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THE BRITISH ARMY in the LOW COUNTRIES, 1793-1814 By
‘FAIRLY OUT-GENERALLED AND DISGRACEFULLY BEATEN’: THE BRITISH ARMY IN THE LOW COUNTRIES, 1793-1814 by ANDREW ROBERT LIMM A thesis submitted to the University of Birmingham for the degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY. University of Birmingham School of History and Cultures College of Arts and Law October, 2014. University of Birmingham Research Archive e-theses repository This unpublished thesis/dissertation is copyright of the author and/or third parties. The intellectual property rights of the author or third parties in respect of this work are as defined by The Copyright Designs and Patents Act 1988 or as modified by any successor legislation. Any use made of information contained in this thesis/dissertation must be in accordance with that legislation and must be properly acknowledged. Further distribution or reproduction in any format is prohibited without the permission of the copyright holder. ABSTRACT The history of the British Army in the French Revolutionary and Napoleonic Wars is generally associated with stories of British military victory and the campaigns of the Duke of Wellington. An intrinsic aspect of the historiography is the argument that, following British defeat in the Low Countries in 1795, the Army was transformed by the military reforms of His Royal Highness, Frederick Duke of York. This thesis provides a critical appraisal of the reform process with reference to the organisation, structure, ethos and learning capabilities of the British Army and evaluates the impact of the reforms upon British military performance in the Low Countries, in the period 1793 to 1814, via a series of narrative reconstructions. This thesis directly challenges the transformation argument and provides a re-evaluation of British military competency in the French Revolutionary and Napoleonic Wars. -
Political, Diplomatic and Military Aspects of Romania's Participation in the First World War
Volume XXI 2018 ISSUE no.2 MBNA Publishing House Constanta 2018 SBNA PAPER OPEN ACCESS Political, diplomatic and military aspects of romania's participation in the first world war To cite this article: M. Zidaru, Scientific Bulletin of Naval Academy, Vol. XXI 2018, pg. 202-212. Available online at www.anmb.ro ISSN: 2392-8956; ISSN-L: 1454-864X doi: 10.21279/1454-864X-18-I2-026 SBNA© 2018. This work is licensed under the CC BY-NC-SA 4.0 License Political, diplomatic and military aspects of romania's participation in the first world war M. Zidaru1 1Romanian Society of Historian. Constanta Branch Abstract: Although linked to the Austro-Hungarian Empire by a secret alliance treaty in 1883, Romania chose to declare itself neutral at the outbreak of hostilities in July 1914, relying on the interpretation of the "casus foederis" clauses. The army was in 1914 -1915 completely unprepared for such a war, public opinion, although pro-Entente in most of it, was not ready for this kind of war, and Ion I. C. Bratianu was convinced that he had to obtain a written assurance from the Russian Empire in view of his father's unpleasant experience from 1877-1878. This article analyze the political and military decisions after Romania entry in Great War. Although linked to the Austro-Hungarian Empire by a secret alliance treaty in 1883, Romania chose to declare itself neutral at the outbreak of hostilities in July 1914, relying on the interpretation of the "casus foederis" clauses. In the south, Romania has three major strategic interests in this region: - defense of the long Danubian border and the land border between the Danube and the Black Sea; - the keep open of the Bosphorus and Dardanelles, through which 90% of the Romanian trade were made; - avoiding the isolation or political encirclement of Romania by keeping open the Thessaloniki-Nis- Danube communication, preventing its blocking as a result of local conflicts or taking over under strict control by one of the great powers in the region[1]. -
Order of Battle, Mid-September 1940 Army Group a Commander-In-Chief
