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Pesticide Formulations CHAPTER 4 PESTICIDE FORMULATIONS LEARNING OBJECTIVES After studying this chapter, you should: • Understand what a pesticide formulation is. • Know how to interpret common abbreviations used to describe formulations (e.g., WP, DF, EC, RTU, S, G, ULV). • Know how to identify advantages and disadvantages of common formulation types (e.g., dusts, granules, wettable powders, dry flowables, microencapsulated, aerosols). • Know how to explain the role of adjuvants (e.g., buffers, stickers, spreaders) during pesticide application. Pesticide chemicals in their “raw” • Other ingredients, such as stabi- or unformulated state are not usually lizers, dyes, and chemicals that suitable for pest control. These concen- improve or enhance pesticidal trated chemicals (active ingredients) activity. may not mix well with water, may be Usually you need to mix a formu- chemically unstable, and may be dif- lated product with water or oil for final ficult to handle and transport. For application. Baits, granules, gels, and these reasons, manufacturers add inert dusts, however, are ready for use without substances such as clays and solvents additional dilution. Manufacturers to improve application effectiveness, package many specialized pesticides, Inert safety, handling, and storage. such as products for households, in ingredients do not possess pesticidal ready-to-use formulations. activity and are added to serve as a A single active ingredient often is carrier for the active ingredient. The sold in several kinds of formulations. mixture of active and inert ingredients Abbreviations are often used to describe is called a pesticide formulation. This the formulation (e.g., WP for wettable formulation may consist of: powders); how the pesticide is used • The pesticide active ingredient (e.g., TC for termiticide concentrate); that controls the target pest. or the characteristics of the formulation (e.g., LO for a low-odor formulation). • The carrier, such as an organic The amount of active ingredient (a.i.) solvent or mineral clay. and the kind of formulation are listed • Surface-active ingredients, such on the product label. For example, an as stickers and spreaders. 80% SP contains 80 percent by weight PESTICIDE FORMULATIONS 51 Table 4.1 Abbreviations for Formulations A = Aerosol M = Microencapsulated AF = Aqueous flowable MTF = Multiple temperature formulation AS = Aqueous solution or aqueous sus- P = Pellets pension PS = Pellets B = Bait RTU = Ready-to-use C = Concentrate S = Solution CM = Concentrate mixture SD = Soluble dust CG = Concentrate granules SG = Soluble granule D = Dust SP = Soluble powder or soluble packet DF = Dry flowables ULV = Ultra low volume DS = Soluble dust ULW = Ultra low weight or ultra low wettable E = Emulsifiable concentrate W = Wettable powder EC = Emulsifiable concentrate WDG = Water-dispersible granules F = Flowable (liquid) WP = Wettable powder G = Granules WS = Water soluble GL = Gel WSG = Water-soluble granules L = Liquid (flowable) WSL = Water-soluble liquid LC = Liquid concentrate or low concentrate WSP = Water-soluble powder or water- LV = Low volatile soluble packet of active ingredient and is a soluble • Can the formulation be applied powder. If it is in a 10-pound bag, it appropriately under the condi- contains 8 pounds of a.i. and 2 pounds tions in the application area? of inert ingredient. Liquid formulations • Will the formulation reach your indicate the amount of a.i. in pounds target and stay in place long per gallon. For example, 4F means enough to control the pest? 4 pounds of the a.i. per gallon in a flowable formulation. Some common • Is the formulation likely to formulation abbreviations are listed in damage the surface to which you Table 4.1. will apply it? If you find that more than one • Could I choose a less hazardous formulation is available for your pest formulation that would still be control situation, you should choose the as effective? best one for the job. Before you make the choice, ask yourself several questions To answer these kinds of questions, about each formulation. For example: you need to know something about the characteristics of different types of for- • Do I have the necessary appli- mulations and the general advantages cation equipment? and disadvantages of each type. AN OVERVIEW OF THE FORMULATION PROCESS The ingredients in pesticide products sulfur), while a few are derived from come from many sources. Some, such microbes (e.g., Bacillus thuringiensis). as nicotine, pyrethrum, and rotenone, However, the vast majority of active are extracted from plants. Others ingredients are made in the laboratory. have a mineral origin (e.g., copper, These synthetic active ingredients may 52 CHAPTER 4 have been designed by a chemist or liquid. The solid particles do