin-walled,smooth, cylindric, equal, 3.5-7ju in diameter;all hyphaewithout clampconnections. Chemicalreactions.-KOH on surfaceof pileus,brownish; on tubesand pores,deep castaneous; on contextochraceous brown. - NH3 and NH4OH on surfaceof pileushardly reacting at all; on contextprovoking more bluing. - FeSO4 on surfacesand on contextnegative. - H2S04 on surfaceof pileus,very deep castaneous;on tubesand pores,orange-ochraceous; on con- textlittle reaction. - Formollittle reaction. Habitat.-On stumpsof Pinuspalustris (in Florida)and of otherpines e.g.P. strobus,P. silvestris,etc., and also (in Europe)on sawdustfrom coni- ferseven in shelteredplaces, fruiting practically the wholeyear but a given myceliumfruiting only at longintervals, rather rare everywhere. Distribution.-InNorth America (known only from the easternstates) southto Florida,and also in Europe.In Floridait has beenobserved only in thenorthern patt. Materialstudied.-FLORIDA, CLAY Co. GreenCove Springs,Nov. 1925, W. A. Murrill(Bolefus hemichrysus) (FLAS, FH); 3 ALACIIUA Co. SugarfootHammock, June1938, Murrill (B. hemichrysus)(FLAS) ;4 Flatwood1 mi. east of Kelley's Hammock,July 1943, R. Singer,F 2421 (FH).5 MASSACHUSETTS, Ellis,Sept. 1913, E. B. Blackford(FH).6 NEW YORK, Menando,Peck (NYS). SOUTH CAROLINA, SanteeCanal, July1849, Ravenel, 985 TYPE, (FH). ALABAMA, Atkinson(NYS). ENGLAND. A goodcolored picture of Boletussulphureus Fr. by Massee(NY). I am verydoubtful whether or not thechanging or unchangingcharacter of thecontext or therelative length of thespores has anytaxonomic signifi- cance.The bluingis nottoo strong, and may remain unnoticed. The collection fromGreen Cove Springshas elongate-cylindricas well as ellipsoid-ovoid sporesin one singlecarpophore. The questionas to whetheror not Boletus lignicolaKallenbach is specifically,or maybegenerically, different from P. sulphureusis muchmore difficult to answer, and has no immediatebearing on ourFlorida bolete. The boletedescribed by Corbiere as Boletussphaerocepha- lus fromCherbourg, France, is thesame species as oursbut as faras Barla's originalB. sphaerocephalusgoes, we can onlyassume that it is identicalwith Corbiere'sspecies. French authors will no doubtelucidate this situation later. As forthe identity of B. hemichrysusand B. sulphureus,we can onlystate thatthe above description when compared with Fries' diagnosis and withmore recentdescriptions and figures(Neuhoff apud Kallenbach, Corbiere, Massee) showscomplete agreement.

3 This is a formwith mixed (ovoid and elongatein the same hymenium)spores. 4 This is the elongate-sporedform. 5 The short-sporedform. 6 This, as all the collectionsfrom outsi(le of Florida knownto me, belongsto the formwith elongate spores; so does the type.

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Extralimital Species

Phlebopus viperinus, spec. nov. Pileo obscurebrunneo ve1 olivaceo-brunneo,leniter viridi-tincto viscidulo, cuticulain vetustissaepe fracta,semigloboso, sein convexo,dein pIano, levi, admarginemtenui, 100-200mm lato; hyphisterminalibus cuticulae cylindra- ceis, apice rotundatis,tenui-tunicatis; hymenophoro sulphureo, plus minusve concavo,poris minutulis, tubulis breviusculis (3.5 mm. longisin siccis), decur- rentibus;sporis ellipsoideis, brunneolis, levibus, guttula magna instructis,5-6.5 x 3.5-4.2,u;stipite pileo concolori,substriatulo, haud sulcato, cylindraceo, farcto,70-120 x 7-13 mm., evelato; carne cremoricolori,laesa caeruleascente; hyphishaud fibuligeris.Ad folia putridaet ligna et sarmentasub Acacia, Junio-Septembri. This species is called Boletus badius Fr. by Mendoza (PhilippineMush- rooms, Phil. Journ.Sc. 65:91. 1938) and kabutengahas, meaningsnake mushroomin Tagalog (Filipino dialect). It is illustratedin pl. 54, fig.1 by Mendoza, I.c., and the typeis at the FarlowHerbarium. It is remarkablethat in the Philippinesthe mushroomis thoughtto be poisonous,exactly as P. colossusis thoughtto be poisonouson Madagascar. It also occursin Hong- kong,U. S. N. Pac. ExpI. Exp. C. Wright212, det. Singer,CO-TYPE (FH).

Species ImperfectlyKnown

BOLETUS OVALISPORUSClel., Toadst. Mushr., 2:191. 1935. This may well be a Phlebopusbut it is necessaryto learn more about the shape of the hymenophore,the structureof the trama and the presenceor absenceof clampconnections before a transferof thisAustralian species can be proposed.

BOLETUS FRAGICOLORBerk., Hook. Journ. Bot. 4:137. 1852. The well executedcolored figure in Hooker's unpublishedsketch book of Hiimalayanfungi suggests either a Phlebopusof thissection or a Gyrodon.

2 (11). PULVEROBOLETUS Murr., Mycologia 1:9. 1909. em. Charactersof the genus: Pileus viscidwhen wet, dry when observed in dry weather,cuticle usually (wherestudied) consistingof a cutis,more rarelyof a trichodermium,often covered with the slenderappressed hyphae of a veil that has a brightyellow (rarelyinclining to greenishor orange) color and a pulverulentconsistency, or else it is hyalineand glutinous;if thereis no veil, thereare neverthelesstraces of a veil (the viscosityor some pulverulenceon the stipe); the stipeis eitherentirely smooth or sometimesreticulate, usually subcylindricor somewhatthickened at the base but not typicallybulbous- ventricoseas in Boletus;tubes not or scarcelyarcuate and usuallymore or less depressedaround the stipe,usually i'ather long, and the longesttubes in the middle betweenstipe and margin,often very bright golden yellowto orange as neverfound in Boletus,and thiscolor oftern very persistent after drying, the pores small to large,the tramatruly bilateral-divergent though the difference

This content downloaded from 160.36.178.25 on Thu, 16 Oct 2014 13:11:59 PM All use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions 6 THE AMERICAN MIDLAND NATURALIST [Vol. 37 betweenlateral stratum and mediostratumnot alwaysstrongly expressed in ammoniacalmedium because of thesolubility of thepigment; clamp connectionsnone; spores typically elongate and eitherfusoid or ellipsoid-fusiodto subcylindric;cystidia usually rather large with the upperportion broadlv inflated,or ratherthin and ampullaceous;spore print olivaceous brown, e.g. "Isabellacolor," "orange citrine," "medal bronze;" context bluing only if a veilis present.Habitat: With coniferous and frondosetrees. This genusis easilydistinguished from Suillus by the charactersof the veilor itsremnants, and theabsence of glandulardots on thesurface of the stipe;if a specieshas noneof thesecharacters, the incrustation of the cystidia and the chemicalcharacters in combinationwith the presenceof exclusive conifer-mycorrhizapointto Suilluswhile non-incrusted cystidia, and lessactive weactionsof theusual reagents, in combinationwith an associationwith frondosetrees points to Pulveroboletus.Some speciesin bothgenera have bright coloredtubes. The dullred to pinkcolor of thehymenophore is characteristic forSuillus while a vividgolden yellow to scarletorange is morecharacteristic forPulveroboletus. The distinctionbetween Pulveroboletus and Boletusis somewhatless easilv achieved.Here again,the veil, if suchis present,or its remnants,will help safelydistinguish these genera. In casethat there is no veilwhatever, it is the sumof charactersindicated in thekey that decides to whichgenus a species belongs.One speciesof Pulveroboletusmay also be lookedfor in Boletus,in fact,P. retipes,does not show, in a majorityof cases,the yellow pulverulence of thepileus, and thecuticle is somewhatintermediate between a cutisand a trichodermium.Care shouldbe takennot to confusethe pulverulentyellow basal myceliumof somespecies of Boletus,or thehymenial structure of the marginof thepileus which is yellowin one speciesof Boletus(B. subsolitarius), withthe velar rudiments or remnantsof a veilas foundin Pulveroboletus. In general,the stipeof the Pulveroboletiis moreslender than that of the Boleti. The viscidand pulverulentspecies of theancient genus Boletus have been united,in thispaper, under one genericname for one positiveand one nega- tivereason. The latterconsisted in the factthat the viscidspecies of what Gilbertcalled Xerocomus, i.e. sect.Auripori Sing., were found to havea truly bilateraltrama, not one of thePhylloporus-type which, however, is similarin pigmentationwhen material in ammoniumhydroxideis compared, especially if thecarpophores examined are not quite young enough. Since this group, consequently,is not closelyrelated with Xerocomnus, and also not withBoletus becauseof theirhabit (the very character on thebasis of whichGilbert com- binedthem with Xerocomus), it was naturalto lookfor affinities in a group thatis equallyXerocomus-like in habit but Boletus-like in structure,i.e. Pul- veroboletusRaveneiji and closelyallied species. It is obviousthat the veil, still welldeveloped in P. Raveneiji,gradually disappears in theother species allied to it, onlyto be foundagain as a moreor less conspicuousviscidity on the surfacesof thepileus and stipe.A verystrong similarity in importantcharac- tersleads furtherto a fewspecies where the viscidityof the stipeand the yellowpulverulence are no moreconstant characters though they can be noted in somespecimens. Thus, we arriveat a definitionof thegenus Pulveroboletus

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whichmay not be quitesatisfactory to those who in thefirst place want a clear- cutdefinition in the Friesian style. But, on theother hand, our delimitation of Pulveroboletuswill bring together a numberof actuallyrelated species that cannotbe placedsatisfactorily in other genera. I trustthat the taxonomists acceptingthis emendation of thegenus Pulveroboletus will find it verycon- venientand natural after a consideratetrial.

KEY TO THE SECTIONS A. Veil present, dry, sulphureus; context and tubes bluing or becoming green on injury or pressure --Section Flavovelati A. Veil none, or not as described above; context neither bluing nor greening under any circumstances. a. Veil none; stipe not glutinous,nos viscid, nor markedly cartilaginous, and never hollow. c. Stipe smooth-(see under "D") c. Stipe strongly reticulate- Section Reticulati B. Veil either present (glutinotus),or absent, and then the stipe viscid to glutinous. D. Glutinous veil present- Section Glutinovelati D. Stipe glutinousor viscid in wet weather, but veil not developed. E. Hymenophore bright yellow, or bright golden-olive yellow, remaining so in dried condition- Section Auripori E. Hymenophore leather color to brownish- Section Cartilaginei

Section Flavovelati, sect. nov. Velo subpulverulento,sulphureo ve1 sulphureo-viridello,haud glutinoso, distincto. Charactersof thiesection: see key and Latin diagnosis.TIype species: P. Raveneiji(B. & C.) Murr.

Description of the Species Occurring in Florida

2. PULVEROBOLETUS RAVENELII (Berk. & Curt.) Murr. BoletusRavenelii Berk. & Curt.,Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. II. 12:429. 1853. Boletopsisicterinus Pat. & Baker, Journ.Straits Branch R. A. Soc. 78:68.1918. Suillus RaveneliiKuntze, Rev. Gen. P1. 3(2) :536. 1898. Pileus testaceousor latericiousmore rufous brown in the center but covered (especiallyon the margin,and in dry weathercompletely) by a sulphuryellow to lemonyellow ("strontianyellow" according to Coker & Beers) pulverulent,dry veil, viscid or subviscidbeneath on the cuticleproper, glabrous or subglabrousaside fromthe veil, subpulvinate,then convex to nearlyplane, 25-100 mm. broad.- Hymenophorelemon yellow,becoming alutaceous or sordid olive brownwhen older, and usually a beautifulcinnamon in dried specimens,bluing when injured,adnate but depressedaround the stipe,occa- sionallyarcuate when veryyoung but soon becomingat least flat or convex; tubes3-7 mm. long; poressmall to mediumsized (0.5-1.0 mm. in diameter), round or somewhatelongate, not dentate;spore printbetween "tawny olive" and "Saccardo's umber"in older prints,fresh prints not seen, but probablv more olivaceous.- Stipe concolorouswith the pileus and coveredwith the same yellowpulverulence which near the apex formsannular belts in some specimenswhile in othersit adheresto the marginof the pileus,dry. occasion-

This content downloaded from 160.36.178.25 on Thu, 16 Oct 2014 13:11:59 PM All use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions 8 THE AMERICAN MIDLAND NATURALIST [Vol. 37 allybecoming minutely brownish, pustulate, solid, cylindric or taperingdownward,or ventricosein themiddle, 30-100 (-145 according to Cokers& Beers) x 4-13mm.; veil arachnoid-pulverulent, sulphur yellow to lemonyellow; myce. liumwhitish to yellow.- Contextwhitish to yellowin thepileus, yellowish, rarelywhitish in thestipe, bluing slowly when wounded, in dryweather some- timesnot bluing at all; tasteslightly acid; odor none or peculiar"like hickory leaves"(Coker & Beers). Spores 7.5-13.5x 4-6,u,most frequently 10-11 x 5-5.3,uwhen quite mature, ovoid-ellipsoid,ellipsoid-oblong, or ellipsoid-cylindric,melleous, with suprahilardepression; basidia 25-32 x 11,u,4-spored; cystidia 36-47 x 7-10.5k,hyaline or brown,fusoid, or subclavate,with a shortand thinmucro; trama soon becomingindistinctly bilateral as in Xerocomusbut in still closed specimens verydistinctly truly bilateral of the Boletus-type,the lateralstratum strongly divergentand hyaline,the mediostratumhoney yellow,of parallel-subinter- wovenhyphae which are muchdenser than in the lateralstratum; veil consisting of looselyinterwoven, long, filamentoushyphae of 3.5-6.5[Lin diameter, withthin hyaline walls, and hyalinecell-sap, the yellowcolor due to a sulplpur yellow crystallineincrustation which is soluble in alkali; all hyphaewithout clamp connections. Chemicalreactions unknown. Habitat.-On the earthor on rottenwood in frondose,mixed and coniferous woods,often in deep shade, fruitingfrom June till November. Distribution.-FromMaine to North Florida and Alabama, and from Hongkongto Singapore. Material studied.-FLORIDA, GILCHRIST CO., Jennings Lake,, Sept. 1938, Mtlrrill (FLAS). MAINE, KitteryPoint, edge of swamp, Sept. 1893, Thaxter (FH). VER- MONT, Brattleboro,Frost, (under a herbariumname, unpublished),later collectionsas B. Ravenelli (FH). NEW HAMPSHIRE, Chocorua,Aug. 1910. W. C. Farlom (FH); Aug. 1907 (FH); Intervale,Sept. 1901, Thaxter(FH). MASSACHUSETTS, Randolph, Aug. 1897, H. Webster(FH); Williamstown,Sept. 1901, Farlom (FH). CONNECTI- CUT, Norwich,Sept. 1888, W. A. Setchell (FH). GEORGIA, Tallulah Falls, Aug. 1901, A. B. Seymour(FH); Rock Mountain,Sept. 1901, A. B. Seymour(FH). SOUTI-I CAROLINA, Santee Canal, Ravenel, 810, TYPE (FH). ARKANSAS, Oct. 1865. J. M. Peters, 17 (det. Curtis AUTH.) (FH). ALABAMA, Earle (comm. Murrill) (NY). HONGKONC, June 1854, C. Wright,209 (det. Berkeley, AUTH.) (FH). SINGAPORE, Botanic Garden,Baker (TYPE of Boletopsisicterinus) (FH). Since freshFloridan materialof this species could not be studied,our descriptionis based on extralimitalcollections. The occurrenceof this species in EasternAsia is anotherexample of one specieshaving two seeminglyor actuallydiscontinued areas, one in easternAsia and anotherin easternNorth America.The veil of P. Raveneluiis surprisinglyanalogous to thatof Russula pulverulenta. Species ImperfectlyKnown BOLETUS SUBGLOBOSUS Clef. & Cheer,Trans. R. Soc. South Austr. 47:63. 1923. Withouthaving seen thetypes, I would not transferthis species to Pulvero- boletusthough, judging from the description,it appearsto be closelyrelated to P. Ravenelji.It was describedfrom South Australia.

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BOLETUS FLAVIPES Berk.,Hook. Journ.Bot. 6:135. 1854. Said to have a mealystipe like P. Ravenelii,this Himalayan speciesneeds furtherstudy.

SectionReticulati, sect.nov. Pileo stipitevesaepe flavo-ve1 aurantiaco-pulverulento,sed pulverulentia inconstantevelumque haud efformante;stipite haud viscoso,fortiter reticulato. Charactersof the section: see key, p. 7, and Latin diagnosis.The type species is P. auriflammeus(B. & C.) Sing. (Boletus auriflammeusBerk. & Curt.).

KEY TO THE SPECIES A. Poresbecoming deep orange - P. auriflammeus A. Poresnot becoming deep orange -3. P. relipes Descriptionof the Species Occurringin Florida

3. Pulveroboletus retipes (Berk. & Curt.) Sing. comb.nov. Boletusretipes Berk. & Curt.,Grevillea 1:36. 1872. Boletusornalipes Peck, Ann. Rep. N. Y. StateMus. 29:67. 1878. Suillusrelipes Kuntze, Rev. Gen.P1. 3(2) :536. 1898. Suillusornatipes Kuntze, Rev. Gen.P1. 3(2) :536. 1898. Ceriom_cesrelipes Murr., Mycologia 1:151. 1909. Pileus "cartridgebuff," then deeperyellow, gradually approaching a tone near "lightbrownish olive" or "buffybrown," or bicolorousfrom the beginning,in drycondition "smoke gray" and "strawyellow," often with intermedi- ate colors such as "yellowocher," "Dresden brown,"etc., oftenwith a dry yellowpuIlverulence or pruina,especially on the margin,this pulverulence being more often seen on southernthan on northernspecimens, and showingan "apricotyellow" color, the cuticleproper viscid when wet, pileus pulvinate, withor withouta narrowsterile margin, 40-180 mm. broad.-Hymenophore "barytayellow" to "pinnardyellow," the pores "aniline yellow,"the tubes finallybecoming "orange citrine," adnate or slightlydepressed, pores staining "empireyellow" when injured,not closed at first,0.3-1.0 mm. wide, in large specimenssometimes reaching 1.5 mm. in diameter,of irregularsize and shape, tubes up to 12 mm. long, rarelylonger; spore print"Isabella color," deeperand more rustyin thick,old prints.- Stipe witha strongand some- timesstrongly raised (as in BoletusFrostii) networkof "pinardyellow" color on "barytayellow" ground, sometimes with the same superficialpulverulence that is observedon some caps, laterbecoming more sordid,solid, flexuousin many specimens,subequal or ventricosein the middle,more rarelytapering upward, 50-120 x 10-30 mm.; myceliumyellow, inconspicuous.- Context pale yellow,more deeply yellow when bruised (between"light cadmium" and "lemon chrome"), and eventuallybecoming "smoky gray," not bluingat any time;odor none; tasteslightly to ratherdistinctly bitter. Spores 9.8-13 x 3.7-4.8,u,subcylindric-subfusoid, or fusoid with attenuate upperhalf, melleous; basidia 26-30 x 8.8-llu, 4-spored,rarely some 2-spored;

This content downloaded from 160.36.178.25 on Thu, 16 Oct 2014 13:11:59 PM All use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions 10 THE AMERICAN MIDLAND NATURALIST [Vol. 37 cystidia33-45 x 5.5-7.5k,moderately numtnerous, little projecting,hyaline to melleous,frequently incrusted at the apex; tramatruly bilateral of the Boletus- type,with a denser,fulvous brown (fromdried materialin NH4OH), not verybroad mediostratumand a stronglycontrasting, strongly divergent, loosely arranged,subhyaline lateral stratum; cuticle consisting of repent,(2) - 7 - 7.7- (9),- thick cinnamon-melleoushyphae with cylindric-fusoidor clavate, sometimesrather short terminal hyphae, and at places wherethe tomentumis well preserved,the hyphaeascendant and the terminalmembers characteristically fusoidwith mucro or appendageand dermatocystidioid;in neithercase are the preterminalhyphae or chains of hyphaemodified in any way, all hyphaewithout clamp connections. Chemicalreactions.-KOH on surfaceof pileus beautifullyyellow (about "strontianyellow"); on contextsolid gray.-NH40H on contextnegative whereit had been stainedyellow by autoxydationbefore; where not stained (freshlybroken surface) deep yellowby action of the NH40H. -FeSO4 negative. Habitat.-In mixed frondosewoods, especiallyunder Betula populifolia, Fagus grandifolia,and variousspecies of Quercus,gregarious in small, often cespitoselyconnate; fruiting from June till September. Distribution.-Fromthe MaritimeProvinces in Canada south to North Florida and Alabama, and accordingto Murrillwest to Wisconsin.In Florida rare. Material studied.-FLORIDA, ALACHUA Co., Aligator Sink, Murrill, F 15691 (FLAS). NEw HAMPSHIRE, Shelburne,Farlow (FH); Lower.BartlettThaxter (FH); Pequaket on Piper Trail, Mt. Chocorua, Linider& Siniger(FH). VERMONT, Frost (undera herbariumname, later changed to B. retipes); anotherspecimen from Brattle- boro, Vt., withthe determinationB. oratiaipesPeck and a note saying"This we once supposedto be B. retipes.B. & C." (FH). MASSACHUSETTS, Stony Brook Reserva- tion, Linder (FH); Canton, Linider (several collections),(FH) ; Harvard, Siniger (FH); Wakefield,Siniger (FH). NEW YORK, Six Mile Creek, Kauffmani(FH); C. H. Peck,TYPE of B. orniatipes(NYS). NEW JERSEY, Ellis (under a herbariumname), (FH). VIRGINIA Phifer, AUTHENTIC specimenof B. orniatipes(NYS). NORTH CARO- LINA, Hillsborough,Curtis, 6414, TYPE (FH); Highlands,Alma Hollanid (Beers) & C. S. Manigum& W. C. Coker,9730 (FH). TENNESSEE, Crow Hollow, A. H. Smith, 9871 (FH); otherTennessee materialat FLAS etc. ALABAMA, C. F. Baker (det. Singer), (NYS). This species tends toward the genus Boletus bceause of the inconstant occurrenceof the yellow pulverulenceand the charactersor the cuticle. It remindsone of B. auripesPeck in some peculiarities.Murrill has specimens under this name fromtwo more points in Florida (Clay Co., and Gaines- ville), but the writerhas seen no one in the season of 1943.

Extralimital Species Pulveroboletus auriflammeus (B. & C.) Sing. comb.nov. Boletus auriflammeusBerk. & Curt.,Grevillea 1 :36. 1872. Boletuslaeticolor Berk. & Curt.,apud Curt.,Bot. N. Carol., p. 96. 1867 (nom. niud.). CeriomVcesauriflammeus Murr., Mycologia 1:147. 1909. This strikingspecies which is fairlycommon in most of our southeastern states,does not reachFlorida in the south,or, at least,has neverbeen collected

This content downloaded from 160.36.178.25 on Thu, 16 Oct 2014 13:11:59 PM All use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions 1947] SINGER: THE BOLETOIDEAE OF FLORIDA 11 there.The tramaof youngspecimens is verystrongly truly bilateral with a hyaline,loosely arranged and stronglydiverging lateral stratum, and a melleous,denser, axillar mediostratum. The cuticleis a modificationof a cutis consistingof long,filamentous, interwoven hyphae which never form a palisade. As forthe structure of thestipe see Yates,Univ. Calif.Publ. 6:248. 1916. SectionGlutinovelati, sect. nov. Velo glutinoso. Charactersof the sectionobvious from the key,p. 7, and the above Latin characterization.Type species:P. corrugatus(Pat. & Baker) Sing. (Boletopsiscorrugata Pat. & Baker). Pulveroboletuscorrugatus (Pat. & Baker)Sing. comb. nov. Boletopsiscorrugata Pat. & Baker,Journ. Straits Branch R. A. 78:68. 1918. Youngplants of thetype (FH) showa persistentor evanescentannu!us whichis due to an entirelyglutinous veil; the mycelium is white;the habit is muchlike thatof P. Curtisii.The cuticleis formedby filamentous,5.5-7,u thickrepent hyphae but besetwith pyramidal, fasciculate strands of hyplhae whichare conniventwith their upper ends, distantly septate, deep melleous, ratherloose, parallel, the terminalmembers not differentiatedand merely roundedat theirapices and 6.5-7.8,uthick; the pores are mediumwide, the tubesrather long and convexbeneath, depressed around the stipe; the spores havethe colorof theseof P. auriporus,and are ellipso&d-fusoidwith suprahilardepression, 9-13.7 x 4.8-5.8,u;the trama is trulybilateral in youngspecimens,the mediostratumwith denser,subparallel-subinterwoven, melleous hyphae,the lateralstratum with subhyaline looser and distinctlydivergent hyphae,septa more numerous in themediostratum; all hyphae without clamp connections.This has beendescribed from Singapore.

SectionAURIPORI Sing. (ut sectiogeneris Xerocomi), Ann. Mycol.40:43. 1942. Porisaureis vel laetissimeolivaceo-aureis et in statusicco; velo nullove1 haud abundante,luteo-pulverulento, haud glutinoso; pileo aut stipiteaut am- bobusviscidis; elementis hymenophori frequenter succo luteo-citrino repletis (in solutioneammoniaca), cito diffundente. Charactersof the section:these are obviousfrom the key, p. 7, and the above Latin diagnosis.Type species:P. auriporus(Peck) Sing. (Boletus auripesPeck).

KEY TO THE SPECIES A.All cystidianarrowly and elongatelyfusoid with the thickest portion around the middleand theapical thirdusually more or less ampullaceous;either spores small(8.2-11 x 3.5-5jL,rarely a fewreaching 14 x 5.2jt),or veil (thoughmod- eratelydistinct and ratherfugacious) always present in young,fresh material. B.Veil presenton thestipe; spores large: (13.5) -14.8-18.5 - (20.5) x 4.5-6.5/u; pileusviscid and glabrous;mycelitim white -4. P. subacidus

This content downloaded from 160.36.178.25 on Thu, 16 Oct 2014 13:11:59 PM All use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions 12 THE AMERICAN MIDLAND NATURALIST [Vol.37

B. Veil absolutelynone; sporessmaller; pileus not or indistinctlyviscid and then dryingvery fast,somewhat subflocculose-subtomentose when dry; mycelium yellowish -P. caespitosus or if fusoid,rather short and withthe thickest portion in theupper third; spores A. Not all cystidiaas describedabove, eithcrmany of themor all of themclavate, mediumto large: (9.2-18.5 x 4-6.8,u); veil absolutelynone. c. European plant with the pileuismostly pinkish ("onion skin pink" to "Japar. rose,"darker places reaching"ocher red" or almost"Indian red," morerarely colored about "vinaceousrufous" or "vinaceouspink"); stipe dry or, more rarely,viscid - P. gentilis c. Americanand Asiatic plant with the freshpileus not pinkishas above; stipe mostlydistinctly viscid unless the glutenhas been washed offby rain. D. Westernplant with large pileus (60-90 mm.) and stoutstipe (60-90 x 18 mm.); apex reticulateand besetwith viscid granules- P. flaviporus D. Easternplant (a similarform also in China) withusually smaller pileus and slendererstipe; apex oftenwith decurrent lines but rarelyreticulate, without viscidgranules thouggh sometimes faintly yellowish flocculose . ------5. P. auriporus

Description of the Species Occurring in Florida 4. Pulveroboletussubacidus (Murr.) Sing.comb. nov.

Ceriompcessubacidus Murr. Mim. Contr. Herb. Univ. Fla. Agr. Exp. Sta., Florida Boletes,p. 3. 1942. nomennudum. Pileo alutaceo-carneove1 ferrugineo-rubido,glabro, viscido, convexo yel plano,60-105 mm. lato; hymenophorolaete flavo, adnato ve1 depresso, convexo,poris usque ad 2 mm.amplis; sporis in cumuloaeneo-olivaceis, circa 14.8- 18.5 x 4.5-6.5,u;cystidiis 34-50 x 8-13.7~t, fusoideis ve1 ampullaceis; stipite albove1 pallide flavido, roseolo-zonato ve1 -striato apicem versus, plus minusve flavo-tinctovedi sparsihaud annuliformisgratia, sicco ve1 subviscidulo, levi, 50-65x 12-18mm.; mycelio albo; carnepilei flava, stipitis alba, immutabili, inodora,subacidula; hyphis non fibuligeris.Prope quercus in silvissiccioribus. Pileus"pale cinnamon pink" with "buff pink" and "Japanrose" to "onion skinpink," more "pale cinnamonpink" toward the margin, at places"testaceous" to "cao brown,"other caps "Hay's russett,"partly "ferruginous" or "burntsienna," and centeroften paler than this, viscid, glabrous, always scro- biculateor rugulose,at leaston themargin, convex to flat,60-105 mm. broad. Hymenophorebetween "citrine" and "sulphineyellow" ("orange citrine" withmore yellow pores when dried) becoming nearly "olive lake" when old, oftensurrounded by thewhite projecting sterile margin, adnate or depressed aroundthe stipe,convex elsewhere; pores 0.5-2 mm. wide, darker and more sordidon pressure;spore print between "orange citrine" and "medalbronze." - Stipewhite to paleyellow with "pale Congo pink" to "Congopink" stripes or zonenear apex, aside from this tinted yellow when fresh because of theveil, glabrousexcept for the veil, nearly or quitesmooth, dry or veryslightly viscid in dampweather, solid or almostso, taperingupward or subequal,50-65 x 12- 18 mm.,apex 9-12 mm.,base oftenacuminate; veil (thicklayer) "lemon chrome"but forming no morethan a sparsefloccosity on thesurface of tele stipe,the floccosity being fugacious and mostlydiluted in colorbecause of the colorof thestipe showing through, denser and moreconspicuous at an almost annularzone or beltat theapex of thestipe, or belowa consistentlyglabrous

This content downloaded from 160.36.178.25 on Thu, 16 Oct 2014 13:11:59 PM All use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions 1947] SINGER: THE BOLETOIDEAE OF FLORIDA 13 zoneof at least5 mm.breadth, sheathing the lower portion of the stipe,or presentat theapex as wellas below,but often rather obsolete both above and below,and morelike a superficialfloccosity than an actualveil; mycelium white.- Contextof pileusbetween "naphthalene yellow" and "bariumyel- low,"or partlypaler, of stipewhite, both unchanging, somewhat concolorous withthe pileusimmediately below the cuticleof the pileus;odor none, or slight,agreeable; taste somewhat acid, especially in thepellicle. Spores (13.5) -14.8-18.5 - (20.5) x -4.5-6.5k,well colored,brownish melleous,with thin to moderatelythickened walls, subfusoid or ellipsoid- fusoid,either with out or witha suprahilardepression; basidia 22-23 x 10.5- 13.7k,4-spored; cystidia on pores34-50 x 8.2-13.7>,hyaline, fusoid with the apex attenuateto an obtuLsetip, morerarely more distinctly ampullaceous above;hyphae hyaline, forming a bilateral trama; veil of thestipe consisting of agglutinated,subparellel hyphae of 2.7-8.2kdiameter, smooth, thin walled, filamentous,not alwaysequal, dense, hyaline; all hyphaewithout clamp connections. Chemicalreactions.-KOH on surfaceof pileuslittle reaction, viz. a dull "cinnamonbuff"; on thetubes "Prout's brown," then "mummy brown"; on the contextnegative, or weaklyreacting to a dull "cinnamonbuff." - NH40H on surfaceof pileus"vinaceous gray," later becoming a dull "cinnamonbuff"; on tubegsmerely becoming darker and sordid;on contextof pileusgreenish, on contextof stipenegative. - HCI on surfaceof pileus "orangecinnamon," same color obtained on tubes;on veil of stipedeeper yellow.- FeSO4 on thecontext of thestipe little reaction. - Phenolon the contextof thestipe little reaction. Habitat.-On theearth and on trunks(e.g. Sabal spec.),near oaks (e.g. Quercusvirginimna) in comparativelydry woods,solitary to subcespitose,. fruitingfrom July to October.Rare. Distribution.-Florida. Materialstudied.-FLORIDA, PUTNAM Co., Lake Swan.August 1935, W. A. Murrill(FLAS); DADECo., justoutside Fairchild Tropical Garden near Miami, in a somewhatopen stand of pinesand oaks (no pinescloser than 12 ft.),October 1942, R. Singer,TYPE (FH); ALACHUACo., Payne'sPrairie, R. Singer,F 2952 (FH). 5. Pulveroboletusauriporus (Peck) Sing.comb. nov. Boletusauriporus Peck, Rep. N. Y. StateCab. 23:133. 1873. Suillusauriporus Kuntze, Rev. Gen.PI. 3(2) :595. 1898. Ceriomrcesauriporus Murrill, Mycologia 1:147. 1909. Xerocomusauriporus Sing., Rev. de Mycol.5:6. 1940. Bolelusviridiflavus Coker & Beers,Bol. N. Carol.,p. 53. 1943. Pileus "orangecinnamon," "Mikado brown,""hazel," "Kaiser brown," oftenmarked with "pale pinkish cinnamon," often (in dryas wellas in very wetweather) with an olivetinge over part of thepileus in livingcondition but usuallyassuming the greenish or olivetones in driedcondition, the dried pileus "spruceY" withsome "chipmonk" and a shadeof "chutney,"margin more "hazel"(M. & P), or a mixtureof "antiquegold," "hazel," "cigarette," "Oak briar,"reaching "Malay," "cowboy," occasionally near "Rembrandt" (M. & P.), theolive portions "banana," "brass," "rattan," "burnished gold," "samo-

This content downloaded from 160.36.178.25 on Thu, 16 Oct 2014 13:11:59 PM All use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions 14 THE AMERICAN MIDLAND NATURALIST [Vol. 37 var," "tinsel,""deep stone," "buckthornbrown," "gold," viscid to glutinous when fresh,shining and remainingshiny, or becomingsubopaque in dried condition,glabrous or subglabrous,smooth, with even, slightly incurved, then moreor less widelyprojecting sterile margin which is whitebeneath, pulvinate, somewhatexpanding in age, 22-90 mm. broad.-Hymenophore "strontian yellow,""lemon yellow," or even richerand morebrilliantly yellow, becoming moregolden greenish in age, unchanging,scarcely changing its color in dried material,somewhat convex beneath, adnate but somewhatdepressed or deeply depressedaround the stipe in most specimens;tubes 8-20 mm. long, i.e. com- parativelylong; pores still brighteryellow than the tubes in dried condition, otherwiseconcolorous, irregular and some compound,0.5-1.2 mm. wide, or 5 to 5. mm. radially,and 8 to 5 mm. transversely,of unequal level; spore print melleous-oliveto brownisholive. - Stipe whitishand partlyslightly tinged withcinnamon, in somespecimens at lengthyellowish, the apex becomingnearly the color of the hymenophore,and the remainderpale yellowand still stained withpallid cinnamon,the base oftendeeper colored (like the pileus) but the verybase again white,usually viscid to glutinous,the glutendrying out in very dry weather,and washedoff in heavylasting rains, more rarely only subviscid :to practicallydry in specimenswith greenish or olive colorson the pileus,very rarelyin others,glabrous or witha veryfaint floccosity (use lens) whichis interruptedat places and usually lightyellow, mostly solid until age, fusoid or taperingupward and withacuminate base, 25-78 x 5-15 - (25) mm.; veil absolutelynone; myceliumwhite. - Context whitishbut more or less concolorouswith the cuticlein the upperpart of the pileus,and eventuallyoften yellowabove the tubes and at the apex of the stipe,otherwise pure whitein the stipe,evereywhere unchanging (but "bruisedplaces becomingbrick red" in the stipe accordingto Coker and Beers for B. viridiflavus);odor none; tastesomewhat acid. Spores 9.2-17.7 x 4-6.5 - (8.8) ,u, most frequently11.5-14.2 x 4.5-5k, strikinglyvariable in shape and size in differentcollections as well as in a singlepreparation, pale golden melleousto deep brownishmelleous, well colored when mature,subfusoid, to fusoidto elongate-ellipsoidwith a slightor more oftenvery sudden and distinctsuprahilar depression, with thin or in old specimensvery often somewhat (moderately) thickened walls; basidia 21- 38 x (6) - 7.8-10.5,u,4-spored; cystidia of two types,(a) 27-56 x (6.5) - 9.5- 15.5/,u,clavate, or clavate with a mucronatetip but not ampullaceous,often brightyellow because a minorityof cystidiaholds the lemon yellowfugacious pigment-solutionin some cases longerthan other hyamnialand tramalele- wRnents,(b) more fusoid, like these of P. caespitosus;the latter (b) type frequentlyabsent, and mostlyin the minority;if present,there may transi- tionalforms between (a) and (b) be observedin some specimens;trama truly bilateralof the Boletus-type,the lateralstratum, loosely arranged and stronglv bilateraland stronglydivergent, the axillarmediostratum denser; the pigment of the tramaunstable, bright lemon yellow,disappearing an ammonicalsolu- tion in the courseof a fewseconds or minutesand beingreplaced by a pallid grayishcream coloring matter which is stable; the pellicleis a cutis consisting of interwoven,long-filamentous, irregularly arranged, cinnamon hyphae of 2.5- 7.5 - (19),u diameter,strongly reminiscent of the structureof Leccinumrubro-

This content downloaded from 160.36.178.25 on Thu, 16 Oct 2014 13:11:59 PM All use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions 1947] SINGER: THE BOLETOIDEAE OF FLORIDA 15 punctum;some dermatocystidia present on the apex of thestipe; all hyphae withoutclamp connections. Chemicalcharacters not known but probably little different from those of P. gentiliswhere most reactions are not distinctive and weak. Habitat. On the earthon nakedhumus or sandysoil, rocks,etc., in northernwoods under oaks and on shadedlawns, in thesouth in fragmentsof highhammock vegetation; solitary or in smallgroups, or rarelysubcespitose, moderatelyfrequent in thenorth, fruiting from May untilOctober, probably usuallyaccompanying Quercus specc. Distribttion.-FromNew Englandto NorthFlorida, west to Michigan and Alabama;also in China. Material studied.-FLORIDA,ALACHUA Co. In and around Gainesville, Weber (det. Murrill) F 15934 ("B. auriporus?") (FLAS); MurrillF 19319 (FLAS); F 17974 (FLAS); F 9870 (FLAS); R. Singer F 2091 (FH); F 2527 (FH); July 25, 1943 (no number)C. Weber (det. Murrill,as Boletus flavimarginalus,technically AUTHENTIC for B. flavomarginatusbut mixed collection (FH); CLAY Co., Doc- tor'sInlet Murrill, F 19297 (FLAS); PUTNAM Co., Lake Swan, L. & A. S. Rhoads, F 18197, (det. Murrill) (FLAS). VERMONT, Brattleboro,Frost (as B. glutinipes Frost,later changed to B. auriporus)(FH); also as Bolefusauri[s]porus Peck (NYS, FH). MASSACHUSETTS, Newton,Farlos (FH). RHODE ISLAND, East Providence,Far- low (FH). NEW YORK, New Baltimore,Pecit CO-TYPE (NYS). NORTH CAROLINA, Chapel Hill, W. C. Coker,10661, AUTHENTIC materialof B. viridiflavus,(FH). GEORGIA,Tallulah Falls, A. B. Seymour(det. Singer) (FH); TanneryBrook, A. B. Seymour (det. Snell) (FH); also specimensfrom Connecticut, Washington D. C., Maryland,Michigan, Alabama, etc. in less well preservedcondition but probablycor- rect. CHINA, Hunan Prov., Ma-Ling-Tung,Sinning Hsien, T. L. Liu ("brownish above, deep yellowbeneath, under bamboo forest"), 496 (FH). The typefrom North Elba is not preservedas faras I couldascertain. The New Baltimoretype is externallynot too convincingbut with the microscopicalcharacters and thedescription at hand,it is satisfactory,inasmuch so, if thefact is consideredthat Peck consistently determined all latercollections in the sensein whichthis species is describedhere. Boletus caespitosus was correctlydistinguished frorn P. auriporusby Peck himselfthough described ratherpoorly with the emphasis put on thecespitose way of growthwhich is of smallimportance. Boletus innixus Frost, thought, by some, to be a synonym of P. auriporus,is hardlythis species. The authenticspecimens preserved here wouldrather suggest a speciesclose to Boletus(or whateverthe final generic dispositionof it maybe) RoxanaePeck, or Xerocomus Boudieri Sing. Boletus glutinipesFrost has evidentlynever been published after Peck advisedFrost thathe had alreadydescribed this species under the name of B. auriporus.P. flaviporus(Earle) Sing.which Kallenbach placed in his listof synonymsof Boletusauriporus sensu Kallenbach (=P. gentilis),seems to be differentfrom P. auriporusas well as fromP. gentilis(see p. 17). Boletusviridiflavus Coker& Beers,according to authenticmaterial received from the University of NorthCarolina, cannot be anythingbut the greenish form or stageof P. auriporus.This becomesunderstandable when we considerthe fact that Boletus auriporussensu Coker & Beersis at leastpartially based on specimensbelong- ingto P. caespitosus.I have for a longtime tried to distinguishB. viridiflavus fromthe typicalP. auriporus,or fromsmall-spored forms of the latter,or fromspecimens with more glutinous stipe, or fromspecimens with less olive

This content downloaded from 160.36.178.25 on Thu, 16 Oct 2014 13:11:59 PM All use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions 16 THE AMERICAN MIDLAND NATURALIST [Vol.37 coloredhymenophore. But no twoof chesecharacters were consistently corre- lated,and all kindsof combinationsand intergradationsmade the distinction of formsimpossible. The colorsare productsof weatherconditions and age, thespores vary in youngerand older,smaller and larger,diseased and healthy carpophores,and theviscidity of thestipe does not showa constantcorrela- tionwith the size of thespores or thecolor of thecarpophores. I have not seenthe change of the flesh to brickred, indicated by Coker and Beers, but I do notthink that this alone will prove to be a soundbasis for distinction between thetwo species. Boletus flavimarginatus Murr. of which,according to Murrill (Mycologia36:122. 1944), B. viridifilavusis a synonymis onlypartly identicalwith P. auriporus.Nomenclatorially, Murrill's change of mindon his ownspecies does not mean that his typespecimen which is cdifferentfrom P. auriporus(including B. viridiflavus)can be discarded.In a recentauthentic collection,determined B. flavimarginatusby Murrill, and nowpreserved at the FarlowHerbarium, we foundtwo species, Xerocomus illudens ssp. xanthomv- celinusSing. and P. auriporus.The unimportantcharacter of a brighteryellow ringin the hymenophorehas misledMurrill to combinetwo species which; have nothingto do witheach other.

Extralimital Species Pulveroboletus caespitosus (Peck) Sing. comb.nov. Boletus caespitosusPeck, Bull. Torr. Bot. Cl. 27:17. 1900. This is generallyconsidered to be a synonymof the precedingspecies thoughit is well distinguishableby severalcharacers as pointedout in our key. It thus happensthat P. caespitosusis sometimesdetermined as Boletus auriporus as, for example,by Coker & Beers. This also explainswhy, by these authors,Boletus viridiflavus(P. auriporus)is said to have largerspores than what is describedas Boletus auriporus.Since so much confusionhas been caused by the erroneousidentification of B. auriporusand B. caespitosus,and no good descriptionof P. caespitosushas been publishedthus far, we shall give a full descriptionof it notwithstandingthe factthat it does not occur (or has not beenfound) in Florida. Pileus when young as well as in age about "Sudan brown,"somewhat tomentose,not or not muchviscid, smooth, sometimes slightly areolated, convex or becomingalmost flat, 12-80 mm. broad.-- Hymenophore"lemon chrome"and remainingso, or becomingstill deepergolden to about "aniline yellow" when dried, adnate and slightlydepressed around the stipe when mature;tubes 5-10 mm. long; pores inequal,small to medium (up to 1 mm. wide, rarelywider), concolorous;spore print"old gold." - Stipe concolorcus with the pores above, graduallymore brownishtoward the base, brownish longitudinallystriped, equal or slightlyto stronglytapering upward but fre- quentlythe base again attenute,viscid to glutinoseon the surface,somewhat furfuraceousat the apex in some specimens20-65 x 5-15 mm.; myceliumyellow; veil none.- Contextyellowish white or with a purplishtinge near the surfaceof the pileus,and pale brownishin the lowerpart of the stipe,every. whereunchanging on exposure;odor none; tastemild or slightlysubacid. Spores 9.3-10.8 x 3.7-4.5,ufrom print,otherwise 8.2-11- (14) ) x 3.5-5

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(5.2),, pale melleousto melleous,ellipsoid-oblong to subfusoid;basidia 20-31 x 7.5-10Q,4-spored; cystidia 28-60-(80) x 6.8-12k, hyaline,fusoid with the upper part ampullaceousor more rarelytapering to a bluntedcone, the apex (if cylindric)about 3-5,uthick, numerous at the pores, or sometimesrather scatteredin matureplants; trama truly bilateral of the Boletus-type,a yellow solutionleaving the elementsof the hymeniumwhen they are put in ammonia- cal medium,this solution being destroyed in a fewseconds or minutes. Habitat.-On the ground,in mixedwoods, probably always near frondose trees,cespitose but also oftensingly, fruiting during wet weatherin summer and fall. Distribution.-FromVirginia south to North Carolina. Material studied.-VIRGINIA, TYPE (NYS); also at Richmond,Linider & Smart (det. Singer) (FH). NORTH CAROLINA,Highlands, Coker (Boletus auriporus), 13414 (FH). Pulveroboletus gentilis (Quel.) Sing. comb.nov. Boletus sanguineusvar. gentilisQuiel., Assoc. fr. avanc. sc. (1883) :504. 1883. Viscipellissangrinea var. gentilisQuel., Enchir.,p. 156. 1886. Ixocomussanguineus var. gentilisQue'l., Flore Mycol. p. 413. 1888. Boletus gentilisKallenbach, Adna 4/5:18. 1925. Xerocomusgentilis Sing., Rev. de Mycol. 5:6. 1940. A rathercomplete description of thisspecies and a good coloredplate have been publishedby Kallenbachin Pilze Mitteleuropas1:96, pl. 36, 1935 where it is called Boletus auriporus Peck. The Americanplant, however, differs in the charactersoutlined in the key,p. 12. Gilbert (Bolets, p. 137. 1931) proposed the name Xerocomus cramesinus(Secr.) Gilbert for the European species,but thisas well as Gilbert'sstatement "Boletus auriporus Peck is close but different"was violentlyopposed by Kallenbach.Gilbert's statement on B. auriporus has meanwhilebeen verifiedby this writer.On the otherhand, the identityof B. cramesinusSecr., Mycogr. Suisse, 3:39. 1833 is somewhat doubtfuland at least impossibleto prove.Thus the name cannotbe used. It may be argued that the European species is merelya geographicrace of P. auriporus sensu lato Kallenbach.This may be so. Yet, it seems to me that it is too earlyto combinethe Americanand the Europeanspecies under a single specificname so long as the distributionof theseis not knownbetter than at present.It is particularlyimportant to findout about the statusof the Chinese formmentioned here under P. auriporus. Good dried materialof P. gentilis is preservedin the H6hnel Herbarium,(FH) underthe name "Boletus gentilis." The tramahas a veryfugacious lemon yellowpigment which, in this youngspecimen, is not replacedby a moreuniform and stablepigment; there is only one type of cystidia(type a) and the spores are the same as in P. auriporus.

Pulveroboletus flaviporus (Earle) Sing. comb.nov. Boletusflavpiporus Earle, Bull. N. Y. Bot. Garg. 3:297. 1905. Ceriomces flaviporusMurr., Mycologia 1:147. 1909. This, in our opinion,is not identicalwith P. auriporusthough it certainly appears to be veryclosely related. The dried pileus is like Suillus luteus in

This content downloaded from 160.36.178.25 on Thu, 16 Oct 2014 13:11:59 PM All use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions 18 THE AMERICAN MIDLAND NATURALIST [Vol.37 color,and also correspondsin colorto some formsof S. ariporus,without, however,a trace of green or olivein anyof the numerous specimens distributed by Bakerthat I haveseen. The sameis truefor the tubes which are between "lightcadmium' and "anilineyellow" in welldried material. The carpophores aredecidedly stouter than those of P. auriporusor P. gentilis.The stipe,at its apex,still shows the reticulationvery clearly. The sporesof the typesare elongate-ellipsoidto more often fusoid with attenuate ends and suprahilar depression,with rather thick, well colored walls, 13-18.5 x 5.8-6.8ju,i.e. witha largeraverage than in mostspecimens of P. auriporutsand P. gentilis;the cystidiaare broadand voluminous,hyaline in NH40H, 30-50x 10.5-15.5,u, theapex either broadly rounded or short-ampullaceousor tapering to a sub- acutecone, always broadest in theupper third; basidia about 32 x 10.5-14,u. Thesespecimens were collected under oaks in SantaClara Co., California,C. F. Baker(Pacific Slope Fungi, 131). SectionCartilaginei, sect. nov. Velo nullo;hymenophoro haud persistenteraureo-luteo neque aurantiaco nequeaureo-olivascente; stipite haud vel vix reticulato,raro subreticulato pro parte,plus minusvecarnoso-cartilagineo, saepius cavo; carneplerumque aut constanterimmutabili; fungi tropici vel zonamtemperatam inhabitantes aus- traliorem. Charactersof the section:see keyp. 7, and the aboveLatin diagnosis. Typespecies: P. Curtisii(Berk.) Sing. (BoletusCurtisii Berk.). This and the otherrepresentatives ofthis section have not yet been found in Florida.

PulveroboletusCurtisii (Berk.) Sing.comb. nov. BoletusCurtisii Berk. apud Berk. & Curt.,Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist.II. 12:429. 1853. Boletusinflexus Peck, Bull. Torr.Bot. Cl. 22:207. 1895. Boletusfistulosus Peck, Bull. Torr.Bot. Cl. 24:144. 1897. SuillusCurtisli Kuntze, Rev. Gen.P1. 3(2) :535. 1898. Suillusinflexus Kuntze, Rev. Gen.P1. 3(2) :535. 1898. CeriomncesCurtishi Murr., Mycologia 1:150. 1909. Boletuscarolinensis Beardslee, Journ. Elisha Mitch. Scient. Soc. 31:147. 1915. The habitof thisspecies is typicalof Pulveroboletus,for it showsrather slenderstipe, comparatively high, strongly convex pileus and smallto medium sizedcarpophores. The myceliumis whitish.The stipeis not onlyviscid but of cartilaginousconsistency and becomeshollow (a characteralso observedin somespecimens of P. gentilis).The sporesare (10.5)-11.2-15-(19)x 4.3- 6.5,u,mostly around 13 x 5j, sometimesas shortas 13 x 7,u,melleous to dull- golden-melleous,ellipsoid-oblong to subfusoid-ellipsoid, almost as variablein shapeand size as in P. auriporus,the wallscomparatively thick, suprahilar depressionslight to distinct,mostly present; basidia 25-32 x 6-10.8,u,4-spored; cystidiainside the tubes somewhat seta-like in appearancebecause of thedeep ferruginousbrown color either in theirlower part or in all parts,or becoming so, fusoid,with ampullaceous upper third, some not ampullaceousand these oftenwith one to twosepta and a smallappendage, also clavate,43-86 x 6.5- 11u, mostly57-70 x 70-8.7juif notnon-septate; cheilocystidia are and remain hyaline,fusoid-ampullaceous, or filamentous-capitate, or fusoid-capitate, or of

This content downloaded from 160.36.178.25 on Thu, 16 Oct 2014 13:11:59 PM All use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions 1947] SINGER: THE BOLETOIDEAE OF FLORIDA 19 thetype of theseptate bodies that are foundin thetubes, about 1.5-7ju thick if not septate,and originatingin the trama;trama truly bilateral, of the Boletus-typewith a veryloose and pale lateralstratum and a coloredmedio- stratum,but in theavailable material (which is ratherclose to fullymature), themediostratum much broader than the lateral stratum. The cuticleconsists of thesame kind of hyphaeas in P. auriporus,but these hyphae are hyaline and melleousonly in thicklayers (a cutiswith gelatinous enclosures); surface of thestipe very similar to thatof thepileus but forminga verythin layer, beneathwhich there is the cartilaginouscortex consisting of suddenlyvery strictlyparallel hyphae which do notgelatinize and soonbecome thick-walled, long,filamentous, pale melleous,some with a brownish-ochraceouspigment; all hyphaewithout clamp connections. This speciesis foundin pinewoods in Pennsylvania,Virginia, the Carolinas, Kentucky and Alabama,and mayeven- tuallybe discoveredin adjacentregions, possibly even in NorthFlorida. Bol&us inflexusPeck is certainlythe same. I have examinedthe type (NYS). B. fistulosusPeck (NYS) does not differfrom the typeof B. Cur- tisii (FH). Boletusrubropunctus Peck put in synonymywith B. inflexusPeck by Murrillis quite differentand belongsin Leccinumn.

Pulveroboletus rufobadius (Bres.) Sing. comb.nov. Boletus rufobadiusBres., Bull. Soc. Myc. Fr. 6:XXXVII. 1890. Suillus rufobadiusKuntze, Gen. P1. 3 (2) :535. 1898. This specieswas originallydescribed from the Camerouns;we have (FH) materialfrom Nengbe and fromGanta, Liberia,G. W. Harley, 58, 77. The pileus is golden brownto olive brownwhen fresh, 30-50 mm. broad,with the surfacefeeling like suede, convex,becoming flat; pores whitishbrown, darker when mature,15 per 10 mm., 5-6.5 mm. long; stipe concolorouswith the pileus,brown on handling,solid or stuffed,darker furfuraceous, 60-100 x 5-6 mm.; contextspongy, in the stipe rigid,pinkish tan color or lighttan; spores 11-13x 4.5-5.5,u(up to 15,uaccording to Bresadola); printthe usual color of thisgroup; basidia 30-36 x 8.5-9.5[L,4-spored; cystidia 38-41 x 4-7.5,u,clavate- elongateto fusoid;cuticle of thin walled,hyaline, clampless interwoven 5-8,u broadhyphae surface of thestipe consisting of thin-walled,hyaline, filamentous, long,parallel, 1.5-4,u thick hyphae; these characters when added to the diagnlo- sis givenby Bresadolafor the typeseem to indicatethat this species belongs to Pulveroboletusunless the tramalstructure should unexpectedlybe different fromthe trulybilateral type characterizingPulveroboletus. The structureof the tramawas not apparentin the materialavailable. The externalappearance is muchthe same as in the precedingspecies (see Bresadola,Iconographia 19, pl. 937. 1931.

Pulveroboletus viscidulus (Pat. & Baker) Sing. comb.nov. Bolefusviscidulus Pat. & Baker,Journ. Straits Branch R. A. Soc. 78:72. 1918. This species,described from Singapore, has the same habitas the two precedingspecies. The stipe is said to be somewhatshallowly reticulate-fibrillose. I do not thinkthat this makes it comparablewith the species of the section Reticulati.We findthe sporesof the typespecimens (FH) to be 7.7-9.5 x 4-

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5.3,u, pale brownishmelleous, ovoid-ellipoid with a small centraloil-drop, abouttwice as longas broadwith a slightsuprahilar depression or withnone at all; tramanot investigable; cuticle not showing any particular structure in these specimens:all hyphaewithout clamp connections. P. viscidulusbelongs in the neighborhoodofthe preceding species which it resemblesa great deal. It differs frommost species of Pulveroboletus in shorter spores.

