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Notes Introduction 1. This interpretation is based on the research in Patricia Chastain Howe, “French Revolutionary Foreign Policy and the Belgian Project, 1789–1793,” PhD diss., University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, 1982. Chapter 1 1. LeBrun was not illegitimate, as Frederick Masson claims in Le Département des affaires étrangères pendant la Révolution 1787–1804 (Paris, 1877), 162. Accord- ing to the Noyon archives, LeBrun was baptized 28 August 1754, “son of Mis- ter Christophe- Pierre Tondu, churchwardern, and Elisabeth- Rosalie LeBrun.” Becoming a Liégeois citizen, he changed his name to Tondu- LeBrun and later dropped the Tondu. G. de Froidcourt, “Les Réfugiés Liégeois à Paris en 1793 et Pierre LeBrun,” Le vieux- Liège 114, no. 5 (1956): 55. 2. According to the Register of the Parish of St. Martin- en- Isle, they were mar- ried 28 July 1783; the Register of the Parish of St. Adalbert shows that Jean- Pierre LeBrun was born 21 July 1784, and baptized 27 April 1785, both in Archives de l’Etat à Liège, Liège (hereafter AL). 3. Henri Pirenne, Early Democracies in the Low Countries, trans. J. V. Saunders (New York: 1913), 239–40 ; Paul Harsin, La Révolution Liégeoise de 1789 (Brussels, 1954), 1–23; Suzanne Tassier, Les démo crats Belges de 1789 (Brus- sels, 1930). 4. Henri Pirenne, Histoire de Belgique (Brussels, 1926), 343. 5. M. H. Francotte, “Essai historique sur la propagande des encyclopédistes fran- çais dans la principauté de Liège,” in Mémoires couronnés et autres mémoires publiés (Brussels, 1880), 30:113–47, 154, 220–64. 6. In general, the demo cratic movement and the rising opposition to privilege were infl uenced by the ideas of Locke, Rousseau, Diderot and others, but it was the revolutionary events in America, the United Provinces, and France that best publicized the ideal of pop u lar sovereignty. See R. R. Palmer, The Age of the Democratic Revolution (Princeton, 1959). For more on the conceptions of democracy and rights as understood in Liège at the time, see Pirenne, Early Democracies, and Harsin, La Révolution Liégeoise. 7. G. de Froidcourt, François- Charles comte de Velbruck (Liège, 1936), 135. 192 Notes 8. Register of the Correspondence of the Journal général de l’Europe came from the archives of the Société Typographique founded in 1785 by LeBrun in Herve, Belgium, and was photocopied from a copy found in a Belgian bookstore (Pierre M. Gason, Aubel). Register, J. J. Smits to M. Dejoye, 4 June 1785; LeBrun to M. Leclerc, 5 August 1789. 9. Ibid., LeBrun to Crapart, 25 July 1785. 10. Ibid., LeBrun to Angel, 19 July 1785. 11. M. Thiry, “Une carrière de journaliste au pays de Liège, P. M. H. LeBrun et le journal de Havre,” La Vie Wallonne, 14 (1954): 375–92, 15 (1955):11–28, 43–54, 80–92. The complete collection of the Journal général, from 2 June 1785 to 26 August 1792, is contained in forty- seven volumes in the Biblio- thèque Nationale (hereafter BN). 12. Register, LeBrun to Lagarde, 22 December 1789. 13. Ibid., LeBrun to Buchoz, 18 July 1785. 14. See also J. R. Censer and J. D. Popkin, eds., Press and Politics in Pre- Revolutionary France (Berkeley, 1987); K. M. Baker et al. (eds.), The French Revolution and the Creation of Modern Po liti cal Culture, vol. 1. (Oxford, 1987). 15. See Jürgen Habermas, The Structural Transformation of the Public Sphere, trans. Thomas Berger and Frederick Lawrence (Cambridge, 1989); James Van Horn Melton, The Rise of the Public in Enlightenment Eu rope (Cam- bridge, 2001). 16. Miles to Pitt, 13 November 1786, in William Miles, The Correspondence of William Augustus Miles on the French Revolution, ed. Charles Miles (London, 1890), 1:23–24. Miles’s correspondence offers an important fi rsthand ac- count and insight into the British view of many of these events. 