Operation “Seelöwe” (Sea Lion) Order of Battle, mid-September 1940 Army Group A Commander-in-Chief: Generalfeldmarschall Gerd von Rundstedt Chief of the General Staff: General der Infanterie Georg von Sodenstern Operations Officer (Ia): Oberst Günther Blumentritt 16th Army Commander-in-Chief: Generaloberst Ernst Busch Chief of the General Staff: Generalleutnant Walter Model Operations Officer (Ia): Oberst Hans Boeckh-Behrens Luftwaffe Commander (Koluft) 16th Army: Oberst Dr. med. dent. Walter Gnamm Division Command z.b.V. 454: Charakter als Generalleutnant Rudolf Krantz (This staff served as the 16th Army’s Heimatstab or Home Staff Unit, which managed the assembly and loading of all troops, equipment and supplies; provided command and logistical support for all forces still on the Continent; and the reception and further transport of wounded and prisoners of war as well as damaged equipment. General der Infanterie Albrecht Schubert’s XXIII Army Corps served as the 16th Army’s Befehlsstelle Festland or Mainland Command, which reported to the staff of Generalleutnant Krantz. The corps maintained traffic control units and loading staffs at Calais, Dunkirk, Ostend, Antwerp and Rotterdam.) FIRST WAVE XIII Army Corps: General der Panzertruppe Heinric h-Gottfried von Vietinghoff genannt Scheel (First-wave landings on English coast between Folkestone and New Romney) – Luftwaffe II./Flak-Regiment 14 attached to corps • 17th Infantry Division: Generalleutnant Herbert Loch • 35th Infantry Division: Generalleutnant Hans Wolfgang Reinhard VII Army -
Military Tribunal, Indictments
MILITARY TRIBUNALS Case No. 12 THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA -against- WILHELM' VON LEEB, HUGO SPERRLE, GEORG KARL FRIEDRICH-WILHELM VON KUECHLER, JOHANNES BLASKOWITZ, HERMANN HOTH, HANS REINHARDT. HANS VON SALMUTH, KARL HOL LIDT, .OTTO SCHNmWIND,. KARL VON ROQUES, HERMANN REINECKE., WALTERWARLIMONT, OTTO WOEHLER;. and RUDOLF LEHMANN. Defendants OFFICE OF MILITARY GOVERNMENT FOR GERMANY (US) NORNBERG 1947 • PURL: https://www.legal-tools.org/doc/c6a171/ TABLE OF CONTENTS - Page INTRODUCTORY 1 COUNT ONE-CRIMES AGAINST PEACE 6 A Austria 'and Czechoslovakia 7 B. Poland, France and The United Kingdom 9 C. Denmark and Norway 10 D. Belgium, The Netherland.; and Luxembourg 11 E. Yugoslavia and Greece 14 F. The Union of Soviet Socialist Republics 17 G. The United states of America 20 . , COUNT TWO-WAR CRIMES AND CRIMES AGAINST HUMANITY: CRIMES AGAINST ENEMY BELLIGERENTS AND PRISONERS OF WAR 21 A: The "Commissar" Order , 22 B. The "Commando" Order . 23 C, Prohibited Labor of Prisoners of Wal 24 D. Murder and III Treatment of Prisoners of War 25 . COUNT THREE-WAR CRIMES AND CRIMES AGAINST HUMANITY: CRIMES AGAINST CIVILIANS 27 A Deportation and Enslavement of Civilians . 29 B. Plunder of Public and Private Property, Wanton Destruc tion, and Devastation not Justified by Military Necessity. 31 C. Murder, III Treatment and Persecution 'of Civilian Popu- lations . 32 COUNT FOUR-COMMON PLAN OR CONSPIRACY 39 APPENDIX A-STATEMENT OF MILITARY POSITIONS HELD BY THE DEFENDANTS AND CO-PARTICIPANTS 40 2 PURL: https://www.legal-tools.org/doc/c6a171/ INDICTMENT -
The Forgotten Fronts the First World War Battlefield Guide: World War Battlefield First the the Forgotten Fronts Forgotten The
Ed 1 Nov 2016 1 Nov Ed The First World War Battlefield Guide: Volume 2 The Forgotten Fronts The First Battlefield War World Guide: The Forgotten Fronts Creative Media Design ADR005472 Edition 1 November 2016 THE FORGOTTEN FRONTS | i The First World War Battlefield Guide: Volume 2 The British Army Campaign Guide to the Forgotten Fronts of the First World War 1st Edition November 2016 Acknowledgement The publisher wishes to acknowledge the assistance of the following organisations in providing text, images, multimedia links and sketch maps for this volume: Defence Geographic Centre, Imperial War Museum, Army Historical Branch, Air Historical Branch, Army Records Society,National Portrait Gallery, Tank Museum, National Army Museum, Royal Green Jackets Museum,Shepard Trust, Royal Australian Navy, Australian Defence, Royal Artillery Historical Trust, National Archive, Canadian War Museum, National Archives of Canada, The Times, RAF Museum, Wikimedia Commons, USAF, US Library of Congress. The Cover Images Front Cover: (1) Wounded soldier of the 10th Battalion, Black Watch being carried out of a communication trench on the ‘Birdcage’ Line near Salonika, February 1916 © IWM; (2) The advance through Palestine and the Battle of Megiddo: A sergeant directs orders whilst standing on one of the wooden saddles of the Camel Transport Corps © IWM (3) Soldiers of the Royal Army Service Corps outside a Field Ambulance Station. © IWM Inside Front Cover: Helles Memorial, Gallipoli © Barbara Taylor Back Cover: ‘Blood Swept Lands and Seas of Red’ at the Tower of London © Julia Gavin ii | THE FORGOTTEN FRONTS THE FORGOTTEN FRONTS | iii ISBN: 978-1-874346-46-3 First published in November 2016 by Creative Media Designs, Army Headquarters, Andover. -