Pulveroboletusphaeocephalus (Pat. & Bak.) Sing.comb. nov. Boletusphaeocephalus Par. & Baker,Journ. Straits Branch R. A. Soc. 78:70. 1918. Describedfrom Singapore, this belongs in Pulveroboletus.The data that can be gatheredfrom the typespecimens (FH), are conclusiveenough to justifya transfer to thisgenus. The pileusis nowa beautifulrusty brown color, thecuticle consisting of looselyarranged chains of equal,cylindric, clampless, thin-walledhyphae with cylindric broadly rounded terminal members of 14-38 x 5-7,u,forming a trichodermium;spores melleous, thin-walled, smooth, ellipsoid to cylindric,9.7-14 x 5-5.5,u(sometimes as shortas 10.5 x 5.5,u,or as elongateas 14 x 5p); cystidiaon poresclavate, e.g. 20 x 5,u;hyphae of the tramahyaline; general appearance as in otherPulveroboleti; pores rather small; myceliumwhite.

3(12). BOLETUs Dill. ex. Fr.,Syst. Mycol. 1:385. 1821,sensu stricto Gilbert, Bolets,p. 96, 1931,non S. F. Gray,Nat. Arr.Brit. PI. 1:640. 1821 (=Polyporus sensulato), nec Boletussensu Murr., Mycologia 1 :10. 1909, R. Maire,PubI. Instit.Botan. Barcelona 3:41. 1937 ( =Suillus sensunostro). TubiporusPaulet ex Karst.,Rev. Mycol. 3:16. 1881. (Type T. edulis). Dictyopus, Qu6l., Enchir.,p. 159. 1886 (Lecto-typeD. edulis). Oedipus Bat., Bolets,p. 13. 1908 (Lecto-typeB. edulis). Boletussubgen. Tubiporus (Karst.) Konr. & Maubl., Icon. Sel. 6:452. 1924-1937. Suillelluts Murr.,Mycologia 1:16. 1909 (Type B. luridusSchaeg.). Ceriom_cesMurr., Mycologia 1:144. 1909. (Type B. crassusBattara). Xerocomussensu Reichert, Pal. Journ.Bot. 3:292. 1940 (Type B. impolitusFr.7.). Charactersof thegenus: Spore print olive or at leastbrown with an olive hue ("olive brown,""dark olive buff,""brownish olive," between "buffy olive"and "yellowisholive," "light brownish olive," between "citrine drab" and "deepolive"); contextwhite or yellow,sometimes partly red, bluing, rare-

7 Reichert's interpretationof the genus Xerocomus is contrary to the conceptiornof all modern authors as well as of Qu6let himself. It is a mere coincidence that Bolefus impolitus is the firstspecies mentioned. Reichert (I.c.) says: "But Singer (13) names as type species of the same genus the species B. subtomentosuswhich according to the rules of nomenclature cannot occupy this position because it was mentioned by Quelet only after B. impolifus." Which rules?, is all the comment I can make on this. As for the value of the genus Xerocomus sensu Reichert, it is impossible to find any character dis- tinguishingit from Boletus sensu stricto unless the lack of reticulation on the stipe is seriously considered to be a generic character in the Boletaceae. The hesitancy of some authors regarding the generic position of Boletus impolitus was entirely due to the fact that the structureof the trama had not been used, then, for the distinction of boleta- ceous genera. This latter character has firstbeen used by this author (1939) in order to separate Xerocomus from Boleus.

This content downloaded from 160.36.178.25 on Thu, 16 Oct 2014 13:11:59 PM All use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions 1947] SINGER: THE BOLETOIDEAE OF FLORIDA 21 ly reddeningor unchanging;stipe usually thick and fleshy,reticulate or floc- culosepunctate to flocculate-squamulose,rarely smooth and glabrous(use a lens),neither scabrous nor glandulose, dry and naked,in no stageand under no circumstancesever viscid or veiled;mycorrhiza with trees possibly not obli- gatoryin somespecies, in othersnot very specialized as to thetaxonomic posi- tionof thetrees involved, or elsewith frondose trees; trama of thetube-walls trulybilateral, the lateral stratum broad, loosely arranged, strongly divergent, hyalineor nearlyso, themediostratum narrow, axillary arranged and denser thanthe lateral stratum, also moredistinctly colored, the hyphae subparallel- subinterwoven,usually more frequentlyseptate than those of the lateral stratum(septa about as closeor nearly as closeas thoseof the subhymenium); all hyphaeconstantly without clamp connections. Murrilland R. Maire,applying the "first-species-rule," choseBoletus luteus L. ex Fr. as typespecies of Boletus.This rule,however, is notobligatory and shouldnot be followedin this case since the first author who divided the Boleta- ceae (Suillidae,as he calledthem) into smaller genera, S. F. Gray,separated thegenus Suillus with the type species S. luteusfrom the rest of theboletes, and Snell acceptedthis name. Thus, we haveto comeback to Gilbert'spro- posalto choosethe type species of Boletusfrom those species not belonging to Suillusin thlemodern sense. This alternativelecto-type is Boletusedulis Bull. ex Fr. whichwe haveaccepted in 1936,and whichis mostsatisfactory froma nomenclatorialas well as historicalpoint of view.

KEY TO THE SECTIONS A. Fungi withwhite and unchangingcontext (or at least not bluingexcept for very rare cases in whicha slightbluing is observednear the tubes),mild taste,dis- tinctlyreticulate or quitesmooth stipe; elongatespores, and a cuticlenot consisting of an epithelium. B. Tubes white, later yellowish,eventually mostly greenish, pores occasionally slightlybrownish; cystidia not stronglycolored -Sect. Edules B. Tubes white,later grayish; cystidia strongly colored (melleous and brown) ------Sect. Grisei A. Funginot combiningall the above characters. c. Stipe eitherreticulate or (rarely) entirelyglabrous and smooth; pores never red; contextmild or bitterthough not containingpoisonous matter; pileus never viscid. D. Contextwhitish, or pale yellowish,usually more or less bitterishto strongly bitter,context, or at least tube-tramabluing when wounded - Sect. Calopodes D. Context more or less yellow, mild, bluing or unchanging- Sect. Appendiculati c. Stipe either reticulate and then pores red, or minutely to distinctly flocculose- punctate or flocculose-squamulose,never glabrous (except in very rare excep- tional forms); context mild but sometimes containing poisonous matter; pileus viscid or dry. E. Small to medium, rarely large species with the general appearance of Xero- comus,(i.e. stipe moderately broad and subequal to moderately thickened); pores in mature, medium sized specimens around 1 mm. wide, either distinctly open or daedaleoid-meandering when quite young, as seen under a lens - Sect. Subpruinosi E. Medium to large, rarely small species with the habit of a typical Boletus, i.e. with comparatively thick or/and stronglyventricose stipe that is thickened either at the base, or at the apex, or in the middle; pores small, often stuffedwhen quite young, usually punctiformand not or little elongate, in medium sized, mature specimens rarely reaching an average diameter of 1 mm. ---- Sect. Luridi

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(EM. If the pores are small (less than 1 mm.in diameter)and yellow,the stipe finelyfurfuraceous, and the cuticlewith a distinctepithelium, see ------Genus Leccinum,sect. Luteoscabra)

SectionEDULES Fr.,Epicr., p. 420. 1838. GenusOedipus subgen. Homosarcus Bat., Bolets, p. 13. 1908. Charactersof the section:these are obviousfrom the key,p. 21. Type species:B. edulisBull. ex Fr.

KEY TO THE SPECIES A. Stipesmooth, or at leastnot reticulate; pileus viscid -B. Alkinsoniaiius A. Stipemore or lessreticulate; pileus somewhat viscid, or dry. B.Apicesof theterminal members of the cuticularhyphae-chains clavate and broadlyrounded, not forminga definitepalisade. c. Terminalmembers of thecuticular hyphae-chains erect but more or lesscon- niventat leastat placeswhere the cuticle breaks; pileus "cinnamon brown" or "Prout'sbrown," "sepia," "mummy brown," "Dresden brown" or more olivethan these, becoming paler and moreyellowish at leastnear the margin,with a coarse,densely granular-subtomentose to fibrillose-squarrulose cuticle(like Boletellus mirabilis), fibrils of thiscovering often agglutinate becauseof a fugaciousviscidity. Western species - B. olivaceobrunneus c. All cuticularhyphae strongly interwoven, the terminal claviculae often oblique butnot connivent; pileus not deep brown(in Floridaspecimens), never tendingto olive,glabrous or evenlysubtomentose, often distinctly and per- sistentlyviscid -7. B. edulis D. Pileus reddishbrown or yellowishbrown with more ochraceous margin; stipetapering from a verythick base; in coniferouswoods ------(2)B. edulisssp. clavipes D.Pileus purplish or uniformlydeep red-brown; stipe usually ventricose, also oftentapering upward -B. edulis(various subspecies). B. If thecuticular layer is completelydeveloped, the epicutis consisting of an often disruptedbut distinct trichodermium-palisade whichforms a tomentumthat is easilyscratched off or washedoff; terminal members of thepalisade not or onlyexceptionally clavate ------6. B. aereus Descriptionof the Species Occurringin Florida 6. BOLETUS AEREUS Bull. ex Fr., Syst. Mycol. 1:393. 1821, pro parte (sensu Bat.) Plate 1, Fig.2 Boletusaeneus Rostk. in Sturm,Deutschl. Flora, 3:109. 1844. Boletusvaccinus Fr., Epicr., p. 420. 1838sensu Velenovsky, Cesk. H. p. 703. 1922. Boletusreticulattus Boud., Bull. Soc. Mycol.Fr. 23:321. 1876,an Schaeffer;niont Hook.in Kunth,Syn. P1. 1:(9). 1822,nec Secr., Myc. Suis. 3:39. 1833. Diciyopusaereus Qu6l., Enchir., p. 159. 1886. Boletusvariipes Peck, Ann. Rep. N. Y. StateMus. 41:76. 1888. BoletusAlkinsoni Peck, Bull. N. Y. StateMus. 94:20. 1905. Boletusnobilis Peck, Bull. N. Y. StateMus. 150:48. 1905. Boletusedulis var. reticulatus Bat., Bolets, p. 14. 1908. BoletusGertrudiae Peck, Bull. N. Y. StateMus. 64:50. 1911. Tubiporusaereus Ricken, Vademecum, p. 206. 1918 (descriptionieexclusa). Boletusedulis ssp. aereus Konr. & Maubl.,Icon. Sel. 6:454. 1924-1937. Boletusedulis ssp. reticulalus Konr. & Maubl.,Icon. Sel. 6:453. 1924-1937. Tubiporusedulis ssp. aereus R. Maire,Publ. Instit.Bot'an. 3:45. 1935. Tubiporusedulis ssp. reticulata R. Maire, Publ. Instit.Bot'an. 3:45. 1935.

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Pileus "buckthornbrowni" and oftenwith a much deeper,"chukker" (M. & P.), shade at least at places,often purplish or vinaceousat places,sometinmes producingthe effectof "sayal brown,"finely velutinous to tomentosewhen young,then glabrescent in manyspecimens and eventuallyusually cracking in large,irregular, areolate fragments, or minutelyrivulose, never viscid, pulvinate, then less convex and eventuallyoften flattened, 50-192 mm. broad.- Hymenophorewhite, at lengthgreenish yellow, depressed around the stipe; tubesrather long, about 6-33 mm.; pores verysmall, initially punctiform and "stuffed,"up to 0.5 mm. in diameterwhen mature,concolorous; spore print "olive."- Stipe "cinnamonbuff" with a flushof "lightpinkish cinnamon," or concolorouswith the pileus but paler than "buckthorn"or "sayal brown," reticulatein the upper two thirdsor more,more rarelyonly at the apex and even there occasionallyso slightlythat it may be overlooked (B. vaceinus Fr. ?), glabrous,solid, fleshy, tapering from a swollen,bulbous base or ventricose-fusoidwith the thickestpart near the middle,more rarelythick-cylindric, spongyand softin the interiorin old specimens,up to 95 x 40 mm.- Con- textwhite, sometimes somewhat brownish pink under the cuticle,unchanging in all partsor rarelyvery slightly and indistinctlybecoming pinkish where cut; odor none in freshmaterial, but stronglycumarinous in driedmaterial (more so thanin B. edulis); tastemild. Spores 11.5- 17 x 4.5-6,u,bright melleous to brownishmelleous, usually broadestin the lowerthird and graduallytapering toward the apex,more rarely more exactlyfusoid, with or withoutsuprahilar depression or applanation; basidia 24-40 x 8.8-12,u,4-spored; cystidia 24-42 x 7.5-14.3,u,ventricose- mucronateor fusoid-ampullaceous,few to fairlynumerous on the pores,very scatteredin the tubes,hyaline; trama truly bilateral, of the Boletus-type,not differentfrom that of B. edulis (see next followingspecies); cuticleof interwovenhyphae which are brownwhen seen in dense strands,superposed by a detersibleand often interruptedbut, in young undamaged specimens,very distincttrichodermium-palisade, the latter consistingof hyaline or slightly colored,erect hyphae-chains, the hypha!ecylindric or subulatewith rounded to rarelyacute tip on the terimnalmembers which measure between 11-55, in lengthand 5.8-10.2,uin diameter,the subseqeunt,lower member13.5-20.5- (50) x 6.5-10.2[L;all hyphaewithout clamp connections. Chemicalreactions not studied. Habitat.-Lawns and open woods, in Florida under Quercus virginiana, Q. laurifolia,Q. laevis and underother species of Quercus farthernorth and in Europe,possible also underother frondose trees, such as Castanea,Betula, Fagus, always on the ground, frequentin North Florida from May till October. Distribution.-InNew Englandand southto North Florida,west to Mich- igan and possiblyto the PacificCoast and Mexico, also in Europe (excepting northernEurope) and NorthAfrica, and East Asia. Materialstudied.-FLORIDA, ALACHUA CO., Gainesville,R. Singer,F 1886 (FH); F 2206 (FH); Newnan'sLake, R. SingerF 2176/I (FH); MASSACHUSETTS, Can- ton,D. H. Linder(det. W. H. Snellas B. Atkinsoniiaff.), 1276 (FH). NEW YORK, Menands,TYPE of B. varipesPeck (NYS); Port Jefferson,types of B. Alkinsoni Peck and B. nobilisPeck, (NYS). CONNECTICUT, Old Lynn,TYPE of B. Gertrudiae Peck (NYS). Also severalcollections of freshmaterial from SPAIN, Catalonia etc.

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This is the "ceped'ete" of the Frenchmarket (hence Paulet's name B. aestivalis,pre-Friesian, and misunderstood in later years), and, if coloreddark enough,it becomes the "cepe noir," the B. aereusBull. p.p. Since Fries accepted Bulliard'sspecies in 1821,distinguishing like Bulliard himself two formsor varieties(a) withsnow white, and (b) withpale sulphureousflesh, we may well chooseas the typethe form(a) whichis the B, aereusin the above description.In Fries'index, p. 515,we find,for the first time, the spelling B. aeneus,but it seemsto me thatthe spellingin the main textshould be accepted.Kallenbach gives a rathergood pictureof the darkform as found in CentralEurope (cepe noir),but the best illustration of our Floridaplant whichis moreoften ocher brown than blackish brown, may be foundin Kawa- mura,Illustr. Japan. Fungi, pl. 140. 1930.This is thecommon species of the sectionEdules in Florida,and couldbe usedfor food to a greatextent since it is easyto recognizeand growsin the back yardsof manyhomes in large numbers.It is as deliciousan ediblefungus as B. edulis. Velenovskycalls this B. vaccinusbut it is notcertain that it is Fries'sB. vaccinus.B. reticulatusin thesense of Boudierand manyother French authors is thelighter colored form of thisspecies, but this name cannot be usedsince it wasvalidated by Boudier as lateas 1876,55 yearsafter B. aereushad been validatedby Fries.Besides, doubts have been expressed as to the identityof Schaeffer'splate which in a lateredition is describedas bluing.B. Gertrudiae Peckis describedin a mannerthat would suggest a muchmore yellow species, but the specimensare indistinguishablefrom other pale formsof B. aereus. Peckdid notsee it in freshcondition, and thenotes available may have been insufficientor misleading. In Sturm'sFlora, Rcstkovius called this B. edulis, and B. edulissensu Secr. is also partlythis species. It is likewiselisted as 5. edulisin Murrill'sFlorida Boletes (1942), and is consideredto be a subspecies of B. edulisby Konrad & Maublancand otherFrench writers. However, once theanatomical differences of the cuticle are understood,it becomesperfectly clearthat B. edulisand B. aereusare two different species. Peck subdivides his B. variipeswhich is the sameas B. aereus,into three varieties, according to thecharacters of thereticulation of thestipe, but I am unableto statewhether thisis of any taxonomicalimportance at all. Lohwagand Peringerstudied whatthey called B. edulisssp. reticulatus,their indications on its anatomy, however,make it possibleto thinkthat they had eitherspecimens of B. aereus thathad losttheir tricholermium-palisade, or B. edulis ssp. euedulisthat had stronglycracked surface because of a suddendecrease in humidity.

7. BOLETUS EDULIS Bull. ex Fr., Syst.Mycol. 1:392. 1821,non Rostkov. Plate1, Fig. I Leccinumedule S. F. Gray,Nat. Arr. Brit. Pl. 1:647.1821. Boletusesculentus (Caesalp.) Persoonex Persoon,Mycol. Eur. 2:131. 1825. Boletuslimatulus Frost, Bull. Buff. Soc. Nat. Sci. 2:104.1874. Tubiporusedulis Karst., Rev. Mycol. 3:16. 1881. Boletusfiliae Gill., Tab. anal.Hym. p. 143.1884. Dictyopusedulis Quel., Enchir., p. 159.1886. Boletusbulbosus Schaef. ex Cchroet. inCohn, Krypt. Fl. Schles.3:499. 1888. G_rodonfiliae Sacc. & Cub.,Syll. Fung. 6:53. 1888. Suillusbulbosus Kuntze, Rev. Gen. P1. 3(2) :535.1898.

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Ceriomyces crassusBatt. ex Murr.,Mycologia 1 :149. 1909. Boletuscrassus (Batt. ex) Jacz., Opred. Grib. 1 :594. 1913. ?Boletusfrustulosus Peck, Bull. Torr. Bot. Cl. 24:146. 1897. ?Ceriomyces frustulosuisMurr., Mycologia 1 :145. 1909.

SubspeciesEUEDULIS R. Maire, Publ. Inst. Bot. 3:44. 1935 ut Tubiporus. This has not been observedin Florida but I have seen specimensfrom Oregon which probablybelong here (comm. A. H. Smith, 19130, 20001, MICH) .

SubspeciesCLAVIPES Peck, Rep. N. Y. State Mus. 51:309. 1899 ut var. Pileus "ochraceoustawny," or between"pecan brown"and "Kaiserbrown," sometimeswith a slighttinge of "cameo brown,"also "hazel" or "auburn,"the margindiscolorous, paler and nearlyalways with a yellowtinge that may be more or less apparentaccording to age and weather("yellow ocher,""mustard yellow,"or even "ochraceousorange" at first), occasionallythe pileus moreyellow than brown, glabrous or subglabrous,slightly and not persistently viscidto distinctlyviscid when wet, smooth, pulvinate, finally convex-applanate, 65-120 mm.-Hymenophore white,then near "yellowocher" and eventually sordidgreen, the pores oftenbecoming "chestnut brown," adnate but soon stronglydepressed around the stipe;tubes long; poressmall; sporeprint "olive brown."-Stipe pale brownish,pale reddishbrown, smooth, except for a fine but distinctreticulation running down the stipe (fromreticulate in the upper third to four-fifthsapproximately), glabrous, thick-cylindric and sometirnes slightlyto decidedlytapering upwards, never subfusoid-ventricose as in the Europeantype, solid, fleshy,up to 130 x 35 mm.-Context white,sometimes slightlypinkish after a while in some parts,usually with a narrowbron?ish zone underthe brownishportion of the cuticle;odor none, somewhatcumari- nous whendried; taste mild. Spores 13-17-(21) x 3.5-5.8,u,melleous, fusoid, with suprahilardepression; basidia 30-40 x 6.8-1l1l,4-spored; cystidia 36-48 x 4.5-12,u,variable in shape and size, the thickestportion either near the middle or in the upper third,with an apiculus or mucro at the tip, or ampullaceousabove, usually more or less subfusoidto fusoid,the thickestand most conspicuouscystidia crowdedon the pores; trama trulybilateral of the Boletus-type,sometimes entirelyhyaline, sometimes with a slightlycolored (pale melleous) medio- stratumwhich is formedby parallel-subinterwovenaxillar hyphae,and an always hyaline,much looser lateral stratummade up of stronglydivergent hyphae;cuticle made up of thin hyphaewhich are not consistentlyerect and usuallystrongly interwoven in all layersof the cuticle,or at least combinedin interwovenstrands of hyphae,the terminalmembers of whichare inflatedat the apex to formdistinct claviculae or capitatebodies whichto the inexperi- enced may resemblea cellularstructure; trichodermium-palisade not observed in any stage;all hyphaewithout clamp conections. Chemical reactions.-KOH on surfaceof pileus darkening;on context "ochraceoustawny" or paler than this; on tubes brown.- NH40H on contextpale yellowish.- FeSO4 on contextof stipe negative.- Methylparami- dophenolnegative everywhere.

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Habitat.-In coniferouswoods usually with some frondosetrees (oaks, poplars,birches) scattered around, more rarely in purestands of conifers, possiblyalso underbirches alone; usually gregarious, sometimes solitary, on sandy,rocky, and humoseground, fruiting from May tillOctober. Frequent in mostof the eastern states but rare in Florida. Distribution.-FromCanada and New Englandsouth to NoathFlorida andwest at leastto Utah. Materialstudied.-FLORIDA, Al-ACHUA CO., near Newnan'sLake underPinus taeda and P. palustris,the nearestoak 18 ft. away,May 30, 1943,R. Siniger,F 2716/III (FH). NEW YORK, TYPE of B. edulisvar. clavipesPeck (NYS); New- comb,under Abies balsameaand Picea rubra,with some Populus tremuloides intermixed,September 17, 1941,R. Siniger254 (FH). MAINE,Bar FHarbor,Oct. 1935,E. E. Morse,(FH). NEw HAMPSHIRE,Alton Bay, underPinius, Tsuga, Betula, July 24, 1944,D. H. Linider(det. Singer)(FH). MASSACHUSETTS,Arnold Arboretum, Oct. 1944,R. Sinigerwith Boston Mycological Club (not preserved).UTAH, SALT LAKE Co., Big CottonwoodCanyon, under Abies lasiocarpa and Picea Engelmannii,in 9600 ft.elevation, August 3, 1936,C. D. Darker,(det. W. H. Snell),6065 (FH). This subspeciesdiffers from the usual European type in itscolor anld the shapeof thestipe which, however, is notas gooda character,in itself,as Peck mayhave thought. The claviculatehyphae-ends in the cuticle make it easyto distinguishthis from B. aereusin Florida.The Floridacollection is scanty and representsthe only specimen I haveseen thus far as farsouth as this.It grewin theneighborhood of B. aereusin springbut did notreappear, at least in thefollowing summer, with the latteL species. Peck (Boletiof the UJnited States,p. 133) saysthat this "variety scarcely differs from var. pachypus R. & R. exceptin beingreticulated to thebase." Since our specimens were not all reticulateto thebase, especially not thenorthern collections, it mayseem to be logicalto referour plants to thisvariety of Richon& Roze.However, the picturesare different and do notlook like the American subspecies. They lack theyellowish tinge on themargin. B. frustulosusPeck is preservedat Albany.I thinkit is B. edulis,or possiblyan old B. aereusthat has lostits trichodermWum-palisade, a pale and frustose(i.e. deeplyrimose) form, the latter character being a strictlymeter- eologicalone. The specimenscollected by Earle and referredto thisspecies by Murrill(NY as "type1") maybe an undescribedspecies, possibly of the Strobilomycetaceae,and certainly quite different from the actual type (NYS, partof it in NY). B. edulisand its subspeciesare excellentedible mushrooms. They were imported,up to thepresent war, to thiscountry from Eastern Europe in dried as wellas pickledform notwithstanding thefact that they are equally frequent in Americanwoods. ExtralimitalForms and Species Boletusedulis Bull. ex Fr. ssp.separans (Peck) Sing.comb. nov. Boletusseparans Peck, Bull. Buff. Soc. Nat. Sci. 1:59. 1873. The cuticleof young,well preserved specimens is sometimessomewhat tomentosebut even thenthe tomentumconsists not of a trichodermium- palisadebut of hyphae that are interwoven and interlacedin all directions,and

This content downloaded from 160.36.178.25 on Thu, 16 Oct 2014 13:11:59 PM All use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions 1947] SINGER: THE BOLETOIDEAE OF FLORIDA 27 theterminal hyphae reaching the surface of thepileus, are stronglythickened, clavateor capitate,exactly as in ssp. clavipesPeck. The maindifference betweenthis and theother subspecies of B. edulisconsists in thecolor of the pileusand stipe which is purplish;also, the hymenophore tends to separatefrom theapex of thestipe, and Coker& Beersthink that the spore print is somewhatless olive.I haveseen no freshspore prints of thissubspecies, but if thereshould be a constantdifference between the color of theprints in these forms,as thereseems to be betweenB. edulisssp. clavipesand B. dereus,this wouldserve as a reasonfor specific distinction. However, Coker & Beersalso saythat they find intergrading forms which would suggest that none of these charactersis completelyconstant. B. edulisssp. sepdransoccurs from New Yorkto NorthCarolina.

BOLETUS EDULIS Bull. ex Fr. ssp. PINICOLA Vitt., Funghi Mang., p. 168. 1835 (ut var.) Boleuspinicola Vent., Mic. Agro Bresc., p. 39. 1863. Dictpopusedulis var. fuscoruber Forqu. apud Quel.,Assoc. fr. av. sc. (1889):511. 1889. Boletusedulis var. ftuscoruber Bat., Bolets, p. 14.1908. Tubiporusedulis ssp. pinicola R. Maire,Publ. Inst. Bot. 3:45. 1935. This subspeciesof B. edulishas not been studiedanatomically by the writerbut if I understandLohwag & Peringer'sanalysis correctly, they find the same swollenclaviculate hyphae-ends of the interwoventrichodermium thatI observedin ssp.clavipes and ssp.separans. This and themacroscopical charactersseen by the writer in numerouscollections of freshmaterial in Ger- many,Italy, Finland, and theU.S.S.R. seemto indicatethat Vittadini's plant belongsto B. edulisas an autonomoussubspecies, more precisely, the European coniferrace. It has neverbeen found in America,I believe.

BOLETUS OLIVACEOBRUNNEUS Zeller, Mycologia 27:457. 1935. This seemsto be distinctfrom B. edulisas wellas fromB. aereus.Good specimensthat were referred to thisspecies by A. H. Smithafter comparison withspecimens so determinedby Snell, and also bythis writer, have a charac- teristicappearance that does not recallB. edulis.But it evidentlybelongs in thissection, and is evenclosely related with B. edulisitself. For moredetailed indicationson thisspecies see the key, p. 22.

BOLETUS ATKINSONIANUS (Murr.) Sacc. & Trott.,Syli. 21:236. 1912. CeriomqcesAtlinsonianus Murr., N. Am. Flora9:144. 1910. A specimenthat obviously belongs to thisspecies was collectedby W. C. Cokerand Alma Holland (Beers) at Highlands,N. C. The sporesof this are fusoidwith a slightsuprahilar depression, melleous, smooth, 12.6-13.6 x 4-4.8,u;basidia 4-spored, 20-31 x 8.2-10.2A;cystidia very scattered even on thepores, hyaline, fusoid with the venLricoseportion in the middleand the apexampullaceous, up to 45 x 7,u;hyphae without clamp connections.

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Macroscopically,this reminds one of B. edulisto whichit is no dotubt related,differing in "cartilaginous" and longitudinallystriate instead of fleshy and reticulatestipe. It hasbeen observed thus far only in NorthCarolina an-d Georgia,and mayalso occurin NorthFlorida. Coker & Beersand Murrill agreethat B. obsonium(Paul.) Fr. sensuAtk. non al. is thesame species. Phylogenetically,thisspecies links the section Edules of thegenus Boletus to thesection Cartilaginei of Pulveroboletus,thus offering an analogouscase withB. retipeswhich links the section Appendiculati of thegenus Boletus to thesection Reticulati of Pulveroboletus,and withB. subsolitariuswhich links thesection Subpruinosi of the genus Boletus to thesection Auripori, particular- ly P. caespitosus,of thegenus Pulveroboletus. It seemsthat Boletus, as a whole,has derived from Pulveroboletus.

Species ImperfectlyKnown

GYROPORUS BIPORUS Murr.,Lloydia 7:325. 1944.-Described fromFlorida, thiswould, schematically, key out in thissection but probablydoes not belonghere. From the tiny fragments I have, I cannotsay where it really belongs,and whetheror not it is distinct.It maybelong in sect.Macro- pori,or to Xerocomus.

GYROPORUS ALBISULPHUREUS Murr., I.c.-Likewise describedfrom Florida, thiswould key out here,provided the description of Murrillis correct.It is characterizedby milkwhite pileus, and a yellowreticulum on theapex of tlhewhite stipe, sulphureous hymenophore, and occurrencein turkey oakwoods.

CERIOMYCES PALLIDIFORMIS Murr., I.c. p. 324.-Another Florida species, describedvery recently. I haveseen only tiny fragments of the last two species,and cannotsay to whichgenus it belongsand whetheror notit is an autonomousspecies. As a mereguess, one maythink of formsof B. aereusBull. ex Fr.

SectionGRISEI (Sing.).

Xerocomussect. Crisei Sing.,Ann. Mycol. 40:44. 1942. Charactersof thesection obvious from the key, p. 21. The typespecies is B. griseusFrost. This sectionhas conditionallybeen inserted in Xerocomusby theauthor but since the trama of the type specimens of thetype species and of othercollections of B. griseus,and also thetrama of B. fumosiceps,a species withmuch more typically boletoid habit, has turnedout to be trulybilateral, of theBoletus-type, it became necessary to transferthis section to Boletus.

KEY TO THE SPECIES A. Reticulationof the stipefine; stipeobconic and short;spores 3.2-4,u broad- .------9 . B . fumosiceps B. Reticulaitonof the stipe ratherstrongly raised, the reticulatingveins projecting almostas muchas in B. Frostii; stipenot obconicand notshort; spores 3.5-5.5A broad . 8. B. griseus

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Description of the Species Occurring in Florida

.8.BOLETUS GRISEUS Frostapud Peck, Rep. N. Y. State Mus. 29:45. 1878. Suillus griseusKuntze, Rev. Gen. P1. 3(2) :535. 1898. Ceriom_cesgriseus Murr., Mycologia 1:145. 1909. XerocGmusgriseus Sing., Ann. Mycol. 40:44. 1942. Boletusflexuosipes Peck, Bull. N. Y. State Mus. 8:130. 1889.

SubspeciesTYPICUS. Pileus gray to brownishgray, not viscid,very finelysubtomentose when young,glabrescent, with a narrowlyprojecting sterile margin, convex, 50-100 mm. broad, rarelybroader. - Hymenophorewhite when young, becoming argillaceouswhen mature,staining brownish in injury,adnate or slightly depressedaround the stipe; tubes 6-12 mm. long; pores about 0.5 mm. in diameter,or 10 per 5 mm. transversely,concolorous with the tubes;spore print about "darkolive buff"when thick and fresh.- Stipe pale grayto grayreticu- late on grayishpallid or yellowishpallid ground,the reticulationstronglv raised and always verydistinctly visible withouta lens, raised not quite as much as in B. Frostii,glabrous, dry, subequal, oftenflexuous, or at least curvedat the mostlyacuminate base, solid or stuffed,rarely becomnig somewhat hollowwhen old, 50-100 x 10-17 mm.- Contextwhite, grayish pallid, or yellowishpallid at places, becomingsordid cinnamonpallid on prolonged exposurebut practicallyunchanging when bruised;taste perfectlymild; odor fruityor none. Spores 8-13.5 x 3.5-8[t,mostly 10.5-12.5 x 4-4.5[t, ratherpale brownish melleous,cylindric or cylindric-fusoid;basidia 8.5,u broad; cystidia31-58 x 6.3-10.3[t,strikingly colored brown (melleous brownto dark fuscous) by a resinousincrustation, ampullaceous to fusoid with the thickestpart in the middle or in the upper third,and witha small apiculus or mucro,numerous near pores; tramatruly bilateral of the Boletus-type,the lateralstratum very loose and distinctlydivergent, hyaline, the mediostratumslightly coIored, denser,consisting of axillaryarranged, subparallel-subinterwoven hyphae; all hyphaewithout clamp connections. Chemical reactions.-Not studied separatelybut hardly differentfrom theseof B. griseusssp. pini-caribaeae(see there). Habitat.--In oak woods on the ground,fruiting from June until October. Distribution.-FromNew Englandto North Floridawhere it is rare.

Material studied.-There is only one collectionin the Herbariumin Gainesville (FLAS) which I have not examinedclosely. This, as far as I know,is all thathas ever been collectedunder the name of B. griseusin Florida. Extralimitalcollections: VERMONT, Brattleboro, Frost, TYPE (FH). MASSACHUSETTS, Canton, D. H. Linder (det. W. H. Snell with"?"), (FH). TENNESSEE,Cosby, L. R. Hesler & A. J. Sharp, (det. Hesler as B. indecisus),9062 (FH).

Subspecies PINI-CARIBAEAE Sing. Mycologia 37:797. 1945. Pileus in color like Leccinum scabrum,i.e. about "Saccardo's umber," tomentoseat places,the cuticletending to becomerimose forming small squamulae,non-viscid, convex, becoming flattish, about 120 mm. broad.- Hymen-

This content downloaded from 160.36.178.25 on Thu, 16 Oct 2014 13:11:59 PM All use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions 30 THE AMERICAN MIDLAND NATURALIST [Vol.37 ophoregray, unchanging, not muchvetitricose beneath, adnate and sinuate aroundthe stipe, with the attingent tube-walls stretched lamellosely, otherwise thepores rather equal in shape,varying from 0.7-1.5 mm. in diameter;spore print"dark olive buff." - Stipewhite at theapex, otherwise a very pale drab, witha wellelevated medium-wide network almost all overthe stipe, tapering downward,solid and fleshy,about 100 x 25 mm. (but taperingto about16 mm.at thebase); myceliumwhite. - Contextwhite, unchanging, soft at least in thepileus, mild, inodorous. Spores.-12-15.3x 4-5.5jk (characteristicindividual measurements: 13 x 4.8,u,13.7 x 4,u),very variable in size and shape,the shortest ones also often beingthe broadestones, rather pale brownishmelleous; cystidia e.g. 37.5 x 10.2,u,fusoid with the broadestpart usually in the upperthird, or clavate- apiculate,more rarely subampullaceous, brown from an incrustationor granu- larcontents; trama as in thetype subspecies; clamp connections none. Chemicalreactions.-KOH on surfaceof pileusbecoming deeper colored; on context,sordid drab. - NH3 on surfaceof pileus,almost slate gray.- NH40H on surfaceof pileus,somewhat more intensely colored. - FeSO4 on context,pale greenish.- Methylparamidophenolslowly positive, rather distinctlylilac. - Formol,very pale salmonpink after a longexposure. Habitat.-On shallowneedle beds over lime rock in purestands of Pinus caribaea,solitary. October and November. Distribution.-Knownonly from South Florida. Materialstudied.-FLORIDA, DADE CO., Coral Gables,Coral Way, R. SingerF 1397 (FH). Subspeciespini-caribaeae differs in thelarger spores, the carpophores them- selvesbeing near the upper limit of thesize of thetype subspecies. The habitatis unusualfor this section and very characteristic.

9. BOLETUS FUMOSICEPS (Murr.) Murr.,Lloydia 6:228. 1943. CXroporusfumosiceps Murr., Lloydia 6:225. 1943. Pileus "Isabellacolor," "buffy brown," later somewhat "hair brown" at places,finely but distinctlytomentose, smooth, non-viscid, convex, becoming flat,with entirely fertile margin, 80-130 mm. broad. - Hymenophoresordid white,then sordid gray, almost unchanging or becomingsomewhat fuscous on injury,slightly to decidedlydepressed around the stipe; tubes 10-11 mm. long; poresconcolorous, small (6-10 to 5 mm.tranvsrsely); spores print olive brown. -Stipe sordid-pallid,whitish, reticulate all overor overits larger upper part, butthe reticulation often incomplete and veryfine and shallow,rather more so thanin B. edula,glabrous, dry, strongly tapering downward, obconic, 30- 60 x 25-50mm, tapering to about9 mm.at the base. Conte-xtwhite, at someplaces (irregularly)light yellow, unchanging immediately after injury butbecoming concolorous with the pileus after hours of exposureto theair; odornone, or faintand fruity;taste mild. Spores11-12.5 x 3.2-4,k,ellipsoid-fusoid, elongate, rather pale brownishmelleous;basidia 10.5,k broad, 4-spored; cystidia 23-53 x 6.3-10[k,fusoid, or fusoidwith ampullaceous apex, characteristically deep melleousor fuscous, granulose,thin-walled, numerous; trarna truly bilateral of the Boletus-type,

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lateralstratum hyaline, loose, divergent, mncdiostratum subhyaline, axillar, of subparallel-interwovenhyphae; all hyphaewithout clamp connections. Chemicalreactions. KOH on surfaceof pileus,more brownish;on context,melleous or ochraceosmelleous (a strongdistinct reaction).- NH40H on pileus,more brownish; on contextreacting as withKOH but paler. FeSO4 on context,grayish olivaccous. Habitat. On theground, under or nearoaks, solitary, friuting in July. Distribution.North Florida.

Material studied. FLORIDA, ALACHUA CO., TYPE (FLAS); also material fiom Gainesville, July 15, 1943, W. A. Murrill (det. Murrill & Sing.), AUTHENTIC (FLAS); Newnan's Lake, R. Singer,F 2910 (FH). The authorwas at firstinclined to considerMurrill's species as a mere formor varietyof B. griseus.However, the entirely different habit appears to be constantlycorrelated with the narrower spores and themuch finer reticulation.It thereforedeserves specific rank.

SectionCALOPODES Fr.,Fpicr., p. 416. 1838sensu stricto. Sect. Pachspodes Konr. & Maubl., Icon. Sel. 6:457. 1924-1937. Charactersof the sectionsee key,p. 21. Type species:Boletus calopus Fr. KEY TO THE SPECIES A. Stipe yellowor red,strongly reticulate or slightlyreticulate at apex. B. Pileus usuallycracking into large frustulae,or rimulose;stipe reticulatealmost its entirelength. Western species, growing in coniferouswoods - B. frustosus B. Not combiningthe above characters.Eastern American or Europeanspecies. c. Pileus not pink. D. Stipe witha yellownetwork and withoutany red colorsexcept for an occasional reddishor dull brownishred color ring-zone-B. radicans D. Stipe eitherwith pallid networkon red ground(at least over a certainzone in themiddle of thestipe or deeper), or withred networkon yellowground. E. Stipe withred networkon yellow ground-11. B. inedulis E. Stipe withpallid networkon red ground-B. calopus c. Pileus pink,eventually, and on drying,bleached -B. Peclii A. Stipe white,not reticulate,or very faintlyso -10. B. pallidus

Descriptionof the Species Occurringin Florida

10. BOLETUS PALLIDUS Frost,Bull. Buff. Soc. Nat. Sci. 2:105. 1874. Suillus pallidusKuntze, Rev. Gen. P1. 3(2) :536. 1898. Ceriomrcespallidus Murr., Mycologia 1:152. 1909. Pileus "avellaneous,""cinnamon buff," with a hue of "chamois," "pale pinkishbuff," "pinkish buff," "pale cinnamonbuff," mixed with "pinkish buff,"or "champaigne"(M. & P.) with"Cuban sand" (M. & P.), or "sea side, tea time" (M. & P.), "fallow" (M. & P.), "puttyseed" (M. & P.), "sombrero"(M. & P.), sometimeswith "avellaneous" warts, sometimes witlh "light vinaceouscinnamon" margin, usually slightlydarker when wet, paler whendry, minutely tomentose when dry, or distinctlytomentose all the time, becomitngrimulose, or rimulose-tessellate,non-viscid, pulvinate, becoming flat, up to 140 mm. broad.-Hymenophore whitishbecoming pale greenishor

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"citinedrab," bluing when young and freshon pressureor injury,adnate or moreoften depressed around the stipe; tubes 8-14 mm. long; pores concolorous, 0.3-0.7-(1)mm. wide, bluing when touched at leastwhen young and fresh,becoming "olive buff" in old specimens;spore print between "Saccardo's olive"and "brownisholive" ("lightbrownish olive" in thindry layer).- Stipewhite or whitish,or morerarely partially concolorous with the pileus, indistinctlyand veryfaintly reticulate, or witha crudeand incompletenet- workat thevery apex, or mostfrequently perfectly smooth to merelysub- rugulose,glabrous, subequal to subventricose,solid, 60-80 x 10-35mm. - Contextof thepileus white, sordid, or eventuallywith stripes of pale yellow or "lightvinaceous fawn," becoming yellowish near the tubes after prolonged exposurein somespecimens, interior of thestipe white but more or lessmar- bledwith "fawn color," at leastnear the base, unchanging after bruising, i.e. notbluing in anypart; odor almost none; taste mild to bitterish. Spores8.5-12.5 x 3.5-5,k,fusoid to subclavate,with a slightsuprahilar applanation,melleous; basidia 29-39 x 7-1Oju,4-spored; cystidia scarcely projecting,6-9kt thick, fusoid-cylindric to fusoid-ampullaceous, hyaline or pale melleous;trama truly bilateral, of theBoletus-type, with very loosely arranged hyphaein themediostratum, in dried material often secreting a bright yellow pigment-solutionwhen examined in NH4OH; cuticleof long, cylindric- filamentous,equal, thin (3.5-5[kin diameter),hyaline (NH40H) hyphae withoutclamp conections. Chemicalreactions.-KOH on surfaceof pileuslittle reaction; on context and on poresmostly somewhat brownish. -NH3 and NH40H littlereac- tionin all parts,but turning the context red or bluewhere previously treated withFeSO4.- H2SO4 and HNO3 on surfaceof pileuslittle raction.- FeSO4 on contextof pileuspale greenishwith dirty ring; on contextof stipe, caesiousto palebluish. Habitat.-Undervarious species of oak in open drywoods, mixed pine and oak woods,mesophytic and highhammocks, solitary to verygregarious, andat placesdominant, fruiting from May to November. Distribution.-FromNew Englandto NorthFlorida, and westto Michi- ganand Tennessee. Materialstudied.-FLORIDA, ALACUHA Co., Gainesville,R. Singer, F 2495 b (FH); Newnan's Lake, F 2921 (FH); W. A. Murrill (det. R. Singer), F 2069 (FH); Erdman West & W. A. Murrill,F 17714 (FLAS); Dayville, R. Singer,F 2495 (FH); F 2495 a (FH); Kelley's Hammock,W. A. Murrill,F 17962 (FLAS); COLUMBIA Co., Camp O'Leno, W. A. Murrill,F. 21693 (FLAS); NW of High Spring,W. A. Murrill,F 8515 (FLAS). VERMONT. Probably part of TYPE (FH). MASSACHUSETTS, Numerouscollections (very commonin this state), (FH). NORTH CAROLINA, Highlands,W. C. Coker & Alma Holland, 9514 (FH). GEORGIA, Vicinity of Tallulah Falls, A. B. Seymour(de-(. Snell) (FH). MICHIGAN, Ann Arbor,A. H. Smith (FH). TENNESSEE, Elkmont,Great Smoky Mts. Nat. Park, L. R. Hesler 11589 (FH). This is somewhatintermediate between the Edules and thissection because of thewhitish stipe, the inconstant bitterness, and thewhiter than usual context.However, it differsfrom the former section in bluingpores and tubes and thefrequent presence of a bittertaste. I thinkthis species is bestplaced withthe Calopodes.

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Ceriomycessubpallidus Murr., North Am. Fl. 9:145. 1910. is apparently a mixtureof B. edulis and B. pallidus,and has to be rejected.I have seen the type (NY).

11. BOLETUS INEDULIS (Murr.) Murr.,Mycologia 30:525. 1938.

Ceriom_cesinedulis Murr., Mycologia 30:523. 1938. Pileus "sombrero,""maple," centermore "mastic,""cracker," "Arizona,." "prairie" (M. & P.), sometimessomewhat "buffy brown," also sometimes reaching"Saccardo's umber"or "tawnyolive" in the middle,subtomentose or finelytomentose, more rarelywith faint appressed tomentose squamulae, not viscid,the extrememargin at timesnarrowly "light cadmium," pulvinate, becomingmore expanded, 50-100 mm. broad.-Hymenophore "pyriteyellow," or pl. 20, F 1 (M. & P.), becomingblue whentouched, more or less depressed aroundthe stipe;tubes about 5-10 mm. long whenmature, rarely longer; pores concolorouswith the tubes and likewisebluing, the bluish stains eventually becomingsordid brownish, very small to small; spore printbrownish olive.- Stipe "lemon chrome"and "light cadmium,"on the apex or threequarters downthe stipemarked with a "pomegrenadepurple" or "acajou red" or "clove pink" (the latterM. & P.) reticulationon yellowor rarelyalmost concolorous (red) groundin the middle and below and even oftenat the veryapex, the base becomingsomewhat olive, or otherwisediscolored to sordid yellow or some kind of brown,very rarely indistinctly reticulated and thenthe reticulation partly replaced by minute floccose-furfuraceousscurf, solid, tapering downwardfrom a slightventricose thickening in the upper thirdof the stipe, or taperingfrom the veryapex, more rarelyequal but verythick, 50-110 x (11)-15-25 mm.; myceliumpale yellow.-Context yellow,light yellow,becoming blue on the slightestinjury, the base somewhatdiscolored (olive, brown,similar to the color of the surface); taste bitter;odor not remarkable, weak. Spores 10-15.3 x 3.5-5.3[k,ellipsoid-fusoid, in some carpophoressome of the sporeswith attenuate apical half,with suprahilar depression, well colored, melleous; basidia 21-30 x 6.5-9,k,4-spored; cystidia 34-47 x 6.3-7.5,k,fusoid or fusoid subampullaceous,numerous on pores; trama trulybilateral of the Boletus-type;clamp connectionsnone. Chemicalreactions.-KOH on surfaceof pileus littlereaction; on the context of the pileus yellowishbrown. -NH3 and NH4OH negativeeverv- where.- Methylparamidophenolon contextnegative, on cuticleblack. Habitat.-Under various species of oak, solitaryor gregariouson the ground,especially in well wateredgardens, fruiting from May till September. Distribution.-NorthFlorida and South Carolina (see also observations).

Material studied. FLORIDA,ALACHUA CO., TYPE and AUTHENTIC material(FLAS, FH); also numerouscollections by Singer (F 2035/1I,F 2136, F 2498, etc., all FH). SOUTH CAROLINA,Santee Canal, Ravenel, 736 (B. pachypus) (FH). The fine,red reticulationon the yellowstipe distinguishes this species from B. calopus Fr. as well as fromB. radicansPers. sensu Kallenbach.The latter is supposedto have littlered on the stipe whilein B. calopus the networkis

This content downloaded from 160.36.178.25 on Thu, 16 Oct 2014 13:11:59 PM All use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions 34 THE AMERICAN MIDLAND NATURALIST [Vol. 37 morepallid than the deep red ground,and besides,it usuallythough not alwaysis moreprojecting and striking.Schematically, B. inedulis Murr. would fitin thecharacterization of B. albidusssp. eupachypus Konrad whatever that it,but I havenot seen any form of eitherEuropean species that would exactly matchthe Florida species. Curtis,in his Herbarium(FH), consideredthis as B. pacnypusFr. I am almostsure that B. subclavatosporutsSnell, Mycologia 28:474. 1936. from NorthCarolina is thesame thing but a formwith less conspicuousreticula- tionthan the type of B. inedulis.I h-aveseen such forms frequently myself. On theother hand, I do notoverlook certain discrepancies in the descriptions such as the elongatecylindric stipe, the apparentlymore constantly claviculate spores,and the slightly aberrant colors of thepileus and thecontext. However, thesecolors are entirelywithin the range of variationpossible or expectedin B. inedulis,and so arethe spores, and probablythe stipe. Confirmation of this determinationof B. subclavatosporutswill be neededfrom fresh specimens fromthe type locality (Hot Springs).I havenot examined the type. Murrill's namewould, in caseof identitywith B. subclavatosporusfaIl into synonymy.

Extralimital Species and Species Incompletely Known BOLETUS FRUSTOSUS Snell & Dick, Mycologia33:33. 1941. This has beenmore accurately described in Lloydia7:56. 1944.However, thespore print is indicatedas ochraceousbrown. It maybe assumed,under thecircumstances, that this indication is basedon preparationsa year or more old. If the freshspore print were of thiscolor, B. frustosuscould not be referredto thissection. The non-frustosespecimens I havefrom Idaho (Sel- wayNational Forest, Rossbach, det. Singer, FH) arehard to distinguishfrom good specimensof B. radicansin driedcondition. B. frustosusis a western species.

BOLETUS RADICANSPers. ex Fr. Syst. Myc. 1:390. 1821 sensu Kallenbach, PilzeMVlitteleur. 1 :88. 1934. Thishas also beencalled B. amarus,B. candicans,B. albidus,B. vitellinus, etc.,and one maybe inclined,in viewof thevarious and controversialinter- pretationof B. radicansin the Europeanand Americanliterature, to prefer oneof theabove names, but when the problem is studiedfrom all thehistoric anglesinvolved, it seemsnecessary to acceptKallenbach's emendation of Per- soon'sspecies. B. radicanshas been collected by the writer in Maine,U. S. A., buthas neverbeen found in thesouthern states. It is uncommonbut widely distributedin Europe.

BOLETUS FRAGRANSVitt. sensu Slipp& Snell,Lloydia 7:53. 1944. This westernspecies is quitedifferent from what is consideredto be the rareItalian species described by Vittadini who says that the taste of hisspecies is agreeable.Snell's species is closelyrelated to B. frustosusand B. radicans, and also to B. inedulisand B. subclavatosporus.If autonomous, it willhave to be renamed.

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BOLETUS CALOPUS Fr., Syst. Mycol. 1:390. 1821. A verycommon European species,by some authorscalled Boletus packy- pus Fr. Compare also our observationson Boletus inedulis (Murr.) Murm. (no. 11).

BOLETUS SUBCLAVATOSPORUSSnell, Mycologia28:474. 1936. See observationson B. inedulisMurr.

BOLETUS PECKII Frostapud Peck, Rep. N. Y. State Mus. 29:45. 1878. CeriomycesPeckii Murr., Mycologia 1:151. 1909. ?Boletusroseolinclus Peck, Bull. Torr.Bot. Cl. 27:612. 1900. This species remindsone of the group of B. speciosus-B.regius of tlhe Appendiculati,and the group B. miniatoolivaceusof the Luridi but it certainlybelongs here, and the similarityis mostlydue to the color. We have seen specimensfrom various places fromNew England southto Georgia. Coker & Beers thinkthat B. roseotinctusis the same; SnelI thinksit is different.We have no definiteopinion on the subject.

SectionAPPENDICULATI Konr. & Maubi., Icon. Sel. 6:458. 1924-1937. Charactersof the section: see key, p. 21. Type species: Boletus appen- diculatusSchaeff. ex Fr. KEY TO THE SPECIES A. Context.and tubesconslaintly unchanging, never turning blue in any partof the carpophore. B. Stipe10-30 mm. thick, rather elongate; KOH on surfaceof pileusbeautifully "strontianyellow" - (2. Pulveroboleiusretipes) B. Stipe28-45 mm. thick, rather btulbous at first;KOH on surfaceof pileuseither negative,or yellowoche- 7. B. auripes A. Contextand tubesor eitherof thembluing when fresh and youna. c. Pileusvivid yellow or ocherbrown to deepbrown. D. Pileusvivid yellow. Floridan species (for a Europeanspecies with this color see "F," B. regius)-(19. B. flavissinzus) D. Pileusnot yellow. European species (for a Floridaspecies with this color see sect.Luridi, B. luridellus)-B. appendiculotus c. Pileuspink or pallid. E.Pileuspallid (grayish cream to whitish)-B. pallescens E. Pileuspurplish pink or pinkishred to testaceous. F.Pileus "Corinthianred," or varyingto "vinaceousrusset" (according to Cokers& Beers),or "vinaceoustawny" to "Dahlia carmine"(according to Burt); contextbluing strongly to a deep,bright blue; spores2.84A broad,mostly 3-3.5,u broad -B. speciosus F. Pileusmuch purer and brighter pink or purplishpink, rarely more yellow; contextslightly bluing; spores broader than 3.5iu, rarely narrower than 4i, and up to 5,ubroad -B. regius

Description of the Species Occuirringin Florida 12. BOLETUS AURIPES Peck, Rep. N. Y. State Mus. 50:107. 1897. Boletuscrassipes Peck, Bull. Torr. Bot. Cl. 27:19. 1900 (=var. typicus). Ceriomycesaureissimus Murr., Mycologia 30:522. 1938 (=var. aureissimus). Boletusaureissimus var. castaneus Murr., Mycologia 30:522. 1938 (=var. iypicus).

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Var. TYPICUS. Pileus "snuffbrown," '"Dresden brown," "raw sienna," centeroften discolored,reaching "clay color," sometimesdiscolored also near the margin, sometimeswith an olivaceoushue, centerglabrescent, dry, not shiningexcept for the glabrateportions, pulvinate, eventually flattened or even somewhat depressedin the center,77-108 mm. broad, sometimeseven largerand occa- sionallyreaching 200 mm. Hymenophore"light cadmium" to "cadmium yellow,"depressed around the stipewhen mature; tubes medium long to long, usuallyabout 12-22 mm. long; pores initially"stuffed" and "Naples yellow," later concolorouswith the tubes and 0.5-0.8 mm. wide, unchanging;spore printbetween "buffy olive" and "yellowisholive" when quite freshbut soon becominggradually less olive, e.g. between"Saccardo's umber" and "light brownisholive," adding a darkershade to the veryold tubes.-Stipe "light cadmium"to "lemon yellow"with paler apex when young,then "light cadmium"with "cadmium yellow" or "lemon chrome"shades in the middle,and oftenwith "massicot yellow" mixed in below,on the upper thirdor half dis- tinctlyconcolorously reticulate, the reticulationraised somewhatless than in Pulveroboletusretipes, smooth and glabrouson the lowerhalf, dry, very bulbous when youngmore elongatebut still verythick or ventricosewhen old, solid, 80-100 x 28-45 mm.-Context "lightcadmium" in pileus,concolorous with surfacein stipe, completelyunchanging under all circumstancesin all parts;taste mild; odor veryagreeable, of plum puddingdough, not verystrong, retaininga strongfruity odor in dried materialfor at least a year if well prepared. Spores (9.5)-12-13.7 x (3)-3.7-4.8,u,melleous, smooth, versiform, usually ellipsoid-cylindricwith slightly narrowed apical half, also subfusoid,or tilda- shaped; basidia27.5-34 x 9.8-11.7>t,4-spored; cystidia 20-42 x 8.8-11,u,hyaline, versiform,usually ampullaceous or irregularlycylindric, rarely vesiculose, very scattered;trama of theBoletus-type; cuticleconsisting of irregularIyinterwoven filamentoushyphae, the preterminalmembers filamentous and not parallel to each other,the terminalhyphae occasionallyclavate or short-cylindricbut mostlycylindric with rounded tip, some of the hyphaeincrusted by finegran- ules, some walls somewhatthickened, clamps absent. Chemical reactions.-KOH on surfaceof pileus,"yellow ocher"; otherwise littlereaction. Habitat.-In mixed and oak woods, and under oaks in gardens,mostlv withQuercus laurifoliain Florida,on humus,sand and on grassyearth, gregarious,more rarely solitary, starting in May and fruitingthrough the summer. Distribution.-FromNew York to Florida, in Florida rare and confined to thenorthern part of the state.