not dis- discovered through a screening process solve in the liquid, and the mixture examining chemicals generated by must be agitated to keep the particles various industries. evenly distributed. Most suspensions Regardless of their source, pes- will have a cloudy, murky appearance. ticide active ingredients have a range The label directs the user to shake well of solubilities. Some dissolve readily in before using. Such products also form water; others, only in oils. Some active suspensions when mixed with water ingredients may be relatively insoluble in for application as a spray. Explicit label either water or oil. Solubility character- information describes the need for istics and the intended use of the pesticide sufficient agitation to keep the solid generally define which formulations best particles of the product dispersed in the deliver the active ingredient. spray tank. Usually, an active ingredient is combined with appropriate inert Emulsion materials prior to packaging. The brief review of basic chemical terminology An emulsion occurs when one below should prove helpful in under- liquid is dispersed (as droplets) in standing differences among the various another liquid. Each liquid retains its types of formulations. original identity. Some degree of agi- tation generally is required to keep the Solution emulsion from separating. Emulsions A solution results when a substance usually have a milky appearance. The is dissolved in a liquid. The components active ingredient is dissolved in an oil- of a true solution cannot be mechani- based solvent. When the product is cally separated. Once mixed, a true mixed with water, an emulsion (oil in solution does not require agitation to water) is formed. An emulsifying agent keep its various parts from settling. (often called an emulsifier) formulated Solutions are frequently transparent, into product helps prevent the emulsion although if they are dark colored, this from separating. may not be the case. Familiarity with these terms and processes leads to a greater under- Suspension standing and appreciation of the A suspension is a mixture of finely advantages and disadvantages of many divided, solid particles dispersed in a commonly used pesticide formulations. LIQUID formulations Liquid formulations are generally per gallon. ECs are among the most mixed with water, but in some instances versatile formulations. They are used labels may permit the use of crop oil, against agricultural, ornamental and diesel fuel, kerosene, or some other turf, forestry, structural, food processing, light oil as a carrier. Emulsifiable Concentrates (EC or E) An emulsifiable concentrate for- mulation usually contains a liquid active ingredient, one or more petroleum- d applicators d use only by certifie For retail sale an of and only based solvents (which give EC e direct supervision or persons under th plicatorís d by the certified ap formulations their strong odor), and an for those uses covere tion. agent that allows the formulation to be certifica ooi mixed with water to form an emulsion. kfhksiusj Most ECs contain between 25 and 75 percent (2 to 8 pounds) active ingredient PESTICIDE FORMULATIONS 53 livestock, and public health pests. They Ready-to-use Low-concen- are adaptable to many types of appli- trate Solutions (RTU) cation equipment, from small, portable Low-concentrate formulations are sprayers to hydraulic sprayers, low- ready to use and require no further volume ground sprayers, mist blowers, dilution before application. They and low-volume aircraft sprayers. consist of a small amount of active Advantages: ingredient (often 1 percent or less per unit volume) dissolved in an organic • Relatively easy to handle, solvent. They usually do not stain transport, and store. fabrics or have unpleasant odors. They • Little agitation required—will are especially useful for structural and not settle out or separate when institutional pests and for household equipment is running. use. Major disadvantages of low-con- centrate formulations include limited • Not abrasive. availability and high cost per unit of • Will not plug screens or nozzles. active ingredient. Many organic sol- vents are harmful to foliage, so they • Little visible residue on treated often cannot be used as plant sprays. surfaces. Ultra-low Volume (ULV) Disadvantages: These concentrates may approach • High a.i. concentration makes 100 percent active ingredient. They are it easy to overdose or underdose designed to be used as is or to be diluted through mixing or calibration with only small quantities of a specified errors. carrier and are used at rates of no more • May cause damage to desirable than 1/2 gallon per acre. These special plants (phototoxicity). purpose formulations are used mostly in outdoor applications, such
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