Catalog 134 2 ACU Patches with Hook Fastener
ARMY www.supplyroom.com Photo Courtesy of Damian Trice Phone Orders: (800) 458-5180 • (256) 835-7676 • Fax Orders: (800) 521-5027 Email: [email protected] • [email protected] Catalog 134 2 ACU Patches with Hook Fastener 1st Infantry Div 1st Armor Div 1st Cavalry Div 1st Army 1st Aviation Bde 1st Corps 1st Field Force 1st Support Cmd 1st Personnel Cmd 1st Signal Bde 1st Mar Exp Frc PV-0001A PV-0001B PV-0001C PV-0001D PV-0001E PV-0001F PV-0001G PV-0001H PV-0001I PV-0001J PV-0001K 1st Medical Bde 1st Info Op Cmd 1st Space Bde 1st Sustainment Bde 1st Infantry Div 1st Man Enhance 1st Eng Bde 1st Marine Div 1st Mission Spt Cmd 2nd Infantry Div 2nd Armor Div PV-0001L PV-0001M PV-0001N PV-0001O PV-0001P PV-0001Q PV-0001S PV-0001U PV-0001V PV-0002A PV-0002B 2nd Army Cavalry 2nd Army 2nd Field Force 2nd Mil Int Cmd 2nd Signal Bde 2nd Support Bde 2nd Medical Bde 2nd Marine Aircraft 2nd Eng Bde 2nd Marine Div 3rd Infantry Div PV-0002C PV-0002D PV-0002E PV-0002F PV-0002G PV-0002H PV-0002I Wing PV-0002K PV-0002U PV-0003A PV-0002J 3rd Armor Div 3rd Army 3rd Corps 3rd COSCOM 3rd Personnel Cmd 3rd Signal Bde 3rd Cav Regt 3rd Med Cmd 3rd Trans Agency 3rd Chemical Bde 3rd Sust Bde PV-0003B PV-0003C PV-0003D PV-0003E PV-0003F PV-0003G PV-0003H PV-0003I PV-0003J PV-0003K PV-0003L 3rd Marine Aircraft 3rd Man Enhance Bde 3rd Marine Div 4th Infantry Div 4th Army 4th Trans Cmd 4th Medical Bde 4th Man Enhan Bde 4th Sust Cmd 4th Sust Bde 5th Infantry Div Wing PV-0003N PV-0003U PV-0004A PV-0004B PV-0004C PV-0004D PV-0004E PV-0004K PV-0004L PV-0005A PV-0003M -
Pierre Riel, the Marquis De Beurnonville at the Spanish Court and Napoleon Bonaparte's Spanish Policy, 1802-05 Michael W
Florida State University Libraries Electronic Theses, Treatises and Dissertations The Graduate School 2005 Fear and Domination: Pierre Riel, the Marquis de Beurnonville at the Spanish Court and Napoleon Bonaparte's Spanish Policy, 1802-05 Michael W. Jones Follow this and additional works at the FSU Digital Library. For more information, please contact [email protected] FLORIDA STATE UNIVERSITY COLLEGE OF ARTS AND SCIENCES Fear and Domination: Pierre Riel, the Marquis de Beurnonville at the Spanish Court and Napoleon Bonaparte’s Spanish Policy, 1802-05 By Michael W. Jones A Dissertation submitted to the Department of History in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy Degree Awarded: Spring Semester 2005 Copyright 2004 Michael W. Jones All Rights Reserved The members of the Committee approved the dissertation of Michael W. Jones defended on 28 April 2004. ________________________________ Donald D. Horward Professor Directing Dissertation ________________________________ Outside Committee Member Patrick O’Sullivan ________________________________ Jonathan Grant Committee Member ________________________________ James Jones Committee Member ________________________________ Paul Halpern Committee Member The Office of Graduate Studies has verified and approved the above named committee members. ii This dissertation is dedicated to the memory of my father Leonard William Jones and my mother Vianne Ruffino Jones. iii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS Earning a Ph.D. has been the most difficult task of my life. It is an endeavor, which involved numerous professors, students, colleagues, friends and family. When I started at Florida State University in August 1994, I had no comprehension of how difficult it would be for everyone involved. Because of the help and kindness of these dear friends and family, I have finally accomplished my dream. -
Conrad Von Hötzendorf and the “Smoking Gun”: a Biographical Examination of Responsibility and Traditions of Violence Against Civilians in the Habsburg Army 55