MATERIAL studied.-FLORIDA, ALACHUA Co., Gainesville,W. A. Murrill,F 9278, FYPE of B. aureissimusvar. castaneus (FLAS); R. Singer,F 2025 a (FH); G. Weber (det. Singer),F 2025 (FH). NEW YORK, TYPE of B. auripes(NYS). NORTH CAROLINA, Chapel Hill, Alma Holland Beers, 11615 (FH); Highlands,Helen Sher- thin(det. Coker), 13295 a (FH). The typeform is unusualin Florida.The commonbolete of thissection in North Florida has been describedby Murrillas B. aureissimus whichis with-

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out anyquestion conspecific with B. auripes.Murrill himself did not really intendto separatethese forms specifically as is provedby the factthat he describedthe type variety under the varietal name B. aureissimusvar. casta- neusMurr. This arrangementfinds an obviousexplanation in the factthat Murrillstill worked under the assumptionthat B. auripesPeck was a mere synonymof B. edulis.

Var. AUREISSIMUS (Murr.) Sing.,Mycologia 37:797. 1945. Ceriomncesatureissimus Murr., I.c. Boletusaureissimus Murr., I.c., p. 525. Differingmainly in the charactersof the surfaceof the pileuswhich is "chamois,""yellow ocher," "primuline yellow," "mustard yellow," "NapIles yellow"or "creamcolor" with "amber yellow" portions, the extrememargin usually"light cadmium," often nearly "honey yellow" when young, more glabrescentthan the type. Otherwise as thetype variety. Microscopicalcharacters as in the typevariety, only the wholecuticular layercharacteristically light lemon color in NH40H withthe pigment rather stableand unchanging. Chemicalreactions.-KOH in all parts(nevative). - NH3 andNH4OH negative.- H2S04 and HNO3 negative.- Formolnegative. Habitat.-In highhammocks and gardensunder Quercus laurifolia, Q. virginiana,and also in openturkey oak woods(Q. laevis),on humus,sandy soil,and grassy earth, usually in largegroups, from May tillOctober.

Material studied.-FLORIDA,ALACHUA Co., Gainesville,W. A. Murrill,TYPE of B. aureissimus(FLAS, FH); AUTHENTIC materialof B. aureissimus(FH); R. Singer, F 2505 (FH); F 2037/I (FH); F 2078 (FH); SugarfootHammock, R. Singer.F 2573 (FH). "Oftencollected here for food, sometimes by the peck, and muchesteemed bythe few who know it," says Murrill. The authorhas also eatenit and fouLnd it delicious. ExtralimitalSpecies BOLETUS APPENDICULATUSSchaeff. ex Fr., Epicr.,p. 416. 1838.

A European species; for more detailed data see any modern European description.

BOLETUS PALLESCENS (Konrad) Sing., Ann. Mycol. 34:424. 1937. Bolefusappendiculatus ssp. pallescen6Konr., Bull. Soc. Myc. Fr. 45:73. 1929. This European species has been well iilu5tratedby Konrad & Maublanc (as B. appendiculatusssp. pallescens), and by Kai1lenbach(under the name of B. aestivalis). Fries' B. aestivalis is decidedlydifferent fiom this. In 1931, Kallenbachstarted to add an alternativename, B. RomelliiKallenbach. He did thison two occasionsbut he gave his name secondplace afterB. aest;valis Fr. whichhe still thoughtto be the same (why thenthe new name?), using the latterin some otherarticles that have appearedafter 1931 withoutmen-

This content downloaded from 160.36.178.25 on Thu, 16 Oct 2014 13:11:59 PM All use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions 38 THE AMERICAN MIDLAND NATURALIST [Vol. 37 tioningthe alternativename which cannot, consequently, be used,according to theInternational Rules, art. 40.

BOLETUS SPECIOSUS Frost,Bull. Buff.Soc. Nat. Scienc.2:101. 1874. This speciesis moderatelyfrequent from Maine to NorthCarolina, and authenticmaterial as wellas numerousother collections (FH) proveit to be differentfrom the two precedingas well as the followingspecies, mainly becauseof thenarrower spores.

BOLETUS REGIUS Krombh.,Naturg. Abb. Schw. 2:3. 1832. Dictyopusappendiculatus var. regius Qu6l., Fl. Mycol.,p. 424. 1888. This is an autonomousEuropean species, not a varietyor subspeciesof B. appendiculatusas some authors think. I havecollected it in Austria,and think it is sufficientlydistinguishable from B. speciosus.

SectionSUBPRUINOSI Fr., Hymen. Europ., p. 504. 1874. Charactersof the section:see key,p. 21. Type species:B. BarlaeFr. (-B. rubellusKrombh.). This sectionhas formerlybeen incorporated in Xerocomussensu lato by the Queletian-Gilbertianschools but has veryapparent affinities with species of the followingsection of Boletussensu str. These aflinitiesare not quite obviouswhen only European material is considered,but if American,more specificallyFloridan, material is takeninto consideration, this becomes quite evident.Some pairswith striking similarities, one fromthe Subpruinosithe otherfrom the Luridi, are the following:B. rubellusKrombh. and B. rubri- citrinusMurr.; B. pulverulentusOpat. and B. oliveisporusMurr.; B. Weberi Sing.and B. QueletiiSchulz. Thereare a fewtropical species which key out herebut which may even- tuallybe foundworthy of separationwithin another section. Some of them arestriking because of the small size of thecarpophores, others because of the yellowcolor of themycelial tomentum. At present,we can see no reasonwhy theyshould not be treatedtogether with the northern species, with one possible exception,viz. the specieswith epithelium (group of B. pernanus);this latterspecies has beenkept with the section Subpruinosi on a tentativebasis.

KEY TO T1.1h SPECIES A.Cuticle with a distinctepithelium; diameter of thepileus 12-14 mm.; spores longer thantwice as 1o'.sas broad(Q largerthan 2). Tropicalspecies - B. pernanus A.Cuticle occasic,aally, especially in B. rubellus,with some intermingledspherocysts, or with d trichodermium-palisadethe preterminalmembers of which are made up by veryshort to isodiametrichyphae; thereis, however,no definiteepitheli- um present(of the kind observedin Leccinumalbellum); but if thereis an epithelium,and theshape of thespores or the size of thepileus are not as indicated forB. pernanusabove, see thisalternative.

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B. Spores comparativelyvery broad (Q=2, or smaller)without suprahilar depression; cuticleeither a cutis,or an unorganized(not palisadiform)trichodermium (at least in the specimensavailable); myceliumyellow. East-Asiatic species (as for Americanspecies see genusXerocomus, sect. Pseudophgllopori). c. Pileus red-P. Patouillardi c. Pileus not red. D. Pileus olive umber,subsquamulose; context bluing; myceliuminconspicuous ------B. noinus D. Pileus altutaceous;context said to be unchanging;mycelium conspicuous, golden yellow-B. aureomycelinus B. Spores narrow(Q largerthan 2, or at least manyspores with Q largerthan 2 presentin a printor in fullymature specimens) ; cuticle a trichodermium- palisade which,however, soon breaks down, and then the superficiallayer made up of irregularlyinterwoven hyphae or strandsof hyphae,not visibly organized,or the palisade at least partiallydiscontinued and becomingfrag- mentary,usually entirelydisappearing in fully maturespecimens except in well shelteredcaps; myceliumeither white or yellow.Temperate species, and tropicalspecies of the WesternHemisphere. E. Pores red; pileusand stipesomewhat squamulose -13. B. Weberi E. Pores concoloroniswith the tubes and never red (unless afterhaving been discoloredby autoxydation); pileus and stipe not squamulose(the latter may be minutelyfurfuraceous, or flocculose-squamuloseas commonlyob- servedin manyspecies of Boletus). F. Pileus brownishor olive,chestnut brown or alutaceous. G. Surface of pileus bluingwith ammonia(see Xerocomus,sect. Pseudo- phyllopori). G. Surfaceof pileusnot bluingwith ammonia. H. Myceliumwhite or sordid,or if slightlyyellowish, not conspicuous; marginalzone of the cuticleof the pileus not hymeniform. i. Contextunusually strongly and deeplybluing in less thanone second after bruisirngprovided the corpophoreis not over matureand reasonablyfresh; pores about "wax yellow." In frondosewoods of the temperatezone of Europe and North America where it reachesNorth Florida in thesouth -14. B. pulverulentus i. Contextslightly to moderatelybluing; pores yellowbut only exceptionally"wax yellow" (for species thatdo not changeto blue at all, even whenvery fresh and young,see Xerocomus). j. Pores "reed yellow,"medium sized; spores 12.5-16.5x 4.5-5.7p. Temperatespecies in coniferouswoods - (Xcrocomusbadius) j. Pores not "reed yellow,"wide; spores8.8-13 x 4.5?5.5,u. Tropi- cal Americanspecies (for species fromother regions compare also genusXerocomus)- 15. B. granulosiceps H. Myceliumyellow, conspicuous;margin of the pileus covered by a hymenium-16. B. subsolitarius F. Pileus pink, vinaceous, carmine, or purplish, rarely olive (but then portions of the pileus or stipe red)- 17. B. rubellus

Description of the Specioa Occurring in Florida

13. BOLETUS WEBERI Sing. Mycologia37:797. 1945. Pileus "tennis"with some "alamo" (M. & P.), areolate-squamulose,dry, convex,65 mm. broad.-- Hymenophore"aureolin P" M. & P.), slightlycon- vex beneath,depressed around the stipe,the radial tube-wallrunning down the apex of the stipe in fine lines,unchanged when wounded;tubes 6 mm. long; pores discolorous,"tapestrty red" (M. & P.), unchangingon pressure, mediumwide (0.5-1.0 mm. in diameter,5-6 pores per 5 mm.); spore print olive brown.- Stipe "tapestryred" (M. & P.) at the apex, pl. 22, F 1 (M.

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& P.) below,fibrillose-subpunctulate, squiamulose below, dry, subequal in its uppertwo thirds, the lower third acuminate toward the base, without any network,solid, 53 x 17 mm.- Contextlight yellow, deeper yellow (about "py- rethrumyellow" M. & P.) in the base and towardthe hymenophore,pale yellowwhere showing through the cracks of thesurface of thepileus; odor very slight,agreeable. Spores9-15.3 x 4-5.5-(6.3) ,, melleous,thin-walled, from the base upwards attenuateor cylindric-subfusoid,often with an oblongoil-drop; basidia 44 x 10u; cystidia14-60 x 4-6.5,k,sometimes, especially on pores,melleous and somewhatthick-walled above, cylindric to cylindric-fusoid,numerous; trama trulybilateral of theBoletus-type, the thin mediostratum melleous, and denser thanthe definitely hyaline and distinctlytlhough moderately divergent lateral stratum;all hyphaewithout clamp connections. Chemicalreactions.-NH40H on surfaceof pileus,negative; on context, blue.- H2SO4 wherered becoming deeper red, and on surfaceof pileusalso deepercolored. FeSO4 negative. Habitat.-Underpines (Pinus australis) on theearth, solitary, fruiting in July. Distribution.-Knownonly from the type locality. Materialstudied.-FLORIDA, ALACHUA CO., Gainesville,Campus, C. Weber,F 3036.TYPE (FH). This speciesis remarkablebecause it combinesthe characters of the red- poredLuridi with comparatively wide pores. It has no closerelatives in Xero- comus,and thetrama though with only moderately divergent lateral stratum and moderatelyloose arrangementof the hyphae,is still moretypically boletoidthan that of X. badius.The chemicalreactions are remarkablefor theircomparative inactivity. It has beencollected but once,but has features characteristicenough to be recognizedimmediately. We have,in theAmerican literature,only one specieswith large, red pores, B. parvusPeck which differs in havingreddish pileus and no squamulae.

14. BOLETUS PULVERULENTUS Opat., Wiegmann'sArchiv Naturgesch. 2:27. 1836. Bolelus mutabilisMorg., Journ. Cincinnati Soc. Nat. Hist.7:6. 1881. UloporusMougeotii Quel., Assoc. fr. avanc. sc. (1886):487. 1886. Uloporussistotrema var. Mougeotii Quel., Fl. Mycol.,p. 411. 1888. Suillusmutabilis Kuntze, Rev. Gen.P1. 3(2) :536 1898. Boletushoriensis Smotlacha, Mon. cesk. Hub Gribov.,p. 40. 1910. Tubiporusnigricans Hermann, Pilz- undKrauterfr. 4:124. 1921. BolefusRickenii Gramberg, ?ilz- undKrauterfr. 4:226. 1921. Boletussubion,ntosus var. nigricans Hermann, Pilz- undKrauterfr. 5:175. 1922. Xa:rOuumus pulverulentusGilbert, Bolets, p. 116. 1931. CeriomXcescVaneitinctus Murr., Lloydia 6:225. 1943. BoletuscVaneitinctus Murr., Lloydia 6:228. 1943. Pileusfrom between "bister" and "sepia"to "rawumber" but as deep as mummybrown," margin either concolorous or rather"auburn" to "bister,"a combinationof colorsthat often gives the pileus a deepcopper brown appearance,tomentose, especially on thedisc, more rarely subglabrous but frequently

This content downloaded from 160.36.178.25 on Thu, 16 Oct 2014 13:11:59 PM All use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions 1947] SINGER: THE BOLETOIDEAE OF FLORIDA 41 glabrescentand thenslightly sticky in rainyweather, sometimes rivulose, rimulose,subsquamulose, the crackssubconcolorous but somewhatpaler, not becomingreddish, pulvinate, then convex, with frequently flattened center or becomingirregular, 42-81 mm. broad, rarely larger (occasionally reaching 145 mm.).- Hymenophoreabout "wax yellow" and darkeningto approximately "old gold" whenquiite mature, very strongly and rapidlybluing on injury, adnateor depressedaround the stipe and thenthe radialwalls of the tubes stretchedforming a sublamellatering around the stipe; tubes (5) -8-12-(20) mm.long; pores concolorous, immediately bluing where touched, up to mediumwide and meanderingwhen very young, then subangular, irregular in shapeand size,more or less compound,0.5-1.0 mm. in diameter,in average about0.85 mm.wide or 5-6-(9) to 5 mm.;spore print olive. - Stipea bright yellowat theapex, or pale creamcolor all over,often bluing on pressure,and eventuallytending to reddishwhere it had beenwounded, initially subvelutinous,then very minutely velutinous-flocculose-punctate, or withappressed fibrils withminute transverse fissures, more so below,frequently deep red or reddish brownbelow, finally a sordidor pale yellowbrown in the middle,equal or subequal,more rarely ventricose at first,the basal portionvery frequently acuminate,solid, 40-50 x 6-15-(27) mm.,rarely up to 100mm. long; mycelium whiteor yellowishwhite. Contextdeep yellow, in thebase usually but not constantlydeep red, strongly and rapidly becoming deep blue in all partswhen injured,the blue disappearing after a whileas in all bluingboletes, and becomingsordid yellow, soft; taste mild; odor none. Spores11-14.7 x 4-6,u,fusoid, smooth, melleous, with or withoutsuprahilar depression;basidia 28-40 x 8.8-9.3,t,4-spored; cystidia 34.5-41- (65) x about 9;,u,fusoid-ampullaceous, entirely incrusted by a resinous,melleous-fulvous incrustation(if lessincrusted, they are melleous-granular); on pores, they are usuallymore numerous than in thetubes, and narrower,(5.2) -6.8-7.5,ubroad, oftensubcylindric or with a shortmucro, mostly hyaline; trama truly bilateral, of the Boletus-type,the broadmediostratum dense and deep melleous,the lateralstratum subhyaline, of broaderand moreloosely arranged, divergent hyphae;cuticular layer consisting of strandsof parallelhyphae, these strands arisingfrom different levels, reaching almost erect position, or moreor less oblique,or evenrepent, the terminalmembers forming an ofteninterrupted palisadeof dermatocystidioid,clavate or sometimesfusoid, in ammoniamore or less castaneous-fulvous(the pigmentrapidly dissolving in the fluid)elements;all hyphaewithout clamp connections. Chemicalreactions.-KOH on surfaceof pileusdeeper, darker; on context becomingreddish-ochraceous, then ochraceous brown. NH40H on surface of pileus,little reaction; not bluing.- HNO3 on surfaceof pileus,"Brazil red" to "oxbloodred" (for otherreactions see also Maire and Konrad, SchweizerZeitschr. Pilzk. 5:4. 1927,and Kallenbach,Pilze Mitteleur.1:14. 1927). Habitat.-In highand mesophytichammocks and in gardens,on lawns, farthernorth and in themountains usually in mixedfrondose woods or under shrubs,usually near Fagales (in FloridaQuercus laurifolia, and possiblyother speciesof oak,maybe also hickory)on grassy,mostly sandy or argillaceous soil,in smallgroups, fruiting from May tillOctober.

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Distribution.-ThroughEurope to the Caucasus Mts., and in North Americafrom Ohio to Florida. Material studied.-FLORIDA, ALACHUA Co., Keliey's Hammock, TYPE of C. cyaneitinctus(FLAS); Gainesville,R. Singer,F 2711 (FH); Newnan'sLake, R. Singer, F 2937 (FH). OHIO, under the name of B. mutabilis(AUTHENTIC?) (NYS). ITALY, Vahrn near Brixen (Bressanone),F. -v.Hoehnel, and Jenbach(id.), B 1146 (both as B. radicans) (FH). CAUCASUS MTS., Genswich (Genswitsch),Abkhazia, R. Singer (W); Kha, Swanetia,R. Singer (W.) Besides, many collectionsof freshmateriai in Europe (not preserved). Our plant fitsperfectly Opatowsky's description and coloredpicture pub- lishedon pl. 1 of his paper,and also Kallenbach'spicture, I.c., pl. 6. The latter authorhas seen authenticmaterial in Berlin.This makesB. pulverulentus,an up to veryrecently rather neglected though not infrequentspecies, one of the best documentedspecies among the older ones. B. mutabilisMorg. belongsno doubtto thissame speciesas has been suspectedby Snell (Mycologia 26:348- 349. 1934), at least thatis whatthe specimenspreserved at Albany are. This speciesis ediblebut not plentifulenough in Florida to be of muchuse.

15. BOLETUS GRANULOSICEPS Sing., Mycologia37:797. 1945. Plate 1, Fig. 4 Pileus "Dresden brown,""Prout's brown,""mummy brown," often partly or rarelyentirely "clove brown,"or more rarelyan undescribablepurplish- brown-black(not in Ridgway),finely velutinous-granular or more rarely evenlly velvetyall over or withthe marginrimulose or subtomentose,dry, convex to flat,30-65 mm. broad.-Hymenophore ochraceous-citrinous,much less golden yellowthan in P. auriporusand less greenishand somewhatless pale than in X. chrysenteron,with a more ochraceoustinge than both of these,adnate to subdepressed;pores concolorous,bluing when pressed,wide.-Stipe with brownor sepia granulaeor furfuraceousexcrescences on paler ground,smooth or coarselyand indistinctlyrugose-subreticulate or ribbed,equal or subequal, dry,solid, 30-50 x 6-8 mm.; myceliumsordid-pallid to whitish-or white.- Contextof the stipe brownishto pallid, bluing or unchanging,in the piltus pale yellowto orange-pallid,becoming slate blue to blue on exposure (slow reaction),deep yellowon veryprolonged exposure (where eaten by animaIs); odor and tastenot remarkable. Spores (7.5)-8.8-13 x (3.5)-4 5-5.5, most frequently10-12 x 4.8-5.2-a, variablein shape and size, especiallywhen young,tlhe mature spores usually ellipsoid-fusoidto fusoid,with or withoutsuprahilar depression, smooth, well colored,melleous; basidia 27-41 x 9.5-11.5[t,most frequently33-35 x 10-11[t, 4-spored;cystidia 23-56 x 6.8-11[, most frequentlysubulate because of a high septum,or fusoidwith a conicalbut roundedapiculus or mucroor a subcylin- dricampullaceous neck (not broad above as in P. auriporus),hyaline, smooth, or a few slightlyroughened at the apex, verycrowded at the pores,not so numerousin the tubes; tramaof the hymenophoretruly bilateral of the Bole- tus-type,the mediostratumlight melleous, its hyphaesubparallel-interwoven; the.hyphae of the lateralstratum much more loosely arrangedthan in the mediostratum,and withfewer septa, the hymenophore,when placed into ammonia,bright yellow all overbut the brightyellow pigment soon disappearing

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(as in somePulveroboleti); cuticle consisting of a brownishcastaneous or castaneous-fulvouslayer of erecthyphae which form a trichodermium-palisade whoseterminal members assume the shape of dermatocystidiawhich are subulate,only few of themcylindric, 17-34 x (4)-5.5-12-(14),u,the next-following (downwards)hyphae up to thepreterminal hypha are somewhat contracted at thesepta, sometimes as broadas long,8.2-15 x 6.8-10.2ju;dermatocystidia and dermatopseudoparaphysesnoneon thepileus; basal tomentum of long-filamentous,strictly cylindric hyphae, strands of whichare parallel but interlaced with otherstrands or singleseparated hyphae, very similar to thoseof B. subsolitarius,2.7-6.5- (8.3) , in diameter;all hyphaewithout clamp connectios. Chemicalreactions not recorded. Habitat.-Amongironwood trees (Krugiodendron), Nectandra coriacea, Burserasinaruba, etc., more than 38 ft.from the nearest oak tree(Quer-us virginiana),along the roots and on theground on limesoil in tropicalham- mockvegetation, solitary or in twosor threes,fruiting in September(and possiblyall summer). Distribution.-TropicalSouth Florida. Materialstidied.-FLORIDA, DADE Co., SimpsonPark, Miami, R. Singer,F 696 (FH); F 697 (FH) (CO-TYPES); MathesonHammock, R. Singer,F 760,TYPE (FH). This differsfrom B. subsolitariuswhich is the speciesmost likely to be confusedwith B. granulosiceps,in fruitingearlier, having broader cystidia, moreochraceous tubes and pores,in thelack of theyellow tomentum at the base,in showingbrown instead of yellowishgranulae on thestipe, changing to blue if quitefresh and young,and in havinga slightlydifferent color of the pileusas wellas ofthe stipe in driedand in freshcondition though these colors mayoccasionally come very close. It differsfrom Pulveroboletus caespitosus in neverhaving viscid stipe and besidesin manyof the abovecited differences betweenthis and B. subsolitarius.According to its habit,this species would be consideredas eitherXerocomus or Pulveroboletusin the northbut both belongin Boletusproper, together with several other tropical species of a similar generalappearance. The totallack of veil and pulverulence,and also of glutenand viscidity,the structure of thecuticle and thebluing are entirely in favorof Boletussensu stricto, and so is itsnatural affinity.

16. BOLETUS SUBSOLITARIUS Sing., Mycologia37:798. 1945. Plate 1, Fig. 5 Pileuswith a pale yellow,tender, detersible tomentum or velveton either granularor entire,brown ground (the brownground perhaps sometimes a colormixture of thecolor of thecuticle proper and theyellowish covering on the margin)between "Sudan brown"and "raw sienna,"with the margin between"Argus brown" and "mummybrown," or everywhere"cinnamon brown,""Mars brown," "hazel," later, when the external tomentum has almost completelydisappeared becoming "Dresden brown" or "lightbrownish olive" on themargin, rarely on center,where it becomes"Brussels brown" in most instancespartly "antique brown" or "amberbrown," sometimes the yellowish tomentummacroscopically not evident, even in freshspecimens, and thenthe pileusmerely brown tomentose, dry, smooth or somewhatrugulose, pulvinate,

This content downloaded from 160.36.178.25 on Thu, 16 Oct 2014 13:11:59 PM All use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions 44 THE AMERICAN MIDLAND NATURALIST [Vol. 37 soon becomingconvex with more or less flattenedor depressedcenter, 32-38 mm. broad. Hymenophore"lemoni chrome" and soon assuminga slight greenishshade, unchangingon pressure,adnate or slightlydepressed around the stipe and usuallythe tube-wallswhich touch the stipe stretchedand forming a lamellatering around the stipe on whichthey run down a few milli- meters;tubes up to 6 mm. long; poresconcolorous, unchanging, medium wide to wide; sporeprint olive brown. Stipe whiteto "massicotyellow," the apex usuallyconcolorous with the poresor withsuch furfuraceousgranulation, also the lowerpart of the stipeusually though not alwayswith yellow furfurations or minuteflocculose particles, base yellow ("picric yellow,""pale lemon yellow," "lemon yellow") tomentosefrom the myceliumwhich appears pale yellowin thin,rich yellow in thicklayer, solid, stronglytapering downwards in all specimens,33-38 x 11-12mm. - Contextwhitish or "maize yellow"and "barytayellow," unchanging on injuryor becomingmore yellow afterpro- longedexposure; odor none; tastemild. Spores 8-13.5 x 4.7-5.5,t,usually 10-11 x 4.8-5.5,t,exceptionally some giantspores present (up to 20 x 6,u), veryinconstant in size and shape,usually more or less oblong-ellipsoidand withsuprahilar depression, smooth, rnel- leous (well colored) to pale mellecus,with mcderatelythin walls; basidia 27-38 x 8-10.5[,u4-spored; cystidia 40-55 x 6.8-8.8pu,strictly fusoid, with nar- rowedbut obtusetip or neck,with normally thin wall above and oftenextreme- ly thinwall below,rather numerous; trama of the hymenophorecolored as in Pulveroboletusauriporus, i.e. brightyellow for a momentbut thenthe pigment (in ammonia) movingout of the tissueand disappearing,being replaced by a moreuniform and stablepale grayishmelleous coler, truly bilateral and of the Boletus-type,the mediostratumaxillar, of subparallel-subinterwoven,multi- septate hyphae,the lateral stratumlooser, entirelydistinctly divergent and hyalineor becomingsubhyaline but distinctlyless colored than the mediostratum;velutinous covering of the marginof the pileus verypeculiar, consisting of a hymeniumof dermatopseudoparaphyses,dermatobasidia and some sortof hairswhich, however, seem to be a meremodification of the dermatopseudoparaphyses;the latter 12-30 x 4.5-7.5,t;the dermatocystidia23-31 x 10.5J,scattered among the dermatopseudoDaraphyses,in shape and size recalling the hymenialbasidia, fertile; cutticle (except for the hymenialstructure just described) consistingof a tissue of very interlacedhyphae, running in all directions,and the ones reachingthe verysurface are eitherrepent or erect but do not forma palisade,the terminalmembers of theseflexuous or crooked hyphaechains eithercylindric and obtuse at the tip or broadlyclavate and rounded,4.8-9.8t in diameter;granulae of the stipe originatingwith a bunch of parallel,longitudinally arranged hyphae which after a certaindistance tend to be deflexedand curvedoutwards, terminating in a small palisade of der- matocystidiaamong whichthere are veryfew dermatopseudoparaphyses(e.g. 30 x 6ju) and perhaps dermatobasidia,the dermatocystidia-bearinghyphae hyaline,with crowded septa, smooth,thin-walled, parallel, 2.7-5- (6.8),u, der- matocystidiahyaline, about 40 x 7.5,u,almost subulate but mostlynarrower at the basal septum,often ampullaceous at apex; mycelialtomentum consisting of irregularstrands of parallelhyphae with rather thin to verythin walls, their diameter3-7,u their pigment yellow but veryrapidly destroyed in ammonium

This content downloaded from 160.36.178.25 on Thu, 16 Oct 2014 13:11:59 PM All use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions 1947] SINGER: THE BOLETO1DEAEOF FLORIDA 45 hydroxideand thenthe hyphaehyaline, always smooth; all hyphaewithotit clampconnections. Chemicalreactions.-KOH on surfaceof pileus,black; on pores,brown; on context,brown. - NH3 on pileus,lilaceous black, otherwise negative. -- NH40H on pores,green; on context,green or negative. Habitat.-In tropicalhammock, tnder Coccolobis laurifolia, Ficus aweea etc.on shadedlime rock soil or alongthe roots, solitary or in smallgroups, notconcrescent at the bases, in fall (Septemberand October). Distribution.-TropicalSouth Florida. Material studied.-FLORIDA,DADE CO., Matheson Hammock,R. Sin?ger, F 894, TYPE (FH); F 1065, F 1233, F 1336 (CO-TYPES), (FH). This speciesreminds one of Pulveroboletus,especially of P. caespitosus. However,it does notgrow cespitosely and has a consistentlydry stipe. The yellowpulverulence that can be observedat thebase of thestipe, is of mycelial origin,not a veil,and theyellow external velvet of themargin of thepileus is of suchfundamentally different structure from similar pulverulent coverings in Pulveroboletus(P. Raveneijiand P. subacidus)that we preferto consider B. subsolitariusas an actualBoletus rather tlhan a Pulveroboletus.

17. BOLETUS RUBELLUS Krombh.,Naturgetr. Abb. Schw. 5:12. 1836. Boletussubtomenlosus var. b Fr., Syst. Mycol. 1:390. 1821. Boletus versicolorRostkov. in Sturm,Deutschl. Flora 3:55. 1844,n?on1 Gray(1821). Bolefussan?guin?cus With. (n?on1 L.) ex Lev. in Paulet, Iconogr.Champ. 2nd ed., p. 97. 1855, n?on1Secr. (1833). Boletusrubripruiniosus Barla, Champ. Nice, p. 64. 1859. Boletus bicolor Peck, Rep. N. Y. State Mus. 24:78. 1872 (=ssp. bicolor), nIonl Massee (1909), n?on1Raddi ex Sacc. (1925). Boletus Barlae Fr., Hymer. Eur., p. 504. 1874. Boletus rubeus Frost,Bull. Buff.Soc. Nat. Sc. 2:102. 1874. (=ssp. bicolor). Versipellispruin?ata var.Barlae Qu6l. Enchir.,p. 158. 1886. Versipellispruin?ata var. versicolorQu6l., Enchir., p. 158. 1886. Xerocomuschrpsenteron var. versicolor Qu6l., Fl. Mycol., p. 418. 1888. Xerocomuspruin?alus Qu6l., Fl. Mycol., p. 420. 1888. Xerocomuspruin?atus var.Barlae Qu6l.,Fl. Mycol.,p. 420. 1888. Boletuschrpsenteron var. versicolorMass., Brit. Fung. Flora, p. 264. 1892. Xerocomusraubellus Qu6l., Assoc. fr. av. sc. (1895) :620. 1895 (1896?). Boletusfratern?us Peck, Bull. Torr. Bot. Cl. 24:145. 1897. (=ssp. fraternlus). Suillus bicolor Kuntze,Rev. Gen. PI. 3(2) :535. 1898. (=ssp. bicolor). SuillusBarlae Kuntze,L.c. Suillus rubellusKuntze, I.c., p. 536. Suillus versicolorKuntze, I.c. Suillus rubenisKuntze, I.c. (=ssp. bicolor). Ceriom_cesbicolor Murr., Mycologia 1:152. 1909. (=ssp. bicolor). Ceriomtcescommun?is Murr.,Mycologia 1:155. 1909, p.p. Boletus communiisCoker & Beers, Bolet, N. Carol., p. 62. 1943. Boletus parvtulusCoker & Beers, Bol. N. Carol., p. 69. 1943, noni Mass. (1909). Boletus CokeriHouse, Mycologia35:593. 1943. ?Boletus pruin?atuis Fr. & Hok., Bol., p. 9. 1835. ?Boletus Preauxii Mont.,Phytogr. Canar., p. 75. 1840. ?Boletus purpurascenisRostkov. in Sturm,Deutschl. Fl. 3:51. 1844. ?Boletus armeniiacusQu6l., Assoc. fr.av. sc. (1884) :5. 1884. ?Versipellisarmeniiaca Qu6l., Er-chir.,p. 157. 1886. ?Boletus bullatus Britz.,Hym. Siudb.4:159. 1885.

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? Versipellispruintata var. purpurascentsQuel., Enchir.,p. 158. 1886. ?Xerocomusarmeniiacus Quel., Fl. Mycol., p. 419. 1888. ?Suillus Preauxii Kuntze,Rev. Gen. P1. 3(2) :536. 1898. ? Suillus pruintatusKuntze, i.c. ?Suillus purpurascents Kuntze, I.c. ?Suillus armeniiacusKuntze, I.c., p. 535. ?Suillus bullatusKuntze, I.c. This speciesis dividedin severalforms some of whichwe consideras subspecies.They are geographic races in somecases, in othersmycoecotypes; some are merelyremarkable forms, probably mutations. The subspeciesknown to thewriter can be determinedwith the hlelp of thefollowing key.

A. European-African-Asiatic-Pacificgrex: Myceliumwhitish, sordid, or yellow; stipe yellowand oftenwith red or carminered tones,flocculose-squamulose at least in the middle; contextbltuing - ssp. typicus A. EasternAmerican greges not combiningall the above characters. B. Grex characterizedby yellow (light yellow,lemon yellow, bright yellow, sulphureus)mycelium. c. Stipe appressedlyfibrillose, not flocculoseor scarcelyso even whenseen under a lens; contextbluing. D. South-temperaterace, not occurringin the tropicalzone: Pileus pinkish- brickred to carmine-purple,fading to yellowor brownishyellow; spores mostly 12.5-13.5,u long [(8.5)-10-14-(15)u]; usually growningon lawns,in flowerbeds, moist places in and near frondoseor mixedwoods, mesophyticand low hammocks ssp. fraternius D. Tropical race: Pileus carmine-puirpleto olive, oftenthe outerhalf sepia, becomingmore deep purplishred when dried; spores shortand broad (9.2-11 x 4.7-5.4,u); growingin tropicalhammock; odor oftendisagree- abic -ssp. consobrinus c. Stipe flocculose-squamuloseor almostfurfuraceous, or velvety-scurfy;context only rarelybluing but the yellowsurfaces, especially the pores not infre- quentlyturning blue whentouched; growing in the tropicalhammock (if in low hammockcompare carefully ssp. consobrinusf. subdumetorum). ------ssp. dumetorum B. Grex characterizedby sordidwhite, sordid creamypallid, occasionallysalmon- eous-ochermycelium. E. Races associatedwith frondose trees, not occurringin tropicalFlorida. scurfy,not deep red colorednor brightred; habit almostof B. rubricitrinus ratherthan of the slenderforms of thisspecies, i.e. withratner voluminous stipe-ssp. caribaeus E. Race associatedwith frondose trees, not occurringin tropicalFlorida. F. Prevalentlysouthern race: Habit usually Xerocomus-like;stipe 28-64 x 5-12 mm.; pileus 24-52 mm. broad; spores 10.2-14.5 x 4-6,u, mostly 10.5-14 x 4.5-5.5u-ssp. bicoloroides F. Prevalentlynorthern race: Habit usuallyBoleitus-like; stipe 40-95 x 8-23 mm.; pileus 50-140 mm.broad; spores9-12.2-(13.5) x 3.5-5,u,mostly about 11 x 4u -ssp. bicolor

SubspeciesTYPICUS Boletus rubellusKrombh. I.c. and othercombinations with this epithet. Boletus versicolorRostkov. I.c. and othercombinations with this epithet. Boletussanguineus With. ex Lev. in Paul., I.c. Boletus rubropruinosusBarla, I.c. BoletusBarlae Fr., I.c., and othercombinations with this epithet. As forthis subspecies, we referto Kallenbach,Pilze Mitteleur.1:123, pI. 41; pI. 22, fig. 29; pl. 47. fig. 76. We cannotbe sure that all these figures

This content downloaded from 160.36.178.25 on Thu, 16 Oct 2014 13:11:59 PM All use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions 1947] SINGER: THE BOLETOIDEAE OF FLORIDA 47 belonghere rather than to anyof theother subspecies whose distribution and charactershave not been studied in Europe,or to otherforms not now known butdistinguishable as subspecies within the European grex. However, judging frommy own notes and fromthe description given by Europeanmycologists, as wellas by carefullycomparing dried material from Europe, one arrivesat theconclusion that none of thedefined forms in Europeis actuallyidentical withany of theforms belonging in theEastern American grex. We haveseen onlyone collectionfrom the United States (Richards,Morse, Landis et al., MountRainier, Wash., June 19, 1936,as B. mirabilis,FH) whichwe thinkis eitheridentical with the largerforms of ssp. typicus(corresponding Kallen- bach,l.c., pl. 41, fig.17, 18, 23), or representsan undescribedwestern race intermediatebetween this and ssp. bicolor.Since the floccosityof the stipe usuallydoes notshow well in driedmaterial, the question has to waitfor a solutionuntil more data on the freshfungus are available.We foundthe sporesin thesecarpophores 11.8-15.7-(18.5) x 4.2-5.2/-t,i.e., definitelylarger thanin B. rubellusssp. bicolor, and veryclose to myEuropean measurements. If on theother hand, the ssp. typicus should consist of several(here neglected) formsor subspecies,it will probablynot be difficultto findcorre- spondingnames for them among the synonymsand questionablesynonyms indicatedabove for B. rubellusas a whole.We haveno meansof segregating themat present,and the problemof doingso (if necessary)remains to be solvedby the Europeanmycologists. Whatever future dispositions will be made,the typeform must always be the formdescribed and paintedby Krombholz. Some authorshave accepted the nameB. sanguineusfor this species or ratherfor its ssp. typicus. This pre-Friesianbinomial, a homonymeven at the timeof Withering,has to be disregarded,since the first post-Friesian author to takeup thisbinomial, Secretan in 1833,used it in a differentsense; in the senseof Withering,B. sanguineuswas used by Leveille many years later. The nameB. versicoloris illegal for two reasons: It is a laterhomonym of B. versi- colorL. ex S. F. Gray(Coriolus versicolor), and at thesame time a synonym of B. rubellusKrombh. which was published eight years earlier. Fries' B. prui- natusis a nomendubium because of theambiguity of thedescription and the lackof anymaterial to be checkedupon. Not evena pictureexists. It could havebeen accepted in thesense of Quelet(1886) whoobviously interpreted it as B. rubellusbut this latter speci s had beendescribed meanwhile and its interpretationis unequivocal. Bresadolawas the first to linkthe American species (B. bicolor)with this and,as forspecific identity, he wasright.

Subspeciesfraternus (Peck) Sing.comb. nov. Plate 1, Fig. 3 Boletusfraternus Peck, l.c. Boletus parvulusCoker & Beers, l.c. Boletus CokeriHouse, I.c. Pileus"Pompein red" to "madderbrown," "hydrangea red," "deep Corin- thianred," "ocherred," "brickred," "terracotta," rarely "coral red" to

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"dragon'sblood red," or even"jasper red" towardthe margin,or "Hessian red"all over,soon cracking and showingthe above colors on a yellowground whichis seenin numerouscrevices, rarely the pileus remaining entire, some- timesthe extrememargin pale red mixedwith yellow without the cuticle cracking,often olive in driedcondition, especially in youngspecimens, usually non-viscidbut becoming slightly viscid occasionally in rainyweather, tomentose or tomentose-flocculose-subgranulose,or velutinous-punctulate, or fibrillose- subsquamulose-flocculose(usually very minutely so undera lens), pulvinate to convexor irregularlyflattened with steeper margin, usually becoming applanate,13-47 mm., rarely up to 95 mm.broad. - Hymenophoreyellow, e.g. "pinardyellow" or "anilineyellow," then becoming more olive or greenish (e.g. with"citron green" or "anilineyellow" -shades)adnate or somewhatde- pressedaround the stipe, and thenusually lamellately stretched in a narrow zonearound the stipe on whichthe tube-walls often run down for a distance of 1-2mm.; tubes 4-14 mm. long; pores comparatively rather wide, initialIy somewhatmeandering, either equally wide or widernear the stipe (there 0.8- 2.0 mm.wide if deeper secondary pores are disregarded), angular and moreor lesscompound when mature, concolorous, bluing or greeningwhen touched if quitefresh and not too old; sporeprint olive brown. - Stipe moreor less concolorouswith the pileus but with the yellow of theground color showing to a varyingdegree between the appressed, innate red fibrils, sometimes the red colorconcentrated near the base, sometimes the apex yellow or theentire stipe almostwithout a traceof red,not flocculose-squamulose,not furfuraceous, onlylongitudinally appressedly fibrillose, dry, solid, equal or taperingtoward thebase which is oftenacuminate, (15)-30-70 x 2-11mm.; mycelium forming a moreor less distinctintensely yellow tomentum at the base,the mycelial strandsin thesubstratum, however, are whitishyellow or yellowishwhite.- Contextpale yellowto richyellow in thepileus (e.g "barytayellow"), deeper yellowin thestipe than in thepileus, on bruisingslightly greening or bluing to stronglybluing at once;odor none; taste mild. Spores(8.5)-10-14.5-(15) x 4-5.5-(6),t,most frequently 12.5-13.5 x 4.5- 5.5/j,brownish melleous, with thin or moderatelythickened walls, smooth, ellipsoid-subfusoidwith a slight,more rarely with a strongsuprabilar depression; basidia26-38 x 9.5-1l1,s,4-spored, hyaline, or a fewmelleous; cystidia 41-68x 6.7-12.5,uon pores,hyaline or melleousfrom a thinresinous incrustation,often partly incrusted, fusoid, frequently with ampullaceous apex with roundedtip, numerous, more scattered in thetubes; trama truly bilateral of theBoletus-type; cuticle formed by a palisadeof dermatocystidium-likeerect hairs(a trichodermium-palisade)which are occasionally rather broad and short, vesiculose,others elongate and capitateor ampullaceous,or subcylindric,sometimeswith a septumin themiddle, occasionally with isolated spherocysts inter- mingledin thetrichodermium, especially in thelayer formed by the basal cells of thepalisade which as a ruleare shorterthan the terminal hyphae; though thisstructure may be mistakenfor a cellularstructure, there actually is no epitheliumpresent; all hyphaewithout clamp connections. Chemicalreactions.-KOH usually reacting weakly, not causingstrong colorchanges on thesurface of thepileus. - NH3 on surfaceof pileus,little reaction.- NH40H on surfaceof pileusin veryfresh material that is nottoo

This content downloaded from 160.36.178.25 on Thu, 16 Oct 2014 13:11:59 PM All use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions 1947] SINGER: THE BOLETOIDEAE OF FLORIDA 49 dryand nottoo watersoaked,usually provoking a brownish, fulvous, or olive stainaround which a lilacor slateblue marginal ring develops. Habitat.-On lawns,in flowerbeds, on moistplaces and banks in andnear frondosewoods and in lowand mesophytichammocks, on theearth, or some- timesgrowing along stones or rootsor trunks,occasionally climbing up to 3 feeton standingtrunks, solitary, gregarious, or evencespitose, fruiting from May tillSeptember or October. Distribution.-Commonin the southern states but reaching Massachusetts in thenorth, not reaching the tropical zone in thesouth, west to Missouri. Materialstudied.-FLORIDA, ALACHUA Co., Gainesville,R. Singer, F 2065(FI-]); F 2065 a (FH); F 2149 (FH); F 2168 a (FH); F 2758 (FH); SugarfootHam- mock,R. SingerF 2669 (FH); HIGHLANDS Co., HighlandsHammock State Park, R. Singer,F 648 B (FH), F 181 (FH). MASSACHUSETTS, Canton,July 23, 1927, D. H. Linder(FH). DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA,Washington, S. E. Wilcox(det. Peck as B. sanguineus),(NYS). NORTH CAROLINA,Pearson's Falls gorge, W. C. Coker& party,11928, CO-TYPE ofB. parvulusCoker & Beers(FH). ALABAMA,Auburn, L. M. Underwood,TYPE of B. fraternusPeck (NYS). MISSOURI, Valley Park, D. H. Linder,Aug. 29, 1928 (FH).

Formasubdumetorum, f.n. Receditstipite flavo, brunneo-punctato. In dumetis tropicis humidissimis. This differsfrom the type only in havingthe character of thesurfaces of thestipe exactly as ssp.dumetorum from which it differsin "madderbrown" colorof the rimose pileus and much stronger bluing of the context, and also in thehabitat in grassyopenings in thelow hammockinstead of thethicket of the tropicalhammock. It is knownonly from the typelocality, Highlands HammockState Park, Highlands Co., Fla.,R. Singer,Sept. 8, 1942,F 648 A (FH). Coker& Beershave described a newspecies which they consider as closely relatedto B. fraternusPeck, i.e B. rubellusssp. fraternus (Peck) Sing.,calling it B. subfraternusCoker & Beers,Bol. N. Carol.,p. 61 1943.The material kindlysent us bythese authors is, in thewriter's opinion related with Boletellus turbinatus(Snell) Sing.rather than with Boletus rubellus and itsgroup. The sporesare very characteristically mucronate at theapex, and differin sizefrom thoseof theknown smooth-spored species of Boletellusto whichgenus it has to be transferred.

SubspeciesCONSOBRINUS Sing.,Mycologia 37:798. 1945. Pileusmore or less "madderbrown" in thecenter, or in part"Pompeian red"or "diaminebrown," margin "sepia" or "sepia"mixed with pallid, more rarelyentirely olive brown, velutinous or very finely subtomentose-subgranulose, convexto applanateor flatto depressedin thecenter with steeper margin, 17- 34 mm.broad. - Hymenophoreyellow then greenish yellow, adnate-subdecur- rentto adnate-subsinuate;pores concolorous, slowly bluing on pressurewhen fresh,or unchanging,comparatively rather wide. - Stipe "pinnardyellow" above,"madder brown" in the middle,and witha striking"pale greenish yellow"mycelial tomentum at thebase, neither granulose nor floccose-squamu-

This content downloaded from 160.36.178.25 on Thu, 16 Oct 2014 13:11:59 PM All use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions 50 THE AMERICAN MIDLAND NAIURALIST [Vol. 37 losebut smooth and glabrousor verynminutely (use lens) subpruinose,solid, subequalor taperingdownward, 32-37 x 3.5-6.5mm.; mycelium yellow. Contextyellow, either unchanging or slightlyand slowlybluing; odor disagreeable,reminding one of old,dirty clothing; taste mild. Spores9.2-11 x 4.7-5.4ju,comparatively broader and shorterthan in other subspeciesof thisgrex, melleous, with a slightsuprahilar depression or without depression,smooth; basidia 25-38 x 10.2-10.5,u,4-spored; cystidia 41-64 x 7.5- 10.5,u,ventricose in the middlewith ampullaceous apex, hyalineto pale melleous,not visiblyincrusted, rather numerous at pores,scattered in the tubes;trama and cuticleas in thepreceding subspecies. Chemicalreactions not studied. Habitat.-In tropicalhammock on limerock soil, solitaryor in small groups,fruiting from October till November. Distribution.-TropicalFlorida. Materialstudied.-FLORIDA, DADE CO., MathesonHammock, R. Singer,F 1251, TYPE (FH); F 1454(FH).

SubspeciesDUMETORUM Sing., Mycologia3 7:798. 1945. Pileus "vinaceousrufous" or between"madder brown" and "brickred," or "brickred," or coloredin thelatter shade on thegranulae which stand out upona palerground (thus making the general impression "vinaceous russet" to "cameobrown"), often pale yellowor "sulphuryellow" on the extreme margin,velutinous, especially on theyoung margin, or granular,especially on adult,larger specimens, non-viscid, usually unchanging when touched but sometimesbluing on themargin when touched, convex, the center often nearly flattenedor depressed,16-55 mm. broad. - Hymenophoreyellow, becoming moregreenish or olivaceous,in somespecimens becoming stained with reddish brownwhen old, usually bluing or greeningwhen touched, adnate or slightly to deeplydepressed around the stipe, very often showing a narrowlamellate zonearound the stipe; pores concolorous with the tubes, rather wide, angular; sporeprint "olive brown." - Stipe variablein color,the lowerlarger part yellowor "onionskin pink," or reddishbrown granular or yellowishbrown granularon yellowishground, the apex alwaysand the base usuallyyellow (concolorouswith the young pores) and therealso reddishbrown or yellowish browngranular, or glabrousboth above and belowthe granular zone, or eitherabove or below,the granulation often rather in formof a minutefloc- culosepunctation (use lens) ratherthan of conspicuousgranulae, but always presentin all specimens,dry, equal, mostlypointed-acuminate at the base, straightor curvedor sometimesflexuous, solid, 22-83 x 5-10mm.; mycelium usuallyforming a moreor less conspicuoustomentum at thebase, yellow or sulphuryellow. -Context yellow,in mostcases not bluingwhen injured, ratherfirm, fleshy and ratherthick; odor none; taste mild. Spores9.5-13.7 x 4.3-5.5;t,brownish or melleous,ellipsoid-fusoid, with suprahilardepression; basidia 31-34 x 10-13.5[k,4-spored; cystidia 45-70 x 7- 14ua,fusoid, often with an ampullaceousneck (10-29 x (4)-55kt),numerous at the pores,hyaline or melleous,more scattered in the tubes;trama truly

This content downloaded from 160.36.178.25 on Thu, 16 Oct 2014 13:11:59 PM All use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions 1947] SINGER: THE BOLETOIDEAE OF FLORIDA 51 bilateralof the Boletus-type,with bright yellow pigment which disappears readilyin ammonia,with a looserlateral stratum or distinctlyand entirely divergenthyaline hyphae, and a melleous,denser, axillar mediostratum with parallel-subinterwoven,morefrequently septate, thinner hyphae; cuticle with erecthyphae forming a palisade, the terminal members dermatocystidium-like, cylindricto subulate,rarely subcapitate, 14-40 x 6-llju, the pre-terminal hyphae short,often as broadas long,short-cylindric or vesiculose, with rather thin to verymoderately thickened walls; tomentum of the stipeyellow, not entirely losingits pigmentin NH40H, consistingof veryirregularly interwoven hyphaeof varyingdiameter but mostly 0.7-2.5-(6.8),u thick; all hyphaewith- outclamp connections. Chemicalreactions not studied. Habitat.-In tropicalhammocks in the deep shadowof mixedfrondose, mostlvevergreen trees on limerock soil or on verydecayed wood, frequently butprobably not always near Quercus virginiana, solitary to gregarious,fruitingfrom September (or possiblyearlier in therainy season) till October. Distribution.-DadeCounty, Florida. Materialstudied.-FLORIDA, DADE CO., Miami,Simpson Park, R. Singer,F 695, TYPE (FH); MathesonHammock, R. Singer,F 695 a (FH); F 1384 (FH); Royal PalmState Park, R. SingerF 1256a (FH); all CO-TYPES.

Formacrassotunicatus f.n. Pileo olivaceo,trichodermio ex hyphiserectis, crassotunicatis efformato recedit.In dumetistropicalibus. This differsfrom the type of thissubspecies in themembers of thetricho- dermiumof the pileusbeing thick-walled (diameter of the walls0.5-2.0Q, mostlyaround 1.3,u); macroscopically, forsome reason or other,this seems to showin color.The cuticlewhich has been red in freshcondition is nowa pure olive color;no yellowpigment-solution did comeout of the hymenophoral hyphaein NH4OH; cystidiamostly hyaline, fusoid-ampullaceous; not otherwisedifferent from the type form. On earthin tropicalhammock. Known only fromthe typelocality; Matheson Hammock near Miami,Dade Co., Fla., October8, 1942,R. Singer,F 976,TYPE (FH).

SubspeciesCARIBAEUS Sing.,Mycologia 37:798. 1945. Pileus"brick red," "Japan rose," "terra cotta," or somesimilar color, not carmine-purple,often discolored to olivebrownish or olivegray ("dark olive drab,""ecru olive"), distinctlytomentose and non-viscid,especially strongly so on themargin, more subtomentose in the center after a whileand generally glabrescentwith age and at the sametime cracking into areolae, becoming rimosewith yellow crevices, rather pale and veryopaque in driedcondition (muchmore so thanB. rubricitrinus),pulvinate with the centersooner or laterapplanate or depressed,40-70 mm. broad. - Hymenophoreyellow, becomingmore olivaceous when old, bluingwhere touched, adnate and often somewhatdepressed around the stipe; tubes 6 mm.long, or somewhatlonger; poresrather wide (0.7-1.5 mm. in diameter,towards the stipe frequently wider, 1-2mm.), concolorous; spore print "olive brown." - Stipe sordidpale yellow-

This content downloaded from 160.36.178.25 on Thu, 16 Oct 2014 13:11:59 PM All use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions 52 THE AMERICAN MIDLAND NATURALIST [Vol. 37 ish or sometimespartly sordid pale pinkish,the base someshade of yellow, rarelya deepCorinthian red (not "madderbrown" as in B. rubricitrinus)at thebase, covered with flocculose squamulae or furfuraceousfloccons of anyof theabove named colors but usually not prominently red or pinkbut predom- iantlyyellowish, dry, subequal or oftentapering downward, the base often pseudorhiza-like,solid, 58-67 x 10-25mm.; mycelium sordid, not yellow, forming a basaltomentum, or inconspicuous.-Context yellowin thepileus and theupper portion of thestipe, bluing when bruised, in thebase of thestipe yellowmixed with reddish pink, in the veryroot-like base beneath,yellow againinside and outside;odor none; taste mild. Spores (9.5)-10-14.2-(14.5)x 4.2-6.5s mostly11-11.7 x 5,u,broadly fusoid,rather thin-walled to quite thin-walled,with suprahilar depression, brownishmelleous, well colored, smooth; basidia 29-42 x 10.5-12.5,u,(1)-4- sporedwith about 5.5,u long, half sickel-shaped sterigmata which are connected withthe spores at a hilarpoint distinctly outside the longitudinal axis of the spore (spores asymmetric8);cystidia 23-70 x 7.5-11u, fusoid to fusoid- subampullaceous,hyaline, some (either a majorityor a minority)covered with a stronglyappressed resinous, melleous incrustation, moderately numerous to numerouson the pores, more scatteredin the tubes; trama of the hymenophoretruly bilateral, of the Boletus-type,the me1iostratumslightly coloredmelleous, and denserthan the lateralstratum which consists of rather looselyarranged, hyaline and decidedlydivergent hyphae; all hyphaewithout clampconnections. Chemical reactions.-KOH everywherebrown. NH3 and NH40H re- actinglyindistinctly, making the pileus more dirtyolive. HCI on surfaceof pileus,negative. -FeSO4 olive grayish. Gastroidconditions. These are similarto those formedby Boletinusde- cipiensthough differing in being comparativelymuch larger;they have the color of the pileus of a normallydeveloped carpophore, and all trulygastroid stages were found to be sterileand remainingsterile. They are met with togetherwith the normalform. Habitat. In drypine land (Pinus caribaea) of the tropicalzone of South Florida,on poor,rocky lime soil, also on lawnsalong pine lands,often in the shade of leguminoustrees or Ficus but evidentlyassociated with pine, in groups,fruiting from September till November. Distribution.-Dade Co., Fla. Materialstudied.-FLORIDA, DADE Co., FairchildTropical Garden, along the stone wall,often hidden in dense shrubbery, R. Singer, F 1370,TYPE (FH); CoralGables, lawnunder Pithecolobium near pines, R. Singer,F 1119, (FH); Coral Gables,Dr. Btnsmell(det. R. Singer),F 1093(FH); WoodlawnPark Cemetery, just oustide the cultivatedlotin dry pine land, R. Singer,F 1288(FH), all CO-TYPES.