17. Journal général, 1 June 1785. 18. Ibid., 3 January 1786. 19. Ibid., 27 July 1785. 20. Ibid., 24 May 1787, 12 September 1786. 21. M. Puttemans, La censure dans les Pays- Bas Autrichiens (Brussels, 1935), 290. 22. Fabry Papers, Bibliothèque de l’Université de Liège, Liège (hereafter BUL). 23. Journal général, 17 March 1788. On Joseph II, see Walter W. Davis, Joseph II (The Hague, 1974), 15. 24. Ibid., 8 September 1789. 25. Ibid., 21 July 1789. 26. As reported by LeClerc, Minutes of the Council of General Government, 1 August 1789, Archives Générales du Royaume, Brussels (hereafter AGR). 27. Register, LeBrun to LeClerc, 5 August 1789. 28. Orient Lee, Les comités et les clubs patriotes Belges et Liégeois (Paris: 1931), 29. 29. Miles, Correspondence, 1:132–33. 30. Journal général, 10 September 1789. 31. Ibid., 20 August 1789. 32. Ibid., 2 November 1789. 33. Miles, Correspondence, 29. In January 1790, LeBrun translated and published in the Journal général Miles’s Cursory Refl ections on Public Men and the Public Notes 193 Mea sures on the Continent (London, 1790), which argued that the Belgians and Liégeois must unite and become an in de pen dent republic. 34. The legislative proceedings of the French revolutionary government, includ- ing debates, committee reports, decrees, and correspondence, referred to in these chapters can be found in Archives parlementaires, Ière série, ed. Jérome Mavidel Émile Laurent et. (Paris, 1862–1913). The responses of the Assem- bly to these overtures are also discussed in A. Borgnet, Histoire des Belges à la fi n du dix- huitième siècle (Brussels, 1844), 215–16. 35. Journal général, 8 May 1790. 36. Plan de Municipalité pour la Cité, faubourgs et Banlieue de Liège (Liège, 1790), BC. Bibliothèque Communale de la Ville de Liège, Liège (hereafter BC). Henckart, born in Liège in 1761, was a publicist, poet, city magistrate, and member of the Patriot party who fl ed to Paris with LeBrun when the revolu- tion failed. His papers are in the BUL. 37. Ferdinand Henaux, Histoire du Pays de Liège (Liège, 1872–74; 3rd ed., 1958). 38. “Pierre Mari- Henri LeBrun admission à la bourgeoisie,” 23 July 1790, Ar- chives de l’Etat à Liège hereafter; Journal général, 23 July 1790. 39. Correspondence between the various ministers and rulers concerning these conferences can be found in J. P. L. van de Spiegel, Résumé des négociations qui accompagnèrent la révolution des Pays- Bas Autrichiens avec des pièces justica- tives (Amsterdam, 1841). 40. See H. V. Evans, “The Nootka Sound Controversy in Anglo- French Diplo- macy,” Journal of Modern History 46 (December 1974): 609–40. 41. L. P. Gachard, ed., Documents politiques et diplomatiques sur la révolution belge de 1790 (Brussels, 1834), 312–14. 42. Journal général, 24 September 1790. 43. Minutes of the Grande Commune, 23 December 1790, 170; Bassenge to Doncéel, 2 January 1791, BUL. 44. Bassenge Papers, Archives Nationales, Paris (hereafter AN). 45. The Austrian regime feared the paper’s revolutionary message and wide read- ership. On 2 October 1791, Metternich, imperial minister to Brussels, sent excerpts to chancellor Kaunitz (AGR), and on 19 January 1792 it was banned from the Austrian Low Countries. 46. Masson, Département des affaires étrangères, 156. 47. Fabry to Levoz, 21 July 1791, BUL. 48. Fabry to LeBrun, 9 November 1791. 49. Journal général, 10 December 1791. 50. André Lasseray, “Les corps Belges et Liégeois aux armées de la République,” Revue d’histoire moderne 4 (1919):161–95. 51. D’Aubreme to Vonck, 5 April 1791, Bibliothèque Royale, Brussels (hereafter BR). 52. Journal général, 11 January 1792. 