1914: Austria-Hungary, the Origins, and the First Year of World War I Günter Bischof, Ferdinand Karlhofer (Eds.) Samuel R. Williamson, Jr. (Guest Editor) CONTEMPORARY AUSTRIAN STUDIES | VOLUME 23 uno press innsbruck university press Copyright © 2014 by University of New Orleans Press, New Orleans, Louisiana, USA All rights reserved under International and Pan-American Copyright Conventions. No part of this book may be reproduced or transmitted in any form, or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopy, recording, or any information storage and retrieval system, without prior permission in writing from the publisher. All inquiries should be addressed to UNO Press, University of New Orleans, LA 138, 2000 Lakeshore Drive. New Orleans, LA, 70119, USA. www.unopress.org. Printed in the United States of America Design by Allison Reu Cover photo: “In enemy position on the Piave levy” (Italy), June 18, 1918 WK1/ALB079/23142, Photo Kriegsvermessung 5, K.u.k. Kriegspressequartier, Lichtbildstelle Vienna Cover photo used with permission from the Austrian National Library – Picture Archives and Graphics Department, Vienna Published in the United States by Published and distributed in Europe University of New Orleans Press by Innsbruck University Press ISBN: 9781608010264 ISBN: 9783902936356 uno press Contemporary Austrian Studies Sponsored by the University of New Orleans and Universität Innsbruck Editors Günter Bischof, CenterAustria, University of New Orleans Ferdinand Karlhofer, Universität Innsbruck Assistant Editor Markus Habermann -
Dutch Military Landscapes Heritage and Archaeology on WWII Conflict Sites
Dutch Military Landscapes Heritage and Archaeology on WWII conflict sites Max VAN DER SCHRIEK Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam Abstract: In the Netherlands, archaeological research concerning World War II (WWII) is not very well explored compared with the neighboring countries. Its key methodologies were developed already in the 1980s in the United States, where both specialized field techniques (such as advanced metal detectors) and methods for analysis like Geographical Information Systems (GIS) were administered to locate specific artefacts and to map and reconstruct military strategies and other war events. Dutch (conflict) archaeologists still need to develop, practice and reflect international developments in the subject area to learn from the experiences of colleagues abroad. Individual archaeologists participated in the research out of personal interest and/or a particular personal commitment to the features and artefacts they came across during excavations. However, there are still large differences in the approach to the archaeology of WWII between the various commercial excavation companies, provincial administration and municipalities. Even when recording has been systematically undertaken, there have sometimes been administrative, conservation, and legal difficulties in dealing with WWII conflict sites in the Netherlands. Modern Conflict Archaeology plays a vital role with regard to the preservation of these sites and relics. There are several non-invasive approaches and techniques which we can use without any juridical problems, for example KOCOA (Key terrain, Obstacles, Cover and concealment, Observation and fields of fire, Avenues of approach), an established approach to military analysis, and the application of LiDAR (Li ght Detection And Ranging), a remote sensing technology which can provide a detailed digital elevation model of a landscape. -
MCMANUS-DISSERTATION-2016.Pdf (4.095Mb)
The Global Lettered City: Humanism and Empire in Colonial Latin America and the Early Modern World The Harvard community has made this article openly available. Please share how this access benefits you. Your story matters Citation McManus, Stuart Michael. 