8 This is the type generally found in Agaricales. Like the spore attachment in Boletinus clecipienis, it differsfrom what we find in those Gastromyceteswith a structure comparable to that of the gastroid formsof both B. rubellus ssp. caribaeus and Boletinus decipiens. Otherwise one would rather be inclined to consider the boletes as boletoid stages of certain Gasteromycetes,while, actually, they are atavistic forms re-establishing an angiocarpous development but retaining the advanced way of spore-formation acquired by pseudoangiocarpous and gymnocarpous development.

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Fortnaserotinus, f. n. Sporis majoribuspraesentibus (usque ad 16.3,u) differt.In hortisin Coral Gables serotinus. This differsfrom the typicalform of the subspecies,so commonin Dade Co. in fall,in havinga highermaximum spore length.The sporesare 10-16.3 x 4.5-6.8pu,most frequently12.5 x 5.5,t. These rare late specimens,collected by the writerin mid-Novemberduring a dry but cooler spell, do not otherwise differfrom ssp. caribaeusand are hereconsidered as a seasonallyaberrant form.The same myceliumalso produceda sterile,gastroid condition which was, naturally,indistinguishable from the gastroidstage of the typeform.

SubspeciesBICOLOROIDES Sing., Mycologia37:798. 1945. Pileus "Pompeian red" to "dragon'sblood red," discoloringto "Dresden brown" or "Isabella color," very minutelyareolate-subgranular to rimulose- subtessellate,never viscid, convex to flat,24-52 mm. broad.- Hymenophore yellow,soon incliningto become greenishand eventuallyreaching almost "citrongreen," slightly depressed around the stipe,with shortdecurrent ribs on the veryapex of the stipe;pores rather wide and irregular,mouths of irregular depth,concolorous and changingto greenor blue whentouched, at least whenyoung and fresh;spore print "olive brown." Stipe moreor less yellow at the apex, fartherdownwarc's concolorous with the pileus or "mineralred" near the base, subglabrous,but undera lens extremelyminutely subfloccuIose, not reticulatebut coarselylongitudinally ribbed by innate fibers,subequal, solid or stuffed,28-64 x 5-12 mm.; myceliumnot veryabundant, pallid cream white,or at places yellowishwhite. - Contextyellow, bluing readilyin all partswhen exposed; odor slight,somewhat in betweenthe odor of B. edulis and B. auripes;taste mild. Spores 10.2-14.5x 4-6[, mostly11-13.7 x 4.5-5.5[; cystidiawith ampullaceous apex; otherwiseabout as in B. rubellusssp. bicolor(Peck) Sing. Chemical reactions.-NH40H on surface of pileus a slate blue ring arounda fulvousto olive stain. Habitat.-In highhammocks under oaks and in deciduouswoods or under frondosetrees on lawns, fruitingfrom July till Septemberin small groups, singlyor cespitosely. Distribution.-NorthFlorida, possibly north to Virginiaalong the Atlantic Coast. Materialstudied.-FLORIDA, ALACHUA Co., SugarfootHammock, R. Singer,F 2537,TYPE, (FH); Gainesville,R. Singer,F 2669, (FH). ?VIRGINIA, Richmond,D. H. Linder& R. F. Smart(FH). ExtralimitalSubspecies of B. rubellusand Related Species B. rubellus Krombh.ssp. bicolor (Peck) Sing. comb.nov. Boletusbicolor Peck, I.c., and othercombinations with this epithet. Bolelusrubeus Frost, I.c., and Suillus rubeus Kuntze l.c. Though not recordedin Florida, this has been found as far south as Georgia and Tennessee. In order to preventconfusion with the other subspecies of B. rubellus,we shall describessp. bicolorin the same manneras the others.

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Pileus "madder brown" to "ocher red," tomentose,dry or very slightly viscidin rainyweather, slightly rimulose with the fleshshowing in the crevices beingyellow, discoloring to "Dresden brown,"or paler fromthe disc outward, pulvinate,then convexwith applanate or less convexcenter, eventually often partly depressed,or irregular,50-140 mm. broad.-Hymenophore "straw yellow," then more greenishand olivaceous, adnate or slightlydepressed aroundthe stipe;tubes 6-14 mm. long; poresconcolorous with the tubes,moderatelyrapidly and moderatelystrongly bluing when touched,at least when quite fresh,scarcely 1 mm. wide in mediumsized carpophoresnear the stipe, smaller (of the size of these of B. mintatoolivaceus)toward the margin,or morerarely all mediumwide; spore print"olive brown."- Stipe deep yellow at the veryapex or at a ratherwide apical zone, "Pompeianred" to "madder brown"below, but tendingto becomeas olive as the pileus, "Isabella color" at places, rugulose,subglabrous, i.e. extremelyfaintly flocculose-punctulate (but hardlyvisible to the unaided eye), variablein shape, solid, straightor curved,40-95 x 8-23-(35) mm.; myceliumsordid white, reaching pale salmo- neous ochraceous,but neveryellow, not even lightyellow, usually inconspicuous, more rarelyforming a strongbasal tomentum.-Context light yellow, deeper yellow at places and when exposed for a long time,bluing but not immediately,and not verystrongly so, occasionallyalmost unchanging;odor of radishes,or of Leucocoprinusprocerus, or of garlic,especially some time afterthe carpophoreshave been picked,sometimes none; tasteagreeable. Spores 9-12.2-(13.5) x 3.5-5,u,mostly 11 x 4,u,pale melleousto melleous, cylindric-fusoid,with slight suprahilar depression and taperingapical portion, smooth;basidia 21-28 x 8.8-10.5,t,(1)-4-spored; cystidia 21-48 x (3.5)-4-7.5,u, subulate-fusoidor fusoid-ampullaceous,rather versiform, hyaline with moderatelythin wall, rathernumerous at the pores,somewhat more scattered in the tubes;trama truly bilateral, of the Boletus-type;cuticle consisting of a tricho- dermiumwhose hyphae are forthe mostpart organized in a palisade,but with intermingledspherocysts of about 14,udiameter which, however, do not form an epithelium;all hypbaewithout clamp connections. Chemicalreactions not studied. Habitat.-In frondoseand mixedwoods under Fagales on the ground,in smallgroups, singly or cespitose,fruiting from June till October. Distribution.-FromNew England to Georgiaand the GreatLakes region to Tennesseeand Missouri. Material studied.-VERMONT, TYPE of B. rubeus Frost (FH). MASSACUHSETTS, Woburn,W. L. White(det Singer, conf. Snell) (FH); ProspectHill, Farlom (FH). NEW YORK, TYPE of B. bicolorPeck (NYS). NORTH CAROLINA, Chapel Hill, Alma Holland(Beers), 11102(as B. communis)(FH). TENNESSEE,Elkmond, L. R. HIes- ler (FH, similarmaterial in FLAS); LaurelFalls, A. H. Smith,10441 (FH). We have also materialfrom Devil's Lahr, Wis., withsmaller pores, determined as B. bicolorbut possibly different.

BOLETUS PERNANUS Pat. & Baker,Journ. Straits Branch R. A. Soc. 78:72. 1918. Plate 1, Fig.9 The type (FH) shows slender,small fruitbodies with strikinglyyellow mycelialtomentum; spores 9-12.6 x 3.7-5.3[c,without suprahilar depression

This content downloaded from 160.36.178.25 on Thu, 16 Oct 2014 13:11:59 PM All use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions 1947] SINGER: THE BOLETOIDEAE OF FLORIDA 55 or witha veryslight one, the apex often attenuate, melleous brownish with a goldenglimmer, now often with dark brown pigment-granulae, relatively rather thick-walled;cystidia hyaline, fusoid-ampullaceous or fusoid; the sulphur yellowmycelium of thebase consistingof longfilaments of (in NH40H) hyaline,2-3.5,,u thick, thin-walled hyphae; the cuticleconsisting of a tricho- dermiumof ascendant,cylindric hyphae, with the last members erect, forming an epitheliumof ovoid to globosebodies, only scatteredclavate terminal hyphaeor dermatocystidiainterrupting this epithelium;all hyphaewithout clampconnections. This Singaporespecies, seems to be mostclosely related to the remaining speciesof thissection, especially to the smalltropical forms from the same generalregion. It is too earlyto decidewhether or notthe epithelium of the pileusis sufficientreason for a sectionalseparation.

BoletusPatouillardii, spec. nov. Pileo pulchrerubro, sicco, opaco, 4-10 mm.lato in siccis;hymenophoro flavo,circum stipitum depresso zonamque angustam sublamellosam formante, tubulismoderate longis; poris mediocriter amplis sed proratione amplis, con- coloribus;sporis 7.5-9.5-(10) x 4.5-5.5,u,brunneo-melleis, ellipsoideo-oblongis, (formasua TylopilumBalloui in mentemrevocantibus), levibus; basidiis 28- 30 x 7.5-10,u;cystidiis pororum 28-45 x 7.5-11.8,u,hyalinis, fusoideo-ampul- laceisvel fusoideis;tramate hymenophorali typi Boletorum; stipite ad apicem flavo,ceterum pileo concolori, subglabro, subaequali, sicco, solid, fragili, 6-16 x 0.8-1mm. in siccis;mycelio laete luteo sed tomentumbasale haud formante, haud copioso;carnis colore haud observato;hyphis omnibus haud fibuligeris. Ad viassilvaticas, Reserve Forestiere de Campongchhuong, Cambodge, Indo- China,Julio mense, Petelot, 222 (FH). This specieswas collected and sentto Patouillardin 1921.Patouillard kept it in hisherbarium under a herbariumname, but strangely enough not among the Boletaceaebut-of all things-as a Porola'schia.If the writerhad not by chancebeen interested in theLaschia-complex at the same time, this new Boletuswould probably have escaped the attention of thespecialists for a long time.This fungusand B. pernanuslook very much alike in driedcondition exceptfor the mycelium which is muchscantier in B. Patouillardii.The spores are definitelyshorter than in B. pernanus,and thecolor of the freshpileus and stipeshould make the distinction of thisplanit easy. The cuticleis notin a conditionthat lends itself to anatomicalanalysis. It maybelong to either thePernanus-type or the Nanus-type, i.e. formingan epithelium,or forming a tomentumwith elongate hyphae only.

BOLETUS NANUS Mass., Bull. Misc. Bot. Gard. Kew (1909) :208. 1909. I have not seen the typebut I have seen two good collectionsin the H6hnel-Herbarium(FH) whichundoubtedly belong here. The pileusis umberor oliveumber, flocculose-tomentose or innately squamulose, dry, convex,about 28 mm.broad, deep brown in theherbarium; tubes and poreslight yellow,or yellow,adnate or slightlydepressed, rather short (about 4 mm.

This content downloaded from 160.36.178.25 on Thu, 16 Oct 2014 13:11:59 PM All use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions 56 THE AMERICAN MIDLAND NATURALIST [Vol. 37 long); poresrather small but in comparisonwith the diameter of thepileus ratherwide; stipe light yellow, or somewhatreddish at the apex,yellowish brownin themiddle and olivebelow, somewhat radicate at thebase, smooth, longitudinallyfibrillose, without distinct basal tomentum, cylindric, somewhat curved,about 26 x 5.5 mm.;mycelium yellow; context light yellow, bluing on exposure.Spores 8.2-10.2 x 4.5-5-(5.5) ,; hyalineto strikinglygolden yellow, small,without suprahilar depression, thin-walled, smooth; basidia 25-31 x 7- 8.2,u,4-spored; cystidia 34-68 x 6.8-13.5,u,very crowded at thepores, hyaline, fusoid,apiculate; trama bilateral with a brightyellow denser axillar mediostratumof somewhatinterwoven-parallel hyphae, and reachinga pointnear thepores (not the pores themselves), the lateral stratum hyaline, of distinctly divergent,more loosely arranged hyphae; cuticle of interwovenhyphae, the terminalmembers often ascendant, with distant septa, fulvous-melleous, often withthe pigment concentrated in guttulae; all hyphaewithout clamp connections.The colorsand measurementsof the carpophores are given according to Hohnel'snotes and sketch in sched. This was originallydescribed from Singapore but the abovedescription refersto specimensfrom Tjibodas, Java.

BOLETUSAUREOMYCELINUS Pat. & Baker,Journ. Straits Branch R. A. Soc. 78:69. 1918.9 The typefrom Singapore (FH) has widepores; spores about 7 x 5,u,pale melleous;hyphae of the bright yellow, abundant mycelial tomentum of thebase filamentous,2-5.5,u in diameter;the tomentumof the pileusconsisting of melleous-citrinousstrands of parallelor subparallelhyphae, or of singlehyphal filaments,not forminga distinctpalisade anywhere, the hyphae very variable in diameter,without clamp connections. This is obviouslyclose to thepreced- ingspecies. Though the exact color of thespore print is notknown for either of them,the combination ofthe known characters strongly suggests this section ratherthan the genus Tylopilus where no relatedspecies exist.

Species ImperfectlyKnown

BOLETUS PARVUS Peck, Bull. Torr. Bot. Cl. 24:145. 1897. The dataon thisplant may be foundin Coker& Beers,l.c., p. 39. Its gen- ericposition is notquite certain. It was describedfrom Alabama, and Coker & Beersthink they have re-collected it in NorthCarolina. Its mainfeatures aresmall (1-2 in.) reddishpileus, rather large, bright red pores.

SectionLURIDI Fr., Epicrisis,p. 417. 1838. SuillellusMurr., Mycologia 1:16. 1909,(ut genus). Charactersof the section:The differencebetween this and the section Apendiculaticonsists in thereddish or brownpores, or thenon-reticulate stipe in the formersection. The Lurididiffer from the sectionSubpruinosz in

9 In the original paper, the name is spelled "aureomycetinus" but this is obviously a printingerror since the specimens are correctly labeled as above.

This content downloaded from 160.36.178.25 on Thu, 16 Oct 2014 13:11:59 PM All use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions 1947] SINGER: THE BOLETOIDEAE OF FLORIDA 57 smallerpores. Some specieswith definitely concolorous pores during their entiredevelopment are veryclose to theLuridi in theold sensei.e. to species withred poremouths. This factbecomes still more evident if varietieswith permanentlyconcolorous pores of specieswith typically discolorous pores, or varietieswith discolorous pores of specieswith typically concolorous pores are considered(see nos. 18 and 25). Thisshows that the section Luridi had to be emendedto includecertain species with concolorous pores. Though the color of thepores is a convenientcharacter for determination, it has, in manycases, littlebearing on questionsof natural affinity between species. The sectionLuridi of the genus Boletus contains the only known poisonous speciesof theBoletineae. Amateurs should be carefulnot to experimentwith anyof thesespecies since even a smallquantity of thepoisonous carpophores maycause serious illness though none is believedto be as deadlyas theAma- nitaeof the Phalloidesgroup (A. phalloides,A. brunnescens,A. verna,A4. virosa).B. satanas,B. luridusand B. miniatoolivaceushave notoriously caused ill effectson peoplewho ate themthough the amountof poisonousmatter seemsto varyeither regionally, or perhapsaccording to climaticfactors. The susceptibilityof different persons also varies to a certaindegree. The typespecies of the section Luridi is Boletusluridus Schaeff. ex Fr.

KEY TO THE SPECIES A.Pores concolorous with the tubes (yellow). B.Pileus pink, red, testaceous, vinaceous-rufous, purplish, or yellow. c. Pileuspallid leather ocher; context usually little or notchanging when ex- posedto theoxygen of theair -(B. impolitus) c. Pileusnot colored as above;context usually distinctly bluing in freshmaterial. D. Spores51L or broader. E. Pileus prevalentlyred or reddish;spores 12.5-18.8 x (4.5)-4.8-7.7AL, mostly(14)-15-(17) x 5-5.5AL; stipe flocculose-squamulose. F. Pileus stronglyviscid when wet-B. dichrous F. Pileus notstrongly viscid when wet -25. B. rubricitrinus E. Pileus notor not prevalentlyred (only witha superficialred coveringin youngspecimens and possiblysome red or pink areas alongsidethe prevalentbright yellow color of the adult specimen); sporesdistinctly shorterthan indicatedabove: "(10)-i 1-15-(17) x 5-6.5AL"according to Kallenbach in Europe. ------B.junquilleus (cf. also B. Queletii,see p. 65-66 and p. 79) D. Spores up to 5ALbroad. G.Pileus prevalentlybright golden yellow when maturewith somewhat shiningcuticle in dry weather,the purplishcarmine floccons or fibrils all disappearingin early youth;base of the stipeinside and out deep carmine,at least constantlyso in maturespecimens; odor slight,agreeable, or none,slightly cumarinous when dried -19. B. flavissimus G. Pileus usuallyprevalently red or pinkthough occasionally fading to olive or brownish,leaving large yellowareas in some specimensand rarely remainingyellow instead of somekind of red,always opaque; base of the stiperarely with carmine colors; odor thoughweak yet characteristic,disagreeable, variable (of onion, garlic,spoiled meat, cumarine, etc., see description)when freshand especiallysome timeafter col- lecting, cumarinous when dried- 18. B. miniafooli-vaceus B. Pileus withoutreddish, purplish, pinkish, etc. tones,and also not yellow. H. Pileus pallid leathercolor; contextusually not changingon exposure --- B. impolitus

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H. Pileus differentlycolored (brown); conitextusually readily bluing. I. Stipe not carmine but umber brown in the base, its apex without a network, merely finely flocculose-23. B. oliveisporus I Stipe not umber brown but carmine in the base of mature specimens, its apex almost constantlywith a narrow zone of fine reticulation which a few millimetersfrom the point of attachmentof the tubes, is replaced by minute floccons- 24. B. luridellus -A.Pores discolorous as compared with the tubes, i.e. tubes yellow, then olivaceous, and pores red from the beginning or with maturity,often dusky red, or in some cases rather brown. J. Stipe without distinct reticulation,or with an indistinctvery fine one continuing from the line of attachmentof the pores on the apex of the Etipe for a distance of no more than one-fourth of the length of the stipe, but much more frequentlyno reticulationof any kind is observed on the stipe. K. Spores in average twice as long as broad (Q=2), 5-7/1 broad, rarely broader; basal tomentumindistinct. Old-world species - . B. Queletii K. Spores, if as broad as indicated above, at least in their majority somewhat longer than two times their breadth; or, if the spores do have a Q around 2, they are American species with a very well developed basal tomentum. L. Pileus "vinaceous brown" on the margin, "sorghum brown" on the disc, tomentumof the base between "Isabella color" and "buffy citrine" (i.e. olivaceous); dried pileus usually "sorghum brown" on the margin and "vinaceous buff" in the center (if prepared carefully); spores 9.5-12.2 x 4.2-5.5A. Tropical Florida -20. B. austrinus L. Not combining the above indicated characters. M. Basal tomentumvery prominent,reaching high up the stipe; spores 9.2- 13.8 x 5.5-6At.Western species -B. tomentipes M. Not combining a strong basal tomentumwith spores of the above size. N. Pileus pinkish red, vinaceous-testaceous; spores large (13.5-16.3 x 4.8-5.5i1). Tropical Florida - 25. B. rubricitrinusvar. Fairchildianus N. Not combining the above color with the above spore measurements, and not occurring in tropical Florida (but some occurring in extra- tropical Florida). o. Pileus brownish to deep brown, very rarely with red or yellow light spots or red or yellow portions. P. Pores and floccons of the stipe (if present) red, dusky red. Q. Stipe not glabrous, or if it is glabrous above, it shows a distinct lines on white ground, otherwise similar to B. subvelutipes except for the spores which are somewhat smaller (8.5-11.5 x 3.5-3.8/L in the type) -21. B. hppocarpcinus Q. Stipe not glabrous, or if it is glabrous above, it show a distinct velvety to strigose basal tomentum. R. Context bluing; pores bluing; mycelium rarely bright yellow (B. erpthropus)and -22. subvelutipes) R.Context reddening, not bluing; pores reddening, not bluing; mycelium bright yellow -B. Morrnsui P. Pores and floccons of stipe brown -B. vermiculosus o. Pileus red, sometimes mixed with yellow, frequently discolored, at least in part, to brownish or olive; stipe indistinctlyand incon- stantly minutelyflocculose or subglabrous. s. Stipe subglobose-bulbous - (B. Eastiaoodiae) s. Stipe thick and ventricose to subequal, or tapering upwards or downwards, not subglobose-bulbous. T.Spores large (12-18 x 4-6i1); odor weak and agreeable or none. u. Pileus viscid, bright red (about the color of the most usual form of B. Frostii); Mediterranean -B. Dupainai J.Pileus sometimes slightly sticky in rainiy weather, but not distinctlyviscid, drying rapidly; color not uniformlybright and deep red, only occasionally with some brown-red or

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or orange red mixed in, very rarelyprevalently in these lattercolors -(B. erpthropus) T. Spores smaller; odor more or less distinctlydisagreeable, of onion, garlic,spoiled meat, cumarine,etc. (like that of B. satainas)-18. B. miniatoolivaceusvar. subluridus j. Stipe witha distinctnetwork, normally (i.e. in the majorityof the carpophores of a group) coveringone quarteror rathermore of the lengthof the stipe. v. Pileus usuallypale sordidwhite, or pale sordidgrayish cream color, or with a greenishtinge, and becomingsomewhat brownish only in old specimens; sometimeswith a flushof lightpurplish pink but nevercarmine red, not orange,not deep yellow,not deep olivaceous,,and neverdeep brownfrom the beginning;stipe bulbousand remainingso, or becomingstretched with age, with a very fine reticulationof little raised red lines which form meshesthat are not or not much longerthan broad, the base of the stipe usually not so stronglycarmine red, vinaceous,olivaceous, etc. as in B. luridus; odor very weak, agreeable,or almostnone, or, thoughslight, yet distinctlydisagreeable as in B. minialoolivaceus. w. Reticulattionconstantly confined to the very apex of the stipe; stipesub- globose-bulbous;pileus usually pink,or prevalentlypink. Westernspe- cies- B. Eastwoodiae w. Not as above, or not combiningthe above characters. x. Odor weak, agreeableor none; stipeat maturityelongated; pileus often witha pinkish,never with a greenishtinge -B. rhodoxanthus x.Odor weak to ratherstrong, disagreeable, like thatof B. miniatoolivaceus; pileusoften with a greenish,never with a pinkhue - B. salanas. v. Pileus well coloredat maturity,either brown, or withbright red orange,olive, yellow,or pink colors; stipe bulbous but soon elongatedand eventually cylindricwith a ratherstrongly elevated reticulation, the meshesof which are stronglylongitudinally elongated, the resultingnetwork usually running down over one half or moreof the lengthof the stipe,the inside of the base deep carminered, deep vinaceous,deep olive, or orange red if the groundcolor of the stipe is not thoroughlyyellow (aside fromdiscolora- tions); odor agreeableand veryweak, or none. Y. Raised linesof the reticulationof thestipe strongly projecting and, at least on a part of the stipe,red on red ground; pileus deep red, or entirely pink. Americanspecies - 26. B. Frostii Y. Raised linesof the reticulationmoderately strongly elevated, usually red on yellowground but lateroften discolored. European species, probably not occurringin America-B. luridus

SIMPLIFIED KEY TO THE FLORIDA SPECIES OF SECTION LURIDI

A. Pores concolorouswith the tubes,yellow. B. Pileus red,or someshade of reddish. c. Flocconsof thestipe distinct; spores 12.5-18.8 x (4.5)-4.8-7.7[tmostly (14)- 15-(17) x 5-5.5ts; odor none or very slightand agreeable; base of the stipeusually deep red inside-25. B. rubricitrinus c. Floccons of the stipeindistinct or verysmall and forminga glabroussurface as seen with the unaided eye; sporessmaller than indicatedabove; odor disagreeablea whileafter picking; base of stipemostly not deep red inside. Rare.-18. B. miniatoolivaceus B. Pileus not red (or only somewhatreddish at places, especiallywhere not exposed to lightand water). D. Pileus brightyellow (or prevalentlyso at least in maturespecimens) ------19. B. flavissimus D. Pileus someshade of brown. E. Stipe not carminebut umberbrown in thebase, its apex withouta network, merelyfinely flocculose -23. B. oliveisporus

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E. Stipe not umberbrown but deep carmineiri the base of maturespecimens, its apex almostconstantly with a narrowzone of finereticulation which, fartherdownwards, changes into minute flocculosity - 24. B. luridellus A. Pores discolorous,red. F. Stipe withouta distinctnetwork (except perhaps a verynarrow belt at the very apex of the stipe). G.Pileus about "sorghumbrown" in dried caps; stipe with a stronglystrigose olivaceousbasal tomentum - -20. B. austrinus G. Pileus differentlycolored; if the stipe shows a strongbasal tomentum,the latter'scolor is usually red or rusty-red. H. Pileus brown. i. Spores 8.5-11.5 x 3.5-3.8i' in the type; stipe red punctateand red-lined on whitishground; basal tomentuminconspicuous .21. B. hypocarycinus i. Spores larger; stipe usually stronglyred flocculoseto red squamulose on yellowground; basal tomentumstrigose, red to rustyred ------22.B. subvelutipes H. Pileus red. j. Floccons of the stipedistinct. South Florida ------25.B. rubricitrinusvar. Fairchildianus j. Floccons of the stipe indistinct.North Florida. ------18.B. miniatoolivaceusvar. subluridus F. Stipe verydistinctly reticulate -26. B. Frosfiissp. floridanus

Description of the Species Occurring in Florida

18. BOLETUS MINIATOOLIVACEUSFrost, Bull. Buff. Soc. Nat. Sc. 2:101. 1874. Boletussensibilis Peck, Rep. N. Y. State Mus. 32:33. 1879. Boletus miniatoolivaceusvar. sensibilisPeck, Bull. N. Y. State Mus. 2(8) :107. 1B89. Boletus UndermroodiiPeck, Bull. Torr. Bot. Cl. 24:145. 1897 (a variety). Suillus miniatooliveus(sic) Kuntze,Rev. Gen. P1. 3(2) :536. 1898. Ceriomsccsminiatoolivaceus Murr. Mycologia 1 :152. 1909. Suillellussubluridus Murr., Mycologia 30:524. 1938. ( a variety). Boletussubluridus Murr., I.c., p. 525. (a variety).

Var. TYPICUS Description of the Northern Form Pileus "testaceous"to "Etruscanred" or almost "jasper red" or "orange vinaceous,"but oftendeeper red in youngspecimens and paler pink) in old ones,usually partly, rarely entirely becoming discolored assuming an olivaceous to brownishalutaceous tinge (e.g. "old gold"), suede-liketo distinctlytomentose, somewhatviscid in rainyweather but dryingrapidly and usually found in drycondition, often becoming reticulately rimose with the deep yellowflesh showingthrough, convex then more or less applanate,60-160 mm. broad.- Hymenophore "amberyellow" or "pinardyellow," subplane beneath, adnate, or adnate-subdecurrent,or slightly depressed around the stipe,often separating in age; tubes6-11 mm. long; poresconcolorous or more rarelythe morepro- jectingtube-walls red-tipped (with "orange rufous"), bluingwhen touched, smallor somewhatwider up to( 0.8 mm.) nearthe stipe,8-14 poresto 5 mm.; spore printbrownish olive. - Stipe "barytayellow" with some pink or red stripesor dots (between "dragon's blood red" and "Etruscan red") also usuallywith "light cadmium" stains near the base, laterbecoming orange yellow in some cases, at last sometimesbrown fibrillose, sometimes "Pompeian

This content downloaded from 160.36.178.25 on Thu, 16 Oct 2014 13:11:59 PM All use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions 1947] SINGER: THE BOLETOIDEAE OF FLORIDA 61 red" at the base,glabrous or extremelyfaintly flocculose-punctulate (use a lens), solid,equal, or sometimessubfusoid, or taperingupwards, more rarely taperingdownwards from the apex,solid, 70-125 x 18-28mm.; mycelium sordidwhitish to lightyellow or pale alutaceous.- Context"baryta yellow" (or palerin thepileus), bluing either strongly to deep indigoor weaklyto greenishblue, changing either rapidly or slowlywhen injured, long-exposed fleshbecoming deep golden yellow ("light cadmium"); odor at firstvery faint, and mostlymore or less agreeable,in old specimens,especially after lying in thelaboratory for a fewhours, decidedly disagreeable but hard to define,much like the odor of spoiledmeat, or of onionor garlic,or of rancidfat, or cumarinous(probably varying), always more or less cumarinouswhen dried. Spores (8.5)-10-14-(14.5)x (3.5)-4-5-(7),u, melleous or pale melleous, ovoid-oblongor fusoid,smooth; basidia 20-25.5 x 7.5-10,u,4-spored; cystidia 30-50x 6-12,u,fusoid to fusoid-ampullaceousor subclavate hyaline; trama trulybilateral of the Boletus-type;cuticle filamentous, frequently with some spherocystsintermingled on the surface; all hyphaewithout clamp connections. Chemicalreactions.-KOH on surfaceof pileus,olive yellow and rapidly becomingolive green, then olive bronze, in thered portions usually with red marginalring around the stain;on contextof stipe,rusty ochraceous, tlhen duller;NH40H on surfaceof pileus,orange yellow, often with a caesious marginalring around the stain; on contextof stipeoften greening; HNO3 on surfaceof pileusbecoming deep red,or remainingred, reddening even the yellowportions; on contextof stipe,rusty ochraceous, then avellaneous. Habitat.-On theearth in frondoseand mixedwoods under Fagus grandifolia,Betula and Quercus(several species). Fruiting from July till September. Distribution.-FromCanada to the Carolinasand westto the Pacific Coast. Material studied.-MAINE,near Camden, Linder & Singer,ME 12 (FH). VER- MONT, Brattleboro,probably TYPE, Frost (FH). MASSACHUSETTS, Canton, Linder (det. Snell) (FH); Wakefield,Singer M 104 (FH). RHODE ISLAND, East Providence,W. G. Farlons,on sheetsand in boxes, also unpublishedcolor plate (FH). NEW YORK. TYPE of B. sensibilisPeck (NYS); Murrill (NY). VIRGINIA, Petersburg,Linder & Smart (det. Singer) (FH); MountainLake, Linder (det Linder & Overholts) (FH); Danville, R. S. Phifer (det Peck, as B. roseotinctus(NYS). OREGON, Mt. Shasta, W. B. Cooke (det Snell) 14628 (FH).

Descriptionof theFlorida Form Pileus "Corinthianred" or "deep Corinthianred," or between"orange vinaceous"and "Etruscanred," or "Etruscanred" to "ocherred," or "dragon'sblood red," often the covered places or in thefolds pallid to yellow, rarelyentirely yellow with a slightfugacious pink hue, glabrous to subvelutinous,somewhat viscid-sticky when wetted by rainsbut rapidlydrying out, opaqueor morerarely partly shining when dry, smooth, pulvinate, then expanding,70-154 mm. broad.- Hymenophoreyellow, adnate to somewhat depressedaround the stipe; tubes moderately long; pores concolorous or occasionallythe projecting dentate tube-walls tipped with "orange rufous," slowly and moderatelystrongly bluing on pressureif quitefresh, otherwise practically unchanging,small, subequal; spore print as in the northernform. - Stipe

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yellow,mixed with pink or reddishbec-ause of extremelyminute (use a lens) reddish rarely partly brownishor yellowishfloccons which are irregularly crowded or scattered,not distinctlyflocculose-squamulose, but causing the stipe to be very faintlypruinose at places, the base sometimesdeeper red, everywheresmooth except for the veryapex whichis mostlycovered by a very narrowinconspicuous orange or yellow reticulationin continuationof thepores,this reticulation composed of non-elongatedto slightlyelongated meshes of veryfine (use lens), veryslightly raised lines,sometimes with a brownish zone betweenthis reticulate belt and the main portionof the stipe,sometimes entirelysubglabrous and the flocconsnot visibleeven witha lens, solid, variable in shape,40-110 x 18-45mm.; myceliumof mixedyellowish and whitish filaments.- Contextyellow, bluing when injuredbut not very rapidlyand moderatelystrongly, becoming deep golden yellow (about "lightcadmium") on long exposureor when wounds are dried,firm, thick in the pileus, later verysoft and spongy;odor slightbut distinct,disagreeable, of spoiled meat or onionsor garlic,or cumarine,always cumarinous when dried; taste mild. Spores 11.5-13.5x 3.5-4.2,u,ellipsoid-oblong to subcylindricor subfusoid, smooth,melleous; basidia 20-25 x 7-9,u,4-spored; cystidia 34-48 x 6.7-11.2, melleous,fusoid with ampullaceousneck, rathernumerous; trama as in the northernform. Chemicalreactions, as in the northernform. Habitat.-On the groundin high and mesophytichammocks, near oaks, especiallyQuercus virginianaand Q. laurifolia.Fruiting in summer(mostly fromJune to August). Distribution.-NorthFlorida, northern and westernlimits unknown.

Material studied.-FLORIDA,ALACHUA Co., Gainesville,Singer, F 2610 a (FIH); also additionalmaterial without number, July 1943 (FH); Newnan's Lake, Murrill' (det. Singer),F. 2073 (FH).

Var. SUBLURIDUS (Murr.) Sing., Mycologia37:798. 1945. Suillellussubluridtls P4wurr. and Bolefussubluridus Murr., I.c. Boletus UndermoodiiPeck, I.c. Pileus "coral pink" to almost"jasper red," "Etruscanred" or "ocherred,"' sometimeswith deep yellow("deep chrome") portions,then showing a mixture of "vinaceous tawny" and "jasper pink," or becoming"vinaceous rufous." "ferruginous,"or "cinnamonrufous," or partlybuff discolored, subvelutinous, glabrescent,rimulose in age, or with an entirecuticle, sometimes with deep cracks showingthe deep golden yellow ("light cadmium" or deeper) flesh throughthe crevices,usually dry but subviscidto viscid-stickywhen exposed to rains for some time,convex then expanding,50-110 mm. broad or rarely broader.- Hymenophore"sulphur yellow" to "pale greenyellow," becoming "lightcalcedony yellow," (except for the discolorouspores), bluingon injury, depressedaround the stipe in adult specimens;tubes 6-11 mm. long; pores eitherpartly concolorous with the tubes,the yellowsuperseded by a shallow red tinge,or "Estrucanred" to "ocher red," or "Pompeian red" to almost "carmine"all over,frequently bluing on pressurewhen very fresh; spore print between"syrup" and P1. 15, L 9 (M. & P.) whenapproximately 5 yearsold,

This content downloaded from 160.36.178.25 on Thu, 16 Oct 2014 13:11:59 PM All use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions 1947] SINGER: THE BOLETOIDEAE OF FLORIDA 63 possiblybetter preserving the olive color than other species, especially those of sect.Calopodes. - Stipe"Eugenia red" to "jasperred" or "Pompeianred" to almost"carmine" (but duller,especially when old), becomingyellow at the apexand therewith a faintnetwork of isodiametricmeshes which are formed bydecurrent tube-walls and arered, more rarely yellow, occupying a very narrowzone (1)-2-6mm. from the hymenophore downwards, the remaining main portionof thestipe entirely smooth and macroscopicallyalmost glabrous, but whenseen under a lens,the surface usually appears to be formedby minute flocconswhich, if verydense, make the surface appear uniformly red, and if scattered(near apex), the yellow begins to showthrough, or thestipe is beset withtransverse rows of veryminute (though visible to thenaked eye) floc- culaeon yellowground, the base yellow or white,or withsome chrome yellow or orange,rarely with a darkred spot, solid, tapering upwards from a rather thickbase, or ventricoseand taperingtoward both sides, 50-80-(120) x 18-22- (35) mm.;mycelium pale yellowto lightyellow. Contextyellowish white to "Martiusyellow," deeper yellow in thestipe than in thepileus, or uniformly lightyellow, unchanging or bluing(moderately rapidly and moderately deeply)on injurybut constantlybecoming "lemon chrome" or evendeeper goldenyellow when exposed for a Iongtime, the blue portions becoming green aftera whileand thenisabelline, and if drieddeep golden yellow; odor dis- tinctlyfetid, of spoiledmeat, but not very strong; taste mild. Sporesand othermicroscopical characters and also thechemical reactions exactlyas in theFlorida form of var. typicus. Habitat.-Inhigh hammocks on bareground, on sandysoil, usually gregarious,fruiting from May tillOctober. Distribution.-FromNorth Carolina to NorthFlorida and westto Ala- bama.

Materialstudied.-FLORIDA, ALACHUA Co., Gainesville,TYPE of B subluridus whichis also thetype of B. miniatoolivaceusvar. subluridus, Murrill, 15869 (FLAS); 15868(CO-TYPE) (FLAS), F 18351(FLAS); Sitnger,F 2157 and F 2157 a (FH); F 2746 (FH); Newnan'sLake, Singer,F 2635 (FH). NORTH CAROLINA, Hillsbor- ough,Aug. 1864,Curtis (as B. satanas),(FH), (540) (FH); JACKSON Co., White- sideCove,, Steward and Howell (det.Coker as B. luridus),12136 (FH). ALABAMA, IYPE of B. UnderwoodiiPeck, most probably this (see observations)(NYS). This has beencalled B. luridusby Coker& Beers,B. satanasby Curtis, but it is not evensimilar to eitherof thesespecies. If therewere not the Floridaform of var. typicus which in all regardsexcept the lesser abundance of redpigment (especially on thepores) agrees with var. subl'uridus, one might considerthis as a distinctthough most closely related species. Further observationsare desirable in orderto findout whether or notthere is anythinglike a constantcharacter distinguishing the Floridaform from the Northernform of var. typicus.If so, therecould not be any objectionto raisingvar. sub- luridusto thestatus of a subspeciesor an autonomousspecies, provided that thesedistinguishing characters are ieentical in theFlorida form of var.typicus and in var.subluridus. However in thiscase, a difficultquestion might arise becauseof thenecessity of makingcertain that B. Underwoodiiis actuallythe sameas B. miniatoolivaceusvar. subluridus since as a species,the former has priority.If theywould grow together, B. rubricitrinusvar. Fairchildianus and

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B. miniatoporusvar. subluridus would be difficultto distinguish externally but fortunatelythey do not growtogether, but if theydid, they would still be distinguishablebythe difference in spore size and thecovering of thestipe.

19. BOLETUS FLAVISSIMUS (Murr.) Murr.,Mycologia 30:525. 1938.

Ceriom_cesflavissimus (Murr.) Murr.,Mycologia 30:522. 1938. Pileus"yellow chrome" to "lightcadmium," or between"light cadmium" and "cadmiumyellow," with an occasionalfaint tinge or "raw sienna"at places,lighter toward the marginwhere it oftenreaches "pinard yellow" or "amberyellow," positively opaque when young, but not velutinousor only subvelutinous,later becoming shiny in dryweather but not actuallyviscid whenwetted, usually covered with a veryfugacious red floccositywhich is rarelypersistent beyond the earlieststages but has nothingto do withthe "claretbrown" (i.e. deep red) spotsand dots thatare oftenfound on the surfaceof old caps,rarely retaining a "jasperrose" tingeon less exposed portionsof the pileus (transitiontoward B. miniatoolivaceus,see observations),convex or sometimesconvex-umbilicate, with slightly projecting margin,50-150 mm. broad, most frequently 65-100 mm. - Hymenophorebetween "reedyellow" and "oliveyellow," often bluing where wounded, eventually assumingthe colorof the sporeprint which is between"citrine drab" and "deep olive,"10depressed around the stipe;tubes 10-20mm. long; pores "citronyellow," "reed yellow," "deep colonial buff," occasionally with a small ring-zoneof "lightorange yellow" around the margin,sometimes distilling golden,transparent watery drops, usually gray to cinnamonin driedmaterial, eventuallyreaching the colorof old tubeswhen fresh but frequentlybluing when touched,small and not markedlyirregular. - Stipe "pinard yellow," "Empire yellow,""amber yellow,"or an inhomogeneousmixture of several yellowshades, later with "madder brown," "cIlaret brown," "mmineral red' base and, higherup, dots and linesof the same color,glabrous or extremelyfaintly and minutelysubflocculose-pruinate (use a lens), smoothor reticulatewith a fine concolorousnetwork to a variable extent,unchanging or bluing where touched,dry, solid, ventricose,or bulbous when young,45-65 x 22-32 mm.; myceliumwhitish, sordid white,yellowish white, or light yellow.- Context "pinardyellow," at places more whitishwhere it beginsto dry out but turning "light cadmium"to "deep chrome"in old wounds,not so deep yellow in rapidlydried material, bluing moderately strongly and moderatelyrapidly in mostfresh and not too dryor too old specimensimmediately after bruising but even in thesethe bluingis not constant,if present,it reaches"deep Delft blue" or "deep slate blue" in intensity,in the base of the stipe,the contextis usually though not constantlyred ("dark Indian red," "Hessian brown," "madderbrown," "mineral red," or a stilldeeper red); tastemild; odor agreeable, somewhatof lemonbut becomingcumarinous in driedmaterial. Spores 10.13.5- (21) x 3.5-5-(5.5) ,u cylindric,cylindric-fusoid, cylindric- ellipsoid, or inverselyclavate (taperingtoward the apex), smooth,honey

10 Aftertwo yearsit has becomebetween "deep brownisholive" and "Saccardo's umber."

This content downloaded from 160.36.178.25 on Thu, 16 Oct 2014 13:11:59 PM All use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions 1947] SINGER: THE BOLETOIDEAE OF FLORIDA 65 brown,thin-walled; basidia e.g. 32 x 8/L, hyalineor colored,4-spored, very few2-spored; cystidia 28-43 x 7-18,u,thin-walled but with thicker walls than thetramal hyphae, hyaline or yellowishto melleous,subulate to fusoid,most frequentlywith an ampullaceousneck; trama truly bilateral, of the Boletus- type,but its hyphae becoming parallel in old specimens,3.5-7,k thick. Chemicalreactions.-KOH on surfaceof pileus,between "mahogany red" and "chestnut"but darker than both of thesein theshiny-capped specimens, dirtybrown in opaque specimens;on pores,dirty brownish; on contextof pileus,dirty pink; on contextof stipe,brown; NH40H on surfaceof pileus, somewhatpaler (almost negative); on pores,nil; on context,dirty vinaceous to almostnegative; FeSO4 on context,olive; formol negative but stimulating thebluing. Habitat.-Underor nearQuercus virginiana, Q. Iaurifolict,Q. nigra,Q. laevisand Q. Chapmanii,on grassy,sandy soil, or on theforest soil in high hammock,also in gardensand on lawns,fruiting from June until September. Distribution.-Florida,gradually more frequent from the northtoward thesouth but not observed in thetropical zone. Materialstudied.-FLORIDA, ALACHUA Co., Gainesville,Singer, F 2507 (FH); MIurrill,F 18660(FLAS); SingerF 2610 (FH); Murrill,F 15858,TYPE (FLAS); SugarfootHammock, Singer, F 2507a (FH); HIGHLANDS Co.,Highlands Hammock StatePark, F. 408 a (FH); F 506 (FH); ? F 616 (FH); Sebring,Singer, F 408 (FH). Krieger(The MushroomHandbook, p. 268, 1936) thinksthat B. pseudo- sulphureusKallenbach (i.e. B. junquilleus)is a yellowform of B. miniatoolivaceus.In fact,he has seenwhat he callsa specimenof B. miniatoolivaceus withentirely yellow pileus at the BostonMycological Club, and we have seen such formsin Florida.If we substitutethe narrow-sporedB. ficavis- simusas describedabove for the broad spored B. junquilleus,Krieger's state- mentcertainly makes sense. It is remarkablethat Quelet himself (I.c.) made a statementreminiscent of, or ratherparallel with Krieger's saying that Dietyo- pus junquilleusQuel. "seemsto be a formof discolorfrom which it doesnot differexcept by the concolorous pores." Now, B. discolorQuel. is unknownto mostmycologists and suspectedby someto be a formof B. Queletiiwhich differsmainly in thecolor of thepileus. Thus we wouldhave to distinguish 1.A narrow-sporedgroup, all Americanforms, containing a. a specieswith yellow pileus: B. flavissimusMurr. b. a specieswith red (discoloringolive or brown)pileus: B. minialoolivaceus.. c. as "b" butwith red pores: B. miniatoolivaceusvar. subluridus. 2. A broad-sporedgroup, all Europeanforms, containing a. a specieswith yellow pileus: B. junquilleus. b. a specieswith yellow pileus but red pores: B. discolor. c. a brownor redor orangespecies with reddish pores: B. Queleiii. It seemsto me thatthe species under "1" are specificallydifferent from thoseunder "2" thoughI cannotdeny a markedparallelism in variability. As forthe yellow forms in eachgroup (la, 2a), theycan hardly be merecolor formsof theother forms (lb, 2b), sincethe color is notthe only distinguish- ingcharacter. In Europe,it wouldbe surprisingthat Kallenbach who is rather a "combiner"than a needlesssplitter, would describe a newspecies (which he thoughthis B. pseudosulphureuswas) withouteven mentioning B. Queletii

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whichhe knewvery well (as B. erythroputs),if they were merely color forms. B. Queletiilacks the characteristicstrigosity formed by the basal tomentum alwaysnoted in B. junquilleus,and, besides,does not changeas stronglyas thelatter; all thisaside from the differencesin color of the pileusand the pores.As forthe narrow-spored, American group, the forms with yellow and thosewith red pileus also appearto be differentfrom each other. B. miniato- olivaceuswith yellow pileus would not necessarilybe B. flavissimus,and B. flavissimuswith some red on thecap (suchas myF 2507,F 2610,and Mur- rill'sF 18660) wouldnot necessarily be B. miniatoolivaceus.In fact,the best meansof distinguishingthese species is notthe color of thepileus unless this coloris so unmistakableas to makefurther investigation unnecessary. In dubi- ous cases,the bestcharacter for those who perceivethem, are the different odorsof thesespecies, the agreeable odor of B. flicvissimusand thedisagree- ableone of B. miniatoolivaceus.In orderto explainthe odor of thelatter to a Europeanone maybest compare it withthat of B. satanas,and vice-versa, yet,the odor of theAmerican species is perhapsmore variable than that of B. satanas. Anotherdistinguishing character between B. flavissimusand B. miniatoolivaceusis the contextof the base of the stipewhich is veryrarelv deepred in thelatter species, and very rarely not so in theformer. The chemical charactersof thesespecies do notseem to be identical,especially the KOH reactionon thesurface of thepileus is quitedifferent according to mynotes. It may,however, be arguedthat the reactions of thecuticular layer are largely determinedby the presence or absenceof certainpigments, or theirproportion, andthis would, consequently reduce this chemical reaction to a characterparal- lel to the abundanceof the red in thepileus. Also, the geographicarea of thesetwo plants are too differentto assume that they are color variants of the samespecies. We thereforeconclude that the yellow form of group1 as wellas group 2 are specificallydifferent from the other forms of theirrespective group. But cannotthe yellow species of eachgroup be combinedinto one species,account- ing forthe difference in spore shape with the assumption of theexistence of geographicraces? I do notthink they can. The weakerbluing, the occasionally reticulatestipe, the absence of a conspicuousbasal tomentum, and theabsence, in all my specimens,of the slightestreddish flush on the pores,are in my opinionenough characters to justifythe distinction of twoentirely autonomous species. Murrillhas recently(Mycologia 36:122. 1944) revisedhis opinion concerningB. flavissimus, stating that "Ceriomyces flavissimus = Ceriomyces aureissimus"I do notthink that these two boletes are even very much related. All theyhave in commonis thefact that they are the two bright yellow boletes of Florida.They do, however,appear to be verysimilar when first seen in the herbarium,or whenseparated according to theoriginal descriptions or the key of Murrill's.The bestdistinction lies in thebluing of B. flavissimus(if notice- able), the purple-carminebase (if present)and the constantlyand strongly differentodor of thedried plants. For thosewho already know these species, the colorof the pileus (not as deep yellowand tendingtowards chestnut ratherthan pinkish red in B. auripesvar. aureissimus) is sufficientto separate themin thefield.

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20. BOLETUS AUSTRINUS Sing., Mycologia37:798. 1945. Pileus "vinaceousbrown" on the margirn,"sorghum brown" on the disc, when dried "sorghumbrown" on the marginand paler on the disc, strongly tomentose,turning blue when handled,if youngand fresh;dry, convex, 38- 55 mm. broad.- Hymenophoreyellow, greenish yellow, deeply depressed around the stipe; tubes moderatelyto fairlylong; pores discolorous,"zinc orange,"or some of the protrudingtube-walls with "Etruscan red" or "Corin- thianred" tips and the restof the poresconcolorous with the tubes,distinctly bluingwhen touched;spore printapparently olive, but not obtainedin thick layer.- Stipe yellowat the apex and beset withvery minute to rathersmall flocculose-furfuraceousparticles which are purplishbrown or "russettvina- ceous," fartherdownwards, these particlesare dense enoughto completelyor nearlycover up the yellowground color, with a conspicuous,strigose, "Isabella color" or "buffycitrine" basal tomentum,equal or taperingdownwards, slightly ventricosewith narrowed apex when dried,38-40 x 10-12 mm.; mycelium yellowish,sparse at the base.- Contextyellow, turning blue immediatelyat the slightestinjury in all parts;odor not remarkable;taste mild. Spomes9.5-12.2 x 4.2-5.5,u,mostly 11-12 x 4.8-5,u,well colored,melleous or brownishmelleous, smooth, ellipsoid-subfusoid, with suprahilardepression or withoutit (mostlywith depression);beisidia about 31[u long and 9.8-12[u broad,4-spored; cystidia at pores36-41 x 5.3-7.5k, hyalineor melleous,fusoid withacuminate mucro, or withampullaceous neck; in tubes much more scattered,mostly basidiomorphous but versiform,strongly incrusted by a melleous incrustation,rarely without it, e.g. 29 x 15.5,u;trama truly bilateral, of the Boletus-type. Chemicalreactions not studied. Habitat.-Under Quercus virginianain comparativelyopen places, lawns, etc.,on calcareoussoil, fruitingin Septemberand October,solitary. Distribution.-TropicalFlorida. MaterialsitUdied.-FLORIDA, DADE CO., MathesonHammock, Singer, F 753 a, TYPE (FH); F 1012, CO-TYPE (FH). This species is best determinedby the color of the freshand the dried carpophores.In dried conditionit remindsone stronglyof B. tomentipes Earle which has the basal tomentumstill more stronglydeveloped, and its color in freshcondition is describedsomewhat differently; its size is larger, and the sporesare slightlybroader than in our Florida species.Notwithstand- ing all these differences,B. austrinusis no doubt the closest relativeof B tomentipesamong the Luridi.

21. BOLETUS HYPOCARYCINUSSing., Mycologia 37:798. 1945.

Pileus "Saccardo's umber" to "bister," margin somewhat "cinnamon brown,"in driedcondition olive brown,disit:nctly tomentose, pulvinate, about 80 mm broad.-Hymenophore yellow,not or slightlydepressed around the stipe; tubesmoderately long; pores concolorousat the verymargin, elsewhere discolorous,red ("hydrangeared" to "mineralred"), veryminute. -Stipe minutely"carmine" to "acajou red" punctateand lined or striatebut not

This content downloaded from 160.36.178.25 on Thu, 16 Oct 2014 13:11:59 PM All use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions 68 THE AMERICAN MIDLAND NATURALIST [Vol. 37 reticulate,on whitishground, onIy the veryapex is yellowat places but the base is entirelyred ("carmine" to "acajou red"), not distinctlytomentose, verybulbous-difform, about 85 x 52 mm.; myceliumwhitish. - Contextyel- lowishin the pileusas well as in the stipe,bluing readily when wounded; odor none noticed;taste mild. Spores 8.5-11.5 x 3.5-3.8k[t,subfusoid-subellipsoid, smooth, melleous; basidiaabout 30 x 8,u,4-spored; cystidia 28-38 x 4.5-7k,uwith a thin,melleous resinousincrustation, fusoid or almost so, moderatelyfrequent at the pores, scatteredelsewhere; trama of the hymenophoretruly bilateral, of the Boletus- type,the mediostratumstrongly colored melleous,of axillarlyarranged subparallel- subinterwoven,densely packed hyphae, the lateral stratum of completelyhyaline, somewhat thicker, loosely arranged and stronglydivergent hyphae; cuticle of the pileus consistingof stronglyinterwoven, irregularly interlacedbrownish melleous to brownhyphae, the terminalmembers most frequentlyclavate, also cylindricand broadlyrounded or fusoid with obtuse tips, stronglyincrusted by a melleous-brownresinous incrustation; the red ornamentationsof the stipe consistingof fasciclesof hymeniallyarranged claviculaeeach of whichis deep melleous (in NH4OH) and 22-30 x 5-8.5, in the whitishareas thereare correspondingclub shaped elementswhich, however,are hyaline;all hyphaewithout clamp connections. Chemicalreactions not studied. Habitat.--Under Quercus virginianaon the ground. Fruitingin May, solitary. Distribution.-Knownwith certainty only fromthe typelocality.

Material stIdied.J-FLORIDA, ALACHUA Co., near Newnan's Lake, May 23, 1943, Murrill,(as B. luridus),F 2071,TYPE, (FH). Dr. Murrill was kind enough to forwardto me for furtherstudy this collectionof whatturns out to be a rareplant in Alachua Co. It is partof the complexhe calls B. luridus,and accordingto the herbarium,B. subvelutipes and B. Frostii ssp. floridanusrepresent the otherconstituents of this collec- tivespecies. I would not be surprisedif B. luridussensu Coker & Beerswhich forthe mostpart is B. miniatoolivaceusvar. subluriduscontained, as an additional elementB. hypocarycinus.Though not entirelycorresponding to my description,the fungusdepicted in Coker & Beers,pl. 3, fig.5, may yet turn out to be thisspecies in a moreadvanced stage. My materialis ratheryoung. B. hypocarycinusdiffers from B. miniatoolivaceusvar. subluridusin the color of the pileuswhich is neverred nor yellow,and the groundcolor of the stipewhich is whitishat least in youth.