53. Walckiers, Un projet de Convention entre les patriotes belges tendant à établir la bonne harmonie parmi eux and Bases de la Constitution à établir dans les prov- inces Belgiques, BR. 54. At the time, the population of Liège was roughly 1 million, that of the Bel- gian provinces 3 million. 194 Notes 55. Walckiers to Vonck, 26 October 1791, Vonck to Walckiers, 6 December 1791, BR. 56. Fabry to LeBrun, 26 November 1791, BUL. 57. Walckiers to the Diplomatic Committee, 17 December 1791, AN. Walckiers also sought support from General Biron of the Army of the North; Walkiers to Biron, 21 December 1791, Archives de la Guerre, (hereafter AG). 58. Vonck to van der Steene, Vonck to Leunckens, 5 January 1792, BR. 59. Vonck to LeBrun, 17 January 1792, BR. 60. Van der Steene to Vonck, 18 January 1792, BR. 61. Sta to Vonck, 30 September 1791, BR; Van der Steene to Vonck, 19 January 1792, BR. 62. Two letters attribute these works to LeBrun: Van der Steene to Vonck, 20 January 1792, Archives du Ministère des affairs Etrangères, Paris (hereafter AMAE); Levoz to Fabry, 17 March 1792, BUL. 63. Vonck to Van Schelle, Brussels, 25 March 1792, BR. 64. Maret published Manifeste des Belges et Liégeois unis à Paris and a laudatory review in Le Moniteur, 29 February 1792. Chapter 2 1. Eugène Cruyplants, La Belgique sous la domination Française (1792–1815): Dumouriez dans les ci- devant Pays- Bas Autrichens (Paris, 1912), 1:103; P. Ver- haegen, Le conseiller d’Etat Cornet de Grez, (Brussels, 1934), 192. 2. Dumouriez, La vie et les mémoires du général Dumouriez, avec des notes et des éclaircissements historiques, ed. Berville and Barrière (Paris, 1822), 1:7. 3. Ibid., 1:10. 4. Cruyplants, La Belgique, 1:230. Guibert was the author of Essai general de tactique (1770) and Défense du système de guerre (1779). 5. Mémoires, 1:237. Late in the war, Dumouriez was seriously wounded and captured by the Duke of Brunswick- Wolfenbüttell and convalesced under the care of his staff, who are believed to have saved his life. Ironically, Du- mouriez would later defeat his brother, Charles William Ferdinand, Duke of Brunswick, at the Battle of Valmy in September 1792. 6.
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  • Project Aneurin

    Project Aneurin

    The Aneurin Great War Project: Timeline Part 6 - The Georgian Wars, 1764 to 1815 Copyright Notice: This material was written and published in Wales by Derek J. Smith (Chartered Engineer). It forms part of a multifile e-learning resource, and subject only to acknowledging Derek J. Smith's rights under international copyright law to be identified as author may be freely downloaded and printed off in single complete copies solely for the purposes of private study and/or review. Commercial exploitation rights are reserved. The remote hyperlinks have been selected for the academic appropriacy of their contents; they were free of offensive and litigious content when selected, and will be periodically checked to have remained so. Copyright © 2013-2021, Derek J. Smith. First published 09:00 BST 30th May 2013. This version 09:00 GMT 20th January 2021 [BUT UNDER CONSTANT EXTENSION AND CORRECTION, SO CHECK AGAIN SOON] This timeline supports the Aneurin series of interdisciplinary scientific reflections on why the Great War failed so singularly in its bid to be The War to End all Wars. It presents actual or best-guess historical event and introduces theoretical issues of cognitive science as they become relevant. UPWARD Author's Home Page Project Aneurin, Scope and Aims Master References List BACKWARD IN TIME Part 1 - (Ape)men at War, Prehistory to 730 Part 2 - Royal Wars (Without Gunpowder), 731 to 1272 Part 3 - Royal Wars (With Gunpowder), 1273-1602 Part 4 - The Religious Civil Wars, 1603-1661 Part 5 - Imperial Wars, 1662-1763 FORWARD IN TIME Part