2016. The Global Lettered City: Humanism and Empire in Colonial Latin America and the Early Modern World. Doctoral dissertation, Harvard University, Graduate School of Arts & Sciences. Citable link http://nrs.harvard.edu/urn-3:HUL.InstRepos:33493519 Terms of Use This article was downloaded from Harvard University’s DASH repository, and is made available under the terms and conditions applicable to Other Posted Material, as set forth at http:// nrs.harvard.edu/urn-3:HUL.InstRepos:dash.current.terms-of- use#LAA The Global Lettered City: Humanism and Empire in Colonial Latin America and the Early Modern World A dissertation presented by Stuart Michael McManus to The Department of History in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in the subject of History Harvard University Cambridge, Massachusetts April 2016 © 2016 – Stuart Michael McManus All rights reserved. Dissertation Advisors: James Hankins, Tamar Herzog Stuart Michael McManus The Global Lettered City: Humanism and Empire in Colonial Latin America and the Early Modern World Abstract Historians have long recognized the symbiotic relationship between learned culture, urban life and Iberian expansion in the creation of “Latin” America out of the ruins of pre-Columbian polities, a process described most famously by Ángel Rama in his account of the “lettered city” (ciudad letrada). This dissertation argues that this was part of a larger global process in Latin America, Iberian Asia, Spanish North Africa, British North America and Europe. -
The Sustainable Debts of Philip II: a Reconstruction of Spain's Fiscal
The Sustainable Debts of Philip II: A Reconstruction of Spain’s Fiscal Position, 1560-1598* Mauricio Drelichman Hans-Joachim Voth The University of British Columbia ICREA/Universitat Pompeu Fabra and and CIFAR CEPR This Draft: January 2010 Abstract: The defaults of Philip II have attained mythical status as the origin of sovereign debt crises. We reassess the fiscal position of Habsburg Castile, deriving comprehensive estimates of revenue, debt, and expenditure from new archival data. The king’s debts were sustainable. Primary surpluses were large and rising. Debt/revenue ratios were broadly unchanged across Philip’s reign. Castilian finances in the sixteenth century compare favorably with those of other early modern fiscal states at the height of their imperial ambitions, including Britain. The defaults of Philip II therefore reflected short-term liquidity crises, and were not a sign of unsustainable debts. * For helpful comments, we thank Daron Acemoglu, George Akerlof, Carlos Alvarez Nogal, Fernando Broner, Albert Carreras, Marc Flandreau, Caroline Fohlin, Regina Grafe, Avner Greif, Viktoria Hnatkovska, Angela Redish, Alberto Martín, Paolo Mauro, David Mitch, Kris Mitchener, Joel Mokyr, Lyndon Moore, Roger Myerson, Kevin O’Rourke, Sevket Pamuk, Richard Portes, Leandro Prados de la Escosura, Nathan Sussman, Alan M. Taylor, Francois Velde, Jaume Ventura, and Eugene White. Seminar audiences at American University, Harvard, Sciences Po, Hebrew University, UBC, UPF, UC Irvine, LSE, HEI Geneva, NYU-Stern, the ECB, and Rutgers, as well as the EHA meetings in Austin, the CREI / CEPR Conference on “Crises – Past, Policy, and Theory”, CIFAR, NBER, CEPR – ESSIM, the BETA Workshop, and the Utrecht Workshop on Financial History offered advice and constructive criticism. -
"Jay" a True Story of a Scout in Times of War
"Jay" A true story of a Scout in times of War This article was firstly published on http://history.scoutingradio.net/JayFiles/Jay.htm Colin Walker is the editor of this site Scouting Milestones. His introduction to the article reads: Piet Kroonenberg is [was F.K.] the Historical Consultant to the European Scout Committee, and was awarded the Bronze Wolf in 1996 for his outstanding contribution to International Scouting. His books The Forgotten Move- ments and The Undaunted [ 1 & 2 F.K.], as well as numerous articles, chronicle the history of Scouting in Europe. Piet writes [wrote F.K.] with the authority of having been active in Scouting since before the Dutch World Jambo- ree in 1937. “J” is a gripping and significant account of one Scout’s experiences in Nazi-occupied Holland. Because of the terri- ble events of the Second World War, he became a Courier for the Resistance, or Dutch Underground, and armed Resistance Fighter, a translator and navigator to both the British and Canadian Armies of Liberation and through it all in his later years, a life-long Scout. To protect his identity, the author used the code word “J” in his story. In this narrative for ease of reading, the name “Jay” has been substituted. Scouting Milestones is proud to have been chosen by Piet Kroonenberg as a vehicle for this exciting and im- portant work. It is published here for the first time. This is a true story. These events really happened. “J” is a real person.1 Prologue From May 15th, 1940 to May 5th, 1945 German forces occupied the Kingdom of the Nether- lands.