22. BOLETUS SUBVELUTIPES Peck,Rep. N. Y. State Mus. 2 (8):142. 1889.

Suillus subvelulipesKuntze, Rev. Gen. PI. 3(2) :536. 1898. Pileus "Dresdenbrown," "snuff brown," "raw umber,""Saccardo's umber," between "Verona brown" and "Argus brown," "Isabella color," between "ochraceoustawny" and "raw sienna," "Sudan brown,""Brussells brown," sometimeswith some yellowlights in the dark brownsurface ("yellow ocher" or even "lightcadmium"), becoming"bister" or darkerthan the above browns

This content downloaded from 160.36.178.25 on Thu, 16 Oct 2014 13:11:59 PM All use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions 1947] SINGER: THE BOLETOIDEAE OF FLORIDA 69 in age,especially in thecenter, or withai! olivaceoushue ("tawnyolive") on the margin,or merelypaler towards the margin,subglabrous to somewhat tomentose-velutinousbutglabrescent with age, dry but usually sticky-subviscid in rainyweather, pulvinate, becoming flattened and usuallyalso irregularwith age,37-144 mm. broad, rarely up to 160mm. - Hymenophoreyellow (except forthe discolorous pores), in age greenishyellow, rapidly and intenselybluing on injury,convex beneath, depressed around the stipe; tubes long (8-22 mm.); pores"vinaceous rufous" or "mahoganyred," more rarely in youthor in age theyellow of thetubes showing through and thepore surface merely speckled withred, bluing when touched, small; spore print olive. - Stipeyellow (any shadebetween "maize yellow" and "lightcadmium," or "barytayellow" and "pinardyellow," much paler yellow below and also moresordid towards the base,or sometimes tinged with olivaceous, beset with fine reddish or ochraceous cinnamonflocculose specks or horizontallyelongated striae which in youth are hardlyvisible except with a lensbut becoming larger with age and then forma distinctfloccolose-squamulose covering that in thelower part of the stipeoften obscures the ground color, the very base "Etruscanred" or more frequently"haematite red," the color of thecovering being the same as that of thepores in the upperpart of the stipe,or morerarely between "Hay's russet"and "Englishred," dry, solid, the base witha mostlyred strigose- velutinousbasal tomentum in thecolor of thebase ("Etruscanred," "haema- titered," or witha morecinnamon tinge), this basal tomentum sometimes (in the southvery rarely) wanting, stipe equal withattenuate base or bulbous- ventricosewhen young, later often more stretched-elongate butstill very thick, 33-78x 12-30mm.; mycelium creamy pallid-sordid, or whitish.- Context entirelydeep and richyellow when young and fresh,less deep and richand occasionallybleaching to yellowishwhite in thepileus when older and drier, bluinginstantaneously to a deepindigo when bruised and even the surfaces bluing on pressurewhen young and fresh,concolorous or deepred ("haematite red") in thebase, yellow on theplane of attachmentof thetubes to theflesh of thepileus; odor faint, agreeable; taste mild. Spores11-16.5 x 4.5-6.2,t(northern specimens often with slightly larger spores,e.g. 13-17.8x 4.5-6.5,u,most frequently 13.5-168 x 4.8-5.8tsl1), from as narrowas 16 x 4.8,uto as broadas 11 x 6, butthe vast majority decidedly morethan twice as longas broad(Q=2.3 or morein an average),definitely fusoid,with or withouta suprahilardepression, smooth, with moderately thin wallsand wellcolored when mature, rusty melleous; basidia 23-32 x 8.2-9.8, 4-spored,hyaline, usually rather broad in theirlower portion and not always clavate;cystidia 30-50 x (4.8)-6.8-8.5[,hyaline, definitely fusoid with narrowly conicalmucro, very few of a differentshape, rather numerous on thepores,

11 It is notso muchthe specimenscollected in the plains as thespecimens from the White Mountainsthat show the larger spore-measurements.This does not mean that they are differentsince it correspondsto the rule firstindicated by R. Heim on the basis of Alpine materialcompared with collections from the environsof Paris, and later corroboratedby the writeron the basis of specimensfrom the Pyrenees,likewise compared withParis specimens,asserting that montane forms tend to have largerspores than the formfound in the plains withoutbeing otherwisedifferent. Some species,however, do notseem to be capable of thiskind of variationin sporevolume.

This content downloaded from 160.36.178.25 on Thu, 16 Oct 2014 13:11:59 PM All use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions 70 THE AMERICAN MIDLAND NATURALIST [Vol. 37 more scatteredin the tubes; cheilocysticlion the pores only, 17-32 x 4-5.5- (6) ,j, cylindricor fusoid or subulate,pale melleous or fulvous-castaneous incrusted,often wavy-flexuous and verycrowded where the red of the pores is concentrated;trama of the hymenophoretruly bilateral, of the Boletus-type, slightlycolored and denserin the axillarmediostratum, with entirely divergent hyphaewith less crowdedsepta in the lateral stratum;floccons of the stipe consistingof a hymenium(on a bilateralhyphal base) formedby basidioles which eitherremain indefinitelysterile (dermatopseudoparaphyses),or become fertilewith two or morerarely four spores, often thinnest in the middle, or fusoid, often melleous,interrupted by dermatocystidiacorresponding in characterto the cystidiaof the hymenophoralcystidia, or sometimeslike the cheilocystidia;basal tomentumconsisting of hyphaethat are deep red even whentaken from dried material in an ammoniacalmedium, strongly interwoven and irregularlyarranged but at places,where transition to the flocconsof the stipe begins,it is coveredby a palisade of versiform,mostly more or less clavateelements with many septa and (as in the otherhyphae of thispart of the fruitbodies) withmoderately thick (0.3-0.5,[t)walls; all hyphaewithout clampconnections. Chen'iicalreactions not studied. Habitat.-Under laurel oak and live oak (Quercus laurifoliaand Q. virginiana) in high hammocks,on shaded lawns and in well wateredgardens, usually in large groupson the ground,fruiting from May until fall; in the northunder or near Quercus,Fagus, Betula, and Tsuga in preferablymixed woods fromJuly till September. Distribution.-New England to Florida (not reachingthe tropicalzone), westernlimits unknown. Material studied.-FLORIDA,ALACHUA Co., Gainesville,Singer, F 1895, F 1895 a, F 1895 b, and F 1895 c, also severalunnumbered collections (FH); F 2081 (FH). MAINE,Georgetown, H. Webster(det. E. B. Blackfordas B. luridus), (FH). NEW HAMPSHIRE, Shelburne,Farlom, Sept. 1891 and Sept. 1893 (FH); Chocorua,Linder & Singer (FH). MASSACHUSETTS,Newton, Darker, 5635 (det. Linder as B. luridus), (FH); Woods Hall, Farlow (FH); Arnold Arboretum,Jamaica Plain, Darker (det. Linder), 6155 (FH); Harvard, Singer & Harrie Dadmun (det. Singer), (FH); Wakefield,Singer, M 105 (FH).

Forma glabripes f.n.

Stipiteglabro, flocculis destituto, flavello a typodiffert. Cum typo. This differsonly by the lack of the flocculose-squamulosecovering of the stipe whichis completelyglabrous and yellowish,except for the red velvety basal tomentum.The sporesare paler and smaller,and also fewerthan in the type formbut the specimensare parasitized,and thoughapparentIy mature, not as fertileas normalspecimens. Ic is not impossiblethat this is a partially sterileteratologic form since failureto formthe hymeniaof the stipe would cause the morphologicalresult observed here. The formawas found together withthe typeat Gainesville,Fla., SingerF 2169 (FH). B. subvelutipesPeck is, of all speciestreated here as occurringin Florida, most closelyrelated to B. hypocarycinusSing. The lattershould be compared withB. subvelutipesf. glabripesSing. whichdiffers in the velvetybasal tomen-

This content downloaded from 160.36.178.25 on Thu, 16 Oct 2014 13:11:59 PM All use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions 1947] SINGER: THE BOLETOIDEAE OF FLORIDA 71 tumand thecomplete absence of anykind of markson the yellowish,not whitishstipe. The sporesare verysimilar in B. subvelutipesf. glabripes and B. hypocarycinus,at least in thespecimens available. It maybe askedwhy this is notcalled B. erythropusas it has beencalled byBurt in IconesFarlowianae and as it is calledby Snell and has oftenbeen determinedby Peck.Since there is no doubtas to theidentity of B. subvelu- tipeswith our American collections, I gave preference to thisname and shall continueto do so as longas moreconvincing and conclusivedata on theiden- tityof theAmerican and EuropeanB. erythropusare not available. The Euro- peanB. erythropusis well known to thiswriter. It is undoubtedlyintimately relatedto theAmerican species but the following differences (which, of course, mayyet turn out to be of secondaryimportance, or notquite constant in all instancesduring future observations) have been noted by me: B. subveluitipes has thecharacteristic red basal tomentum which is strigosebelow and velvety abovebut whichin severalof our collectionsis eitherreplaced by an oliva- ceoustomentum, or is entirelywanting. The lattertwo conditions are rarer in thenorth, and extremelyrare in thesouth. This is exactlyreversed in the Europeanspecies where I havenever seen red tomentumon thebase, and I cannotfind a citationin theliterature where it is mentioned.The carpophores ofthe American form are often more slender, though large specimens are more frequent,but eventhere the stipetends to be thinneras can easilybe seen whentwo pictures are comparedsuch as IconesFarlowianae, pl. 85 and Kal- lenbach,Pilze Mitteleur.,pI. 30. This comparisonalso showsa slightdiffer- encein thecolor of thepileus which is moredeep reddish brown or deeprusty brownor yellowish-rusty-brownin theAmerican plant with orange to redcaps neveroccurring while in the Europeantype of B. erythropusthe surfaceof thepileus is usuallya deep duskybrown, and frequentlytends to be partly or entirelyorange or red.It seemsthat while the cheilocystidia are thesame in bothforms, the real cystidia are somewhat different being more acute in the Americanspecies. The sporesof our southernform are somewhatmore variablein shapeand smaller in sizethan those of B. erythropusin Europe though thespecimens from the White Mts. usually have larger fusoid spores.

23. BOLETUS OLIVEISPORUS (Murr.) Murr.,Lloydia 7:326. 1944. Ceriom_cesoliveisporus Murr., Lloydia 7:323. 1944. Pileuseither dark fulvous, tinged with bay (accordingto Murrill)and thenbetween "cinnamon brown" and "Prout'sbrown" when dried carefully, or moreirregularly colored with the margin in freshcondition "cinnamon buff" and the largermiddle zone muchdarker (between "Prout's brown" and "mummybrown" when fresh) and in thesespecimens the center tending to becometessellate-areolate in the mannerof Russtulavirescens, somewhat to- mnentoseon the marginor entirelyfinely tomentose, not viscidor at least neverstrongly so, convex,then more or lessapplanate, with slightly projecting sterilemargin, 60-185 mm. broad.- Hymenophoreyellowish with a faint greenishtinge, soon about "olive lake,"depressed around the stipe,or in smallerspecimens not depressed; tubes long (5-20mm., depending on thesize of the carpophores);pores concolorous, bluing readily when touched or in-

This content downloaded from 160.36.178.25 on Thu, 16 Oct 2014 13:11:59 PM All use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions 72 THE AMERICAN MIDLAND NATURALIST [Vol. 37 jured,small but not "stuffed,"0.3-0.8 mm. wide or somewhatwider but, at leastin average,not reaching 1 mm.in diameter;spore print olive. - Stipeat the base "Saccardo'sumber" to "sepia" and subvelutinousto subglabrous, fartherupwards in thissame color minutely but distinctly flocculose-punctate on pallidground and at thevery apex more or less yellowand glabrousto subglabrous,in the middleoften with a "Corinthianred" belt causedby minutebut distinct floccons of thiscolor, never reticulate anywhere, dry, solid, subequalto stronglytapering downwards and thebase almost pointed, without redor olivebasal felt, often slightly curved, 40-85 x 10-50mm. (at theapex); myceliumwhite, inconspicuous. - Context yellowish white to yellowin the pileus,deeper yellow in thestipe, bluing instantaneously and stronglyto slowly and weaklyin thestipe and fairlyrapidly and distinctlyto not at all in thepileus, often with a dull reddishbrownish zone beneath the cuticle of the pileus;odor slight and agreeable;taste mild. Sporeseither 11-15 x 4-4.8,t(mostly 12.7-13.7 x 4.3-4.5,tas in thetype specimens),or up to 11.5-17x 4.5-6,u,(mostly 14-15 x 5,u) dependingon the size of thecarpophores, melleous to ratherintensely brownish melleous, with thinto moderatelythin smooth walls, fusoid; basidia 28-38 x 9.3-11,u,hyaline, morerarely melleous, 4-spored, exceptionally 3- or 2-sporedamong the normal 4-sporedones; cystidica 34-62 x 6.5-10.3,t,with a distinct,melleous granular incrustation,much more rarely without an incrustation,sometimes even fulvous castaneous,sometimes with an adpressedresinous hood, fusoid, mostly witha tapering(upwards), narrowly conical and usuallyrather long apex whosevery tip is subacuteor obtusate-rounded(thus recalling the cystidia of B. subvelutipes),moderately to verynumerous on thepores even in age,rare in thetubes; cuticle made up of long,filamentous hyphae without any visible orderin thespecimens available (mature), deep fulvous brown, incrusted; all hyphaewithout clamp connections. Chemicalreactions.-KOH on surfaceof pileus(center), negative or on themargin ochraceous brown; on context,ochraceous brown. - NH4OH and NH3 on surfaceof pileus,negative; on context,keeping the bluingdown (NH40H). -HNO3 on surfaceof pileus (center),negative. - FeSO4 on context,dirty greenish. Habitat.-In flatwoodson stumpsof or underPinus palustris(not far froma patchof Quercusminima at leastat one locality),solitary, in Julyand August. Distribution.-NorthFlorida. Materialstudied.-FLORIDA, ALACHUA Co., 2 mileswest of Gainesville,Singer, F 2847(FH); westof Rochelle,Murrill, F 17961, part of TYPE (FH) This interestingspecies seems to be astoundinglyvariable in size and to a certaindegree also in colorand in shape.I had intendedto publishon my collection(F 2847) as thetype of a newspecies when in the last minute Murrill'sdescription of B. oliveisporusappeared and the authorreceived a specimenfrom the type collection (F 17961). This specimenis muchsmaller thanmy F 2847,and thepileus is moreevenly colored, the stipe lacks the reddishbelt in themiddle, the spores are also somewhatsmaller. Nevertheless, theremaining characters are so strikinglvin accord(and thespecimens still

This content downloaded from 160.36.178.25 on Thu, 16 Oct 2014 13:11:59 PM All use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions 1947] SINGER: THE BOLETOIDEAE OF FLORIDA 73 showthem well enough) that it becamenecessary to considerthese collections as identicaland describethem under the name proposed by Murrill. Thisspecies may be brieflycharacterized as similar to Boletuspulverulentus fromwhich it differsin severalcharacters including the smallerpores, the somewhatdifferent shape of the cystidiaand somewhatbroader basidia, the lesserdegree and constancyof the bluingand the negativereaction with HNO3. Theremay also be a slightdifference in thecolor of the hymenophorebut thisought to be checkedupon on morematerial than there is at ourdisposal. It alsodiffers sharply in thehabitat which is verypeculiar though severalhammock species, viz., Porphyrellus subflavidus, Xerocomus pseudoboletinus,and Leccinumchalybaeum have been foundunder similar conditions.B. oliveisporusdiffers from B. subvelutipesby the concolorouspores and theabsence of basal tomentum, and alsoby the narrowness and inconstant occurrenceof thereddish pustules on thestipe and thehabitat. B. luridellusis distinguishedbythe characters indicated in thekey.

24. BOLETUS LURIDELLUS (Murr.) Murr.,Mycologia 30:525. 1938.

Ceriom_cesluridellus Murr., Mycologia 30:523. 1938. Ceriomicessubsensibilis Murr., Mycologia 31:111. 1939. Boletussubsensibilis Murr., Mycologia 31:112. 1939. Pileus"amber brown," "Brussels brown," often in virgatestreaks, one color alongsidewith the other, or on yellowground, becoming "ochraceous tawnv" or "hazel,"or "buckthornbrown," and unicolorousin age,also often"cinnamon"and "Mikadobrown," and partlydiscoloring to "tawnyolive," or even as dull as "snuffbrown" to "Saccardo'sumber," sometimes rather pI. 14, J 10 with"sombrero" (M. & P.) givingthe generalimpression of "yellow beige"(M. & P.), occasionallywith some "ochraceous tawny," tomentose, or glabrouswith subvelutinous margin, mostly glabrescent in age, sometimes minutelyrimulose to innatelypunctate, pulvinate to subflat,often with up to 1 mm.projecting sterile margin, 40-120 mm. broad, rarely broader. -Hymeno- phore"pinard yellow" then "lemon yellow" or "pale lemonyellow," then "primulineyellow" and discolored,especially at the pores by autoxyda- tionand spores,and usuallymore greenish in age (but notso muchon the pores),depressed around the stipe, or adnatewithout depression; tubes long (10 mm.or longer);pores concolorous, bluing when touched, minute but not closedin fairlyyoung specimens, eventuaIly becoming wider and reaching1 mm.in diameterwhich is ratherwide for a Boletusof thissection, but the majorityof poresis smallerthan 1 mm. (4 poresto 3 mm.in an average); sporeprint "olive brown." -Stipe yellow("ninard yellow," "picric yellow" to "lemonyellow") at the apex and herealmost alwavs showing a narrow reticulatebelt in continuationofthe pores, or with a "buckthornbrown" reticu- lationreaching somewhat farther downwards (but not morethan about one fourthof the lengthof thestive) on yellowground, beset with "buckthorn brown"flocculose flecks on yellow,yellowish or rarelybrownish ground below thereticulation, the base almostuniformly "Vandyke red" or "darkmineral red,"or "Hay's russet,"or dottedor speckledin thesecolors, bluing where

This content downloaded from 160.36.178.25 on Thu, 16 Oct 2014 13:11:59 PM All use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions 74 THE AMERICAN MIDLAND NATURALIST [Vol.37 touched,dry, solid, equal or ventricose,or taperingdownwards with pointed base,45-95 x 9-30mm.; mycelium inconspicuous, white or dirtywhitish.- Context"Martius yellow" to "picricyellow," or becomingpaler yellow in the pileus,in thestipe "primuline yellow" marbled with paler yellow, concolorous withthe outside in thebase, bluing readily and strongly in all parts;odor none, or insignificant;taste mild. Spores (11.5)-12.5-17.3x 4.5-5.5k,fusoid, smooth, rather thin-walled, melleous,with hilar depression but some without it; basidia22-34 x 8.3-12.3[t, 4-spored,very rarely some with 2 or 3 sterigmata;cystidia 26-35 x 7.5-10k, hyaline,ampullaceous (with usually rounded tip), in the tubesand on the pores;trama truly bilateral of the Boletus-type,the hyphaeof the lateral stratumdistinctly divergent and looserthan those of thesilghtly melleous and axillarmediostratum in which some melleous laticiferous vessels are usually found;cuticle of pileuscomposed of cylindric,interwoven and interlaced hyphaewith the terminalmembers not parallelbut all at the verysurface, clavate,brownish melleous; all hyphaewithout clamp connections. Chemicalreactions.-KOH on surfaceof pileus,much deeper brown; on context,ferruginous-ochraceous. - NH40H on marginof pileus,lilac; on contextand on surfaceof stipe, olive; on pores,negative. - HNO3 on surface of pileus,reddish brown becoming brown; on context,pale ochraceousor rusty ochraceous.-Formol on context,more blue, becoming bluish sordid after a while.-FeSO4 almostnegative but if KOH is addedafterwards, a brown reactionis obtained. Habitat.-On openand shadedlawns, in highand mesophytichammocks, neververy far from either Pinus palustris or P. australis,or moreoften Quer- cus Chapmanii,Q. geminata,Q. laurifolia,Q. virginiana,etc. on theground, usuallyin ratherlarge to verylarge groups, sometimes even cespitose, fruiting fromMay untilOctober. Distribution.-Florida,from North Florida to SouthFlorida but not in thetropical zone. Materialstudied.-FLORIDA, ALACHUA Co., Gainesville,Murrill F 15863,TYPE of B. luridellus(FLAS); TYPE of B. subsensibilis(FLAS); AUTHENTICmaterial of B. subsensibilis(FH); SingerF 1999,F 1999 a, F 1999 b (FH); F 2152 (FH); F 2161 (FH); Dayvillesouthwest of Gainesville,Singer, F 2476, F 2476 a (FF1); also othercollections from Alachua Co. by Murrilland Singer;HIGHLANDS Co., HighlandsHammock State Park, Singer, F 598 (FH); F 615 (FH); Singer& Alf- vPaler,F 546 (FH). Thisspecies is somewhatsimilar to theEuropean B. appendiculatusSchaeff. ex Fr. in someforms, especially the form depicted in Kallenbach,Pilze Mit- teleuropas1, pl. 31. But,of course,these species are not closely related. B. luridellushas beenwell described and is abundantlyrepresented in the Herbariumat Gainesvilleunder the name of B. subsensibilis.Murrill himself is not inclinedto considerB. luridellusand B. subsensibilisas thesame species.However, the type specimen of B. luridellushas beencompared carefully bythe writer, and.the only conclusion one can arriveat is thatthey are identical.The sporesof thetype are slightly smaller than in theaverage specimen of B. subsensibilisbut this alone would hardly be sufficientfor a separation. Unfortunately,the species much less completelydescribed by its ownauthor

This content downloaded from 160.36.178.25 on Thu, 16 Oct 2014 13:11:59 PM All use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions 1947] SINGER: THE BOLETOIDEAE OF FLORIDA 75

and foundonly once by him,B. luridellus,has thepriority over B. subsensibilis,and we are thus forced to usethe earlier name. One maybe temptedto considerB. luridellusas describedabove, as a brownvariety of B. rubricitrinusMurr. However, after prolonged observation of severalhundreds of specimensunder varying conditions and in different counties,I havefirmly convinced myself that they are differentspecies. They are constantin theircolors; never has theslightest transition been observed, and thereticulate apex, though not quite constant in B. luridellus,is constantly absentin B. rubricitrinus.The latterspecies is stillrather frequent in the tropicallime soil zone of SouthFlorida where B. luridellusis notrepresented.

25. BOLETUS RUBRICITRINUS (Murr.) Murr., Bull. Torr. Bot. Cl. 67:66. 1940.

Ceriom_ces rubricitrinusMurr., Bull. Torr. Bot. 67:66. 1940.

Var. TYPICUS Pileus"ocher red," "Japan rose," also "terracotta," "testaceous," "cacao brown,""buff pink," "Etruscan red," "orange cinnamon," or someof these colors mixed,under dry conditions remaining so or discoloringwith age (see below), under wet weatherconditions soon becomingdeeper colored,rarely so from the beginning,i.e. "vinaceousrufous," "Pompeian red," or "madderbrown" in dots, or entirely"madder brown" all over,or only the disc "madderbrown," the extrememargin sometimes "light salmon orange,"the color of the pileus ofteneventually fading to "tawnyolive," "buckthornbrown," "clay color,"or the red portionreduced to make space for some "barytayellow," to "pinard yellow"intermixed spots, especially near the margin,bluing where touched if veryfresh and young,soon becomingunchanging, glabrous to subtomentose, feelslike kid, non-viscid,rarely partially tomentose to rimose,pulvinate, even- tuallyalmost flat, the centersometimes somewhat depressed, (30) -40-150mm. broad.- Hymenophorebetween "pinard yellow" and "picric yellow," then becoming"wax yellow" and finally"pyrite yellow" or "citrongreen," bluing whentouched, especially when young, depressed around the stipe,often deeply so; tubes ratherlong; pores concolorous,irregular in shape, level, and diameter,small and punctiformwhen young with some mediumsized ones intermixedwhen mature,most of themdecidedly below 1 mm. on diameter> but in largemature specimens there are alwaysa fewreaching 1 mm.,angular when mature;spore print"olive brown."- Stipe "Martius yellow,""pinard yellow," "mustardyellow," "primulineyellow," later often more "Empire yellow"or "lightcadmium," sometimes with an olive grayzone in the midcdle, lowerhalf or the base only withmany red spots or dots ("madder brown," "Hessian brown,""burnt lake"), coarselyand indistinctlyfibrosely longitudinally striateor rugulose,not reticulateexcept for a verynarrow (1-2 mm.) zone at the veryapex of the stipewhere occasionally a veryfaint reticulation continuesthe poresdownward i.e. spuriouslyreticulated, the whole surfaceor most of it beset with "Pompeian red" to "madder brown" or concolorous (yellow), mostlythe former,squamulose floccons comparable with those of B. subvelutipes,or withsomewhat finer punctiform, furfuraceous particles of

This content downloaded from 160.36.178.25 on Thu, 16 Oct 2014 13:11:59 PM All use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions 76 THE AMERICAN MIDLAND NATURALIST [Vol. 37 thesame colors which may sometimes be difficultto observe if no lensis used, but in mostcases the coveringclearly visible to the nakedeye, solid, dry, taperingupwards or downwards,or ventricose,more rarely subventricose- subequal,or becomingso withage, (35)-50-120x 15-37mm., mostly 18-28 mm.thick; mycelium whitish to pale ochraceousor salmonochraceous, often variegatein thesecolors. - Contextyellow, in dryweather sometimes pale yellow,bluing when bruised, with much deep red ("madderbrown," "Hessian brown,""burnt lake") in thebase, soft except for the base; odor none; taste mild. Spores12.5-18.8-(19.7) x (4.5)-4.8-7.7,u,mostly (14)-15-(17) x 5-5.5[, melleousor brownishmelelous, smooth, subfusoid-ellipsoid or subcylindric to fusoid,with distinct or indistinctsuprahilar depression, occasionally with a depressionon theexternal long side, with thin to mediumwalls; basidia 26- 39 x 9-12,u,4-spored; cystidia 37-53 x 5-7.7,u,fusoid and subacuteor fusoid withampullaceous neck, hyaline, numerous at thepores, but scattered in the tubes;trama truly bilateral of theBoletus-type; all hyphaewithout clamp connections. Chemicalreactions. KOH on surfaceof pileus,deep maroon, or between "rawsienna" and "orangecitrine," or "Sudan brown";on surfaceof stipe, "amberbrown"; on contextfrom negative over light brown to richbrownish yellow(depending on the degreeof autoxydationthat has beenallowed to takeplace beforeapplication of the reagent);on poresand tubes,usually brown.- NH40H on surfaceof pileus,from olive or dirtyolive (near "buffycitrine") to almostnegative; on surfaceof stipe,brown; on context, usuallymore bluing when moist enough, or onlysomewhat sordid otherwise. -HNO3 on surfaceof pileusnegative. - HCl on surfaceof pileusnegative; on surfaceof stipethe floccons brigher red. Habitat. Underpines (Pinus australis,P. caribaea,rarely P. palustris) and underoaks (Quercuslaurifolia, Q. virginiana)on theground, preferring roadsides,especially where both pines and oaks are present,solitary or more oftengregarious. Fruiting from May tillNovember. Distribution.Apparently in all counties,at leastin all zonesof Florida. Materialstudied.-FLORIDA, ALACHUA Co., TYPE (FLAS), and AUTHENTIC material (FLAS); also F 19593 (as B. subsensibilis)(FLAS); Gainesville,Singer, F 2123 andF 2123 a (FH) and othercollection from in and aroundGainesville; HIGH- LANDS Co., HighlandsHammock State Park, Singer, F 181 a (FH); DADECo., Fair- childTropical Garden and MathesonHammock (not in thedensest growth), Singer, F 753 (FH); F 917 (FH); F 1369 (FH); CoralGables, Singer, F 1396 (FH).

Var. FAIRCHILDIANUSSing., Mycologia 37:798. 1945. Differsin having"Pompeian red" pore mouthson "primulineyellow" ground;the pileusof thiscollection was between"vinaceous rufous" and "dragon'sblood red"; the stipe all theway from "wax yellow" to "massicot yellow"with "Pompeian red" floccons; context yellow, strongly bluing. Chcm- ical and anatomicalcharacters as in thetype variety. Under Quercus virginiana,October 31, 1942,Singer F 1368 (FH). Thisbeautiful species is commonin Floridaduring the summer season and can easilybe recognizedin mostcases. However, one mayfind it difficult,at

This content downloaded from 160.36.178.25 on Thu, 16 Oct 2014 13:11:59 PM All use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions 19471 SINGER: THE BOLETOIDEAE OF FLORIDA 77 times,readily to distinguishthis from B. rubellusssp. caribaeus Sing. in Dade Co. sincethey often grow in neighboringlocalities. The presentspecies is less tomentose,the red in the base is morestriking and moreconstant, and the poresare slightlysmaller in an average.In thelaboratory, the distinction, in practicallyall cases,is easybecause of the markeddifference in sporesize. Thisspecies is notclosest to B. rubellusbut to B. dichrousEllis and B. luridellus Murr.The former,if it representsa separate species, would be distinguishedby the viscosepileus, the latteris distinguishedby the colorof the pileusand the reticulation on topof thestipe.

26. BOLETUS FROSTIIRussell apud Frost, Bull. Buff.Soc. Nat. Sc. 2:102. 1874. Boletusalveolatus Berk. & Curt.apud Frost, Bull. Buff.Soc. Nat. Sc. 2:102. 1874. StuillusFrostii Kuntze, Rev. Gen.Pl. 3(2) :535. 1898. SuillellusFrostii Murr., Mycologia 1:17. 1909.

Ssp. TYPICUS(not observedin Floridabut describedhere for comparison). Pileus "jasper red," "nopal red," "carmine"in freshcondition, if dried properlybetween "acajou red" and "Pompeianred" in the herbarium,with or withouta tingeof "Morocco red," occasionallyshowing some yellowon the margin,strongly viscid when wet, subglabrous,rarely subtomentose,sub- pruinoseat places when dry,strongly shining when dry if it has dried out afterrains, convex to plane, 55-155 mm. broad.- Hymenophoreyellowish, latermore greenish yellow, bluing on injury,with the pore-mouthsdiscolorous, depressedaround the stipe;tubes (6)-7-9-(12) mm. long; pores "acajou red," bluing on pressure,minute, 12-14 to 5 mm.; spore print olive brown. Stipe "acajou red," in dried conditionbetween "Vandyke red" and "mineral red," occasionallywith some yellowshowing especially at the apex when old and on the base, stronglyalveolate-reticulate over a considerablelength, often almost to the base, the reticulateridges "acajou red" on concolorous,rarely partlyyellow ground, not viscidor witha waxy-subviscidtouch, solid, straight or withcurved base, variablein size and shape,usually tapering upwards, also subventricose,etc., 45-110 x 18-25 mm, at base; myceliumyellowish white to light yellow. Contextwhitish yellow to vellow,somewhat marbled in the stipe,more or less bluingwhen injured, sometimes reaching a deep blue shide almost immediately,in othercarpophores bluing weakly and slowly,old in- juriesreddened; odor almostnone; tastemild. Spores and othermicroscopical characters as in ssp. floridanus. Chemicalreactions.-KOH on surfaceof pileus,tan color; on pores,cinnamon;on context,tan color. NH3 on surfaceof pileus,negative; on pores, little reaction; on context,either augmentingthe bluing or negative.- NH40H not much strongerreaction than withNH3-vapors. FeSO4 with contextalmost negative, keeps deep yellowportions from bluing. Habitat.-In oak woods,especially on somewhathilly ground in moderately dense forests.Fruiting from June till October. Distribution.-From Maine to Georgia and west to Michigan and Ten- nessee.

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Mater-ialstudied.-VERMONT, Brattleboro,AUTHENTIC material, probably part of TYPE, C. C. Frost (FH). MASSACHUSETTS, Newton,Farloa (FH); Chelmsford,Mrs. Isadore Albertini(det. Linder) (FFH); Canton, three collectionsby D. H. Linder (FH); Arlington,Singer; Woburn,W. L. White (det. Singer) (FH). RHODE ISLAND, East Providence,three collections by W. G. Farlow (FH). NEW JERSEY, Ellis, July 30, 1875 (FH). NORTH CAROLINA, Hillsborough,Curtis (as B. purpureus) (FH). GEORGIA, Thompson,area of the Fall line Sandhills, Bartlett (det. Farlow), 1571 (FH). MICHIGAN, Ann Arbor,Aug. 18, 1932, A. H. Smith (FH, a similarcollection in LE).

SubspeciesFLORIDANUS Sing., Mycologia37:799. 1945.

Pileus "Corinthianred," "lightCorinthian red," withspots or largerareas of "mineralred" or even "dark mineralred," "madderbrown," or prevalently a mixtureof "'orangevinaceous," "jasper red," "acajou red" withoccasionally moreorange or yellowon the margin,the driedpileus usuallyabout "mineral red" withsome "Etruscanred," or "hydrangeared" withsome "light russet vinaceous,"opaque or slightlyshining when dried,distinctly viscid afterpro- longed rains but ordinarilynot very stronglyred and rapidlydrying and becomingopaque in drierweather, consequently usually seen in dry condition, tomentoseor velutinous,or partlytomentose and partlysubtomentose (not merelysubtomentose-subpruinate), somewhat rimulose at times, pulvinate, soon withapplanate or even subdepressedcenter, or remainingconvex everv- where, 50-100 mm. broad.- Hymenophoreyellow, with discolorouspores, soon more or less depressedaround the stipe; tubes 6-9 mm. long; pores "Corinthianred" or a similarcolor or blotchedor punctatein this color on yellowground, rarely entirely yellow in youngstages and reddeninggradually whilematuring, again becomingconcolorous with the tubes (olive) in veryold or in dried material,strongly to moderatelystrongly bluing when touched, about 0.5 mm. wide.-- Stipe "deep vinaceous,""dark vinaceous," "Indian red," "Etruscanred," "vinaceous,""old rose," "acajou red," "neutralred," eitherunicolorously red, with the deeperred colorsusually rather concentrated near the base, or witha strong(but not strongerthan in B. luridus) venose (not lamellose) reticulationin the above-indicatedcolors on pinkish-pallid, lightpink, or yellowground but the yellowground never extending from the apex to more than one thirdof the stipe'slength, the meshesdistinctly elongated longitudinally[(0.5)-1.5-3.5 x 0.5-1.0 mm.], coveringmore than the upperhalf of the stipeand oftenpractically its entirelength, dry or subviscid- slipperywhen wet, solid, subequal or taperingupwards, or fusoid-ventricose withthe thickestportion usually just below the middle,40-80 x 17-27 mm.; myceliumpale yellow.- Contextpale yellow,or lightbright yellow, or whitish, sordidolive or sometimespale reddishin the base of the stipe but never deep red in any part,usually strongly bluing everywhere when wounded; odor slight,not disagreeable;taste mild or slightlyacidulous. Spores 13.2-16.7-(18) x (4)-4.5-5.3,s,melleous to brown,ellipsoid-fusoid, smooth;basidia 26-35 x (6.5)-10.5-11.5[t,4-spored; cystidia 30-53 x 7.5-14js, fusoidor subampullaceous,hyaline, thin- or thick-walled,numerous, especially on thepores, the tip mostlyrounded; trama bilateral of theBoletus-type though the differencebetween the densityand the color of the two strataappears to be moderatelystriking, the hyphaeof the lateralstratum strongly and entirely

This content downloaded from 160.36.178.25 on Thu, 16 Oct 2014 13:11:59 PM All use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions 1947] SINGED: THE BOLETOIDEAE OF FLORIDA 79 divergent;cuticle consisting of interwoven hyphae and somelaticiferous vessels, theterminal members of thechains of hyphaeversiform and oftenassuming the shapeof dermatocystidiabut not arrangedin a palisadenor constantly erect;all hyphaewithout clamp connections. Chemicalreactions similar to thoseof thetypical subspecies. Habitat.-In openstands of oak,mostly on shadedlawns or aroundscrub areas,under or near QuercusChapmanii, Q. laurifolia,Q. virginiana,and probablyalso otherspecies of Quercus,on grassyor nakedsandy soil, usually in largegroups, fruiting from May untilOctober. Distribution.-Florida(but not in thetropical zone). Materialstudied.-FLORIDA, HIGHLANDS Co., HighlandsHammock State Park, SingerF 616 (FH); F 650 (FH), F 654 (FH); F 657A (FH); ALACHUACo., Gainesville,Erdman West, July 1935 (det. Murrillas B. luridus),(FLAS); Singer, F 2204 (FH); F 2428TYPE of thesubspecies (FH); F 2503 (FH). The Floridamaterial differs from the typical plant in twocharacters, viz., in thecolor of thepileus and in thedegree of itsfeltiness, and also slightlyin thevenose, not lamellose reticulation of thestipe. In somevery rare cases we haveobserved single carpophores in FloriJ1athat showed the strong alveolate- reticulatestipe of thetype subspecies, but they had it onlyon oneside, on the otherside of thestipe the reticulation was exactly as in B. luridus.The degree of viscidityis ratherhard to expressmore definitely, and thedegree of tomen- tosecovering also is hardto definebut the color of thepileus can easilybe checkedagainst Ridgway. In veryrare instances have we foundpilei which showpartly the colors characteristic for the opposite subspecies, and in these casesthe sum of charactershas to decide.For all practicalpurposes, however, exceptingperhaps the determination of specimens collected along the border- line betweenthe two subspecies,the distinctioncan be made automaticallv accordingto thearea of origin.The externalappearance of typicalmaterial in thenorth on theone handand in Floridaon theother hand, is sufficientlv differentto explain the fact that Dr. Murrillconsistently and correctlydeter- minedall northernmaterial as B. Frostiiwhile he determinedall Floridan materialjust as consistentlyas B. luridus.

ExtralimitalSpecies

BOLETUS IMPOLITUS Fr., Epicr.,p. 421. 1838. A good speciesbut oftenmisunderstood, not yetobserved with sufficient certainlyin NorthAmerica but collected by thewriter in Austriaand in the Ukraine(U.S.S.R.), generallycorresponding to the figures given by Kallen- bach,Pilze Mitteleur. 1, pl. 4, figs.1-11.

BOLETUS QUELETII Schulz., Hedwigia 24:143. 1885. Boletuspurpureus Secr., Mycogr. Suisse 3:29. 1833 (an Pers. 1825). BoletusergtIhropus Pers. (1796) ex Kallenbach,Pilze Mitteleur.1:21. 1927,non Pers. 1825. Bolefuslateritius Bres. & Schulz.apud Schulz., Hedwigia 24:143. 1885. BoletusBresadolae Schulz., Hedwigia 24:144. 1885,non Quelet. Boletusslavonicus Sacc. & Cub.,Syll. 6:17. 1888. BoletusQueleiii var. rubicundus R. Maire,Bull. Soc. Myc.Fr; 26:195. 1910. ?BoletusSchulzeri Quel. apudSchulz., Hedwigia 24:143. 1885.

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The sporesof thisEuropean species (probably also occurringin partsof Asia, and certainlyin NorthAfrica) are usuallyabout 13-13.7 x 6.5-6.8[, someup to 16 x 8,u,and a minoritynarrower (10-14 x 4.8-6.5,u),ellipsoid in frontalview, subellipsoid in lateralview, without suprahilar depression but constantlywith a suprahilarapplanation, melleous, smooth. These sporesare rathercharacteristic as pointed out by Kallenbach, l.c. butthat author has not seen materialof Buchholzcalled B. erythropus,,"siniak" (Russian common name)or else he wouldhave cited it as occurringin U.S.R.R. insteadof citing Buchholtz'sindication for B. miniatoporusSecr. (i.e. thereal B. erythropus). Buchholtz'sspecimens from his Herbarium 499 (FH) belongto B. Queletii.

BOLETUS DuPAINII Boud., Bull. Soc. Myc. Fr. 18:139. 1902. I havehad excellentfresh material from the late Dr. Codinaof La Sellera, Catalonia,Spain. The pileusis muchmore viscid and a muchpurer and deeperred or pinkish red than B. Queletiiever attains. I thinkthat Kallenbach is mistakenconsidering it as a formof thelatter. While studying our Florida speciesI was muchmore concerned about its possible identity with American speciessuch as B. wriniatoolivaceusvar. subluridus(Murr.) Sing. whichit resemblesto a certaindegree. But the muchmore viscid pileus and broader spores,and probablya slightlydifferent range of colors,and thelack of odor distinguishthe Europeanspecies sufficiently. In Europe it has a definitely southerndistribution and is knownthus far from France, Spain, and Switz- erland.

BOLETUSJUNQUILLEUS (Quel.) Boud., Icon. Mycol. 4:76. 1905-1910. Dictpopusjunquilleus Que., Assoc.fr. avanc. sc. 1897:450. 1898. [Bolefuspseudosulphureus Kallenbach, Zeitschr. Pilzk. 2:255. 1923. We considerthis European species as independentso long as it cannot be provedthat B. discolorQuel. (whichhas priority) is actuallya formof the same species.This is whatQuelet seemedto think,but why,then did he describethe two species separately? This speciesis closestto butdifferent from B. QueletiiSchulz. among the European and B. flavissimusMurr. among the Americanspecies.

BOLETUS TOMENTIPES Earle, Bull. N. Y. Bot. Gard. 3:298. 1904. Ceriom_cestomentipes Murr., Mycologia 1:154. 1909. If thisspecies is correctlydescribed macroscopically, it would be outstand- ing in havingthe hymenophorebecoming brick red whenwounded or on drying.However, the type specimens distributed by Earleand studiedby us (FH, NY) arestrikingly similar to B. austrinusSing. and we thinkthat they belongin tlhesame "stirps." It wouldbe worthwhile to tryto re-collectthis speciesat thetype locality (Stanford University, among decaying oak leaves, Calif.) and see whetherthe hymenophoreactually turns red on injury,or merelybecomes red during its individual development as is thecase in many speciesof the Luridi.

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BOLETUS VERMICULOSUS Peck, Ann. Rep. N. Y. State Mus. 23:130. 1872. This Easternspecies (New England to North Carolina) is remarkablefor its small,often rather slender carpophores and the color of its stipeand pores. Microscopically,we did not find anythingextraordinary for this sectionin Peck's material(NYS) and specimenscollected by Farlow (FH). The spores are rathersmall and not deeply colored,melleous, cylindric-subfusoid,or ellipsoid-oblongwith or withoutsuprahilar depression, sometimes the whole interiorlong side depressed,variable in shape and size, 8.7-13.3 x 3-4.22a. These spores distinguishB. vermiculosusfrom forms of B. subvelutipesin whichthe pores or the stipe are more brownishcolored than usual, and also fromall similarspecies occurring in Europe. B. miniatoolivaceusvar. subluridus has constantlybright red, neverbrown pores and stipe and differsalso in the color of the pileus. This specieshas been well describedand illustratedby Coker & Beets, Bolet. N. Carol., p. 40. 1943. It has not been observedin Florida.

BOLETUS LURIDUS Schaeff.ex Fr., Syst. Mycol. 1:391. 1821. Leccinumlurid-um S. F. Gray, Nat. Arr. Brit. P1. 1:648. 1821. The writerhas studied this species whichis not uncommonin most of Europe,North Africa and partsof Asia, but has neverseen it in North Amer- ica, notwithstandingthe claims of practicallyall American authors.Even Kallenbachindicates North Americaas part of its geographicarea, citingL. C. C. Krieger.Krieger, however, does not even give an originaldescription of B. luridus in his latest book (The Mushroom Handbook, p. 265. 1936). Material receivedfrom the Universityof North Carolina provesthat Coker and his schooldetermine as B. luriduswhat actually appears to be B. miniatoolivaceusvar. subluridus(possibly including various otherspecies of section Luridi), whilethe B. luridusin the sense of Murrill (1942) is B. Frostiissp. floridanus(also includingother representatives of the sectionLuridi). The B. luridusof Curtis and probablyalso of Schweinitzis B. Frostii ssp. typicus (Sprague, 253, FH). B. subvelutipesalso is seen to be called B. luridusby some authors. The writerhas been seriouslypoisoned by the true B. luridusin Austria and it may be supposed that the contentof poisonousmatter in the fruit bodies variesfrom negligible to considerable,or else we would have to assume that B. luridusconsists of at least two physiologicalraces. It is irresponsible and dangerousfor the amateurstubbornly to insiston the harmlessnessof the European B. luridus,and so long as it is not proved that all the American species confusedwith it are harmlessand that the true B. luridusdoes not occurin any partof NorthAmerica, it would be wise to cautionpeople in this countrynot to experimentwith any representativeof the sectionLuridi.

BOLETUS RHODOXANTHUS (Krombh.) Kallenbach,Zeitschr. Pilzk. 5:31. 1925. Bolefussanguineus var. rhodoxanilhusKrombh., Naturg. Abbild. Schw. 5, pl. 37, fig. 12-15. 1836. ?Bolefluspurpureus Mich. ex Pers., Mycol. Europ. 2:143. 1825, non Secr, 1833, nec Fr. 1835.

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Most authorshave called this European species B. purpureusFr., and so has the author(Ann. Mycol.40:40. 1942). But forreasons not givenby Kallenbach,this name cannot be maintained,and sinceKallenbach's name is theonly other one available,it mustbe appliedto thisspecies. B. purpureus is originallynot Fries' species, but it representsB. purpureusMicheli ex Per- soon.If an authorin 1825,as does Persoon,says a speciesis littleknown. it has probablylittle chance of everbeing recognized by a modernauthor unless validlyemended by some author after 1825. However, the second time in post- Friesiantimes, Secretan uses B. purpurcusin 1833 in an entirelydifferent sense.What he describesis B. Queletii.Thus Secretan'sB. purpureusbecomes a homonymof Persoon's,and a synonymof B. Queletii.Fries, whose descriptionof 1835is in myopinion unrecognizable, describes B. purpureusagain in 1838and this description is, as pointedout by Kallenbach, a mixtum composi- tumof B. Queletii,B. rhodoxanthus,and B. luridus.However, this species of Fries'sis of no nomenclatorialimportance since Fries neglected to citeMicheli or Persoon,consequently considered his species as new.It is thena homonym and has to be discarded.There is onlyone wayof revivingthe familiar name B. purpureusso wellintroduced in Frenchmycology. This couldbe doneby studyingthe type locality which is indicatedby Persoon as "In Bobolisylvulis circapiscinam Insulae." If it can be shownthat the one purplebolete still growingthere is none otherthan B. rhodoxanthus,the lattername would becomea synonymof thethus validated B. purpureusMich. ex Pers. B. rhodoxanthussensu Snell, is accordingto SnellB. calopus.The B. pur- pureusof Curtisis nothingbut B. Frostii.Consequently, B. rhodoxanthushas notyet been observed in thishemisphere.

BOLETUS SATANASLenz, Schwamme,p. 67. 1831. Boletussanguineus Secr., Mycogr. Suisse 3:23. 1833; Krombh.1836; nonSow. ex Kallenbach. Boletustuberosus Bull. ex auf.gall. nonn. Boletusfoetidus Trog, Flora 19 (1) :228. 1836. ?Boletusmarinoreus Roques, Hist. Champ., p. 65, pl. 6. 1832.12 This specieshas beenmisunderstood by many,also by someAmerican authors.It has thusfar been observed with certainty only in Europewhere it preferslime soil. It is completelyabsent in sandyregions with a lowpercentage of Ca and is also absentin NorthernEurope. What has beencalled B. satanas bythe early American authors (Curtis and Schweinitz)was, probably always, B. mniniatoolivaceusvar. sublutridus(Murr.) Sing. What Coker & Beers call B. satanasvar. americanus is mostprobably not a varietyof B. satanasbut some otherspecies of the sectionLuridi. Of all Americancollections, the WesternB. Eastwoodiaeseems to comeclosest to thetrue B. saranas(see the followingnotes). BOLETUS EASTWOODIAE (Murr.) Sacc.& Trott.,SyIl. 21:237. 1912. SuillellusEastwoodiae Murr., North Am. Flora9:152. 1910. The sporesof thisspecies are, according to myown measurements, pale melleous,melleous, thin-walled, fusoid, smooth, (11.5)-13.3-15.7 x (3) 4-6,u,

12 Possiblynot belonging here but to B. rhodoxanthus(Krombh.) Kall.

This content downloaded from 160.36.178.25 on Thu, 16 Oct 2014 13:11:59 PM All use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions 1947] SINGER: 1IHE BOLETOIDEAE OF FLORIDA 83 thatis relativelynarrower than the spores of B. satanasLenz. The colorof the pileus,the lesser extent of the reticulation of thestipe and thelack of an odor (?) wouldbe additionaldifferences. The morepermanently bulbous stipe with a muchless extensivenetwork and probablydifferent colors distinguish this fromB. rhodoxanthus(Krombh.) Kallenbach which is equallyclose. Brieflv characterizingthis species, we maysum it up in the followingway: It has thecolor and thespores of B. rhodoxanthusand theshape of thestipe and generalappearance of B. satanasbut is differentfrom both.

Boletusluridus Schaeff. ex Fr. var.caucasicus nom. nov. "Boletus er_VihropusFr.-luridus (Schff.) Fr." Sing., Beih. Bot. Centralbl.48(II): 519. 1931. This is intermediatebetween B. erythropusand B. luridusbut seems to be closerto B. luridus.The varietalname B. luridusvar. caucasicusis herepro- posed.

BOLETUS ERYTHROPUS (Fr. ex Fr.) Pers., Mycol. Europ. 2:133. 1825, p.p., em. Fr., non Pers. (1801) ex Kallenbach.

Boletusluridus var. erqthropusFr., Syst. Mycol. 1:391. 1821. Bolefusminiatoporus Secr., Mycogr.Suisse 3:28. 1833. Boletus luridiformisRostkov. in Sturm,Deutschl. Fl. 3:105. 1844. Dict_opuser_tlhropus Quel., Enchir.,p. 160, 1886. Tubiporuserqthropus Ricken, Vademecum, p. 205. 1918. This speciesis frequentduring summer and fall in firwoods of the Alps, for examplenear Neuhaus, Bavaria,where I have collectedit frequently.It is also frequentin the montanewoods of the Caucasus Mts. This formunder firshas been well describedby Konrad & Maublanc, Icon. SeI. 5, pI. 407. 1924-1938.Kallenbach seems to have it mostlyfrom under Fagus silvaticaand says it growson soils poor or devoid of lime whichdoes not agree withour observationat the Alpine localities.It may.be thatthere are two formsloosely adaptedto frondoseor coniferouswoods. Persoon in 1825 consideredB. erythropusas a species (the asteriskdoes not make it a subspeciesas the Greek Ikttersdo) witha tolerabledescription and the citationof Fries, Observ. 1:23 on the firstplace. This makes it impossibleto choosethe latersynonym B. miniatoporusSecr. as the valid name of B. erythropus(Fr.) Pers. Some chemicalcharacters of this species are indicatedby Kallenbach,Ic. p. 80. They are probablyvery similar to if not identicalwith those of B. subvelutipes.

BOLETUSMORRISII Peck, Bull. Torr. Bot. CI. 36:154. 1909. SuillellusMorrisii Murr., North Am. Flora 9:153. 1910. I have seen one collectionfrom deciduous woods in CorweetaExperiment Forest,N. C. (10910, NC)). This is differentfrom all the otherspecies I know, especiallyif it is true that this species constantlyreddens only when injured. The hymenophorecontains much soluble and slowly disappearing

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richyellow pigmrrent like Pulveroboletus auriporus (Peck) Sing.The spores are 11.5-16.3-(18.5)x (4)-4.8-(6.8),u;cystidia about 45 x 10,u,fusoid, often witha shortampullaceous neck or mucronate,hyaline; there are also balloon- shapedbodies on thepore mouths (pseudoparaphyses). The myceliumis dis- tinctlyyellow. The cuticleis madeup by a trichodermiumpalisade of erect dermatocystidiawhich are versiform,rather long and slenderin an average, fusoid,clavate, or filamentous,hyaline; all hyphaewithout clamp connections. The ratherstrongly flocculose-pustulate stipe is reminiscentof Leccinum. However,the structure of thecuticle of thepileus does not support this sus- picion,and it has to be assumedthat B. Morrisiiis an outstandingspecies of thesection Luridi.

Species ImperfectlyKnown

BOLETUS FIRMUS Frost,Bull. Buff.Soc. Nat. Sc. 2:103. 1874. Authenticmaterial (FH) has fewspores on the hymenium,and the ones presentwere wingedlike Boletellus-spores,and about 17 x 10,. They may have come fromBoletellus Russellii Frost. Otherwisethe specimensexamined did not revealanything about the affinitiesof thisspecies except for the strong networkat the apex of the stipe whichcould almostbelong to B. Frostiissp. typicus.However, the networktapers out just belowthe upperthird or fourth of the lengthof the stipe.The pileusmust have been ratherlight colored, gray -as Kriegersays who has observedthis speciesin Canada. Unfortunately,he does not give more details about this unusual species which,as far as our personal knowledgegoes, cannot be consideredas sufficientlystudied. The typecame fromVermont.

BOLETUS MAGNISPORUS Frost,Bull. Buff.Soc. Nat. Sc. 2:103. 1874. Authenticmaterial (FH) shows rathersmall spores,smaller than in B. junquilleus(QueI.) Boud. whichthe descriptionotherwise recalls. The spores are not as shortas thoseof B. QueletiiSchulz. but theywere few and possibly not quite maturein our material.These observationsare not sufficientfor any conclusions.

BOLETUS SULLIVANTII Berk.& Curt. apud Mont. Syll. Crypt.,p. 152. 1856. I have not seen the typewhich comes from Ohio. This speciesmay belong in the sectionLuridi.

BOLETUS DICHROUS Ellis, Bull. Torr. Bot. Cl. 6:109. 1876. Boletussquamulosus Ellis, Bull. Torr. Bot. Cl. 6:77. 1876,non Rostkov. in Sturm (1844). Type materialis foundin severalherbaria. We have studiedmaterial preserved at NY and FH and findthe spores 14.5-17.5x 5.2-6.3k1,melleous, fusoid,with suprahilardepression, smooth; cystidia small, fusoid; hyphaeof the cuticleof the pileus filamentouswith some inflatedterminal members, not strikingly-mucilaginous,without clamp connections.

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The sporesare too largefor B. rubellusssp. bicolor(Peck) Sing,with whichit is identicalaccording to Murrill;they are also too largefor B. inin- atoolivaceuswhich is moresimilar than B. rubellusssp. bicolor.It couldbe B. rubricitrinusMurr. as far as the sporemeasurements are concerned,but it appearssomewhat unlikely that this Florida species should have been found so muchfarther north than its presentnorthern limit. Aside from this, there is Ellis' remarkabout the viscosityof the cuticleof the pileus,a character irreconcilableto the characters of anyof theabove-mentioned species. Such a conditioncannot be consideredlikely in B. rubricitrinuseven after prolonged rains.It is possiblethat B. dichrousrepresents a now neglected or localspecies confinedto a partof New Jersey.But it is also possiblethat Ellis' indications on theviscidity of thepileus is an error(the anatomyof thecuticle shows nothingto supporthis description),and thatB. dichrouswith the characters as givenin the originaldiagnosis does not exist.The specieshas therefore been listedas "imperfectlyknown." There is, however,no doubtabout its belongingin sectionLuridi, and it is obviousfrom the specimens that it has nothingat all to do withXerocomus badius.

BOLETUS DISCOLOR (Quel.) Gilbert,Bolets, p. 172. 1931. Diclyoptisluridus var. discolorQuel., Flore Mycol. p. 422. 1888. Accordingto Queletthis is a formof B. junquilleus(or viceversa) while, accordingto Leclairit is a synonymof B. Queletii.Initially described as a varietyof B. luridusfrom Central and NorthernFrance, it is impossibleto cometo anyconclusions without having seen authentic specimens. If no such specimensare in existence,it wouldbe just as well to discardthis species entirely.

Species Incertae Sedis and Species Excludendae Thereare manyspecies of Boletuswhich cannot be placedat present,as faras theirsection in Boletussensu stricto is concerned,or eventhe genus to whichthey belong, either as autonomousspecies or as synonyms.They are, in factso numerousthat it will take type studies of the most extensive kind, includ- ingthe reexamination of type localities to ascertainthe correct position of at leastsome of them.In manycases there will be no wayof makingany con- clusionseven after all possibilitiesof recheckingare exhausted,and thenthese specieswill be enteredin thelist of nominadubia. Thereare also manyspecies that have to be transferredfrom the genus Boletusin whichthey were described, to someof therecent segregates such as Suillusem., Gyroporus, Pulveroboletus, etc. We do notinclude these lists of speciesbecause of thespace they would occupy.This spacewould not be in proportionto thesize of thepaper which is notintended to be a monographof theboletes of theworld, inasmuch as the readerwill find a completeindex at theend of partIV of the present paperfrom which he can checkback and easilyfind the proper place of all speciesmentioned and describedas Boletusor transferredto thisgenus by others.This takescare of thespecies excludendae of Floridaand thoseextra-

This content downloaded from 160.36.178.25 on Thu, 16 Oct 2014 13:11:59 PM All use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions 86 THE AMERICAN MIDLAND NATURALIST [Vol.37 limitalspecies that have been treated here. As forthe species incertae sedis, we referto the generalliterature on boletes(Saccardo, Sartory & Maire), addingsome species that have been published in theperiod between 1925 and nowmainly by Cleland,Snell, and Beeli.If theyare notrepresented in our index,they belong in the categoryof speciesincertae sedis. We can see no possibleadvantage in reprintingall thesenames only to statethat we know nothingabout them.

4(13). XANTHOCONIUM Sing., Mycologia36:361. 1944. Charactersof thegenus: Pileus not scrobiculate; hymenophore of medium longtubes with line pore-mouths,the latterconcolorous or subconcolorous withthe tubes,plainly adnate or adnexed,or morefrequently depressed aroundthe stipe; spores in printrusty yellow-brown to brownish yellow, without an olivehue evenin the freshestpreparation (except, perhaps, if the tramaof the hymenophorehas pressedon the support),about "antique brown,""raw sienna," "Sudan brown," "Argus brown," under the microscope brightgolden, smooth, cylindric or fusoid-cylindricand rather narrow; basidia not voluminous;cystidia present; trama truly bilateral of the Boletus-type; stipeequal or ventricose,rather thick, glabrous or subglabrous,entirely smooth,solid; context white, unchanging; taste mild. On theground in woods or in openplaces near conifers or frondosetrees (not muchspecialized), in temperateand subtropicalAmerica. Type species:Xanthoconium stramineum (Murr.) Sing. (Gyroporusstramineus Murr.). The twoknown species both occurin Florida.

KEY TO THE SPECIES

A. Pileus white,later sometimes stramineous -27. X. stramineum A. Pileus distinctlycolored from the beginning-28. X. afline

27. XANTHOCONIUM STRAMINEUM (Murr.) Sing., Mycologia36:362. 1944. Plate 1, Fig. 8 and Plate 2

Gsroporus stramineusMurr., Bull. Torr. Bot. Cl. 67:62. 1940. Leucoggroporussframineus Snell, Mycologia34:408. 1942. Gyroporus Woodiae Murr.,Lloydia 6:226. 1943. Pileuswhite, later whitish or pale stramineouswith white margin, eventuallybecoming stramineous or grayishor brownishon theareolae between the crackswhen rimose in age, otherwisesmooth and glabrousto veryslightly pubescenton themargin when quite young, opaque, non-viscid, often more or less shiningwhen dried, often with initially incurved and laterprojecting sterilemargin, convex, eventually expanded, and eventuallyirregular when old, 45-85 mm. broad.- Hymenophorewhite, at maturitybecoming dirty buffycream or umbrinous-pallidand occasionallydeeper brown at places fromthe spores,unchanging, adnate and withor withouta slightlydecur- renttooth (up to 1 mm.), or slightlydepressed around the stipe;tubes 3-10 mm. long;pores minute, round and seeminglyclosed in youngspecimens,later angular and stillsmall (10-15 to 5 mm.), oftensomewhat radially elongatenext to the stipe,concolorous with the tubesor latereither

This content downloaded from 160.36.178.25 on Thu, 16 Oct 2014 13:11:59 PM All use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions 1947] SINGER: THE BOLETOIDEAE OF FLORIDA 87 paleror brownerthan the tubes, or remainingconcolorous and veryslightly stainingbrownish when touched;spore print"antique brown" or "raw umber,"in thinlayer often between "honey yellow" and "primulineyellow," or more"buckthorn brown," "Dresden brown" when caught in contactwith the pores.- Stipe pure white,later whitish,unchanging when touched, glabrous,smooth, except for an extremelyfaint reticulation on the very apex of the stipe (a mereprolongation of thepores) in someof the very youngspecimens, practically constantly non-reticulate, non-viscid, equal or taperingdownwards, or somewhatventricose, sometimes with an unusual appendageat thebase, solid, 30-60 x 10-35mm.; mycelium white. - Context white,unchanging, thick, firm, eventually softer; odor none, or slight,fruitv ("of anise"Murrill); taste mild. Spores (9)-10.5-14.5x 2.5-3.5,U,most freqently around 11,u long and 2.8-3.2,Ubroad, hyaline but always a majoritywith a brilliantlygolden yellow sap, thin-walledand smooth,rod shaped,cylindric; basidia 24-35 x 8.5-11s, 4-spored,both basidia and sterigmatain all regardsnormal for the Boletineae; cystidia28-35 x 4.5-6.8[t,hyaline, fusoid or subulate,sometimes ampullaceous,very scattered and rare,soon disappearing,inconspicuous; trama truly bilateralof theBoletus-type, the mediostratum axillar, denser than the lateral stratum,with a few wavy-flexuouslaticiferous vessels in some walls,the lateralstratum much more nearly hyaline, not verystrongly divergent but looselyarranged; cuticle of the pileusapparently without any differentiated layer;hyphae without clamp connections. Chemicalreactions.-KOH on surfaceof pileusand context,negative; on pores,brown. - NH3, NH40H, anilineand formolnegative or almost negativein all parts. HNO3 on surfaceof pileus,yellow, otherwise negative.- FeSO4 bluishslate gray.- Phenolon context,lilacinous-purpIe to chocolatebrown. Habitat.-In moderatelydense mesophyticand low hammocksunder oaks and in ratheropen placesalong flatwoods (Pinus palustris)or scrub (Pinus palustrisand QuercusChapmanii), also on lawnsand in gradens underoaks (Quercusvirginiana and probablyother species) and underPinus taeda,also in woodsof Quercuslaevis Walt. Distribution.-Florida(except for the tropicalzone). Materialstudied.-FLORIDA, HIGHLANDS Co., HighlandsHammock State Park, BotanicGarden area and flatwoods,Singer F 153,F 153 a, F 153 b (FH); LAKE Co., sandshore of Lake Harrisnear Tavares, det. Murrill (as Boletus spec.) F 15499 (FLAS); PUTNAM Co., nearLake WinnOtt (onlylabel, fide Murrill); CLAY Co., GoldheadPark (onlylabel, fide Murrill); Green Cove Springs(label only,fide Mur- rill); COLUMBIA Co., CampO'Leno (label only,fide Murrill); ALACHUA Co., Mel- rose (label only,fide Murrill); Devil's Millhopper,Miss HarrietWood & Murrill, TYPE of C Woodiae (FLAS); Gainesville,Murrill, August 26, 1942; Singer,F 2496 b (FH); Erdman West & Murrill (det. Murrillas B. roseialbus,CO-TYPE of the latter13), F 9287 (FLAS); TYPE of C. stramineus(FLAS); Dayville, Singer,F 2496, F 2496 a, (FH); Flatwood betweenGainesville and Newnan's Lake, Singer, F 2808 (FH); Cary MemorialForest, Murrill, F 21797 (FLAS). This is one of themost remarkable species of Florida,striking because of the uniformlywhite color which often resembles fallen flowers of Magnolia.

13 The typeof C. roseialbusis identicalwith Gyroporussubalbellus Murr.

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The lackof pigmentmay be mimicryas wellas protectionagainst the direct sun to whichmany specimens are exposed.Deer eat thisbolete eagerly. It is also palatableto man.X. stramineuscan be readilyrecognized not only macroscopicallybut microscopicallyby its characteristicrod-shaped, golden yellowspores. The mildtaste, smooth stipe and brownishyellow to yellowish rustybrown spore print distinguish it fromTylopilus Rhoadsiae which may be foundin similarplaces.

28.Xanthoconium affine (Peck) Sing.comb. nov. Boletusaffinis Peck, Rep. N. Y. StateMus. 25:81. 1873. Suillus affinisKuntze, Rev. Gen.PI. 3(2):535. 1898. Ceriomyces affinisMurr. Mycologia 1:149. 1909. ?Bolefus leprosusPeck, Bull. N. Y. StateMus. 2(8):135. 1889 (?=var. maculosus).

Var. TYPICUS Pileus when young deep brown (from "Dresden brown" to "mummy brown"), then from"raw umber" to "Saccardo's umber,"then "buckthorn brown" to "tawnyolive" or "yellow ocher" to "raw sienna," or variegated with the followingcolors (of whichone or severalmay be absent) "buckthornbrown," "honey yellow," "Dresden brown,""raw s:enna," "bay," eventuallyoften becoming "Isabella color," subtomentose-subglabrousto glabrous, non-viscid,becoming somewhat rimulose or rimosein age, otherwisesmooth or somewhatroughened, pulvinate, then convexwith applanateor somewhat depressed center, eventually often irregular,40-110 mm. broad, rarely broader.-Hymenophore almost whitishwhen young,then "Isabella color" with or withoutsome "cream buff," especiallynear the pores, becoming "honey yellow" when mature, unchanging,adnate or more frequently depressedaround the stipe;tubes 7-15 mm. long; pores concolorous,unchanging or somewhatdeeper yellowishor brownishwhen touched,round or subangular,small (2-4 to a mm.) to eventuallymedium-sized in very large specimens(but still relativelysmall); spore printbetween "raw sienna" and "antique brown,"or between"Sudan brown" and "Argus brown." Stipe white,later pallid or pale sordidand oftenpartially "wood brown"or nearer the color of the hymenophore,remaining white or whitishat the base in most individuals,glabrous, smooth, or somewhatrough, never reticulate, versiform,either tapering upwards and downwards(ventricose), or tapering fromthe apex downwards,or thickenedas well upwardsas downwards(thin- nestin the middle), or subequalto equal, solid,40-52 x 10-25mm.; mycelium inconspicuous,white. - Context white,unchanging; odor slight or distinct of Leucocoprinusprocerus; taste mild. Spores 11-13.7-(16) x 3-4,u,slightly more fusoid,i.e. not quite as strictly rod-shapedas in X. stramineum,and slightlyless intenselygolden but less frequentlycompletely hyaline than in that species, smooth, thin-walled; basidia 24-26 x 8-8.7,u,4-spored, often with golden-ferruginouscontents in dried material;cystidia 30-62 x 8.7-1ljs, ventricosewith ampullaceousapex, oftenwith golden contentsor witha ferruginousincrustation, rather numerous on the pores;trama truly bilateral, of the Boletus-type;all hyphaewithout clamp connections.

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Chenmicalreactions not studied. Habitat.-Mostfrequently in open woodsand in highand mesophytic hammocks,more rarely in low hammocks,near Quercus virginiana and other speciesof oak as wellas nearpines (Pinus palustris and P. australis),in the lattercase someQuercus minima, Q. nigra,or at leastCerothamnus cerifera maybe presentbut hardlyin constantmycorrhizal connection with any of thesespecies on sandysoil or on humus,more rarely on verydecayed wood, solitaryor in smallto largegroups. Fruiting from May untilSeptember. Distribution.-FromNew Englandto SouthFlorida and westto Indiana and Tennessee,not found in thetropical zone. Materialstudied.-FLOIuDA, HIGHLANDS Co., HighlandsHammock State Park, Singer,F 361 (FH); ALACHUACo., WendPrairie near Gainesville, Murrill F. 16504 (FLAS); Newnan'sLake, Murrill,F 17690 (FLAS); Singer,F 2178 a (FH); Gainesville,Singer, F 2158 (FH); F 2083 (FH); SugarfootHammock, Singer, F 2569 (FH); CLAY Co., Gold Head Park,Murrill, F 19626(FLAS); Doctor'sInlet, Murrill,F 20123 (FLAS). VERMONT,Brattleboro, C. C. Frost,one specimenunder thecorrect name, another under an unpublishedname, (FH). NEWHAMPSHIRE, Cho- corua,Farlov, good spore prints (FH). MASSACHUSETTS, Dedham,Rusden & Darker, 5369 (det.Snell), (FH); ArnoldArboretum, Hemlock Hill, JamaicaPlain, Darker (det Linder)6225 (FH); Canton,Linder, 1156 (FH). NEW YORK, Albany-TYPEs (NYS). VIRGINIA, MountainLake, Linder (det. Snell), (FH). Var. maculosus(Peck) Sing.comb. nov. Boletusaffinis var. maculosus Peck, Rep. N. Y. StateMus. 32:57. 1879. This has not beenfound in Floridabut sinceit occursin the northern statestogether with the type and southto NorthCarolina [Mass., Wellfleet, Linder(det Singer),(FH). - New YorkTYPE (NYS) and others],it may yetbe foundin Florida,especially in NorthFlorida where the type form is so common.It differsonly in whitishto creamcolored stains all overthe pileus.I havenever seen spore prints with olivaceous hue. 5(14). TYLOPILUS Karst., Rev. Mycol. 3:16. 1881. Rhodoporus(Quel.) Bat.,Bolets, p. 11. 1908(type B. felleus). Dict_opus(sect.) Rhodoporus Qu6l., Flore Mycol., p. 421. 1888 (typeD. felleus). LeucogproporusSnell, Mycologia 34:408. 1942.(type G. pisciodorus). ?RhodobolitesG. Beck,Zeitschr. Pilzk. 2:146. 1923. Charactersof the genus: Pileus subglabrousto tomentose,sometimes scrobiculate,dry or viscid;cuticle of diversestructures, even sometimes cellular; hymenophorelight colored or pallid, at least when young,usually depressedaround the stipe, at leastat maturity;pores small, not discolorous exceptby autoxydationwhen injured; spore print ranging all theway from a sordidpinkish flesh color to dull fleshocher, or deep ferruginous-brown, wood brown,etc. ("light russetvinaceous," "russet vinaceous," "Rood's brown,""fawn color," "army brown," between "wood brown"and "fawn color,""pinkish cinnamon" with a shadeof "fawncolor," "vinaceous fawn," "creambuff," "Isabella color," "chamois," "amber brown"), often becoming paler afterseveral months or yearsof preservation14),pale melleousto

14 This changeis unusualbecause it is in contrastto whathas been observedby the writerin the Russulaceae and Tricholomataceaewhere white or cream colored spore printsare likelyto darkenafter prolonged preservation.

This content downloaded from 160.36.178.25 on Thu, 16 Oct 2014 13:11:59 PM All use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions 90 THE AMERICAN MIDLAND NATURALIST [Vol. 37 yellowish-subhyalineunder the microscope,variable in shape,smooth, thin- walled;cystidia usually well developed, sometimes contrasting in color;trama trulybilateral of theBoletus-type; stipe either naked or coveredwith a palisade of hairsor dermatocystidia,often with a hymeniumin the reticulate portions(when there are such); veil none; contextwhitish, never yellow, unchangingor changingbut never bluing, mild (mild and unchangingonlv in T. conicuswhich has scrobiculatepileus), or veryfrequently bitter. Habi- tatin woodsand hammocks,open pine lands, on lawnsetc. on thesoil. Type species:T. felleus.(Bull. ex Fr.) Karst.(Boletus felleus Bull.) This welldefined genus can easilybe dividedinto three natural and con- venientsections, only one of whichis representedin Europewhile all three arerepresented in Florida.

KEY TO THE SECTIONS A.Context constantly unchanging on injury,unchanging with KOH, or turningyel- lowishwith KOH and thenthe pileus scrobiculate-pitted. B.Pileus not scrobiculate-pitted; context rarely mild, not turning yellowish with KOH . Sect. Fellei B.Pileus scrobiculate-pitted;context mild, turning more or less yellowishwith KOH -Sect. Scrobicuilati A.Context changing color when injured (sometimes rather slowly), becoming reddish or grayishviolaceous, distinctly reacting with KOH in thespectes tested ------Sect. Ox_dabiles

SectionFellei, sect.nov. Carneimmutabili, plus minusveamara, raro miti vel submiti,KOH ope haudflavescente; pileo haud scrobiculato. Charactersof the section:see key and the aboveLatin diagnosis.The typespecies is Tylopilusfelleus (Bull. ex Fr.) Karst.

KEY TO THE SPECIES A. Stipereticulate; pileus not violaceous when young. B.Pileus white to alutaceouswhite -29. T. Rhoadsiae B.Pileus neither white nor alutaceous white. c. Stipe50-68 x 7-13mm., pallid to between"cinnamon" and "claycolor" in themiddle with paler apex and base, equal or taperingdownwards; spores (8)-10-15-(16.3)x 3.3-4,u,the apex of thestipe finely concolorously reticulate;in frondosewoods and in mesophyticand high hammocks .30. T. minor c. Stipeas slenderas above,or morefrequently larger, especially thicker, ventricose,or taperingupwards or, withmore or less thickenedbase. more stronglycolored than no. 30, witha moreextended belt between "cinnamon"and "claycolor" or a similarcolor, usually up to thevery apex, or if notso, thevery apex rather yellowish colored, with a strongand dis- tinctlyelevated network which is oftendarker than the ground color (e.g. "sayal brown"); sporesbroader; in coniferousand mixedwoods near conifers-31. T. felleus A. Stipenon-reticulate. D.Pileus initially violet; stipe at firstbulbous, very thick - 27. T. plumbeoviolaceus D. Pileusnot initially violet; stipe subequal, or thinand taperingdownwards (see 30. T. minor,forms with non-reticulate stipes).

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Description of the Species Occurring in Florida

29. TYLOPILUS RHOADSIAE (Murr.) Murr., Mycologia 36:122. 1944. Bolefusfelleus forma albiceps Kauffm. apud Snell,Mycologia 28:466. 1936. GproporusRhoadlsiae Murr., Bull. Torr. Bot.Cl. 67:62. 1940. LeucogproporusRhoadsiae Snell, Mycologia34:408. 1942. Pileus whiteexcept for occasional "avellaneous" or "pinkishbuff" or "pale ochraceoussalmon," or "light pinkish cinnamon"portions, especially near the margin,sometimes somewhat guttate, center exceptionally reaching "warm buff"in some specimens,subtomentose, non-viscid, or veryslightly sticky in prolongedrains, opaque or somewhatshining when dried,with narrowly projectingsterile margin which is pubescentwhen young,pulvinate, then convex or withflattened disc, 60-90 mm. broad.- Hymenophorewhitish, then pale pinkishwhite, deeply depressed;tubes 9-16 mm. long; pores small, about 2 to a mm. in an average, concolorousand unchanging;spore print "light russet vinaceous" to "russet vinaceous."- Stipe white, stronglyreticulate with a somewhatprojecting concolorous (white) networkwith wide meshes, coveringthe upper half or the upper two thirds,glabrous, solid, equal or subequal, or slightlytapering upwards, or ventricose,55-95 x 16-27 mm.; myceliumwhite. - Contextwhite, unchanging; odor none or "bitter";taste bitter. Spores 11-13.7 x 3.7-4.5,u,fusoid, often more attenuatetowards the apex (clavate), with a slightsuprahilar depression, smooth, honey-yellow-hyaline; basidia 25-26 x 8-9,u,4-spored, often with yellow contents;cystidia 36-43- (62) x (6)-6.8-8.3,u,fusoid, not ampullaceousand not roundedabove but acutelyattenuate or acuminateand subobtusate,yellowish guttulate or with a yellowcentral body, rathernumerous in young specimensnear the pores; tramatruly bilateral of the Boletus-type;cuticle consisting exclusively of filamentoushyphae which are more nearly parallel and horizontallyarranged towards the surface,the terminalmembers often in strands or in single hypha-endswhich are erector ascendantand have roundedtips, rarelycys- tidioid,capitate or ampullaceous,sometimes with yellow, guttulate contents, sometimeswith an hyalineincrustation; all hyphaewithout clamp connections. Chemicalreactions.-KOH on context,negative or almost so. -Phenol and methylparamidophenolnegative. Habitat.-Near the marginof open pine lands and in flatwoods,also in mesophytichammocks, connected with either pine or oak, not fullydependent on eitherof these trees,solitary or gregariouson sandy soil, fromJuly till September. Distribution.-Frequentin extratropicalSouth Florida and becoming graduallyless frequenttowards the north,but reachingMichigan. The northern and westernlimits have not been established. Materialstudied.-FL-ORIDA, Highlands Hammock. Numerous specimens in and aroundHighlands Hammock State Park, August and September1942, Singer, F 351 (FH); PUTNAM Co., at the marginof Lake Rosa, September8, 1938, L. & A. Rhoads, TYPE of G. Rhoadsiae (FLAS); CLAY Co., Gold Head Park,Watson, July 9, 1939, AUTHENTIC, (FILAS); ALACHUA Co., SugarfootHammock under Pinus taeda solitary,Singer F 2594 (FH); Flatwoodsbetween Gainesville and Newnan'sLake, Singer,F 2844 (FH).

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This is brieflydefined as a whiteT. felleusalthough it certainlyis notan albinoform but an autonomousspecies. It occursin groupsof uniformlv coloredcarpophores and no T felleushas everbeen seen in theirneighbor- hood.

30. TYLOPILUS MINORSing., Mycologia 37:799. 1945.

Pileusbetween "Verona brown" and "fawncolor" when young, becoming about"sayal brown" or "cinnamonbuff," or eventually"winter leaf" (M. & P.), sometimeswith an avellaneoushue, or somewhatdeeper colored than indicatedabove but in the same colors,decidedly non-viscid, opaque, subglabrousto slightlytomentose, pulvinate, becoming plane in age, 38-57mm. broad.- Hymenophorewhitish, then pale and sordid pink, slightly to decidedly depressedaround the stipe, unchanging or almostso whenwounded; tubes about6 mm.long; pores concolorous, small, about 11-12 per 5 mm.or 0.2-0.3- (0 5) mm.in diameter;spore print as in thepreceding species. - Stipewhite, whitish,then often assuming a colorbetween "clay color" and "cinnamon," especiallyin the middle but leaving large portions especially at theapex and the basepigmentless, entirely brownish in somespecimens when very old, with a fine (finerthan in T. felleus),wide-meshed, concolorous (i.e. mostlywhitish) reticulationat the apex, leaving the lower, larger portion of thestipe smooth, morerarely entirely smooth, even at theapex, glabrous, solid, equal or subequal,but the base often acuminate, more rarely tapering downwards, appear- ing subradicate,50-68 x 7-13 mm.;mycelium white. -- Contextwhite, unchanging;taste bitter, often becoming milder with age; odornone, or weak, agreeable.

Spores(8)-10-13.5 x 3.5-4,U,or 10.2-15-(16.3)x 3.3-3.5-(4.8),U,yellowish hyalineor hyaline,smooth, fusoid or clavate-fusoid,thin-walled; basidia 27 x 7,U,4-spored; cystidia 38-49 x 4.8-7,U,fusoid, on thepores often strongly yellowishincrusted, besides with yellowish guttulate contents, the incrusta- tionslowly dissolving in ammonia;the abundance of the coloredcystidia on ,andnear the poresis so greatthat the wholeregion is yellowunder the microscopewhile the rest of the hymeniumis hyalineor nearlyso; all hyphaewithout clamp connections.

Chemicalreactions.-KOH on surfaceof pileus,ochraceous brown; on context,negative, and not causingany remarkable change if appliedafter the reactionwith FeSO4 has takenplace. NH4OH littlereaction. HNO3 on surfaceof pileus,ochraceous brown. FeSO4 on context,immediately pale sordidcaesious to glaucous.

Habitat.-In hammocks,mostly mesophytic hammocks with intermixed Magnoliaor Pinuspalustris, always in theneighborhood of Quercus,solitary or in smallgroups. Fruiting from May tillAugust. Distribution.-NorthFlorida.

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Material studied.-FLORIDA,ALACHUA Co., mesophytichammock 2 miles southof Gainesville,Singer, F 2213 (FH); Kelley's Hammock,Singer, F 2717, TYPE (FH); F 2979, CO-TYPE (FH). This species is closelyrelated to T. felleusbut, in my opinionneither a geographicrace nor a mere forma nana but constantin its distinguishing characters,and witha geographicalarea moresouthern than that of T. felleus.

31. Tylopilus plumbeoviolaceus (Snell) Snell, Mycologia 33:33. 1941.

Boletus felleusforma plumbeoviolaceus Snell, Mycologia28:463. 1936. Boletus plumbeoviolaceusSnell, Mycologia33:32. 1941. Pileus "dull lavender,""dark heliotropegray," "heliotropeslate," "dark vinaceous drab," some portions soon becoming "dusky brown" or "pale brownishdrab," eventuallymostly "drab," the discolorationstarting mostly afterexposure to the sun, dry and practicallynon-viscid in the center,viscid in the marginalhalf when exposed to rains for a prolongedperiod and remainingshining there after it has dried out while the disc is opaque, subglabrous,then glabrous, pulvinate, eventually frequently flattened, with somewhat projectingsterile margin and the lattersometimes separating from the pileus by a circularscission, 68-152 mm. broad.- Hymenophorewhite, then assuminga color betweenwhite and "sea shell pink," eventually"light russet vinaceous"with "sorghumbrown" shades, depressedaround the stipe; tubes 10-15 mm. long; pores concolorous,small, less than 1 mm. in diameter, usually 2-3 to 1 mm., subangularand not quite regularbut not radiately elongatewhen old; spore print"light russetvinaceous." Stipe "pale vinaceous drab" to "lightvinaceous drab," mostlysomewhat marbled with paler tints when young,becoming "light cinnamondrab," usually with a pallid, inconspicuousspurious network of continuingpores on the extremeapex of the stipe runningdown not more than 3 mm. at most, all the rest of the stipe decidedlysmooth, glabrous, dry, solid, thick-ventricose,almost bulbous ;or bulbouswhen young,mostly becoming cylindric in older specimens,40-90 x 32-56 mm.-Context white,unchanging, "light vinaceous drab" immedi- atelyunder the cuticle,assuming the violetpigmentation also wherewounded and exposed for a long time duringthe period of intensivegrowth, fleshlv and thick,hard when young,especially in the stipe; taste very bitter;odor -insignificant,not disagreeable. Spores 9.5-14x 3-3.8,u,most frequently 10.2-12 x 3.3-3.5,u,fusoid-cylindric, *withoutsuprahilar depression or witha veryslight one, the broadestpart in the middle or in the lower third,thin-walled and smooth,pale melleousor light golden melleous (not so golden and not so intensivelycolored as in Xanthoconium,-young sporesentirely hyaline); basidia 21-24 x 7.5-8.5ji, *4-spored;cystidia 32-56 x 6-15,ju,enormously numerous on the pores as well as in the tubes, with a strikinggolden yellow incrustation,and also pale golden yellow contentsin many cases, the attenuateor thin,ampullaceous, oftenacuminate though at the verytip obtusateapices hyalineand freefrom incrustation,the main part fusoid; tramatruly bilateral, of the Boletus-type,

This content downloaded from 160.36.178.25 on Thu, 16 Oct 2014 13:11:59 PM All use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions 94 THE AMERICAN MIDLAND NATURALIST [Vol.37 the lateralstratum very loose, stronglyand entirelydivergent and quite hyaline;all hyphaewithout clamp connections. Chemicalreactions.-KOH on surfaceof pileus,bleaching to a pale isabelline;on porespale isabelline;on context,negative or a verypale and sordid salmoncolor, at placesalmost bay. - NH3 and NH40H negativeevery- where.- H2SO4 on surfaceof pileus,bleaching to a pale isabelline;on poresbrownish. - FeSO4 on context,slowly and weaklyreacting, becoming pale sordidgray; if KOH is added later,the reactingportion of theflesh becomespale sordidsalmon or pale sordidvinaceous, at placessordid bay (likewiseslow reaction). Methylparamidophenoleverywhere negative. Habitat-.On earthunder oaks, eitheron bare sandysoil or among grasses,gregarious from May untilfall. Distribution.-FromMassachusetts south to Floridaand westto Tennes- see and Mississippi.

Materialstudied.-FLORIDA, ALACHUA Co. Commonin andaround Gainesville, SinigerF 1897, F 1897a, 1897aa (FH); F 2151,F 2151a (FH), etc.RHODE IS- LAND, East Providence,Farloa' (det. Singer,conf. Snell), AUTHENTIC(FH, with excellentplate and notes); also paintingsfrom Massachusetts material by Krieger. Mississippi,Tice (det. Curtis as "B. subtomentosus?"), (FH). Snellhad thisspecies from New York and Tennessee.The typeis in the WalterH. SnellHerbarium (Providence, R. I.). This speciesis verydiffer- entfrom T. felleusalthough it belongsto thesame section. It hasbeen silently acceptedby Americanauthors as a colorform of T. felleus,without regard to thefact that the Eturopean form does not showsuch aberrant colors and has constantlyreticulated stipe. It is incomprehensiblethat a strikinglybeau- tiful,not too rarespecies like thishas not been recognizedlong beforeit was describedby Walter Snell. Specimens determined as T. felleusin Amer- ica up to 1941 shouldbe revised;indications in listsought to be used with caution.The trueT. felleusdoes occur in NorthAmerica, but not in Florida. Boletusviolascens Martin from Switzerland is known to me onlyfrom the descriptionin Saccardo.It seemsto me thatno one else has everseen it in Europe.Assuming that T. plumbeoviolaceusexists in Europethough rarely, one maybe led to believethat the diagnosis of B. violascensis just an awk- wardattempt to describeT. plumbeoviolaceusfrom insufficient material. In the case thatthere should be no typematerial worthy of examination,the onlyway to makesure whether this is thesame as T. plumbeoviolaceuswould be an intensivesearch at thetype locality. It maybe hopedthat the other. wisevery active members of the SwissMycological Clubs will coboperate. The slowmaturing of thespores indicated by Snell,I.c. findsits explana- tion in the factthat in youngspecimens the cystidiaare so crowdedand consequentlythe incrustations so dense that the formation of normalbasidia is suppresseduntil suficient space is providedin fullygrown carpophores for the developmentof the even theninconspicuous basidia. The sporesare indicatedas 7-11 x 2.8-4[t,mostly 8-9 x 3[t, by Snell but I have checked

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myfindings on Floridamaterial as wellas on northernmaterial, and I find themeasurements given in mydescription reasonably constant.

ExtralimitalSpecies

TYLOPILUS FELLEUS (Bull. ex Fr.) Karst.,Rev. Mycol. 3:16. 1881. Bolelus felleusBull. ex Fr., Syst. Mycol. 1:394. 1821. This is well representedin many European books, the best illustration and descriptionis found in Kallenbach,Pilze Mitteleuropas1:131-138, pl. 42, figs.1-22, pl. 47, figs.77-78. 1938. It also occursin North America.The spores are 10.5-15.5-(18) x 4.2-4.5,u;the cystidiaare fusoid-subventricose with ampullaceousapex, hyaline;the trama is trulybilateral of the Boletus- type;all hyphaeare devoid of clamp connections.The color of the pileus is "cinnamon"with "snuffbrown" center, or "cinnamon,""snuff brown," and "sayal brown"mixed (much the same as in T. ferrugineus).NH40H does not reactwith any part of the carpophorenor does H2SO4 on the context; on the tubes however,it causes a ferruginousthen brown-yellowreaction. FeSO4 makes the contextof the pileus gray-reddish.The contextof the stipe and the plane of attachmentof the hymenophorebecome more gray, the interiorof the contextmore reddish. Guajacol does not cause any discolora- tion. The spore print is "fawn color" to "army brown" when fresh.The habitatis under variousconifers. My own collectionsfrom Middlesex and adjacent countiesof Massachu- settsare identicalwith the European typein all regards.However, Snell also mentionsa formwhich I have not seen. He calls it Boletus felleusf. rubro- brunneusSnell, Mycologia 28:463. 1936.

Section Scrobiculati, sect. nov.

Pileo scrobiculato;carne immutabili,miti; reactioneKOH flavida;stipite albo, levi. Charactersof the section: see the key of the sections,p. 90, and the above Latin diagnosis.The type and only species is T. conicus (Rav. apud B. & C.) Beardslee.

32. TYLOPILUS CONICUS (Rav. apud B. & C.) Beardslee,Mycologia 26:253. 1934.

B3oletusconicus Rav. apud Berk. & Curt.,Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. II. 12:430. 1853. Suillus conicusKuntze, Rev. Gen. P1. 3(2) :535. 1898. Ceriompcesconicus Murr., Mycologia 9:146. 1909. Pileus with uneven surfaceof elevated ridges around small depressions (scrobiculate) that give the pileus a characteristicpitted appearance,the most elevatedridges "Sudan brown,""raw sienna,""yellow ocher," the lower ones "mustard yellow," the depressions(since theyare naked context) white, but the pileus giving the general impressionof about "primutineyellow."

This content downloaded from 160.36.178.25 on Thu, 16 Oct 2014 13:11:59 PM All use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions 96 THE AMERICAN MIDLAND NATURALIST [Vol. 37 morepitted near the margin, dry, pulvinate to convex,25-95 mm. broad. Hymenophore"pale grayishvinaceous" to "pale vinaceousfawn" when mature,paler when immature, depressed around the stipe;tubes about 14 mm.long; pores -small, equal, concolorous and unchanging,8-10 per 5 mm. radially,10-11 per 5 mm.tranversely; spore print "Rood's brown." - Stipe white,at leastat theapex and at thebase, the middle portion usually with a flushof "lightpinkish cinnamon" and "chamois,"smooth to minutelyrugu- lose at places,entirely glabrous, ventricose to subequal,40-70 x 6-18 mm.; myceliumwhite. - Contextpure white with a hyalineline abovethe tubes; odoragreeable, fruity; taste mild. Spores14.2-17.7-(21) x 4-6,U,fusoid, the upper half attenuate, with thin, rarelyin someexceptional spores with slightly thickened walls (0.8/), hyaline and becomingmelleous or brownishmelleous only at maturity,with distinct or indistinctsuprahilar depression, with small oil-drops inside, smooth; basidia (17.5)-27.5-30 x 10-11.61A,4-spored; cystidia 41-68 x 4.8-8.5,U subfusoid, oftenwith 1-2-(3) septa,hyaline but frequentlywith a melleousincrustation; tramatruly bilateral of the Boletus-type;cuticle of strandsof veryslender, and othersof mediumthick (4.5-8k in diameter)hyphae; these hyphaeare alter. natelyhyaline and deep honeycolor withdissolved pigment, somewhat interwovenand repentbut a fewascendant to erect,all withoutclamp connections.

Chemicalreactions.-KOH on surfaceof pileus,deeper colored, eventually brown;on contextof pileus,yellow, eventually brown. NH.40H on surface of pileus, deeper and richercolored, eventually brown; on contextof pileus, negativeexcept for the marginwhich usually assumes the color of the tubes. H2SO4 on pores, negative.- FeSO4 on contextof pileus, negativebut if treatedwith KOH subsequently,the contextbecomes brownish; on tubeswith FeSO4, grayer,eventually steel gray.- Formol on surfaceof pileus and on context,negative. - Methylparamidophenolon contextand tubes,negative. Habitat.-In flatwoodsunder Pinus palustris,often on soil thatis at times partlyinundated. Fruiting in July.

Distribution.-FromSouth Carolina to Florida, but not in the tropical zone. MaterialstudieJ.-FLORIDA, ALACHUA CO., in a flatwoodeast of Gainesville, SingerF 2780 (FH). SOUTH CAROLINA,Santee Canal, Ravenel, 1024, TYPE (FH). This is, as has been pointedout by Beardslee,one of the most striking boletesof the south,and veryfew mycologistshave ever seen it. It has been collectedby Ravenel,Beardslee and this writer,that is threetimes in nearlv a century.It grows in small numberin places whereordinarily few Agari. cales would be expected.Ravenel's type consistsof small specimens.This plant, however,reaches considerablesize if well developed. This obviously dependson the weatherconditions, and well formedspecimens may be found when continuousrainfall favors its growthuntil it has reachedits maximum size. Unfortunately,Beardslee did not indicate the localityand countyin which his Floricta collections were made; we may assume it was in central

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peninsularFlorida. The specificepithet "conicus" is regrettablesince it is misleadingas faras normallydeveloped specimens are concerned.

SectionOxydabiles, section. nov. Pileo haudscrobiculato; carne violascente vel rubentevel grisente,amara vel miti;KOH ope discolorante. Charactersof thesection: see key,p. 90, and theabove Latin diagnosis. Typespecies: Tylopilus tabacinus (Peck) Sing. (Boletustabacinus Peck). Gilbertconsidered the species of thissection as belongingin Porphyrellus. All he knewabout them were not too gooddescriptions. None of thespecies of thisgroup occurs in Europe.

KEY TO TI-IE SPECIES

A. Spores ellipsoid to ovoid, about twice as long as broad, or shorter (Q=2, or less). B. Cuticle of filamentoushyphae -T. Balloui B. Cuticle of chains of short hyphae and spherocysts-T. veluticeps A. Spores fusoid or cylindric or ellipsoid-oblong, or clavate-elongate with Q larger than 2. c. Pileus blackish umber, deep fuliginous,dark fuscous. D. Cuticle of the pileus with an epithelium- T. cellulosus D. Cuticle of the pileus formed by a palisade of stiffhairs or dermatocystidiod terminal members of hyphae-chains. E. Cystidia with ampullaceous apex; spores cuneiform-clavate with a Q less than 3 (i.e. spores less than three times longer than broad) -33. T. alboater E. Cystidia not all ampullaceous; spores cylindric and three times as long as broad in an average -T. nigricans c. Pileus purplish brown to chocolate brown, reddish brown, ochraceous brown, pale alutaceous. cinnamon, even whitish, sometimes with pinkish areas. F. Spore print "amber brown"; spores large, 13.5-23.5x 3.5-5.5/'- T. eximius F. Spore print not "amber brown" (not as rusty brown as this, rather dull yellowish, wood brown, or pinkish); individual spores smaller than indicated above, rarely some spores in a print larger than 14.5,u. G. Taste mild; odor none; context white before autoxydation takes place; spores broader than 2.3-3.5,u. H. Winter fruitingspecies in Florida -(see B. alachuanus) H. Either not winter-fruiting,or not occurring in Florida -T. ferrugineus,T. indecisus, B. decorus, B. subpunctipes, B. subdecorus, B. pseudodecorus c. Taste not mild or odor strong, or else the context partly brown before autoxydation starts, or spores only 2.3-3.5,u broad. I. Pileus "snuff brown," "Argus brown," "buckthorn brown"; odor of guava, or fishy, or both these odors present at the same time; stipe reticulate at the apex; spores 11.8-14.5-(17) x 3.5-5/u; spore print between "wood brown" and "fawn color," or "vinaceous fawn. ------34. T. tabacinus i. Pileus whitish, or "chamois" to "antimony yellow," or more umber, or with a salmon colored ("ochraceous salmon") zone, often stained with "cinnamon brown" or "Prout's brown" btutnot prevalently in these colors; odor slight,somewhat acid, or of chloride of lime, or of anise, not of guava and not of fish; stipe never reticulate in any part; spores 10.5-13.5 x 2.3-3.5/'; spore print "cream buff," "chamois," "Isabella color," rarely "viniaceous fawn" in a very distinctlybitter variety. ------35. T. peralbidus

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Descriptionof the Species Occurringin Florida

33. TYLOPILUS ALBOATER (Schwein.) Murr., Mycologia 1:16. 1909. Bolefusalboater Schweinitz, Schr. Naturf.Ges. Leipzig 1 :95. 1822. Boletusnigrellus Peck, Ann. Rep. N. Y. State Mus. 29:44. 1878. Suillus alboaterKuntze, Rev. Gen. P1. 3(2) :535. 1898. Suillus nigrellusKuntze, Rev. Gen. P1. 3(2) :535. 1898. Porphyrellusalboater Gilbert, Bolets, p. 99. 1931. Porphprellusnigrellus Gilbert, Bolets, p. 99. 1931. Pileus verydark brownto nearlyblack witha grayishbloom, dark smoky drabwith a fleshytint to lrownishgray, distinctly velutinous, dry, with projectingsterile margin which is incurvedat first,convex to nearlyflat or irregular, 60-110 (-280) mm. broad.- Hymenophorewhite or pale gray,later flesh colored,changing slowly to black, or reachingblackish through pink or purplish brownwhen wounded,adnate to depressedwith decurrentlines; tubes 5-10-(12) mm. long; pores variable in shape and size, 1-3 per mm., not stuffedat firstbut crowdedand folded together,later rounded-angular,concolorousand changingas tubes when touched;spore printdeep rosy salmon or dull fleshcolored. - Stipe concolorouswith the pileus but paler at the apex at least when young, usually reticulatedabove, the longitudinallines much strongerthan the cross veins, more rarelypractically non-reticulated even at the apex, pruinoseto velvety,black when rubbed,usually heavy and irregular,or subequal, largestbelow or rarelyabove, solid, 50-105 x about 15-25mm. - Contextwhite to creamygray, changing to pinkishgray, pinkish or purplishbrown when bruised,then becomingblackish, firm in the stipe, thickin the middleof the pileus; tastemild, sometimesnutty; odor none. Spores 9-13 x 4-4.8pu,subclavate, broadest near the lowerend, pale brown. ish melleous,thin-walled, or sometimessome moderatelythick-walled, smooth; basidia (24)-38 x 7.3-8kt,4-spored; cystidia 60-65 x 11-12fL,constantly ampullaceous as in Leccinum scabrum,brown, the neck 24-34 x 3.5-45-(6.5) ,; hyphaeof the trama brown,at least in the mediostratumof dried mature specimens,in young specimenstruly bilateral of the Boletus-typewith the mediostratumcolored and dense and the lateral stratumhyaline and loosely arranged,divergent; cuticle made up of a palisade of hairs whichare dark fuscous,slightly attenuate upwards but bluntlyrounded at the verytip, very brittle,often thick-walled(walls 0.6-0.9,uthick), verydensely arranged, 4- 7.5k broad,sometimes reaching 12,u in breadth;palisade of the surfaceof the stipe withthe same kind of hairs; all hyphaewithout clamp connections. Chemicalreactions not studied. Habitat.-In mixed woods and in low places near deciduoustrees, often during dry weatherin large quantity (SneIl), on the soil. Fruitingfrom Julytill September. Distribution.-From New York and New England to North Florida and west to Mississippi.In Florida rare. Materialstudied.-FLORIDA, ALACHUA Co., Gainesville, Murrill,July 27 (FLAS); COLUMBIA Co., Camp O'Leno, Murrill,F 21801 (FLAS). NEW YORK, Sandlake, Peci, TYPE of B. nigrellus(NYS). NORTH CAROLINA, Great Smoky Mts., National Park, Swain Co., Hesler, August 1, 1937 (FH).

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This speciesis remarkablefor its colorand it can thereforesafely be assumedthat Schweinitz's plant is whatis now generallycalled Tylopilus alboater.We have,however, not seenauthentic material. We havealso not collectedthis species in freshcondition, and the abovedescription is, as far as macroscopicalcharacters are concerned,strongly inspired by published descriptionsof authorswho knowit wellin freshcondition, such as Peck, and especiallyCoker & Beers. Paler specimensthat may occasionally be confusedwith T. ferrugineus and alliedforms, and also deepercolored forms of the latterthat may be takenfor T. alboater,can easilybe distinguishedin driedcondition if it is rememberedthat the cystidiaof T. alboaterare brownwhile those of T. ferrugineusand alliedforms are yellow.

34. TYLOPILUS TABACINUS (Peck) Sing., Mycologia 36:362. 1944. Boletustabacinus Peck, Bull. Torr. Bot. Cl. 23:418.1898. Ceriom,cestabacinus Murr., Mycologia 1 :151. 1909. Gproporuspisciodorus Murr., Mycologia 31:111. 1939. Bolefuspisciodorus Murr., Mycologia 31:112. 1939. L.eucogproporuspisciodorus Snell, Mycologia 34:408. 1942.

Var. TYPICUS Pileus "Argusbrown," at some places"buckthorn brown," velutinous, dry,smooth, margin often minutely wavy, pulvinate, becoming flatter, 45- 175 mm. broad.- Hymenophorewhitish to sordidwhite, later with San- ford'sbrown," patches and stainson theotherwise concolorous pores, or the poresbrown almost from the beginning,adnate, becoming depressed around thestipe; tubes 10-14 mm. long; pores small, becoming medium wide in large, old specimens(1-2 to a mm.); sporeprint between "wood brown" and "fawn color,"or "vinaceousfawn." - Stipe almostconcolorous with the pileus, subvelutinous,smooth in the lowerpart, with a "hazel" networkon paler groundin its upperportion (one tenthto one third),this reticulation with ratherwide meshes, but oftenwith strongly and permanentlyraised veins, solid,ventricose to subventricose,almost globose-bulbous when young, mostly elongateand subcylindricthough very thick when old, mostlyacuminate to thevery base, 40-164 x 25-60mm. - Contextwhite becoming slate violet as in T. peralbiduswhen cut, the base of the stipeoften from the beginning slateviolet, or moreoften brown, always brown in old and in driedmaterial; tastemild or veryslightly bitterish; odor. initially weak, fruity, later strong and compound,of guavapaste, and at the sametime of old, emptiedfish cans,the latterodor sometimeswanting, both odors,especially the guava odor,rather persistent even in driedcondition for a shortwhile. Spores (8.8)-11.8-14.5-(17)x (3.5)-4-5,u,most frequently 11.8-13.8 x 4.2-4.5,u,fusoid, fusoid-ellipsoid, fusoid-cylindric, often a highpercentage fusoid-clavatewith strongly attenuate upper half, hyaline to pale melleous, smooth,thin-walled, exceptionally a few sporesabruptly ventricose in the middleand thenup to 5.5,tbroad; basidia 28-30 x 7.5-8.5,u,4-spored; cystidia 18-45x 4.5-8.5,u,hyaline or yellowish-melleous,veryversiform, most frequent-

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ly fusoid-clavateor fusoid-ampullaceous, with rather thin walls, very crowded on thepores, scattered in thetubes, a fewmore distinctly incrusted by a thin castaneouscrust; trama truly bilateral, of theBoletus-type, the mediostratum of axillar,denser hyphae, many of whichare stronglycolored, lateral stratum of stronglyand entirelydiverging, for the most part hyaline hyphae; cuticle witha distinctepicutis of erectand at placesdensely packed into a palisade, versiformhairs; these hairs either hyaline or pale melleous,some with, some withouta fulvous-castaneousresinous incrustation that often forms a hood on theapex of thehair, with rather thin to verythin smooth walls, 27-39 x 5.5-10.5,u;covering of thestipe of similarelements; all elementsof thecarpo- phoreare eithernaked or coveredwith incrustation, in every carpophore both typespresent, all septawithout clamp connections. Chemicalreactions.-KOH on surfaceof pileus causingthe color to becomemuch deeper; on context,yellow. - NH40H on surfaceof pileus as withKOH; on context,dirty buff. - HNO3 on context,somewhat yellow.- FeSO4 on context,deep bluishslate gray;if stainedwith KOH afterwards,the stain becomes deep red.- Formolintensifying the autoxyda- tionof thecontext. Habitat.-UnderQuercus v,irginiana and Q. laurifolia,rarely under other oaks,frequently in highhammocks and on shadylawns. Fruiting from June untilAugust. Distribution.-FromSouth Carolina to NorthFlorida and westto Ala- bama.

Material studied.-FLORIDA, ALACHUA CO., common in and around Gainesville, especially in July,many AUTHENTIC (for B. Pisciodorus)collections, Murrill, also Singer (conf. Murrill as, B. pisciodorus);TYPE of G. pisciodorus,etc. (FH, FLAS); MARION CO., Caroll's Cottage near East Lake, Tisdale (det. Murrill), F 19951, (FLAS); PUTNAM Co., Lake Swan, A. S. Rhoads (det. Murrill), F. 19938 (FLAS). SOUTH CAROLINA, Clemson College, July 1900, Rolfs (det. Peck), very good, AU- TFIENTIC material(NYS). ALABAMA,UnderWood, TYPE; Earle (? ), (NY). This interestingspecies is relatedto butdifferent from T. ferrugineusand its allies.It is thisspecies which Snell studiedand based upon the genus Leucogyroporus.Murrill says this species is edibleand verytasty. One will, however,do wellto avoidthe following variety if use is madeof theedible qualitiesof thisspecies.

Var. AMARUS Sing., Mycologia37:799. 1945. Pileus "snuffbrown" in the center,pale towardsthe margin,reaching "pinkishbuff" near the marginbut the verymargin occasionally "amber brown"to "Argusbrown" (as in the typevariety), 80-100 mm. broad. Hymenophore5-6 mm. in diameter;pores small; spore print between "wood brown"and "fawncolor." -Stipe "snuffbrown" at thebase and withverv minute"snuff brown" floccons on "pinkishbuff" or "pale pinkishbuff" groundin the lowerhalf of the stipe,apical third same color but withfine thoughdistinct "snuff brown" network, solid, subequal with slightly widened apex,or taperingdownwards, 4070 x 22-35mm. -Context purewhite but "snuffbrown" in the stipeand sometimesalso underthe cuticle,turning

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"avellaneous"in thepileus when injured; odor same as in thetype variety; tastemoderately but very distinctly bitter; otherwise as var.typicus. Sporesand othermicroscopical characters as in var.typicus. Chemicalreactions as in var.typicus. Habitatas in var.typicus. Distribution.-Knownonly from the type locality. This varietywhen first seen was thought to be a separatespecies differing not onlyin thetaste but also in color.Later, however, the narrow, tobacco- coloredmarginal zone was discovered,and amongour specimensof var. typicuswe haveone thatis transitoryinsofar as it has thesame color of the pileusas thebitter variety. After these facts had beentaken into consideration,it seemedbetter to considervar. amarus the bitter form of T. tabacinus. The mild,lighter colored form which we mayconsider as a transientform wouldbe closestto T. ferrugineus;yet in thisform the yellow cystidia were leastdistinct and thespores larger than usual in T. ferrugineus;besides, there is stillthe brownish color of thecontext in thebase of thestipe or theentire stipein freshspecimens, and theirodor of guavaand fishin freshcondition, all charactersthat T. ferrugineusand alliedforms are notsupposed to show. The yellowcolor of thecystidia in somespecimens is nearlycomparable to thatof T. ferrugineusthough not quiteas striking,while in otherspeci- mensthe cystidiaare mostlyhyaline, and someare merelyincrusted with a melleousto fulvousor castaneousresinous cover, making them all shadesof honeycolor.

Var. DUBIUS Sing.,Mycologia 37:799. 1945. Pileus "cinnamon"to "ochraceoustawny" on the marginand "pinkish buff"or a similarcolor in the center.- Pores "cinnamon,"tubes paler. - Stipeat the apexwith an indistinct,rather coarse incomplete network which is likelyto be overlooked.- Contextwith large brown areas in the stipe; odorof guava;taste mild or submild. Sporesand othermicroscopical characters as in var.typicus. Chemicalreactions as in var.typicus. Habitat.-Under live oaks (Quercus virginiana) in W. Gainesville, July1943, Singer, F 2904 (FH). Distribution.-Knownonly from the type locality. This is evidentlycloser to T. ferrugineusthan either var. typicus and var. amarus.However, the characters of thecontext, and theless yellowcystidia, causeme to retainit withT. tacabinus(Peck) Sing.,as anothervariety.

35.TYLOPILUS PERALBIDUS (Snell & Beardslee)Murr., Mycologia 30:521. 1938. Boletusperalbidus Snell & Beardsleeapud Snell, Mycologia28:471. 1936. Var. TYPICUS Pileus "chamois"to "antimonyyellow," margin frequently white when youngand fresh,occasionally white all overwhen young, some eirvies with

This content downloaded from 160.36.178.25 on Thu, 16 Oct 2014 13:11:59 PM All use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions 102 THE AMERICAN MIDLAND NATURALIST [Vol. 37 salmoneousshades ("ochraceoussalmon"), often stained with "cinnamon brown,"or "Prout'sbrown," or becomingso on pressurewhen fresh, subglabrousto subtomentose,or tomentose, dry, pulvinate or plainlyconvex, then withflattened and finallydepressed center or remainingconvex on thedisc, 45-130mm. broad. Hymenophorepallid to pinkish-avellaneous-white,slowly changingto "buffpink" or "vinaceousfawn," or "palepinkish buff" when cut (not fromthe sporeswhich are neverthis color), adnate,soon depressed aroundthe stipe; tubes (3)-6-10 mm. long; pores concolorous with the tubes butstaining "sayal brown" where touched when young and fresh,very small whenyoung but becoming medium wide and someof themeven rather wide, at leastold specimens(0.4-1.2 mm. in diameter);spore print from "cream buff15)to "chamois"or "Isabellacolor" depending on thethickness of the sporelayer, neither pink nor olivaceous when fresh. - Stipewhite or partly (below) or entirelyconcolorous with the pileus,frequently with a shadeof "woodbrown," glabrous and smooth,or, when seen under a lens,with "chamois" punctiformfloccons, thick and equal,or taperingupwards, or downwards, or ventricose,solid, 45-110 x 13-40mm. Contextwhite, usually marbled withhyaline. slowly changing to "buffpink" or "vinaceousfawn" or somecolor betweenthese when injured; taste moderately but constantly bitter; odor either almostabsent, or of chlorideof lime. Spores7.5-9.5 x 2.3-3.5,u,melleous-hyaline, cylindric or cylindric-subclavate, smooth,the innerprofile subconcave or withoutany depression,strikingly smalland narrowwhen compared with the sporesof otherspecies of this genus;basidia 27-34 x 7.5-9.3[,4-spored; cystidia of twotypes, either yellow and of irregularoccurrence, similar in shapeand size to thoseof thegenus Suillus,or, in theother type, occurring in the samehymenophores, hyaline, fusoidor clavate-fusoidwith acuminate apex but withthe very tip subobtusate,the upper attenuate portion shorter than in the averageof the cystidia in relatedspecies, only in a fewscattered cystidia the apex anythingnear ampullaceous,occurring mainly near the pore-mouths, numerous; trama truly bilateral,of the Boletus-type,the mediostratumaxillar, colored, its hyphae parallel-interwovenand denselyarranged, the lateralstratum strongly and entirelydivergent, hyaline, and looselyarranged; structure of thecuticle very variable,sometimes a quitefragmentary palisade is present,and the upper- mostlayer of partsof the surfaceformed by irregularinterlaced, melleous- yellowor yellowhyphae whose terminal members have roundedtips, wlhile in otherspecimens the palisade is' as uninterruptedand welldeveloped as in 7'. tabacinuswith the terminalmembers frequently assuming the character of dermatocystidia,often clavate or fusoid;all hyphaewithout clamp connections. Chemicalreactions.-KOH on contextof pileus,yellow, eventually reaching "yellowocher." - H2S04 negativeif appliedbefore autoxydation takes place, bleachingthe darkenedportions if appliedafterwards. - NH4OH

15 In the type specimenof an unpublishedspecies of Murrill'swhich he correctly identifiedas T. peralbidusin laternotes, the sporeprint is "pale ochraceousbuff." I do not believe thai such pale tintsoccur in freshspore prints;they are evidentlythe result of bleachingby dryingout or while preserved.

This content downloaded from 160.36.178.25 on Thu, 16 Oct 2014 13:11:59 PM All use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions 1947] SINGER: THE BOLETOIDEAE OF FLORIDA 103 negative,or intensifyingor accelerating the autoxydation.- FeSO4 on context,"dark Payne's gray" or "violetslate," or "lightVarley's gray" (immedi- atelyand constantlyso); if thegray spot is treatedwith KOH afterwards.it becomesred. - Formolon context,as withammonia. - Methylparamido- phenolpositive (purplish lilac) butslowly and notvery strongly. Habitat.-In woodsand gardens, in highhammocks and on shadedlawns, on theground, usually near Quercus laurifolia, but also nearother oaks, and occasionallyalso underpines (Pinus australis). Fruitingfrom May till October. Distribution.-Florida,but not in South Florida. Materialstudied.-FLORIDA, ALACHUA Co., Gainesville,Murrill, F 15871(FLAS), also one collectionat FH; SingerF 1991,F 1991a (FH); F 1970,F 1970a, F 1970 b (FH); F 2124,F 2124a (FH); F 2685 (FH) and numerousother fresh collections of the author. This has been describedand labeled under a differentname by Murrill but the name was never publishedbecause Murrill realized that this was identicalwith what Snell and Beardsleehad describedas Boletus peralbidus. We have not seen the typesof B. peralbidus,but we have seen a letterfrom Snell to Murrill in which the formersays he has comparedhis type with what Murrillhad sent him (F 15871) and "theymatch the type perfectly." The name T. peralbidusis regrettablebecause this plant is not typically"all whitish." The color of the sporesand the color of the pileus are somewhatvariable. We have describedthe most commonform of this commonfungus as var. typicus, and now we have to add two aberrantforms, one of whichwe consider as a remarkablecolor formwhile the otherseems to be more than that and is heregiven as a variety.

Forma praeanisatus (Murr.) Sing. comb. nov.

GQroporuspraeanisatus Murr., Lloydia 6:225. 1943. Boletuspraeanisatus Murr., Lloydia 6:228. 1943. Pileus partlyor entirelyumber or fuliginous;taste more decidedlybitter than in most individualsof the typeform; odor "strongof anise" (Murrill), slightand fruityor none in our specimens;otherwise like the type. Habitat.-Under oaks (Quercus laurifolia) on the ground. Fruiting fromJune until August. Rare. Distribution.-NorthFlorida.

Material studied.-FLORIDA,ALACHUA CO., TYPE of C. praeanisatus (FLAS) and AUTHENTIC material(FLAS); Singer, F 2708 (FH).

Var. RHODOCONIUS Sing., Mycologia37:799. 1945.

Spores (9.7)-10.5-13.5-(17.3) x 3-3.5j,s, pale melleous,smooth, cylindric to cylindric-clavate(slightly thicker at the base or in the basal third),pinkish ("vinaceous fawn") in print;basidia 27.5-29.2 x 8,U; cystidia36-45 x 6-8.5, ventricose,the apex ampullaceousas in Leccinumwith a neck of variable

This content downloaded from 160.36.178.25 on Thu, 16 Oct 2014 13:11:59 PM All use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions 104 THE AMERICAN MIDLAND NATURALIST [Vol. 37 length,hyaline, or a fewof themwith melleous-incrusted necks, scattered in thetubes, numerous on pores;otherwise like var. typicus f. praeanisatus. This varietyis rarein Florida,and differsfrom the type form not only in themore umber pileus but also in pinkishspore print and perhapsmore ampullaceouscystidia. It is possiblethat this will ultimately be consideredas a closelyrelated but different species.

ExtralimitalSpecies Tylopilus Balloui (Peck) Sing. comb. nov. BoletusBalloui Peck, Bull. N. Y. State Mus. 157:22. 1912. GCrodon Balloai Snell, Mycologia33:422. 1941. Boletussubsanguineus Peck sensu (Murr.) Coker & Beers, Bol. N. Car., p. 23. 1943; an Peck (1900). This speciesis obviouslya Tylopilus.The shortspores do, in fact,occur in almostall groupsof boletesand are not characteristicfor Gyrodonalone. I have examinedthe type (NYS) and materialdetermined by Murrill as C. subsanguineus(Peck) Murr. (NY). I findthe spores 7.5-11 x 3.7-4.8,k, ellipsoid-ovoidto short-cylindric,the largerones clavate with the basal portion thickerthan the centralone, in an averageabout twiceas long as broad, hyalinewith a slightyellowish sheen in most of them,thin-walled, smooth; basidia 27-27.5 x 8.3,u,4-spored; cystidia 34-78 x 6.5-16.5,k,ventricose-fusoid, with or withouta 1-11, long mucro,very few hyalineor subhyaline,the majoritystrikingly dark golden yellowincrusted and easilyrecognizable under low poweras deep yellowspots on hyalineground; trama of the hymenophore trulybilateral, of the Boletus-type,the lateral stratumconsisting of much thickerhyphae (2.7-8.2,uin diameter) than those of the mediostratum(2- 4.5,) and almost hyaline,very slightly but undoubtedlyand entirelydivergent, loosely arranged;the mediostratumslightly more decidedly colored, denser,subinterwoven, axillar, thin in comparisonwith the lateral stratuim; subhymeniumvery distinct,of intricatelyinterwoven, very thin filamentous hyphae;cuticle of very irregular,partly erect,colored (golden-succineous) filamentoushyphae which are partlyin strands,and have obtuselyrounded tips at their free ends; hyphae of the contexthyaline, all hyphae without clamp connections. The namingof this well characterizedspecies is one of the most intricate nomenclatorialproblems I have ever encounteredin so-called American species.Murrill has (beforeB. Balloui had been published) called this Cerio- mycessubsanguineus, and Coker & Beers followhis lead in 1943, whileSnell and this writerprefer the later but inequivocalname B. Balloui. There is absolutelyno doubt that this speciesis B. Balloui; the typesare in excellent conditionand well described.On the other hand, there is no type of B. subsanguineuspreserved at Albany. This specieswas knownto Peck froma pictureonly, or if therehave been specimensthey must have been lost. The descriptionis somewhatvague and may well be interpretedas the same as B. Balloui if McIlvaine's picturewhich may be the originalone sent to Peck, is compared.This picturemay, however, also be somethingelse, and besides there is no proof that it really representsthe originalpicture which might

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be regardedas a substitutefor the type specimen. In favorof thename B. subsanguineuswe may onlysay thatMurrill has createdsomething like a traditionof callingwhat certainly is B. Ballouiby thedubious name B. subsanguineus.But thistradition, if we maycall it so, is in myopinion, more thanoffset by the factthat there are, at Albany,authentic specimens-the onlyspecimens preserved there under the nameof B. subsanguineus-which mostcertainly are notB. Ballouiand not evena Tylopilusat all but some Boletusof thesection Luridi, probably close to B. miniatoolivaceus.This does not proveanything except the vaguenessof Peck'sown concept of B. subsanguineus. My materialshows that T. Ballouioccupies an area fromNew York to NorthCarolina with the westernlimits unknown. T. Ballouiis somewhat similarto certainspecimens of T. peralbidus,even in color.Fortunately, they do not occurin the same territorytogether, and herbariumspecimens can easilybe distinguishedbysimple measurements of the breadth of thespores.

Tylopilusveluticeps (Pat. & Baker) Sing. comb.nov. Boletusveluticeps Pat. & Baker,Journ. Straits Branch R. A. Soc. 78:71. 1918. The habitof the Singaporetype (FH) is thatof a slenderform of Tylopilus;the spores are shortellipsoid with an indistinictsuprahilar depression or applanation,the innerprofile strongly convex otherwise, the upper halfattenuate, very pale melleous,almost hyaline, thin-walled and smooth, 7.5-8.7x 3.5-4.5jt;basidia 16-27 x 7-8.5,u;cystidia fusoid to vesiculosewith subampullaceousapex or witha long filiformproliferation instead, 27-45 x 7-10.5,u,with finely granulose contents in thetype specimens; cuticle consistingof erectchains of thick-walled(walls 1-1.5,u in diameter)short-ventricose hyphaeor spherocysts,some of the chains terminating with a narrowerappend- age whichis eithercylindric or subulatewith rounded tip; the surface appear. ingvelvety and unbroken.The marginof thepileus is sterileand projecting (but probablynot always since this is notshown in thesketch accompanying thetype specimens); the pores are unequalin size but rathersmall in average,depressed around the stipe. All thesefacts are no doubtenough evidence to necessitatea transfer to Tylopilus.

Tylopiluscellulosus, spec. nov. Pileo atrofusco,lato, subtomentoso;cuticula ex epithelioconsistente; tubulisrubido-fuscidulis, exiguis; sporis in cumulocacaocoloribus, sub micro- scopiomelleis et 10.5-12.5x 4-5.5j,;cystidiis fuscis, clavato-acutatis, 40 x 7.5-10.5,u;stipite griseolo-bruneo, subtomentoso, torto, 150 x 12 mm.;came dilutecoriaceo-brunnea brunneoque marmorata; hyphis haud fibuligeris. Pileusdark brown, suede (subtomentose),convex, about 110 mm.broad. -Hymenophore chocolatebrown, watery, soft, depressed around the stipe; tubes13-14 mm. long; pores subconcolorous, small 10 to 15 mm.;spore print "pinkishcinnamon" with a shadeof "fawncolor" (two yearsold). - Stipe graybrown, suede (subtomentose),tortuous, rather hard, solid, slightly taperingupwards, almost equal, about 150 mm.long and 12 mm.thick at theapex

This content downloaded from 160.36.178.25 on Thu, 16 Oct 2014 13:11:59 PM All use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions 106 THE AMERICAN MIDLAND NATURALIST [Vol. 37 to 20 mm.thick at thebase. - Contextlight tan color (from the beginning ?), mottledor stripedwith brown, soft in thepileus; odor and tastenot noted. Spores 10.5-12.5x 4-5.5,u,pale melleous,smooth, subfusiform; basidia about28,u long and 7-9.5,kbroad; cystidia about 40,u long and 7.5-10.5,u broad,clavate to clavate-fusoidbut alwayswith acuminate tip, brown; trana of the hymenophorenot clearlydefinable in this material(too mature); cuticleconsisting of brownspherocysts (also someclavate bodies), e.g. 20 x 15,u;all hyphaewithout clamp connections. Chemicalreactions not studied. Habitat.-In tropicalwoods on humus,solitary during the earlyrains (April). Distribution.-Knownonly from the type locality, Nengbe, Liberia, Tropi- cal WestAfrica, G. W. Harley,60 (FH). This appearsto be veryeasily recognizable and distinct.Tropical species withsimilar colors are B. aterHenn. from Cameroun and B. funerariusMass. fromSingapore. Both have much wider pores.

Tylopilusnigricans (Pat & Baker) Sing.comb. nov. Boleus nigricansPat. & Baker,Journ. Straits Branch R. A. Soc. 78:70. 1918. The typefrom Singapore (FH) is veryclose to T. alboater(Peck) Murr.We findthe spores pale brown,10.8-14 x 3.8-4.5,k;cystidia pallid to brownish,same shape as in T. cellulosusSing., 28-42 x 7-14kt;trama probably trulybilateral of the Boletus-type,of e.g. 7,u broadhyphae, some of whichnow showspiralling veins (mucose or resinous?); the cuticleof the pileusand stipeconsists of a palisadeof clavateor morerarely ampullaceous- fusoidlight to darkbrown hairs with rather thick (0.7,u), brittle walls, about 4,uin diameter;all hyphaewithout clamp connections. This analysisshows that this plant differs from T. alboateronly in the shapeof thecystidia and sporesand probablyin thesmaller size of thecarpo. phores.

Tylopilus ferrugineus(Frost) Sing.comb. nov. Boletusferrugineus Frost, Bull. Buff.Soc. Nat. Sc. 2:104. 1874. non Schaeff.ex Bres. (1931). We haveseen good material(FH, NY) and havecompared it withthe typematerial and authenticcollections of Frost.As forour Floridaspecies, thisis no doubtclosest to T. tabacinus(Peck) Sing.,especially to T. taba- cinusvar. dubius Sing. Since in thisgroup so manyspecies have been described, all hardlydistinguishable to me, and sinceit maybe confusedwith Florida species,and possiblybe foundin Floridain thefuture, we shalladd a com- pletedescription ofthis species. Pileus "sayal brown,""Verona brown," "snuff brown," but somewhat variablewithin the limitsof whatmay be calledreddish brown, not much changingcolor in drying,non-viscid, sometimes with a yellowishbloom towards themargin which is due to fugaciousaccumulations of dermatocystidia,this bloomdisappearing in age and on drying,subglabrous, or minutelytomentose,

This content downloaded from 160.36.178.25 on Thu, 16 Oct 2014 13:11:59 PM All use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions 1947] SINGER: THE BOLETOIDEAE OF FLORIDA 107 pulvinate,then convex and oftensomewhat irregular with wavy or sornewhat lobedmargin, with slightly projecting sterile or entirelyfertile margin, 45-100- (145) mm.broad. - Hymenophorewhitish when quite young, light flesh color, becomingbrown when bruised, adnate, soon depressed around the stipe; tubes 7-11mm. long, rarely longer; pores concolorous, staining brown on pressure, small,rounded-angular, 6-14 to 5 mm.;spore print somewhere between "Isa- bella color" and "wood brown"(not quite fresh).- Stipe "creambuff" maskedwith "snuff brown," or subconcolorouswith the pileusbelow and palerabove, either smooth or witha reticulationof veryirregular and incon- stantextent and density,usually the upper third or quarterof thelength of thestipe reticulated but in somespecimens of th samecollection the reticu- lationextending over one halfto threequarters of the stipe'slength, the mesheslongitudinally elongate, usually smaller than in T. tabacinus,the sur- faceoutside the network subglabrous to minutelyflocculoso on palerground, ratherversiform, tapering upwards or downwards,or subequal,sometimes compressedlongitudinally or otherwise irregular, even slightly eccentric, solid, 35-80 x 15-25-(33) mm.-Context whitein freshand youngspecimens firstchanging to pinkwhen bruised, then becoming brown in the wounds, ratherfirm and thickin thepileus, but soon becoming soft; taste mild; odor none. Spores8.3-13 x (3)-3.5-5j,uhyaline, soon becoming pale yellowon matur. ing and somewith a brownishmelleous shade, thin-walled, very few with slightlythickened walls, smooth, ellipsoid-subfusoid, some clavate and taper. ing upwards;basidia 22-29 x 7-1O,u,4-spored; cystidia 30-50 x 5.5-12.5,u, withgolden yellow contents, yellow granulose, or yellowincrusted, strongly contrastingwith the hyaline background, fusoid, clavate, or ampullaceous,the majorityobtusate but many of themmore or less acuteat thetip; tramaof the hymenophoretruly bilateral of the Boletus-type;;cuticle of the pileus and the flocconsof the stipeformed by shortbut not brittle,yellowish to castaneous-fulvous,more rarely hyaline, thick-walled hairs as in T. alboater; amongthem numerous dermatocystidia as in thehymenial layer of thehymen. ophore,these hairs and dermatocystidiatogether forming the palisade of the pileusrespectively the fascicles of thefloccons of thestipe; the dermatocystidia usuallyscarce on the pileusbut numerouson thestipe; all hyphaewithout ciampconnections. Chemicalreactions unknown. Habitat.-In woods,usually under oaks, fruiting from July till September. Distribution.-FromNew Englandto Georgiaand westwards(western limitsunknown), possibly entering North Florida. Material studied.-VERMONT, TYPE (?) and AUTHENTIC material (FH). MASSA- CHUSETTS, Canton,several collections, Linder (as T. indecisus)(FH); Middlesex Falls and Cabot'sWoods, Farloi. (FH). VIRGINIA, MountainLake, Linder& Snell (det. Snell as B. indecisus)(FH). GEORGIA, GlenbrookRavine, vicinity of Tallulah Falls,Aug. 12, 1901,Seymour (det. Singer), (FH), also probablytwo more collections (Seymour,14. 15.) Snell discardsFrost's species with the itnplication that it is antedatedby Boletusferrugineus Schaeffer. The latteris, however,pre-Friesian and has not beenvalidated, as faras I know,by anypost-Friesian author until Bresadola

This content downloaded from 160.36.178.25 on Thu, 16 Oct 2014 13:11:59 PM All use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions 108 THE AMERICAN MIDLAND NATURALIST [Vol.37 tookit up in thesense of Xerocomusspadiceus (Fr. sensu) Quel. I can see no reasonwhy Frost's name shouldbe rejectedunless an applicationof Schaeffer'sname between 1821 and 1931has escapedmy attention. Frostsays that the fleshis unchangingbut he probablyoverlooked the autoxydationwhich is slowand notvery distinct in thefirst phase; it is lacking in not quitefreshly collected material. His descriptioncovers the darker formsof thisspecies, but some of hisauthentic specimens are as lightcolored as anyof theabove cited material. The followingspecies may be meresyno- nymsof this:

Boletusdecorus Frost, Bull. Buff. Soc. Nat. Sc. 2:103. 1874. This has beenconsidered as a formof B. edulisbut sinceSnell saysit ratherbelongs in thisgroup, it mayturn out to be identicalwith T. ferru. gineus.

Tylopilusindecisus (Peck, Rep. N. Y. StateMus. 41:76. 1888) Murr., Mycologia1:15. 1909. This is saidto haveochraceous brown pileus; besides, Peck thought that T. ferrugineushad no "pink"spores. Since it doeshave "pink" spores (obviously thesame tinge that Peck calls brownish flesh color which is descriptiveenough forT. ferrugineus),and the pileusvaries from lighter to darkershades of reddishbrown, we can see no reasonwhy T. indecisusshould be different fromT. ferrugineus.In fact,the type (NYS) is indistinguishablefrom T. ferrugineusand showsthe samevariable extent (or absencein somespeci mens)of thereticulation of thestipe. There seems to be a tendencyto deter- minemild or submildforms of T. felleusas T. indecisus.Peck's specimens as well as his descriptiondefinitely exclude this possibility.Most of our materialof T. ferrugineushad beendetermined B. indecisus.

Boletussubpunctipes Peck, Bull. N. Y. StateMus. 116:19. 1907. The type(NY) is not,as Murrillthought, the same as T. felleus,but obviouslya specimenof T. ferrugineuswith entirely non-reticulated stipe. The colorof thepileus is nerhapssomewhat more cinnamon and thesurface is lessvelutinous than in thetypes of B. indecisus.

Boletussubdecorus Snell, Mycologia 28:21. 1936. Here, the sporesare somewhatlarger than usual in T. ferrugineus;yet, it is hardto believethat this should belong to thesection Edules of Boletus ratherthan in the closestneighborhood of 7'. ferrugineus.I have seen no specimens.

Boletuspseudodecorus Snell, Mycologia 28:22. 1936. Snell thinksnow that this is T. ferrugineus(Frost) Sing.with which it coincidesin everyparticular.

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Tylopilus eximius (Peck) Sing. comb.nov. Boletuseximius Peck, Journ.Mycology 3:54. 1887. Boleius robustusFrost, Bull. Buff.Soc. Nat. Sc. 2:104. 1874, non Fr. (1851). Boletusscabripes Peck, Bull. Torr. Bot. Cl. 29:555. 1902. This northeasternspecies has been collectedby the writerin freshcondition and has also been comparedwith the respectivePeck types (NYS) and authenticmaterial of B. robustus (FH). The spores are characteristically large and narrow,pale brown,smooth, 13.5-23.5 x 3.5-5.5,u;basidia (23)-26. 30 x (5.2)-7.8-9,u,4-spored; cystidia hyaline, narrow, infrequent, ventricose or clavate-acuminate,14-28 x 6-10k,;trichodermium of the cuticle not in palisade,the terminalmembers of the filamentoushyphae cylindric or clavate with broadly rounded tips, brown; cuticle of the stipe little differentiated except for the flocculaewhich consistof strandsof parallel hyphae ending in fasciclesof hymeniumwith about 25 x 5,u large dermatobasidiaand versiform,often brown,20-40 x 6-10,u large dermatocystidia.The spore print whenfresh is deep ferruginous("amber brown"). T. eximiusreaches Georgia in the southbut has not been observedin Florida.

Species ImperfectlyKnown and Species Incertae Sedis

TYLOPILUS JAVANICUS Henn. Monsunia 1:146. 1899. I have not seen specimens.It maybe close to the followingspecies. GYROPORUS JAMAICENSISMurr., see partII, Farlowia2:240. 1945 BOLETUS MODESTUS Peck,Ann. Rep. N. Y. StateMus. 25:81. 1873. Though I have seen the type (NYS), I am not quite sure about the position of thisspecies. I do not think,however, that it is a meresynonym of T. felleusas suggestedby Murrill.

CERIOMYCES ALACHUANUS Murr.,Mycologia 30:522. 1938. Pileus uniformlybay-fulvous, slightly viscid when moist, glabrous, smooth, convex,30 mm. broad.- Hymenophorepale yellowish,unchanged when cut; poressmall, not stuffedwhen young. - Stipe subconcolorousbut streaked,not reticulate,smooth, dry, solid, taperingdownwards, 40 x 10 mm.- Context white,becoming very slightlypinkish when cut, firm;taste mild; odor not recorded. Spores 10-12.3x 3.5-4.5,t, clavate withthe thickestportion near the base, nearlyhyaline with a slightmelleous shade; hyphaewithout clamp connections. Chemicalreactions unknown. Habitat.-On the groundin a hammock,January. Distribution.-Knownonly froma singlespecimen from the typelocality. Material studied.-FLORIDA, ALACHUA CO., south of Newnan's Lake, Murrill,F /5860 (FLAS). This speciesis heredescribed from the data publishedby Murrilland my microscopicalexamination of the type.The tubesappear now to be depressed around the stipe; the surfaceof the pileus is glabrous,subtomentose on the

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margin,brownish with a slightolivaceous tinge. In the freshcondition the apex of the stipeis said to be pale yellowish.The tramais probablytruly bilateralbut I wasnot sure of it. It belongsmost probably in Tylopilus,and possiblyin theT. Jerritgineus-group.More data frommore numerous collec- tionsare needed to makea transfersafe.

BOLETUS INDECORUS Mass., Bull. Bot. Gard. Kew 1914:75. 1914. A portionof thetype (FH) showstlhe spores to be ellipsoidwith distinct suprahilardepression, with rather thick walls, smooth, melleous; hyphae of boththe cuticle of the pileusand stipefilamentous, without clamp connections.This mayor maynot be a Tylopilus,but the above additional data on Massee'smaterial may help to identifythis plant when re-collected on the MalayPeninsula for observation ofthe now lacking data.

Species Excludendae

TYLOPILUS GRACILIS(Peck) Henn. This is Porphyrellusgracilis (Peck) Sing. TYLOPILUS SUBFLAVIDUS Murr. This is Porphyrellussubjiavidus (Murr.) Sing.

6(15). LECCINUM S. F. Gray, Nat. Arr. Brit. PI. 1:646. 1821. em. Snell, Mycologia34:406. 1942. KrombholziaKarst., Rev. Mycol. 3:17. 1881.(type K. -versipellis)nonRupr. ex Gale- otti,Bull. Acad. Bruxelles9:247. 1844, nec Krombholtzia Benth.,Journ. Linn. Soc. 19:121. 1881. Trach_pusBat., Bolets,p. 12. 1908. (lecto-typeproposed: B. rufus). KrombholziellaR. Maire, Publ. Inst. Botan. Barcelona 3(4) :41. 1935 (type K. aurantiaca). Charactersof the genus: Pileus witha cuticleconsisting of an epithelium or withonly a fewspherocysts, or withsome chainsof broad hyphaemixed in along withfilamentous hyphae of the trichodermium,or the cuticlemade up by a cutisconsisting of filamentous,horizontally arranged hyphae only, viscid or dry,glabrous or tomentose,often rimulose, the marginoften sterile and projectingand then sometimeslooking like a spuriousveil in young specimens; no true veil presentin any species; hymenophoreyellow or whitish, convex beneath,the tubes very long but drasticallydepressed around the stipe; pores alwaysvery small and far below 1 mm. in diameter,concolorous withthe tubes; sporesin printolivaceous-umber to umber,or, in one species (which does not occur in Florida) dirtyvinaceous; trama trulybilateral of the Boletus-type,but forminga verythin layerand the lateralstratum soon stretchedand parallel;cystidia fusoid-ventricose, very frequentlywith ampullaceous apex, hyaline,small to mediumsized; stipe usually ratherthin and fragileat the veryapex in maturespecimens, otherwise fibrous-hard and thickened downwards,beset with very prominentfurfuraceous particles or dark squamules causing the stipe to appear and feel scabrous-rough,non-viscid, withoutglandulae and withoutreticulation except for occasional specimens in whichthe prominentdark scabrositiesare connectedwith very fine lines forminga peculiar and usually not persistentnetwork; scabrosities of the

This content downloaded from 160.36.178.25 on Thu, 16 Oct 2014 13:11:59 PM All use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions 1947] SINGER: THE BOLETOIDEAE OF FLORIDA i11 stipeconsisting of a strandof parallelhyphae which terminates in a fascicle of hymeniumconsisting of dermatobasidia,dermatopseudoparaphyses, and dermatocystidia;mycelium forming mycorrhiza with forest trees, aImost constantlywith species of theSalicales and Fagales (in FloridaQuercus). The typespecies is L. aurantiacum(Bull. ex) S. F. Gray(B. aurantiacusBull.). The nameLeccinum has beentaken up by Snell though,in S. F. Gray's sense,it is a substitutefor Boletus (which Gary reservesfor Polyporus). However,the two first species in Gray'streatment happen to belongto Lec- cinumsensu Snell, and by choosingthe first species as thetype species, this genuscan thusbe emendedand modernized,much to theadvantage of bolete nomenclature.Though the word Leccinum is derivedfrom the Italian leccino, a commonname probably referring to Suillusgranulatus, Snell's proposal is apt to ease a confusedsituation since Kromholzia has beenspelled errone- ously,I suppose,the same way as our fungusgenus, by thosewho in 1844 introducedit forphanerogames, and thespelling Krombholtzia for this genus is not founduntil 1881. Trachypus and Krombholziellahave not come into generaluse thusfar. Since Snell establishedthe type species of Leccinumnin a comprehensivepaper and as a competentspecialist, I feel that Gray's genus has to be acceptedin Snell'ssense, which automatically makes all theother nameslater synonyms. The diagnosisgiven above makes it possibleto fixthe limit between Boletus and Leccinumin sucha wayas to incorporateinto Leccinum those species thathave a transitorycovering of the stipe (such as L. subglabripes),if becauseof naturalaffinity and otherprominent characters they are obviously bettertaken care of withinLeccinum than within Boletus. Species with an epitheliumare takeninto Leccinum if theircharacters otherwise fit into this genus. Morphologicallyspeaking, the scabrositiesof Leccinumare homologous withthe glands of Suillusand theminute floccons of theBoletus and Xero- comusand representnothing but a modificationof the ordinaryreticulation of manyspecies in Pulveroboletus,Xerocomus, Boletus, Tylopilus which in its turnis merelya continuationof thehymenophore in a reducedway over a normallysterile portion of thecarpophore, the stipe. In certainyoung specimensof Boletusinedulis, Suillus cembrae,and Leccinumaurantiacum the homologybetween floccons, glands and scabrositieson one hand and the primordialreticulation is still well recognizable since in all thesespecies the floccons,glandulae, or scabrositiesare initiallyconnected by lines,thus forming a reticulation;later the connectinglines disappearand the floccons, glandulae,scabrosities remain. In mostspecies the reticulationcannot be demonstratedany more once it is replacedby isolatedfloccons, glandulae, or scabrosities.Naturally, this morphological affinity of the variousornamenta- tionsof thestipe does not makethem any less usefulas genericor specific charactersin theBoletaceae.

KEY TO THE SECTIONS A.Hymenophore more or lessyellow ------...... -----..-...-..Section Luteoscabra. A.Hymenophore initially white or whitish,then becoming more or lesssordid but not yellow.

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B. Spores in printumber or olive-umber;stipe never deep chrome; pileus never pink ...... ------...... Section Versipelles B. Spores in printcinnamon or brownishwith a vinaceoushue; stipedeep chrome at the base; pileus pink------Section Roseoscabra SectionLuteoscabra Sing. sect. nov. Hymnophoroet plerumquestipite et partecarnis flavo-tincto. Charactersof thesection: see keyand Latindiagnosis. Type species:L. nigrescens(Rich. & Roze) Sing. (Boletusnigrescens Richon & Roze). This sectionis, of thethree known sections of Leccinum,the one nearest to Boletus,as has beenemphasized previously by R. Maire (1935).

KEY TO THE SPECIES A.Outermost layer of the cuticleof the pileus (epicutis) formedby an epitheliumor by erectchains of short,broad hyphae; pileusnon-viscid. B. Contextunchanging on injuryexcept for a slightreddening that takes place with age and only in certainportions of the context,rarely turning blue eitherin the pileusor in the stipe- 36. L. subglabripes B. Contextdistinctly changing color immediatelyon injury (becomingdirty vinaceous violetor drab,pinkish gray or pinkishred, etc.) but not bluing. c. Americanspecies with the hymenophoredull yellow,never lemon yellow. -.... 37. L. rugosiceps c. European species with bright yellow, lemon yellow hymenophore -L. nigrescens A. Outermostlayer of the cuticleof the pileus formedby the cutiswhich consists of cinnamon-castaneousfilamentous hyphae which are very flexuousand loosely arrangedin a gelatinousmass; pileus viscid-L. rubropunclum

Description of the Species Occurring in Florida

36. LECCINUM SUBGLABRIPES (Peck) Sing.,Mycologia 37:799. 1945. Boletusflavipes Peck, Rep. N. Y. State Mus. 39:42. 1886, non Berk. (1854). Boletussubglabripes Peck, Bull. N. Y. State Mus. 8:112. 1889. Suillus subglabripesKuntze, Rev. Gen. P1. 3(2) :536. 1898. CeriomVces subglabripesMurr., Mycclogia 1:153. 1909. Krombholziasubscabripes Sing, Rev. de Mycol. 3:188. 1938. ?Boletus unicolorFrost apud Tuckerman& Frost (1875) nom.nud.; apud Peck, Bull. N. Y. State Mus. 8:100. 1889. ?Suillus unicolorKuntze, Rev. Gen. P1. 3(2) :536. 1898.

Descriptionof theFlorida Collections Pileus"auburn" with a tingeof "chestnut,"or between"bay" and "chestnut,"sometimes deeper colored than these, smooth or slightlyrugulose, non- viscid,convex, 37-78 mm. broad. -Hymenophore a vividrich golden yellow whenyoung (between "citron yellow" and "strontianyellow") becoming as greenishas "yellowishcitrine," tubes up to 10 mm.long, deeply depressed aroundthe stipe;pores small, concolorous and usuallyunchanging but very rarelybluing on pressure;spore print "buffy olive." - Stipe "strontianyellow" at theapex and "mustardyellow" to "chamois"or concolorouswith the apexfarther downwards, later here and therewith a tingeof "cacaobrown," or with"onion skin pink" to "buffpink" in themiddle, with concolorous or

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slightlydarker scabrosities consisting of furfuraceous,small squamulae, the baseoften curved, tapering from the base or fromthe middle upwards, in the lattercase also taperingfrom the middledownwards, more rarely tapering fromthe apex downwards,50-68 x 8-15mm. -Context lightyellow in the pileusand theresometimes bluing but mostlyunchanging everywhere, concolorouswith the surfacein the stipeand therealmost always unchanging, veryrarely bluing, soft and fleshyin thepileus, becoming spongy and watery, hardand fibrousin thestipe, becoming fragile; odor none; taste mild. Spores13-18.5-(20.5) x 5-6,u,melleous or pale melleous,fusoid or e!Iip- soid-fusoidwith suprahilar depression; basidia 23-34 x 11-12.5,u,4-spored, rarelya few2-3-spored; cystidia hyaline, ventricose in the middle,with an ampullaceousapex, rather numerous near the pores, 27-48 x 6.5-15,u;trama trulybilateral, of the Boletus-type;cuticle forming erect chains of spherocysts,the latter about 13.5-26.5,u in diameter,forming an epithelium;scabrositiesof thestipe formed by strands of parallel,cylindric, hyaline hyphae, pro. jectingabove the surface of thestipe and formingwith their terminal members a largefascicle of hymenium,consisting of bodiesdifferentiated as dermatobasidia (28-29 x 9-12,u,4-sterigmatic), dermatopseudoparaphyses (hyaline, or yellowish,versiform, even sometimes 2-3-lobed, often with appendage, repre- sentingthe mostnumerous element, 20-50 x 11-19,u),and dermatocystidia (cylindric,fusoid, vesiculose with ampullaceous apex, hyaline,34-55 x 8- 15,u);all hyphaewith calmp connections. Chemicalreactions not studied. Habitat.-Underoaks in highand mesophytichammocks, solitary or in smallgroups on theground. Fruiting from June till August. Distribution.-Floridaand, if identicalwith the northern collections, north to Canada,if a separateform or race,at leastto NorthCarolina. Materialstudied.-FLORIDA, ALACHUA Co., Gainesville, Singer, F 2519,F 2519c (FH); SugarfootHammock, Singer, F 2519a, F 2519b (FH); Newnan'sILake, Singer,F 2636 (FH).

Descriptionof theNorthern Collections Pileus "naphthaleneyellow" and "antimonyyellow" and "buckthorn brown"and "ochraceoustawny," all thesecolors varying in extent,sometimeswith "Mikado brown" spots, sometimes one or twoof theabove colors lacking,opaque, non-viscid, even in rainyweather, with a veryslightly projectingsterile margin, glabrous, smooth, or subsmooth,convex, up to 66 mm. broad.- Hymenophorebetween "citron yellow" and "strontianyellow," becomingas greenishas "sulphineyellow" when old, plane,becoming convex beneath,depressed around the stipe; tubes fairly long; pores very small; spore print"Saccardo's olive." - Stipe"naphthalene yellow" or lightercolored (to "citronyellow"), or with"wax yellow" stains, or withslight to strong"Pom- peianred" or "madderbrown" or "brickred" spotsor stripes,straight or moreoften somewhat flexuous, equal or withtapering base, transversely furfuraceous-squamulose-scabrous,the scabrosities concolorous with the ground color,solid, 80-95 x 8-14 mm.- Contextlight yellow, mixed with some

This content downloaded from 160.36.178.25 on Thu, 16 Oct 2014 13:11:59 PM All use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions 114 THE AMERICAN MIDLAND NATURALIST [Vol. 37 deeperlemon yellow, or oftenwith some red likethat on thesurface of the stipe,but the context of thepileus uniformly light yellow, rarely with reddish spotswhen old, and thendistinctly bluing on injury(var. caerulescensSing. in sched.),not otherwisechanging color when bruised; odor almostnone; tastemild. Spores10-20 x 3.5-5,u,most frequently 13-14 x 3.7-4.2,u,melleous to pale melleous,fusoid-ellipsoid to subfusoidwith suprahilar depression; basidia, cystidia,trama, cuticle and scabrositiesof thestipe as in theFlorida specimens. Chemicalreactions.-KOH on thesurface of thepileus, negative; on tubes, "chestnut."- NH3 and NH40H everywherenegative or almostso.- FeSO4 negative. Habitat.-In mixedwoods and in frondosewoods under black or yellow birchand also underoak on the ground,usually gregarious. Fruiting from Juneuntil September. Distribution.-FromEastern Canada throughNew Englandand New York,possibly also farthersouth and west. Materialsludied.-NFW HAMPSHIRE, Jaffrey, H. Webster (det. Linder), (FH); Alstead, Fernald (FH). MASSACHUSETTS, Harvard, Singer and Harrie Dadmtun (FH). ONTARIO, Bear Island, Lake. Temagami,Jackson, 7676 (FH); Cain, 12009 (FH); Forest Belt, C.E.F., Ottawa, Conners,5927 (det. Snell) (FH). NEW YORK, Silver Lake Assembly,F. H. Ames, (NYS); Port Jefferson,AUTHENTIC (NYS); AUTHENTIC material of B. flavipesPeck non Berk. (possibly type?), (NYS). We havegiven the description of the Floridaspecimens separately from thatof thenorthern plant which we havefound identical with Peck's material.The differencesare mainlyin thecolor which is a differentshade in the pinkishor reddishstains in the fleshand on the surfaceof the stipe.The colorof the surfaceof thepileus also is a differentshade of brownin the Floridaplant when compared with the northernform. It maybe thatour experiencein spiteof thenumerous carpophores examined is too limitedto evaluatethe constancy of thesedifferent shades. Peck, in his originaldescrip- tionsays that the pileus is redor chestnutwhich would rather fit the Florida formif any. Curiouslyenough, the plateswhich were published by Peck (Rep. N. Y. StateMus. 51, pl. 55, figs.1-7. 1898,and Mem. N. Y. State Mus. 3(4), pl. 64, figs.1-7. 1900) showthe pileus much more yellow, about thecolor some of thespecimens still show and ratheragreeing with the speci- mensI collectedin Massachusetts.It has to be keptin mind that part of Peck's illustrationsrefer to hisvar. corrugis which is nothingbut L. rugosiceps. Anothercurious matter is the occasionaloccurrence of bluingspecimens in boththe Florida and thenorthern collections. In thelatter, the only bluing specimensI haveever seen, grew near the normal specimens and weredistin- guishedby the stipe which became more definitely red and thepileus that was subviscidafter strong rains; the cuticlehowever, had thesame structure as the non-bluingspecimens, i.e. an epithelium.I can not,at present,decide whetherthis is a mutant,or a physiologicalstage. Coker& Beers'B. subglabripesseems to be thesame as theFlorida form. Peckand othershave stated that L. subglabripesis edible.

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Var. CORRUGATOIDES Sing., Mycologia3 7:799. 1945. Pileus "lightbrownish olive," very rugose; spore print "light brownish olive."Microscopical and chemicalcharacters as in the smoothtype form fromFlorida. Habitat.-In mesophytichammocks with oak and Magnoliagrandiflora. Distribution.-FromNorth Carolina to NorthFlorida. Materialstudied.-FLORIDA, ALACHUA Co., Kelley'sHammock, northwest of Gainesville,Singer, F 2727,TYPE (FH).

37. LECCINUM RUGOSICEPS (Peck) Sing., Mycologia37:799. 1945. Boletusrugosiceps Peck, Bull. N. Y. StateMus. 94:20. 1905. Boletussubglabripes var. corrugis Peck, Bull. N. Y. StateMus. 2(8) :112.1889. Krombholziarugosiceps Sing., Ann. Mycol. 40:34. 1942. Pileus "mustardyellow" near the marginand moreochraceous brown towardthe disc,paler where cracked, non-viscid, subsmooth to ruguloseor scrobiculate-pitted,then areolate-rimose, glabrous or subglabrous,pulvinate, thenless convex and eventuallyoften subplane, with projecting sterile margin, 62-150mm. broad. - Hyme-nophore"pale greenyellow" to "barytayellow," deeplydepressed around the stipe, convex beneath; tubes long to verylong; poressmall to verysmall, concolorous, somewhat sordid on pressure;spore printolive brown. - Stipeconcolorous with the hymenophore, below "tawnv"- scabrouson yellowishground, the base and the mycelium"marguerite yel. low,"dry, solid, ventricose, 60-90 x 14-30mm. - Contextyellowish, slowly changingto dirtypinkish violaceous in freshmaterial (this may easilybe overlookedon hastyobservation), firm and fleshy,rather hard and fibrousin thestipe; odor nine; taste mild. Spores 14-17x 4.8-5.2ku,boat-shaped with rounded ends or ellipsoid- fusoid,with thin, rarely somewhat thickened walls, melleous; basidica 23-38 x 8-11.7,u,4-spored; cystidia 33-40 x 4-10.5,u,fusoid-ventricose with the thickestpart above the middle, the apex always forming an ampullaceousneck of 6-11tlength; trama with a brightyellow pigment easily diffusing in ammonia, trulybilateral of the Boletus-type,with somewhat colored, denser medio. stratumand hyaline,divergent, loosely arranged lateral stratum, the trama as a wholecomparatively thin; cuticle of the pileuswith an epitheliumcon- sistingof manylayers of spherocystswhich are arrangedin erectchains and endingwith a spherocystor morefrequently with a thick,subulate appendage. likemucro that is smallerthan the next-lower member of the chainand is dividedfrom it by a septum,or not dividedfrom it; a minorityof chains consistsof meresuccessions of short-cylindrichyphae of 5-8judiameter; the spherocystsare 9-33kin diameter;some members with a moreelliptical out- line,e.g. 25 x 13.5,u;scabrosities of thestipe consisting of strandsof parallel hyphaeterminating in smallconvex hymenia which in theirturn consist of dermatobasidia(27.5-52 x 8.5-1JU, 4-spored), dermatopseudoparaphyses versiform,often ventricose-subclavate, oftenwith 1-4 sterigma-like appendages, hyalineor faintlyyellowish, 27-70 x 9.5-21,u,and dermatocystidiain shape like thoseof the hymenophorebut oftenlower portion broader, hyaline or faintlyyellowish, 39-68 x 6.8-15,u;the hyphae immediately beneath the hymeni-

This content downloaded from 160.36.178.25 on Thu, 16 Oct 2014 13:11:59 PM All use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions 116 THE AMERICAN MIDLAND NATURALIST [Vol. 37 al elementsof the scabrositiesof the stipeforming some kind of a subhymenium,differentiated by being shorter than the otherhyphae; all hyphae withoutclamp connections. Chemicalreactions.-KOH on contextand tubes,intensely deep golden yellowto goldenferruginous. - NH3 littlereaction. -FeSO4 on context and tubes,greenish gray or grayisholive. -Formol on context,slightly red- dishto strikinglysalmon red. Habitat.-On theground under oaks and possibly also other frondose trees of theorder Fagales, in Floridapreferring gardens and shadedlawns to dense hammocks,gregarious. Fruiting from May tillAugust, or perhapsuntil fall. Distribution.-FromNew Yorkto NorthFlorida and somedistance west (exactlimits not known);very common in NorthFlorida, increasingly less commontowards the north. Material studied.-FLORIDA,ALACHUA CO. Many timesin and aroundGainesville in spring and summer 1943, Singer,F 1972, F 1972 a (FH). NEW YORK, TYPES of B. rugosicepsand B. subglabripesvar. corrugis(NYS). This speciesdiffers from the preceding one in somewhatdifferent colors of thepileus and especiallyof thetubes and pores,in somewhatlarger size, and in changingcontext. This latter,the decisivecharacter, also findsits expressionin a markeddifference in thechemical reactions (see L. subglabripes,northern collections) which is parallelto thoseof theunchanging and changingspecies of sectionVersipelles. Peck'sBoletus subglabripes var. corrugis,and Murrill'sCeriomyces sub- glabripest,Mycologia 5, pl. 80,fig. 6, 1913as wellas in FloridaBoletes (1942) is also thisspecies. Murrill says he also collectedit in Putnam,Columbia and Clay Counties,Fla. This is also Boletusrimosellus Peck in the senseof Coker & Beers. However, the originaldescription of Peck's is all but convincing. The only specimenfound at Albany was collectedby S. E. Wilkox in Wash- ington,D. C. It is a Boletus,not a Leccinum,and probablybelongs to sect. Edules. The typehas been lost. On the otherhand, the typeof L. rugosiceps has been preserved.The typeas well as two authenticcollections are undoubt- edly the Leccinumdescribed above. Only one authenticspecimen of L. rugosiceps fromWading River,Suffolk Co., N. Y., Aug. 21, 1906, is L. rubropunctum.Peck seems to have distinguishedL. rugosicepsand L. subglab- ripesmainly by the degreeof scabrosityto be seen on the stipe.This, however, is a variablecharacter in both species,and certainlyof secondaryimportance, exceptperhaps for certainlocal populations.The less distinctlyscaly specimens withrugose cap have been referredto B. subglabripesvar. corrugisby Peck while the stronglyscabrous specimens with rugose caps were referred to B. rugosiceps. This specieshas been testedby severalauthors, including the writer,and found to be of good edible quality.Considering its abundancein summerin North Florida,one may stronglyrecommend it foruse in the kitchen. ExtralimitalSpecies Leccinum nigrescens (Rich. & Roze) Sing. comb.nov. Boletus tesselatusGill., Champ. Fr., Hymen.,p. 636. 1878, non Rostkov.in Sturm (1844).

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Boletus nigrescensRichon & Roze, Atlas Champ.,p. 191. 1888, non Pallas, Voyage Emp. Russ. 1:31. 1788. G_roporu,sscaber var. flavescensQu6l., Assoc. fr. avanc. sc. 1889:512. 1889. Boletusluteoporus Bouchinot apud Barb., Bull. Soc. Myc. Fr. 20:92. 1904. Boletus Velenovsk_iSmotlacha, Vestn. k. ceske spol. naiuk,2:60. 1911. Krombholziatesselata R. Maire, Publ. JuntaCienc. Nat. Barcelona,Fungi Catalaun- ici, p. 42. 1933. Kronibholzialuteopora Sing., Rev. de Mycol. 3:153. 1938. ?Boletuscrokipodius Let., Fig. Champ.,pl. 666. 1838, nom.nud. ?Boletusrimosus Vent. Mic. Aor. Bresc.,p. 48. 1863. ?Bolelus cruentusVent., Mic. Agr. Bresc.,p. 37. 1863. This Europeanspecies has beenwell described and figuredin Kallenbach's PilzeMiteleuropas 1 (4) :17, pl. 7. 1927.under the name of Boletusrimosus. We agreewith the Frenchmycologists who contend that Kallenbach's interpretationof B. rimosusand B. cruentusis impossibleto proveand thatthese speciesare legitimatelyreferred to as nominadubia. While a certainkinship withL. scabrumcannot be denied,the white stipe in one and theblue stipe in the otherspecies make it impossibleto rejectRichon & Roze's excellent accountand figuresin favorof Venturi'sphantastic forms. This is also theBoletus radicans of Rostkovius,but not thatof Persoon. It is theBoletus, Krombholzia, Trachypus and Krombholziellacrokipodia of some Frenchauthors. The writerpreferred Bouchinot's name in 1938 but sinceBoletus nigrescens Pallas has apparentlynot beenused in post-Friesian time,we feel justified in usingthe name of Richon& Roze. We havecollected this species at severaloccasions, and thinkit is suffi- cientlydifferent from the threeAmerican species of thissection. However, Romagnesisays that the cuticularhyphae are filamentous.In myspecimens theywere globulose-catenulate or at leastvery short as shownby Kallenbach. Romagnesi'sobservation suggests L. rubropunctumwhich thus far has not been indicatedfrom Europe, or else he has examinedspecimens with the epitheliumwashed off.

Leccinumrubropunctum (Peck) Sing. comb.nov. Bolefusrubropunclus Peck, Rep. N. Y. State Maus. 50:109. 1897. Bolefuslongicurvipes Snell & A. H. Smith,Journ. Elisha Mitch.Soc. 56:325. 1940. I have seen good freshand driedmaterial from the followingstates: Massachusetts,New York,Virginia. There are also trustworthyreports from NorthCarolina and Georgia,and B. longicurvipesfrom Tennessee is appar- entlythe same. It is thereforequite possible that this species occurs in North Floridathough thus far it has notbeen collected. The cuticleconsists of repentbut flexuous,loosely arranged, interwoven, filamentoushyphae with the terminalmember clavate or equal at the end and slightlyascendant or morerarely horizontal but not forminganything likea palisade;very rarely these terminal members are ellipsoidor evensub-. globose,imbedded in a mucilaginousmass, in driedas wellas in freshmaterial the sectionin NH40H is distinctlycinnamon; trama hyaline but lateral stratu.mappearing lighter under high power because of theloose arrangenient of the divergenthyphae, the mediostratumscarcely pigmented but denlser,

This content downloaded from 160.36.178.25 on Thu, 16 Oct 2014 13:11:59 PM All use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions 118 THE AMERICAN MIDLAND NATURALIST [Vol. 37 axillar,the hyphaesubparallel-subinterwoven, trama as a whole verythin; all hyphaewithout clamp connections.The whitecontext of our freshcollections becomesdark or pale graywith FeSO4, and greenwith this same reagentin the base of the stipe. Species ImperfectlyKnown BOLETUS CORSICUS Rolland,Bull. Soc. Myc. Fr. 12:1. 1896.

Boletus sardousBelli & Sacc., Bull. Soc. Bot. Ital. 1903:225. 1903. Boletus tlemcenensisR. Maire, Bull. Soc. Bot. Fr. 7:CCXIV. 1907. These are consideredto be Mediterraneanvarieties of Boletus impolitus Fr. by R. Maire. The data about themstrongly suggest varieties of L. nigres. cens (Rich. & Roze) Sing., or rathera speciesclosely related to this species. Maire later (1935) states that these boletes link the genus Krombholziella (=Leccinum) with Tubiporus (=zBoletus). We do not need to rely on these formsalone to become convincedof the existenceof a link between Leccinum and Boletus. The whole section Luteoscabrain general and L. subglabripesin particularmay be consideredas intermediatebetween Boletus and Leccinum. As far as B. corsicusis concerned,we have to wait formore data in order to make sure that it is an autonomousspecies of Leccinumbefore we can proposea transferunder a new combination.

SectionVersipelles (Fr. emend.Konr. & Maubl.) Sing. comb. nov. Boletus,subgen. Krombholzia, sect. Scabri Konrad & Maublanc, Icon. Sel. 6:459. 1926- 1937. Boletus,subgen. Derminus, sect. VersipellesFr., Epicr., p. 423. 1838. Boletus,subgen. Krombholzia, sect. VersipellesKonr. & Maubl., l.c. This coincideswith the limitsof the genus Leccinumsensu strictoas ini- tiallyunderstood by Snell. The charactersare obviousfrom the key,p. 111-112. The typespecies is Boletus versipellisFr. & Hok. (i.e. L. aurantiacum).

KEY TO THE SPECIES A. Cuticle with a distinctepithelium, consisting of several layers of spherocysts, arrangedin erectchains, and only a few chains of rathercylindric members, the spherocystseventually isolated and no morecatenulate but in thisstage fre- quentlywashed or rubbedoff. B. Contextunchanging, pileus whitishor somewhatfuliginous, American species 38. L. albellum B. Contextstrongly changing to reddish-violet-gray.European species -L. duriusculum A. Cuticle predominantlyof filamentoushyphae even in the outermostlayer but in some species arrangedin chains with rathershort membersand even some spherocystsat places, but not prevalentlycellular in a mannerthat could be characterizedas epithelium-structure. c. Cuticle with chains containing(at least some of the chains) shortenedhyphae or even some spherocysts,not yellow and not orange,and hyphaedevoid of brightorange pigmentunder the microscope;associated with various species of Betula; contextreddening by autoxydationwhen exposed- L. oxydabile c. Cuticle not formedby chains consistingof shortenedhyphae or spherocysts; occasionally,there are very rare and very scatteredspherocysts amona the filamentoushyphae forming the uppermost layer of thepileus which is a felty

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tomentumthat easily becomes viscid in some species but then the color of the pileus is yellow or orange or rufous, and the context changes stronglywhen broken; if there are no spherocysts at all, not even isolated, scattered ones, the pileus may also be white, or avellaneous, or grayish brown, brown, fuscous, umber, blackish brown, etc., sometimes with some blue or green showing; the forms with unchanging context mostly under Betula, otherwise frequently with Populus, Carpinus,Fagus, or (in Florida always) with Quercus. D. Pileus brown to grayish brown or umber, often with steel blue or caesious shades; context becoming reddish-violet-gray on injury; none of the colored hyphae of the cuticle filled with orange pigment; associated with Quercus in Florida - 39. L. chal.baeum D. Pileus either not colored as indicated above (i.e. yellow, orange, reddish brown, or rufous, also white), or the colored hyphae of the cuticle (at least some of them) filled with a brightorange pigment, or the context unchanging. Rarely under Quercus, never found in F'lorida. E. Context white, becoming either blue or reddish to violet to deep gray or black when bruised, eventually usually at least partially blackened; pileus yellow, orange, reddish brown or rufous, rarely whitish or white and then sometimeswith a pinkish tinge. F. Hyphae of the colored portions of the cuticle at least partly filled with bright and deep orange pigment; scales of the stipe whitish, then brownish aind eventually blackish, often several of these colors present in differentparts of the stipe; context rarely bluing; pileus rarely yellow and rarely orange red; mycelium associated with Populus, Carpinus, Fagus, or Quercus L. aurantiacum F. Hyphae of the cuticle never filled with bright, deep orange pigment; scales of the stipe black from the beginning; context rarely reddening, usually bluing on injury; pileus yellow or orange red; mycelium associated with various species of Betula -L. testaceo-scabrum E. Context white, becoming very slightly pinkish (never violet nor eventually blackening), or slowly and slightly avellaneous-gray, or most frequently entirely unchanging on injury; pileus white, grayish brown, avellaneous, brown, fuscous, umber, etc.-L. scabrum

Description of the Species Occurring in Florida

38. LECCINUM ALBELLUM (Peck) Sing.,Mycologia 3 7:799. 1945. Plate 1, Figs. 6 and 7 Boletusalbellus Peck, Rep. N. Y. State Mus. 41:77. 1888. Ceriomyces albellusMurr., Mycologia 1 :145. 1909. Pileus white,grayish white, or avellaneous-white,non-viscid, subpruinate, smooth,convex, the centerbecoming flat, 20-52 mm. broad.- Hymenophore whiteor verypale gray or grayishcream, depressed around the stipe; tubes 5-8 mm. long; pores regularand round or somewhatirregular, 0.4-0.8 mm. in diameter;spore printolive brown.- Stipe whiteto verypale gray,with the groundcolor alwayswhitish but the scabrosities(which occasionallyform a reticulatedesign) at times somewhatgrayish, solid, slightlytapering upwards, very rarelyslightly tapering towards the base, or subequal, 40-90 x 5-12 mm.- Contextwhite, never yellow or blue anywherein the carpophore, strictlyunchanging, soft and fleshyin the pileus, harderand fibrousin the stipe;odor none; taste mild. Spores 12.5-23 x 4.2-5.8-(6.5) _, pale melleous-stramineous,thin-walled, a few withslightly thickened walls, smooth;basidia 24.5-30.8 x 10-13.5kt,4- spored; cystidia38-55 x 6.5-9.5,u, ventricose-fusoidwith mucronate or ampul-

This content downloaded from 160.36.178.25 on Thu, 16 Oct 2014 13:11:59 PM All use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions 120 THE AMERICAN MIDLAND NATURALIST [Vol. 37 laceousapex, hyaline, numerous at leastnear the pores; trama thin but truly bilateralof the Boletus-type;cuticle with a well developedepithelium when youngand fresh,the spherocystsorganized in chainsand somechains consistingof filamentoushyphae only, or withthe terminalhyphae broadly clavate,but these filamentous hyphae only scattered and irregularlyintermixed amongthe prevalently cellular epicuticular elements; the spherocystshyaline, about15-30ku in diameter;all hyphaewithout clamp connections. Chemicalreactions.-FeSO4 on context,"dark violet gray" (a blackish gray).- Formolnegative. - Phenolnegative. Habitat.-Under variousspecies of Quercus,in Floridain highham- mockvegetation, usually solitary or in smallgroups. Fruiting from June till September. Distribution.-NewYork to NorthFlorida and westto Missouri. Material studied.-FLORIDA, ALACHUA Co., Kelley's Hammock,Murrill (as B. niveus),F 20158 (FLAS); SugarfootHammock, Singer,F 2542 (FH). NEW YORK, TYPE and AUTHENTIC material (NYS). MISSOURI, Winora, Roufien,4158 (W. H. Snell Herbarium,Providence, R. I., as LeccinumniveLim). Formaepiphaeum, f. nov. A typopileo fufiginello differt. Pileus"buffy olive" or "citrinedrab," or brownishgray to sordidgray, or areolate-punctatein these colors on whiteground because of earlydisruption of thecuticle under normal weather conditions, rimose-tessellate in old specimens,otherwise os thetype form, 40-70 mm. broad. - Hymenophoregrayish creamor gray,otherwise as thetype form. - Stipewith umbrinous scabrosities all overon whiteto palestgrayish ground, or fuliginous-scabrousonly below, and thescales of theapex white, up to 15 mm.broad, otherwise as thetype. - Contextwhite, in the base of the stipeoften faintly yellowish, otherwise as thetype. Microscopicaland chemical characters as in thetype form. Habitat.-In highhammocks on the groundin smallgroups. Fruiting mostlyin July. Distribution.-NorthFlorida. Material studied.-FLORIDA, ALACHUA Co., Gainesville, Murrill,F 19835 (as B. niveus) (FLAS); Singer,F 2201 (FH); F 2833 (FH). Formareticulatum Murr. f. nov. A typodiffert pileo reticulato. Pileus whitewith a coarsereticulation almost all over its surface,the ridgescolored grayish brown or rosy-isabelline,otherwise as thetype. -Stipe whiteor pale gray,with white or pale grayscabrosities, otherwise as in the type.Hymenophore and contextas in thetype form. Microscopicaland chemicalcharacters as in thetype form. Habitat.-In mesophyticand highhammocks, solitary or in smallgroups. Fruitingin Juneand July. Distribution.-NorthFlorida. Material studied.-FLORIDA, ALACHUA Co., Gainesville, Murrill, TYPE (FLAS); SugarfootHammock, Singer, F 2534 (FH).

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Murrillwas not theonly one to mistakeL. albellumand its formsfor L. scabrumand L. scabrumssp. niveum. However, the author has studiedthe anatomyof the typespecimens of Boletusalbellus Peck and foundthat theseare quite different in structure from the true L. scabrumand L. scabrum ssp.niveum. It is interestingto note that the characters of theboletes of the Scaber-groupin Floridaare exactlyopposite to the correspondingspecies in Europe: L .albellumhas unchangingflesh and cellularcuticle while chaly- baeumhas changingcontext and filamentouscuticle; in Europe,L. scabrum has unchangingflesh and filamentouscuticle, and L. duriusculumhas chang- ingflesh and cellularcuticle. L. oxydabileis intermediatebetween these. All thesespecies are edible.

39. LECCINUM CHALYBAEUM Sing., Mycologia37:799. 1945. Pileusbetween "pinkish buff" and "cinnamon,"but more sordid, or more frequently"bamboo" (M. & P.), witha shadeof "sphinx"(M. & P.) when young,very frequently with a caesioustinge on themargin or shiningthrough cracksof the surface,often partly "court gray," glabrous or subglabrous- subtomentose,more or less distinctilyviscid in wetweather, slightly shining whendry, smooth or slightlyuneven, pulvinate, eventually sometimes more applanate,42-84 mm.broad. - Hymenophorewhitish, soon "flax" (M. & P.) to "ecru-beige"(M. & P.), convexbeneath, deeply depressed around the stipe;tubes up to 14 mm.long; pores concolorous but becomingdirty olive graywhen handled, smaIll to verysmall; spore print olive brown. Stipe white,becoming sordid, beset with white scabrous squamules at the apex, whitewith pale brown,later darker brown squamules farther downwards' dry,subequal with very slightly attenuate apex, or ventricose,or tapering upwardsalmost from the base,solid, 40-65 x 13-21mm. Contextwhite, becomingreddish-violet-gray or purplish lilac ("darkvinaceous gray") when bruised,and eventuallybecoming blackish, firm and fleshythen watery soft in the pileusand the apex of thestipe, fibrous and hardin therest of the stipe;odor none; taste mild. Spores16.3-17.7 x 5.5-6.2,u,melleous-brownish, wellcolored, fusoid, the wallsthin or somewhatthickened; basidia 28-34 x 9.3-13.7,u,4-spored; cystidia 31-51x 6-11,, hyaline,fusoid, more often non-ampullaceous than with an ampullaceousapex, thin-walled, rather numerous near the pores;trama truly bilateral,of theBoletus-type, comparatively thin; cuticle of thepileus consist. ing of stronglyinterwoven, irregularly arranged (not in erectchains), fila- mentousbrownish or hyaline,smooth hyphae of 4-1O,u,usually between 6.5 and 8.5u diameter;scabrosities of the stipeconsisting of strandsof parallel hyaline,filamentous hyphae, at theend of each a subhymenialhypha which is shorterand usuallybroader than the others and bearing,in its turn,either a dermatobasidium(3-4-spored, e.g. 20-21x 9-9.5u), or a dermatopseudo- paraphysis(basidiole-like, small, or irregularlylobed at the apex, mostly hyaline,or veryfaintly pigmented), or a dermatocystidium(hyaline or much morerarely melleous, fusoid or fusoid-ampullaceous,thin-walled or witha wall of up to 0.7ptdiameter, 38-82 x 62-16.2,u),these three Iatter elements formingsmall fragments of hymenium.

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Chemicalreactions.-KOH and N5H40H on pores,deep reddishbrown. FeSO4 on context,"pistachio green," "Russian green." - Formolon context, immediatelysalmon red. - Phenolon context,"dusky brown" or "chocolate." Habitat.-In gardens,open woodsand flatwoodswith Quercus minima, associatedwith the latter,or withQ. virginiana,or Q. laurifolia,on sandy groundor on humus,in smallgroups or solitary.Fruiting mostly in July. Distribution.-NorthFlorida, probably also in adjacentstates but over- lookedand takenfor L. scabrum. Materialstudied.-FLORIDA, ALACHUA Co. Two mileseast of Gainesvilleamong Quercusminima in a Pinus-palutrisflatwood during and afterstrong rains, July 20, 1943,Singer, F 2846,TYPE (FH); Gainesville,Singer, F 2761, co-TYPE (FH); F 2756,co-rYPE (FH). This speciesdiffers from L. duriusculumin the structureof the cuticle, fromoxydabile in strongerautoxydation and moreequally filamentous-inter- wovencuticular hyphae, also in the habitat;from L. scabrumand its sub- speciesin thestrongly discoloring flesh and thechemical reactions, also in the mycorrhizalconnection; from brown forms of L. aurantiacumin the absence of orangepigment in theh-yphae of the cuticleand in the caesiousor gray stainson thepilei of mostspecimens, also in themycorrhizal connection.

ExtralimitalSpecies Leccinumduriusculum (Schulz.) Sing. comb.nov. Boletusduriusculus Schulz. apud Fr., Hymen. Europ. p. 515. 1874. G-roporusscaber (Fr. sensu)Quelet, Enchir., p. 162. 1886. G_roporusgriseus Quel., Assoc. fr. avanc. sc. (1901) :496. 1902. Boletusgriseus Sacc. & D. Sacc.,Syll. 17:100. 1905,non Frost (1878). Bolefusrufus var. duriusculus Bat., Bolets, p. 12. 1908. Boletusscaber var. griseuvs Bat., Bolets, p. 12. 1908. Boletusduriusculus var. carpini R. Schulzin MichaelFiuhr. Pilzfr. 1, pl. 95. 1924. Krombholziaduriuscula Gilbert, Bolets, p. 185. 1931. Boletuspseudoscaber Kallenbach, Pilze Mitteleur.1:117. 1935,non Secr. (1833). Bolefusnigrescens Huber, Zeitschr. Pilzk. 19:75. 1935,non Rich. & Roze (1888). Krombholzellascabra (Bull ex Fr. sensu)R. Maire,Publ. Inst.Bot'an. Barcelona, ,3(4):46. 1937. Trach_pusscaber "Fr., Qu6l. (nec Bull.)" Romagnesi,Rev. de Mycol.4:141. 1939. It is improbablethat Schulzer,not to mentionthose modern French mycologistswho maintain L. duriusculumas a speciesdifferent from what we call by thisname, made so bad a mistakeas to considerthe brown form of L. aurantiacumas the "actual"L. duriusculumwithout discovering the fact thatthis form is at mosta colorform of the typicalL. aurantiacum.The abovelist of synonymsshows clearly that in case theseauthors should have misinterpretedthebrown form of L. aurantiacumas a "newspecies," -an assumptionso odd it couldplausibly be provedonly if thereare typespeci- mensat Budapestthat show the characters of L. aurantiacum,- the European specieswith epithelium, as commonand well knownas it may be, would remainwithout a name.The authorstill thinks, however, that Boletus dur-ius- culusSchulzer is thesame plant as ours. Ihe occurrenceof thisspecies in NorthAmerica is notproved, in fact, it is improbable,at leastas faras theeast coast is concerned,since none of

This content downloaded from 160.36.178.25 on Thu, 16 Oct 2014 13:11:59 PM All use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions 1947] SINGER: THE BOLETOIDEAE oF FLORIDA 123 thespecimens seen by the writer belongs here. It occursin Centraland South- ernEurope, also in theCaucasus Mts., in NorthAfrica and England.

Leccinumoxydabile (Sing.) Sing.comb. nov.

Krombholziaoxycdabilis Sing., Schweiz. Zeitschr.Pilzk. 16:136. 1938. This is thefrequent species, usually determined as Boletusscaber, in the mixedwoods of New Englandand New York,also occurringin Siberia,and probablyin Europe(B. duriusculussensu Huber -?).

LECCINUM AURANTIACUM (Bull ex) S. F. Gray,Nat. Arr. Brit. P1. 1:646. 1821. Bolefusauranfiacus Bull. ex Pers., MycologiaEurop. 2:147. 1825. Boletusversipellis Fr. & Hok, Bol., p. 13. 1836. Krombholzia auranliaca Gilbert,Bolets, p. 182. 1931. Krombholziellaaurantiaca R. Maire, Publ. Inst. Bot'an.Barcelona 3:46. 1937. Trachypus auranfiacusRomagnesi, Rev. de Mycol. 4:141. 1939. Leccinumversipelle Snell apud Slipp & Snell, Lloydia 7:58. 1944. Boletusrufus Schaeff. ex aut. plur. This somewhatvariable species is most frequentin America and Europe under or near Populus tremulaand P. tremuloides.It is much more rarely foundunder othertrees. Neither the hosts nor the fungusoccurs in Florida.

LECCINUM TESTACEO-SCABRUM (Secr.) Sing. comb. nov. Bolefuslestaceus scaber Secr., Mycogr.Suisse 3:8.1833. Boletusrufescens scaber Secr., Mycogr.Suisse 3:11. 1833; B. rufescensKonrad, Bull. mens.Soc. Linn. Lyon, p. 10. 1932. Krombholziarufescens Sing., Rev. de Mycol. 3:189. 1938. This is a northern-Alpinespecies growing with various species of Betula, and beingespecially abundant in the tundrasof Europe and Asia. I have seen specimens referableto this species in America. Most European (not French) authorsconfuse this and L. aurantiacum under an ambiguousname like Boletus rufusor Boletus versipellis.

LECCINUM SCABRUM (Bull. ex Fr.) S. F. Gray. Nat. Arr. Brit. Pl. 1:647. 1821. Bolefusscaber Bull. ex Fr., Syst.Mycol. 1:393. 1821. Krombholziascabra Karst.,Rev. Mycol. 3:17. 1881. Ceriomycesviscidus (L. ex) Murr. NorthAmer. Fl. 9:139. 1910, non Bolefusviscidus L. ex Fr. (1838). Krombholziellascabra R. Maire, Publ. Inst.Bot'an. Barcelona 3:46. 1937. Trach.pus scaber "Bull. non Fr.)" Romagnesi,Rev. de Mycol. 4:141. 1939. A verycommon European and Americanspecies whichhas rightlybeen divided into severalsubspecies (see Singer,Ann. Mycol. 40:34. 1942), this has been confusedwith L. dcuriusculumby many European writers.Nomen- clatoriallythis has also been mixed up unnecessarily.It is obvious for anv- one who atemptsto apply the Internationalrules impartiallythat the one issue of importanceis what Fries thoughtwas the typicalB. scaber among

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the manyforms he initiallyincluded. Neither Bulliard's and S. F. Gray's, norQuelet's and Imler'sviews count in thisregard. Fries has hardlyseen muchof L. duriusculumsince he collectedonly in Swedenwhere the latter is rare.The last of thevarieties indicated in Fries'Systema (1821) is our L. scabrum,the form common in Swedenand wellknown to everymycopha- gistand farmerthere. This speciesis also mostsimilar to Bulliard'spicture, pl. 132,as confirmedby theParisian author H. Romagnesi.As if thiswere not enough,Fries says generallyabout B. scaberthat the fleshis usually unchanging,rarely blackening which cannot mean that the blackening species (L. duriusculum)is thetype form. Since only two of thevarieties indicated by Friesdo notblacken, viz. a and f, onlythese can be consideredas candi- datesfor type variety. Both belong in L. scabrumin our sense.It is logical thatall the othervarieties have since been named and haveto be excluded fromB. scaber.The remainingform is ourL. scabrum.The nameB. leuco. phaeusPers., frequently applied to thisspecies, is incorrectsince even the scantycharacters given for this species do not fitL. scabrumespecially the blackeningattributed to B. leucophaeusby Persoon. L. scabrumssp. niveumis not infrequentin New England,especially in wet,low woods,with Betula; L. scabrumssp. rotundifoliaehas recentlybeen foundin thisHemisphere, in arcticCanada and Greenland.None of all these occursin Florida.What is calledso there,is eitherL. albellumf. epiphaeum or L. chalybaeum.

SectionRoseoscabra Sing. sect. nov. Hymenophorohaud flavo-tincto, sed base stipitischromea (haud citrina); sporisin cumulocinnamomeis vel roseo-fuscidulis;pileo roseo. Charactersof the section:see keyand Latindiagnosis. Type speciesL. chromapes(Frost) Sing.comb. nov. (Boletuschromapeis Fros). This sectionis, of thethree known sections of thisgenus, the one closest to Tylopilusbecause of thecolor of thespores. The typeand onlyspecies of thissection has filamentouscuticle, and the context does not react with methyl- paramidophenol;it reacts greenish in the "lemonchrome" part of the stipe, not at all in thepileus with formaline, the whitepart of the fleshbecomes "sage green"and "Artemisiagreen" with FeSO4 whilethe chromeyellow partbecomes slowly more olive. The pileusand the scalesof thestipe are about"pinkish vinaceous," the former becomes brownish with KOH and the latterwith age. It growswith Betula, Populus', and Salix,and has not thus farbeen observed in Florida.

SpeciesExcludendae

LECCINUM LACTIFLUUM (With. ex Fr.) S. F. Gray is Suillus granulatus(L. ex Fr.) Kuntzessp. typicus. LECCINUM SUBTOMENTOSUM (L. ex Fr.) S. F. Grayis Xerocomussubtomen- tosus(L. ex Fr.) Quel. LECCINUM PIPERATUM (Sow., Pers.ex Fr.) S. F. Grayis Suilluspiperatus (Bull. ex Fr.) Kuntze.

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LECCINUM CONSTRICTUM (Pers. ex) S. F. Gray is Gyroporus cyanescens (BUll. ex Fr.) Que'l. LECCINUM EDULE (Bull. ex Fr.) S. F. Gray is Boletusedulis Bull. ex Fr. LECCINUM ELEPHANTINUM (With. ex) S. F. Gray is a nomendubium. LECCINUM LURIDUM (Sow. ex) S. F. Gray is Boletusluridus Schaeff. ex. Fr. LECCINUM RUBEOLARIUM (Sow. ex) S. F. Gray is a Boletus of the section Luridi.

Genera Incertae Sedis

BOLETOCHAETE Sing., Mycologia36:358. 1944. Three tropicalspecies (B. spinifera(Pat. & Baker) Sing., the typespecies, B. brunneosetosaSing., and B. spec. Xerocomussp. Heim), none of them occurringin Florida. This is a characteristic,easily recognizablegenus which can, however,not be placed in one of the subfamiliesof the Boletaceaeas long as the structureof the younghymenophoral trama is unknown(see Singer,

IXECHINUS Heim, Rev. de Mycologie4:20. 1939. Two species fromMadagascar, I. majus and L. minusHeim. The trama of these speciesas shownin fig.4 by Heim, I.c., may representa thirdtype ,oftramal structure among the boletes,characterized by still more gelatinized lateralstratum than is observedin the Boletus-type.The fig.2 (l.c.) showsno clamps but this fact is not conclusivesince it is not definitelystated in the text. The exact color of the spores in printand the chemicalreactions are unknown.This is certainlya good and veryinteresting genus. Its finalplace in the classificationof the Boletaceaeis difficultto name at present.A special tribus,Ixechineae, has beenproposed by Heim, forthe genusIxechinus.

GASTROBOLETUS Lohwag,Beih. Bot. Centralbl.42(2) :273. 1926. This is based on one species,G. Boedijnii Lohwag (see also Lohwag in Handel-Mazzetti,Symbolae Sinicae 2:54. 1937) which,in spite of its unique half-angiocarpouscharacter, is in need of a more thoroughexamination. It would be interestingto knowthe structureof the trama,the hyphae( whether thereare clamp connectionsat the septa), the color of the spore print,the charactersof the cystidia(if thereare any), and manyother things not mentioned in the diagnoses.It may well be that Gastroboletusis cIose to the *gasteromyceteus genus Truncocolumella. It has been collected only in north- westernYunnan, China.

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PLATE 1. Boletus edulis Bull. ex Fr.-Structure of the epicutis, XlOO. 2. Bole- tus aereus Bull. ex Fr. Structure of the epicutis, X1OO. -3. Boletus rubellus Krombh. ssp. fraternus (Peck) Sing. Structure of the epicutis, XOOO. -4. Boletus granulosiceps Sing.-Structure of the epicutis, XOOO. -5. Boletus subsolitarius Sing.-Fragment of the hymenial layer or. the margin of the pileus, XOOO. -6. Leccinum albellum (Peck) Sing.-Cystidium of the hymenophore, xl 000. -7. Leccinum albellum (Peck) Sing. --Epithelium of the pileus. The broken line above indicate the surface of the pileus, XOOO.-8. Xanthoconium stramineum (Murr.) Sing. Spores, XlOOO.-9. Boletus pernanus Pat. & Baker.-Section through the fresh carpophore in natural size. From a drawing accompanying the type specimens; del. C. F. Baker.

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INDEX

TO THE BOLETINEAE OF FLORIDA. I-IV

GENERA Agaricus - -IV: 550 Octojuga--- IV: 550 Boletellus- - I: 122 Oedipus III: 20 Boletinellus - -II: 243 Paragyrodon- - - - II: 242 Boletinus- - II: 250 Paxillopsis--- IV: 539 Boletochaete - - III: 125 Paxillus ------IV: 539 Boletogaster - -I: 122 Phaeogyroporus --- II:240 Boletus- II: 257; III: 20 Phaeoporus - -- I: 115 Cantharellus - - IV: 544 Phlebopus --- III: 2 Ceriomyces - -III: 20 Phyllobolites-I: 139; IV: 543 Clitopilopsis - - IV: 561 Phylloporus --- II: 279 Clitopilus - -IV: 550 Pinuzza - - - II: 257 Coelopus - -II: 231 Plicaturella --- IV: 539 Cricunopus - -II: 257 Polyporoletus --- IV: 562 Cystogomphus-- IV: 529 Porphyrellus --- I: 115 Dictyopus - -III: 20 Porphyrosporus --- I: 115 Eriocorys - -I: 108 Psiloboletinus --- II: 250 Euryporus - -II: 250 Pulveroboletus------III: 5 Filoboletus - -IV: 562 Rhodobolites-III: 89 Fistulina - -IV: 562 Rhodoporus-III: 89 Fistulinella - -IV: 562 Rhymovis-IV: 539 Frostiella- - I: 122 Rhymoxis-IV: 540 Gastroboletus -- III: 125 Rostkovites-II: 257 Gomphidius - -IV: 529 Ruthea-IV: 539 Gymnogomphus-IV: 531, 562 Strobilomyoes- I:108 Gyrodon - -II: 243 Suillellus-III: 20 Gyroporus - -II: 231 Suillus- II:231,257 Hexajuga - -IV: 550 Tapinella-IV: 539 Hygrophoropsis-- IV: 544 Tapinia-IV: 539 Iexchinus - -III: 125 Trachypus-III: 110 Ixocomus - -II: 258 Tubiporus- III: 20 Krombholtzia -- III: 110 Tylopilus-III: 89 Krombholzia - - III: 110 Uloporus-II: 243 Krombholziella -- III: 110 Versipellis-II: 258 Leccinum - -III: 110 Viscipellis-II: 258 Leucobolites - -II: 231 Volvoboletus-IV: 562 Leucoconius - -II: 231 Xanthoconium-- I: 86 Leucogyroporus-- III: 89 Xerocom.opsis-II: 284 Merulius - - IV: 544 Xerocomus II: 284; III: 20

SPECIES Abortivus,Clit., Rhodophyllus- IV: 561 alabamensis,Gomph. - IV: 533 acheruntius,Pax. -IV: 541 alachuanus,Cer. - - III: 109 acidus,Suillus, Bol. -II: 271 alachuanus,Gomph IV: 531 aeneus, Bol.-III: 22 albellum,Lecc III: 119 aereus, Bol., Tub.-III: 22 f. epiphaeum- m- III: 120 aeruginascens,Suillus, Bol. - II: 259 f. reticulatum- III: 120 aestivalis,Bol. -III: 24, 37 albellus,Bol., Cer.- III: 119 affine(is), Xanth.,Bol., Cer., albida, Hygr.- IV: 547 Suillus,-III: 88 albidipes,Suillus, Bo!. --- II: 272 var. maculosus-III: 89 albidus,Bol. - -- III: 34 var. typicus-III: 88 albidus, Canth.-- -- IV: 547 alabamensis,Cer., Bol.-II: 293 albisulphureus,Gyroporus II: 240; III: 28

This content downloaded from 160.36.178.25 on Thu, 16 Oct 2014 13:11:59 PM All use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions 1947] SINGER: THE BOLETOIDEAE OF FLORIDA 129 alboater,Tyl., Bol., Porph., Bresadolae, Bol. III: 79 Suillus l: 123; III: 98 brevipes,Suillus, Bol. II: 265 albogriseus,Rhod., Clit.- IV: 561 var. aestivalis II: 267 albus, Bol II: 271 var. pseudogranulatus- II, 268 alectorolophoides,Chanterel - IV: 545 var. typicus-II: 265 alveolatus,Bol. -III: 77 brunneosetosa,Boletochaete - III: 125 amabilis,Boletinus, Bol. -II: 256 bulbosus,Bol. -III: 24 amarellus,Xer. -II: 300 bullatus,Bol. -III: 45 amarus,Bol. -III: 34 caespitosus,Pulv., Bol.-III: 16 americanus,Suillus, Bol.- II: 260 caespitosus,Gyrodon -II: 249 ananaeceps,Bol., Strob.- I: 123 caespitosus,Gyroporus -II: 239 ananas,Boletellus, Bol. - 1: 123 californica,Rostkovites -II: 278 annamiticus,Boletellus, Strob.- I:126 calopus, Bol.-III: 35 appendiculatus,Boletinus - II: 257 cancrinus,Rhod., Clit - IV: 561 appendiculatus,Bol., Dictyopus- III: 37 candicans,Bol. -III: 34 var. pallescens,Bol. -III: 37 cantharelloides,Suillus -II: 279 var. regius,Bol. -III: 38 capensis,Gyrodon, Phlebopus - II: 250 armeniacus,Bol., Vers., Xer, carolinensis,Bol -III: 18 Suillus- II:300; III:: 45 castanellus,Boletinus, Gyrodon, asiaticus,Boletinus -II: 252 ----1---1------II:250,257 asprellus,Gyroporus -II: 239 castaneus,Gyroporus, Suillus, Bol., Atkinsonianus,Bol., Cer.- III: 27 ------II:237-, 278 Atkinsonii,Bol. -III: 22 f. purpurinus,Bol. -II: 236 atrotomentosus,Pax. -IV: 540 B.) fulvidus,Bol. -II: 237 atroviolaceus,Gyroporus, Suillus var. fulvidus,Gyroporus - II:237 ----11------II:239,279 cavipes,Boletinus, Euryporus - II: 252 aurantiaca,Hygr., Clitocybe - IV: 545 cellulosus,Tyl. -III: 105 var. nana-IV: 546 cembrae,Suillus, Ixoc- II: 277 aurantiacum,Lecc. -III: 123 chalybaeum,Lacc. -III: 121 aurantiacus,Bol., Trach.- III: 123 chromapes,Lecc., Bol.- III: 124 aurantiacus,Mer., Canth.- IV: 545 chrysenteroides,Boletellus, Bol. I: 133 aureissimus,Cer., Bol.-III: 35 chrysenteron,Xer.- II: 297 var. castaneus,Cer., Bol.- III: 35 var. versicolor- II: 300; III: 45 auromycelinus,Bol. -III: 56 chrysenteronsensu Coker & Beers, auriflammeus,Pulv., Bol., Cer.- III: 10 Bol.- I: 134 auripes,Bol.- III: 35, 37 cinereus,Bol- I:10 var. aureissimus,Bol. - III: 37 coccineus,Bol., Strob.- I: 123 auriporus,Pulv., Bol., Cer., Cokeri, Bol. - -III: 45 Suillus-II: 300; III: 13 colossus,Phleb. - -III: 2 austrinus,Bol. - -III: 67 communis,Cer., Bol- I:134; III: 45 badius,Xer., Bol. - - II: 299 confusus,Strob -- -I: 108 badiussensu Mendoza, Bol.-- III: 5 conicus,Tyl., Bol., Cer., Balloui, Tyl., Bol., Gyrodon-- III: 104 Suillus- III: 95 Barlae, Bol., Suillus-III: 45, 46 coniferarum,Xer.- - II: 297 Benoisii,Boletinus -II: 256 constrictum,Lecc. - II: 235; III: 125 Berkeleyi,Boletinus -II: 254 Cookei, Porph.- - I: 122 betula,Boletellus, Bol., Frostiella, corrugata(us); Boletopsis,Pulv., Cer- I: 138 ------III: 11 bicolor,Bol. Cer., Suillus, corrugatus,Pax.,- IV: 541 --- -11------II: 300; III: 45, 53 corsicus,Bol. -III: 118 biporus,Gyroporus II: 240; III: 28 costatiporus,Strob., Bol. -I: 115 Boedijnii, Gastroboletus- III: 125 costatus,Boletellus, Bol - I: 138 bogoriensis,Phylloporus - II: 280 cothurnatus,Suillus -II: 261 Boudieri,Xer. -II: 299 ssp. aestivalis-II: 26r bovinus,Suillus, Bol. -II: 278 ssp. hiemalis-II: 261, 263 brachyporus,Bol. -II: 249 cramesinus,Bol., Xer.-III: 17 brasilensis,Xer., Bol.-II: 298 crassipes,Bol -III: 35 Braunii,Phaeogyporus, Bol., crassus,Bol., Cer.-III: 25 Suillus- II: 241 cretatus,Clit., Agaricus- IV: 561

This content downloaded from 160.36.178.25 on Thu, 16 Oct 2014 13:11:59 PM All use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions 130 THE AMERICAN MIDLAND NATURALIST [Vol.37 crispus,Clit. IV: 560 flavidus,Suillus, Bol - II:260 croceolamellatus,Crep., flavimarginatus,Cer. .II: 293; III: 16 Agaricus, . IV: 541 flavipesBerk., Bol. III: 9 crokipodia,Krombholziella III: 117 flavipesPeck, Bol.,- - III: 112 crokipodius,Bol., Trach. III: 117 flaviporus,Pulv., Bol., Xer., cruentus,Bol. . III: 117 Cer. II:300; III: 17 cubensis,Boletellus, Bol. I: 127 flavissimus,Bol., Cer. III: 64 Curtisii,Pulv., Cer., III: 18 flavoluteus,Suillus, Boletinus,II: 257, 278 Curtisii,Paxillus IV: 543 flavus,Suillus, Ixoc., Bol. II: 260 cyaneitinctus,Cer. -III: 40 flexuosipes,Bol. . III: 29 cyanescens,Gyroporus, Suillus, floccopus,Strob., Bol. I: 110 Bol.-II: 235, 278 floridana,Omphalina IV: 554 var. fulvidus-II: 237 floridanus,Boletinus II: 254 var. lacteus-II: 235 foetidus,Bol. III- 82 decipiens,Boletinus, Bol., foliiporus,Gomph. II:280; IV: 537 Suillus- II: 254 fragicolor,Bol. III: 5 decorus,Bol. -III: 108 fragrans,Bol. II: 300; III: 34 deflexus,Gyroporus -II: 239 fraternus,Bol. III: 45, 47 dichrous,Bol. -III: 84 Frostii,Bol. Suillellus III: 77 discolor,Bol -III: 85 ssp. floridanus,Bol. III: 78 Dupainii, Bol.-III: 80 ssp. typicus - - III: 77 duriuscula(um, us) Krombh., frustosus,Bol. - -III: 34 Lecc., Bol.-III: 122 frustulosus,Bol. - - III: 25 var. Carpini,Bol. III: 122 fulvidus,Bol. - - II: 237 Dutrochetii,Canth. -IV: 541 fumosiceps,Bol., Gyroporus Earlei, Bol., Gyroporus- II: 239 -11------II: 240; III: 30 Eastwoodiae,Suillellus, Bol. III : 82 fumosipes,Bol., Cer. I: 116 echinatus,Strob.- - I: 114 fusipes, Gyrodon - - - II: 250 edule, Lecc.- III: 24, 125 gentilis,Pulv., Xer., Bol. edulis,Bol., Dictyopus- III: 24 II :300; III : 17 var. fuscoruber-III: 27 Gertrudiae,Bol. -III: 22 var. pachypus-III: 26 Giovanellae,Clit., Ohmphalia,- IV: 553 var. reticulatus-III: 22 glandulosus,Boletinus - II:257, 278 ssp. aereus-III: 22 glutinipes,Bol. -III: 15 ssp. clavipes-III: 25 glutinosus,Gomph. -IV: 529 ssp. euedulis-III: 25 gossypinus,Bol.- I: 110 ssp. pinicola-III: 27 gracilis,Porph., Tylop., Bol. ssp. reticulatus-III: 22 ------I:121;III,110 ssp. separans-III: 26 granulatus,Suillus II: 272 elephantinum,Lecc.- - III: 125 var. albidipes, Bol. II: 272 Emilei,Gyrodon -II: 250 ssp. leptopus-II: 272 emodensis,Boletellus, Bol. -- 1:126 ssp. Snelli -II: 272 erythropus,Bol., Dictypus, ssp. typicus-II: 272 Tubiporus-III: 79, 83 granulosiceps,Bol. -III: 42 esculentus,Bol. -III: 24 Grevillei,Suillus, Bol. -II: 259 excavatum(us), Secotium,Strob. -I: 123 grisellus,Boletinus- II:256 eximius,Tylop., Bol., Suillus III: 109 griseusFrost, Bol., Xer., Cer., fasciculatus,Strob. -I: 139 Suillus,-III: 29 Fayodi, Octojuga-IV: 558 ssp. pini-caribaeae- III: 29 felleus,Tylop., Bol.-III: 95 ssp. typicus-III: 29 f. albiceps,Bol. -III: 91 griseusQu6l., Gyroporus,Bol. III: 122 f. plumbeoviolaceus,Bol. III: 93 guadelupensis,Bol- I: 128 f. rubrobrunneus,Bol. - III: 95 gyrosus,Bol. -II: 249 ferrugineusBres., Bol.-- II:297 hemichrysus,Bol., Cer.-III: 3 ferrugineusFrost, Tylop., Bol. -- III: 106 hemixanthus,Xer. -II: 292 filiae,Gyrodon, Bol.- II:250; III: 24 hieroglyphicus,Bol. - II: 296 firmus,Bol. - -III: 84 hirtellus,Suillus, Bol., Ixoc., fistulosus,Bol. - -III: 18 Rostkovites-II: 274 flavidus,Pax.- II: 280; IV: 544 var. mutans-II: 277

This content downloaded from 160.36.178.25 on Thu, 16 Oct 2014 13:11:59 PM All use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions 1947] SINGER: THE BOLETOIDEAE OF FLORIDA 131

var. siccipes,Bol. -II: 274 lignatilis,Bol. I: 127 ssp. cheimonophilus- II: 274 ligneus,Pax. - IV: 541 ssp. thermophilus- . II:275 lignicola,Bol., Xer. II:299; III: 3 hortensis,Bol -III: 40 ligulatus,Strob., Boletellus - I: 139 Housei, Xer., Cer.-II: 296 limulatus,Bol -III: 24 Humblotii,Cystog -IV: 529 Lindern,Boletellus - I: 134 hydriensis,Bol -I: 110 Linderi,Xerocomus -II: 296 hygrophanus,Suillus -II: 279 litigiosus,Gomph. -IV: 533 hypocarycinus,Bol -III: 67 lividus,Gyrodon, Ulop., Bol.- II: 249 hypoxanthus,Xer. -II: 289 var. alneti-II: 249 icterinus,Boletopsis -III: 7 var. labyrinthicus-II: 249 illudens,Xer., Bol., Cer.- II: 293 var. rubescens,Ulop II: 249 ssp. typicus-II: 294 ssp. alneti? Bol-II: 249 ssp. xanthomycelinus- II:294 ssp. labyrinthicus,Bol - II: 249 immutabilis,Gyrodon -II: 250 longicurvipes,Bol. -III: 117 impolitus,Bol., Xer. -. II: 300; III: 79 luridellus,Bol., Cer.-IIi: 73 indecisus,Tylop., Porph. luridiformis,Bol. -III: 83 ------I: 122; III: 108 luridus(um), Bol., Lecc- III: 81, 125 indecorus,Bol. -III: 110 var. caucasicus-III: 83 indicus,Strob. -I: 110 var. discolor-III: 85 inedulis,Bol., Cer.-III: 33 var. erythropus-III: 83 inflexus,Bol., Suillus,-III: 18 luteoporus(a), Bol. Krombholzia infundibuliformis,Phylloporus, ------III: 117 Pax.- II: 280 luteus,Suillus, Ixoc., Cricunopus, innixus,Bol- II:299; III: 15 Bol- II: 270 intermedius,Gyrodon, Boletinellus, maculatus,Gomph -IV:536 Bol., Phylloporus,Suillus magnisporus,Bol. -III: 84 ------II:246,284 majus, Ixech.-III: 125 involutus,Pax -IV: 543 malaccensis,Porph., Phylloporus ionopus,Pax. -IV: 541 ------I:121;II:284 isabellinus,Bol- I: 123 marmoreus,Bol -III: 82 jalapensis,Boletellus, Boletogaster, Maxonii,Polyporus, Cer., Suillus Cer- I:135 -1------II1:279 jamaicensis,Gomph. -IV: 531 merulioides,Gyrod,on, Boletinellus, jamaicensis,Gyroporus, Suillus Daedalea, Boletinus- II: 247,257 ---11------II:240,279; III: 109 Mikhnoi,Gyroden -II: 249 javanicus,Tylop. -III: 109 miniatoolivaceus,Bol. Cer., Suillus Junghuhnii,Xer., Bol.-II: 297 ------III: 60 junquilleus,Bol., Dictypous III: 80 var. sensibilis-III: 60 lacteus,Bol., Gyroporus- II: 235 var. subluridus-III: 62 lactifluum,Lecc. -III: 124 var. typicus-III: 60 lacunosusCooke non Otth,Bol. I: 122 miniatooliveus,Suillus -III: 60 lacunosusRostr. non Otth,Bol. I: 139 miniatoporus, Bol -III: 83 laeticolor,Bol -- - III: 10 miniatus,Pax. -IV: 54) Lakei, Boletinus,Bol., Ixoc...... II: 257 minimus,Pleuropus -IV: 554 lamellirugis,Pax., Agaricus------IV: 541 minor,Tylop. -III : 92 lamellosa,Tapinia ------IV: 541 minus,Ixech. - - III: 125 lanatus,Xer., Bol., Suillus,------II:296 mirabilis,Boletellus, Xer., Cer. lariceti,Psilobol.; Phylloporus, ------I:129;II:300 ------11: 250,284 miramar,Gyrodon -II: 250 lateralis,Bol. -II: 247 modestus,Bol. -III: 109 lateritius,Bol. -III: 79 montosus,Strob. -I: 114 lateritius,Pax. -IV: 543 Morrisii,Bol. -III: 83 Ledermannii,Gyrodon -II: 250 Mougeotii,Gyrodon, Ulop. Leguei, Bol.- II: 296 -11------II:250; III: 4t lepidellus,Strob. -I: 115 Maurrai,Bol. -II: 256 lepiota,Bol. . I: 110 mutabilis,Bol., Suillus-III: 40 leprosus,Bol. -III: 88 mutilus,Pleurotus, Agaricus - IV: 554 leptocystis,Gomph. IV: 541 nanus, Bol.-III: 55

This content downloaded from 160.36.178.25 on Thu, 16 Oct 2014 13:11:59 PM All use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions 132 THE AMERICAN MIDLAND NATURALIST [Vol. 37 nebulosus,Bol. I: 115, 1It) pictus,Boletinus, Bol. II: 256 nigrellus,Bol., Porph., Suillus pinguis,Pax. II: 280; IV: 543 I: 122; III: 98 pinicola, Bol. III: 27 nigrescenssensu Huber, Bol. III: 122 pinsitus,Clit., Agaricus IV:561 nigrescensRich. & Roze, Lecc., Bo-. piperatus(um), Suillus,Lecc. III: 116, 117 II: 278; III: 124 nigricans,Gomph -IV: 563 var. amarellus-II: 278 nigricans,Strob. -I: 114 pisciodorus,Gyroporus, Leucogyro- nigricans,Tubiporus -III: 40 porus,- II:240; III: 99 nigricans,Tylop., Bol - III: 106 placidus,Suillus, Gyrodon, Bol. nobilis,Bol. -III: 22 ------1------1-----II: 250,271 obesus,Pleuropus -IV: 551 pleurotelloides,Clit., Octojuga obscurecoccineus,Boletellus, Bol. - I: 127 ------IV: 558 ochraceoroseus,Boletinus - II: 256 plumbeoviolaceus,Tylop., Bol. ochraceus,Gomph -IV: 536 ------III: 93 olivaceobrunneus,Bol. -III: 27 polypyramis,Strob. -I: 114 olivaceus,Canth. -IV: 536 porosus,Pax., Boletinus- II: 247, 257 oliveisporus,Bol. - III: 71 porphyrius,Botellus, Strob.- I: 126 omphaliformis,Clit. -IV: 554 porphyrospora,Krombholzia I: 115 orcella,Clit., Agaricus- IV: 551 porphyrosporus,Bol., Gyroporus, orcelloides,Clit. -IV: 560 Tylop., P,orph.,Phaeoporus ornatipes,Bol. -III: 9 -1------I:115; II:239 Oudemansii,Gyrodon -II: 250 var. minor,Bol. -I: 116 ovalisporus,Bol. -III: 5 praeanisatus,Gyroporus Lecc.- III: 123 oxydabile, -11------II:240; III: 103 oxydabilis,Boletinus -II: 256 Preauxii, Bol.-III: 45 ,oxydabilis,Krombholzia- III: 123 pachypus,Bol. -III: 35 projectellus,Boletellus, Bol., Cer., pallescens,Bol. -III: 37 -1------I:129 pallescens,Strob.- I: 123 proximus,Gyrodon -II: 244 pallida, Clitopilopsis-IV: 561 pruinata,Versipellis -III: 4! pallidiformis,Bol., Cer.- III: 26 var. Barlae -III: 45 pallidus,Bol., Suillus,Cer. - III: 31 var. purpurascens- III: 45 pallidus, Clit.-IV: 651 var. versicolor-III: 45 paluster,Boletinus -II: 252 pruinatus,Bol., Xer., Suillus panuoides,Pax., Agaricus,Tapinia, -11------II: 300; III: 45 Tapinella-IV: 541 var. Barlae, Xer.-III: 45 paradoxus,Pax., Phylloporus,Agar- prunulus,Clit., Hexajuga, Rhodo- icus,- II: 280; IV: 544 sporus,Pleuropus, Pax., Paxil- paradoxus,Strob., Boletellus- I: 138 lopsis,Agaricus, - IV: 551 parasiticus,Xer. -II: 297 var. orcella,Pax. -IV: 551 parvulus,Bol. -III: 54, 47 pseudoboletinus,Xet. Cer - II: 290 parvus, Bol.-III: 56 pseudodecorus,Bol -III: 108 Passeckerianus(a), Clit., Octojuga, pseudogranulatus,Bol. -II: 265 Pleurotus,Pleurotellus IV: 560 pseudoscaber,Porph., Bol. Patouillardii,Bol. -III: 55 -1------I:115; III:122 Peckii, Bol., Cer.-III: 35 ssp. cyaneocinctus-I: 116 Pelletieri,Agaricus, Clitocyber, Pax. ssp. typicus- I:115 -11------II:280; IV: 544 pseudosulphureus,Bol. -III: 80 peralbidus,Tylop., Bol.- III: 1I0 pterosporus,Strob.- I:114 f. praeanisatus-III: 103 pubescens,Pax. -IV: 533, 543 var. rhodoconius-III: 103 pulverulentus,Bol., Xer. var. typicus-III: 101 -11------II: 300; III: 40 pernanus,Bol -III: 54 punctatipes,Boletinus -II:257 pezizoides,Gomphus -IV: 541 punctipes,Suillus, Bol., Ixoc.- II1:277 phaeocephalus,Pulv., Bol.- III: 20 purpurascens,Bol., Suillus III: 45 pictiformis,Boletellus, Suillellus I: 131 purpureusFr., Bol. III: 82 var. fallax- I: 131, 132 purpureusMich., Bol.-III: 81 var. typicus- I: 131 purpureusSecr., Bol.-III: 79

This content downloaded from 160.36.178.25 on Thu, 16 Oct 2014 13:11:59 PM All use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions 1947] SINGER: THE BOLETOIDEAE OF FLORIDA 133 purpureus,Gyrodon, Boletinellus, rubropunctus,Bol. III: 117 Favolus, II: 249 rudis, Pax. IV: 541 purpurinus,Gyroporus - II:236 rufescens,Krombholzia III: 123 pustulatus,Boletellus, Bol I: 139 rufescens,Strob. -I: 139 Queletii, Bol. III: 79 rufescensscaber, Bol - III: 123 var. rubicundus,Bol .- - III: 79 rufobadius,Pulv., Bol., Suillus radicans,Bol., Xer.- II:300; III: 34 ------III: 19 Raveneiji,Canth. -IV: 545 rufocastaneus,Bol. -II: 237 Ravenelii,Pulv., Bol., Suillus III: 7 rufus,Bol., Gyroporus reguis,Bol., Dictyopus- III: 38 II: 239; III: 123 reniformis,Crepidotus, Pax - IV: 544 var. duriusculus,Bol. - III :122 reticulatus,Bol. -III: 22 rugosiceps,Lecc., Krombholzia, retipes,Pulv., Bol., Cer - III: 9 Bol.-III: 115 retisporus,Boletellus, Bol - I: 130 Russellii,Boletellus, Bol., Boleto- Rhoadsiae,Tylop., Gyroporus,Leu- gaster,Frostiella, Cer. - I: 136 cogyroporus- 11:240; III: 91 russoloides,Pax -IV: 543 rhodoxanthus,Bol. -III: 81 rutila,Cortinaria -IV: 533 rhodoxanthus,Phylloporus, Gomph., rutilus,Gomph., Agaricus - IV: 533 Gomph.,Pax., Flammula var. fulmineus-IV: 534 ------11:280; IV: 537 var. litigiosus-IV: 534 ssp. americanus-II: 283 var. pulcher-IV: 534 ssp. bogoriensis II: 282 ssp. alabamensis-IV: 535 ssp. europaeus-II: 284 ssp. typicus-IV: 533 ssp. foliiporus- 11:280; IV: 537 sanguineavar. gentilis,Viscipellis Rickenii,Bol. -III: 40 -...... ------III: 17 rimosus,Bol -III: 117 sanguineus,Bol. -III: 45, 46 robustus,Bol. -III: 109 var. rhodoxanthus-- III: 81 Romeliji,Bol. -III: 37 var. gentilis - - III: 17 Rompelii,Gyrodon, Phylloporus sardous, Bol. - -III: 118 -1---1------II:247,284 satanas, Bol. - -III: 82 roseialbus,Gyroporus II: 232; III: 8T var. americanus- - III: 82 roseitinctus,Bol. - - III: 35 scabra, Krombholzia,Krombhol- roseus,Gomph. - -IV: 537 ziella -III: 122, 123 Rostrupii,Bol. - - I: 139 scaber,Boletus, Gyroporus, Trachy Roxanae, Bol- - II:299 pus- II: 239; III: 122, 123 rubellus,Bol., Xer., Suillus var. flavescens-III: 117 -11------II:300; III: 45, 46 var. griseus-III: 122 ssp. bicolor - - III: 53 scabripes,Bol. -III: 109 ssp. bicolorides- - III: 53 scabrum,Lecc. -III: 123 ssp. caribaeus - - III: 51 ssp. niveum-III: 124 f. serotinus-III: 53 ssp. rotundifoliae-III: 124 ssp. consobrinus- - III: 49 Schulzeri,Bol. -III: 79 ssp. dumetorum- - III: 50 scyphoides,Clit.; Omphalia, Ompha- f. crassotunicatus-- III: 51 lina, Agaricus - IV: 554 ssp. fraternus- - III: 47 var. aff. floridanus- IV: 557 f. subdumetorum- - III: 49 var. floridanus-IV: 555 ssp. typicus - - III: 46 var. submicropus-IV: 556 rubellus,Gyrodon - - II: 250 var. typicus-IV: 554 rubens,Suillus - -III: 45 f. mutilus - - IV: 555 rubescens,Bol. - -II: 249 sensibilis,Bol - -III: 60 rubeolarium,Lecc- - III:125 separans,Bol. - -III: 26 rubeus, Bol.-III: 45, 53 septentrionalis,Gomph -- IV: 536 rubinellus,Suillus - - II: 278 sibiricus,Gomph - - IV: 529 rubrescens,Gyrodon - - II: 249 sibiricus,Suillus, Ixoc.-II: 260 rubricitrinus,Bol. - - III: 75 singaporensis,Boletellus, var. Fairchildianus-- III: 76 Boletopsis- I: 135 var. typicus - - III: 75 sistotrema,Bol- II: 249; III: 40 rubripruinosus,Bol - III: 4S, 46 var. Mougeotii,Ulop. - III: 40 rubropunctum,Lecc. - - III :11 7 sistotremoides,Gyrodon -II: 249

This content downloaded from 160.36.178.25 on Thu, 16 Oct 2014 13:11:59 PM All use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions 134 THE AMERICAN MIDLAND NATURALIST [Vol. 37 slavonicus,Bol. III: 79 ssp. spadiceus,Bol. - II: 297 Smithii,Gomph. IV: 536 var. lanatus,Bol.- I11:297 solidipes,Boletinus II: 257 subvelutpes, Bol.-III: 68 sordidus,Bol., Cer. 1: 119 f. glabripes-III: 70 spadiceus,Bol., Xer. II: 297 sudanicus,Bol. -11:241 spec. (Heim), Boletochaete- III: 125 sulcatus,Pax., Phylloporus- II: 280 spec. Heim, Xer.- II: 300; III: 125 Sullivantii,Bol. - -III: 84 spec. Sniell,Xer. - - II: 300 sulfurea,Versipellis - - III: 3 speciosus,Bol. - -III: 38 sulfureus,Xer. -11:300; III: 3 spectabilis,Boletinus - - II: 252 sulphureus,Phleb., Bol. Suillus, sphaerocephala,Versipellis - III: 3 Bol. -- III: 3 sphaerocephalus,Bol. -III: 3 sulphureus,Pax. - - IV: 544 sphaerosporus,Paragyrodon, Bol. superiorensis,Gomph. -- IV: 536 ------11:242,243 tabacinus,Tylop., Bol., Cer-. III: 99 spinifer,Bol -III: 125 var. amarus,Tylop. --III: 100 spinifera,Boletochaete- III: 125 var. dubius - -III: 101 Spraguei,Bol.- II: 256 var. typicus - - III: 99 squamatus,Bol. - 1: 127, 128 Tamii, Agaricus,Flammula, Gymno- squamulosus,Bol -III: 84 pilus, Pax.- 11: 280; IV: 544 squarrosoides,Xer., Boletinus,Phyl- tapinia,Hygrophoropsis -- IV, 544 loporus- II: 257, 284, 295 tesselata,Krombholzia -- III: 117 squarrosus,Bol. -I: 110 tesselatus,Bol - -III: 116 stramineum(us), Xanth.,Gyroporus, testaceoscabrum,Lecc -- III: 123 Leucogyroporus II: 240; III: 86 testaceus,Bo. - -II: 237 strobiloides,Bol. - - 1:110 testaceus,Gomph. - - IV: 533 strobilacea,Eriocorys -I: 1110 testaceusscaber, Bol- - III: 123 var. floccopus-I: 110 tiemcenensis,Bol - - III: 118 strobilaceus,Bol., Strob.-I: 110 togoensis,Clitopilopsis -- IV: 561 stygius,Bol - - 1:110 tomentipes,Bol., Cer - - III: 80 subacidus,Pulv., Cer.- III: 12 tomentosus,Bol. - -II: 277 subalbellus,Gyroporus, Suillus tomentosusGomph, - - IV: 529 ------11:232,279 tridentinus,Suillus, Bol. -- 11:260 subaureus,Suillus -II: 260 tristis,Porph., Bol. - - : 118 subclavatosporus,Bol. -III: 35 tropicus,Phaegyroporus, Bol. - 11:241 subdecorus,Bol.- III: 108 tuberosus,Bol. -III: 82 subflavidus,Porph., Tylop., tumidus,Xer., Bol.-11:300 Boletellus, - 1: 120; III: 110 turbinatus,Boletellus -I: 134 subfraternus,Boletellus, Bol. III: 49 umbrinisquamosus,Gyroporus - II: 234 subglabripes,Lecc., Bol., Suillus umbrosus,Bol. -I: 115 ------III: 112 undatus,Rhodophyllus, Clit. - IV: 561 var. corrugatoides-III: 115 Underwoodii,Bol. - III: 60, 62 var. corrugis-III: 115 unicolor,Bol., Suillus-III: 112 subglobosus,Bol.- III: 8 vaccinus,Bol. -III: 22 subgrisellus,Boletinus -II: 257 variabilis,Octojuga, Clit. - IV: 558 subluridus,Suillellus, Bol. - III: 60, 62 variegatus,Suillus -II: 278 subluteus,Suillus, Bol. -II: 269 variipes,Bol. -III: 22 submicropus,Clit -IV: 554 Velenovskyi,Bol. -III: 117 subpallidus; Cer.- III: 33 veluticeps,Tyl., Bol.-III: 105 subpunctipes,Bol - I- II: 108 velutipes,Strob. -I: 113 subroseus,Gomph. -IV: 537 venososulcatus,Clit. IV: 557 subsanguineus,Bol.- III: 104 vermiculosus,Bol. -III: 81 subsensibilis,Bol -III: 73 versicolor,Bol., Xer., Suillus subscabripes,Kromholzia - III: 112 ------II: 300; III: 45, 46 subsolitarius,Bol. -III: 43 versipelle(is), Lecc., Bol.- III: 123 subtomentosum,Lecc. -III: 124 vinicolor,Gomph, -IV :531 subtomentosus,Xer., Bol. ssp. jamaicensis-IV: 531 ------11: 297; III: 45 violascens,Bol. -III: 94 var. Leguei-II: 290 viperinus,Phleb - - III: 5 var. nigricans,Bol - III: 40 viridiflavus,Bol .- III: 13

This content downloaded from 160.36.178.25 on Thu, 16 Oct 2014 13:11:59 PM All use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions 1947] SINGER: THE BOLETOIDEAE OF FLORIDA 135 viscidulus,Pulv., Bol. III: 19 viticola,Geopetalum -IV: 558 viscidus,Cer. III: 123 viticolus,Pleurotus -IV: 558 viscidus,Gomph. IV: 533 volvatus,Gyrodon -II: 250 f. columbiana IV:533 Weberi, Bol.-III: 39 viscosus,Bol. -II :265 Woodiae, Gyroporus- III : 86 vitellinus,Bol. -III: 34 Zelleri, Xer., Cer.-II: 297

CORRIGENDA

Part I, p. 98, line 28, read: Suillus cothurnatusinstead of Suillus australis. Part I, p. 100, line 2, read: Xerocomuspseudoboletinus instead of Xerocomussub- illudens. Part I, p. 104, line 20, read: Porphyrellussubflavidus instead of Porphyrosporussub- flavvidus. Part I, p. 105, line 31, read: Porphyrelluspseudoscaber instead of Porphyrosporus pseudoscaber. Part I, p. 111, line 39, read: HNO3 insteadof HNO4. Part I, p. 121, line 14, read: P. Cookei insteadof P. lacunosus. Part II, p. 223, line 3, read: (exceptBoletoideae) insteadof (Gyroporoideae). Part II, p. 240, line 32, read: Gyroporusbiporus instead of Gyroporusbisporus. Part II, p. 243, line 32, read: GyrodonliAidus instead of Gyroporuslividus. Part II, p. 247, line 3, read: Linder,det. R. Singer) insteadof . . . Linder (det. R. Singer). Part II, p. 260, lines 11-12, delete: S. flavoluteus(Snell) Sing. comb.nov. (Boletinus flavvoluteusSnell). Part II, p. 280, line 27, read: Ssp. foliiporus(Murr. I.c.) Sing. comb.nov. insteadof Ssp. foliiporusMurr. I.c. Part II, p. 282, line 15, read: Gymnopilusinstead of GCmnocybe. Part II, p. 292, line 16, read: (FLAS) insteadof (FLAS, FH). Part II, p. 298, line 16, read: alteringinstead of alternating. Part IV, p. 539, line 18, delete: (e.g. of Nyssa sil-vatica). Part IV, p. 543, line 33, delete sentencebeginning with: We therefore.. . Part IV, p. 562, line 10, read: Christianseninstead of Lange.

This content downloaded from 160.36.178.25 on Thu, 16 Oct 2014 13:11:59 PM All use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions