DOCSLIB.ORG

Synthesis and Technology of Nanoemulsion-Based Pesticide Formulation

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Synthesis and Technology of Nanoemulsion-Based Pesticide Formulation nanomaterials Review Synthesis and Technology of Nanoemulsion-Based Pesticide Formulation Isshadiba Faikah Mustafa and Mohd Zobir Hussein * Materials Synthesis and Characterization Laboratory, Institute of Advanced Technology, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Seri Kembangan 43400, Selangor, Malaysia; [email protected] * Correspondence: [email protected] Received: 6 July 2020; Accepted: 13 August 2020; Published: 17 August 2020 Abstract: Declines in crop yield due to pests and diseases require the development of safe, green and eco-friendly pesticide formulations. A major problem faced by the agricultural industry is the use of conventional agrochemicals that contribute broad-spectrum effects towards the environment and organisms. As a result of this issue, researchers are currently developing various pesticide formulations using different nanotechnology approaches. The progress and opportunities in developing nanoemulsions as carriers for plant protection or nanodelivery systems for agrochemicals in agricultural practice have been the subject of intense research. New unique chemical and biologic properties have resulted in a promising pesticide nanoformulations for crop protection. These innovations—particularly the nanoemulsion-based agrochemicals—are capable of enhancing the solubility of active ingredients, improving agrochemical bioavailability, and improving stability and wettability properties during the application, thus resulting in better efficacy for pest control and treatment. All of these—together with various preparation methods towards a greener and environmentally friendly agrochemicals—are also discussed and summarized in this review. Keywords: nanoemulsion; agrochemical; properties; pesticide; agriculture 1. Introduction Colloidal nanoformulations have remarkable properties that have attracted much attention for use in various applications. These advanced nanoformulation systems bring many improvements in the agricultural sector for better efficacy towards antifungal activities [1,2] and pesticide delivery systems [3,4]. The incorporation of colloid nanoformulations into cosmetic products has enabled the modification of the drug permeation and allowing optimum efficiency on the skin [5,6]. This nanoformulation system also used for the food industry [7] to extend the shelf life of food [8] and improve food protection from the biodeterioration process [9]. Recently, the advantages of colloidal nanoformulation have opened up some alluring possibilities for enhancing technology in the agricultural sector. Industrial agriculture estimates that more than 70% of traditional pesticides are not efficient due to repetitive use at a higher dose in achieving optimal bio-efficiency thus leading to environmental fate through some process including runoff, leaching and volatilization [10]. Some of the conventional agrochemicals that are usually in emulsifiable concentrate or wettable powder forms are embedded in soil or groundwater for years. The long degradation period has resulted in its accumulation in the food chain and hazardous to the human and animal health and the environment. These pesticides have been banned through strict pesticide regulations in developed countries, but unfortunately, it is still widely used in many developing countries [11]. Hence, water-based pesticide formulations using colloidal systems can be a good alternative in replacing the existing formulation [12]. Nanomaterials 2020, 10, 1608; doi:10.3390/nano10081608 www.mdpi.com/journal/nanomaterials Nanomaterials 2020, 10, x FOR PEER REVIEW 2 of 26 Hence, water-based pesticide formulations using colloidal systems can be a good alternative in Nanomaterials 2020, 10, 1608 2 of 26 replacing the existing formulation [12]. Figure 1 displays the type of colloidal systems: micelle, liposome and nanoemulsion which were developedFigure 1to displays overcome the typethe ofdrawback colloidal of systems: the conv micelle,entional liposome agrochemicals. and nanoemulsion Micelle whichis the wereterm developedfrequently toused overcome when theemulsions drawback are of discussed. the conventional Microemulsion agrochemicals. requires Micelle a high is the concentration term frequently of usedsurfactant when of emulsions 20% or more are discussed. compared Microemulsion to only 3%–10% requires for nanoemulsion a high concentration [13]. The of surfactantdevelopment of 20% of ornanoemulsion more compared has tomany only significant 3%–10% for advantages nanoemulsion as it [reduces13]. The the development use of organic of nanoemulsion solvents [12] has or manybioactive significant oil concentration advantages and as it increases reduces thethe use solubi of organiclization solvents of active [12 ingredients] or bioactive while oil concentration maintaining andbiologic increases activity. the Along solubilization with the offormation active ingredients of nanoemulsion, while maintaining spontaneous biologic formation activity. of micelle Along or with the theso-called formation micellization of nanoemulsion, has also spontaneousoccurred, which formation indicates of micellethat micelle or the formation so-called micellizationis to exist in hasthe alsonanoemulsion. occurred, which indicates that micelle formation is to exist in the nanoemulsion. Figure 1. Composition of the micelle, liposome and nanoemulsion droplet (micelles with a hydrophobic Figure 1. Composition of the micelle, liposome and nanoemulsion droplet (micelles with a core which is formed by the tails of the surfactant molecules. Liposomes with an aqueous core hydrophobic core which is formed by the tails of the surfactant molecules. Liposomes with an surrounded by a double phospholipid layer. Nanoemulsions droplets with a hydrophobic liquid core aqueous core surrounded by a double phospholipid layer. Nanoemulsions droplets with a composed of the oil that is dispersed in the water and stabilized by a surfactant monolayer) Reproduced hydrophobic liquid core composed of the oil that is dispersed in the water and stabilized by a with permission from [14]. surfactant monolayer) Reproduced with permission from [14]. Here, we discuss the synthesis, physicochemical and biologic characterizations and the technology of nanoemulsion-basedHere, we discuss pesticide the synthesis, formulation physicochemi for agriculturalcal and use. biologic The role ofcharacterizations each component and used the for thetechnology formulation of nanoemulsion-based is described in detail. Additionally,pesticide formul studiesation of thefor useagricultural of the nanoemulsion use. The role for pesticideof each deliverycomponentin vitrousedand for inthe vivo formulationapplications is described also are reviewed. in detail. Moreover,Additionally, the penetrationstudies of the pathways use of the of nanoemulsion-basednanoemulsion for pesticide agrochemicals delivery and in theirvitro activeand in release vivo applications into the living also organism are reviewed. also are Moreover, explained. Thethe penetration environmental pathways risk assessment of nanoemulsion-based is also briefly indicated agrochemicals in this review. and their active release into the living organism also are explained. The environmental risk assessment is also briefly indicated in this 2.review. Nanoemulsion as A Colloidal System Nanoemulsion is also known as a miniemulsion, sub-micron emulsion or ultrafine emulsion, in 2. Nanoemulsion as a Colloidal System which the size is between 20–500 nm [15]. The nanoemulsion structure can be custom-made to meet the needsNanoemulsion of various is applications. also known Thereas a miniemulsion, are three types sub-micron of nanoemulsion: emulsion oil or inultrafine water (O emulsion,/W), water in inwhich oil (W the/O) size and is bi-continuous.between 20–500 In nm the [15]. later, The the na systemnoemulsion is obtained structure when can the be oil custom-made and aqueous to phase meet arethe separatedneeds of various by the surfactantapplications. layer. There Nanoemulsions are three types consist of nanoemulsion: of three main oil parts: in water oil, surfactant (O/W), water and water.in oil (W/O) Twoimmiscible and bi-continuous. phases—oil In the or later, organic the and system water is phaseobtained that when are present the oil and in a aqueous nanoemulsion phase system—areare separated separated by the surfactant by interfacial layer. tension Nanoemulsions induces by consist surfactants of three [16 main]. parts: oil, surfactant and water. Two immiscible phases—oil or organic and water phase that are present in a nanoemulsion 2.1.system—are Surfactant separated as an Emulsifier by interfacial in Nanoemulsion tension induces by surfactants [16]. One of the important components in nanoemulsions are surfactants, also called emulsifiers. There2.1. Surfactant are four as types an Emulsifier of surfactants: in Nanoemulsion cationic, anionic, amphoteric and nonionic. In formulating nanoemulsion-basedOne of the important for pesticide components applications, in nanoemulsi nonionicons surfactants are surfactants, are usually also encapsulated called emulsifiers. into the nanoemulsion,There are four astypes they areof surfactants: less affected cationic, by the pH anionic, and ionic amphoteric strength. Thisand additionalnonionic. componentIn formulating can alternanoemulsion-based the stability and sizefor pesticide of the nanoemulsion, applications, as nonionic a result ofsurfactants cohesion betweenare usually the encapsulated anionic surfactant into and the solution. The selection of surfactants also can be related to its
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Chapter 6: Additional WPS Training Topics for Handlers
    ADDITIONAL WPS TRAINING TOPICS FOR HANDLERS CHAPTER Pesticide Labels 6-1 Contents 6-1: Reading and Understanding the Pesticide Label ............................70 The Parts of the Pesticide Label .......................................................................71 Brand Name ...................................................................................................74 Pesticide Manufacturer ................................................................................74 Pesticide Type ................................................................................................75 Active Ingredient ...........................................................................................75 Inert or Other Ingredients .............................................................................75 Pesticide Formulation ....................................................................................76 Table 6.1: Examples of Different Types of Pesticide Formulations ............76 EPA Registration Number ..............................................................................76 Signal Word ....................................................................................................77 First Aid ...........................................................................................................77 Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) ..........................................................78 Precautionary Statements ............................................................................78 Environmental
    [Show full text]
  • Managing Pesticide Drift1 F
    PI232 Managing Pesticide Drift1 F. M. Fishel and J. A. Ferrell2 Introduction may drift and whether it is harmful depends on interrelated factors that can be complex. The drift of spray from pesticide applications can expose people, plants and animals, and the environment to Drift is a significant legal concern in Florida. During pesticide residues that can cause health and environmental 2009–2010, the Florida Department of Agriculture and effects and property damage. Agricultural practices are Consumer Services (FDACS), which is the state pesticide poorly understood by the public, which causes anxiety and regulatory agency, initiated 39 investigations in response sometimes overreaction to a situation. Even the application to allegations of drift. Where significant drift does occur, of fertilizers or biological pesticides, like Bt or pheromones, it can damage or contaminate sensitive crops, poison bees, can be perceived as a danger to the general public. Drift pose health risks to humans and animals, and contaminate can lead to litigation, financially damaging court costs, soil and water in adjacent areas (Figure 1). Applicators are and appeals to restrict or ban the use of crop protection legally responsible for the damages resulting from the off- materials. Urbanization has led to much of Florida’s agri- target movement of pesticides. It is impossible to eliminate cultural production being in areas of close proximity to the drift totally, but it is possible to reduce it to a legal level. general public, including residential subdivisions, assisted The purpose of this guide is to discuss factors influencing living facilities, hospitals, and schools. Such sensitive sites drift and provide common-sense solutions for minimizing heighten the need for drift mitigation measures to be taken potential drift problems.
    [Show full text]
  • Sound Management of Pesticides and Diagnosis and Treatment Of
    * Revision of the“IPCS - Multilevel Course on the Safe Use of Pesticides and on the Diagnosis and Treatment of Presticide Poisoning, 1994” © World Health Organization 2006 All rights reserved. The designations employed and the presentation of the material in this publication do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of the World Health Organization concerning the legal status of any country, territory, city or area or of its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries. Dotted lines on maps represent approximate border lines for which there may not yet be full agreement. The mention of specific companies or of certain manufacturers’ products does not imply that they are endorsed or recommended by the World Health Organization in preference to others of a similar nature that are not mentioned. Errors and omissions excepted, the names of proprietary products are distinguished by initial capital letters. All reasonable precautions have been taken by the World Health Organization to verify the information contained in this publication. However, the published material is being distributed without warranty of any kind, either expressed or implied. The responsibility for the interpretation and use of the material lies with the reader. In no event shall the World Health Organization be liable for damages arising from its use. CONTENTS Preface Acknowledgement Part I. Overview 1. Introduction 1.1 Background 1.2 Objectives 2. Overview of the resource tool 2.1 Moduledescription 2.2 Training levels 2.3 Visual aids 2.4 Informationsources 3. Using the resource tool 3.1 Introduction 3.2 Training trainers 3.2.1 Organizational aspects 3.2.2 Coordinator’s preparation 3.2.3 Selection of participants 3.2.4 Before training trainers 3.2.5 Specimen module 3.3 Trainers 3.3.1 Trainer preparation 3.3.2 Selection of participants 3.3.3 Organizational aspects 3.3.4 Before a course 4.
    [Show full text]
  • Pesticide Formulations
    CHAPTER 4 PESTICIDE FORMULATIONS LEARNING OBJECTIVES After studying this chapter, you should: • Understand what a pesticide formulation is. • Know how to interpret common abbreviations used to describe formulations (e.g., WP, DF, EC, RTU, S, G, ULV). • Know how to identify advantages and disadvantages of common formulation types (e.g., dusts, granules, wettable powders, dry flowables, microencapsulated, aerosols). • Know how to explain the role of adjuvants (e.g., buffers, stickers, spreaders) during pesticide application. Pesticide chemicals in their “raw” • Other ingredients, such as stabi- or unformulated state are not usually lizers, dyes, and chemicals that suitable for pest control. These concen- improve or enhance pesticidal trated chemicals (active ingredients) activity. may not mix well with water, may be Usually you need to mix a formu- chemically unstable, and may be dif- lated product with water or oil for final ficult to handle and transport. For application. Baits, granules, gels, and these reasons, manufacturers add inert dusts, however, are ready for use without substances such as clays and solvents additional dilution. Manufacturers to improve application effectiveness, package many specialized pesticides, Inert safety, handling, and storage. such as products for households, in ingredients do not possess pesticidal ready-to-use formulations. activity and are added to serve as a A single active ingredient often is carrier for the active ingredient. The sold in several kinds of formulations. mixture of active and inert ingredients Abbreviations are often used to describe is called a pesticide formulation. This the formulation (e.g., WP for wettable formulation may consist of: powders); how the pesticide is used • The pesticide active ingredient (e.g., TC for termiticide concentrate); that controls the target pest.
    [Show full text]
  • AP-42, CH 9.2.2: Pesticide Application
    9.2.2PesticideApplication 9.2.2.1General1-2 Pesticidesaresubstancesormixturesusedtocontrolplantandanimallifeforthepurposesof increasingandimprovingagriculturalproduction,protectingpublichealthfrompest-bornediseaseand discomfort,reducingpropertydamagecausedbypests,andimprovingtheaestheticqualityofoutdoor orindoorsurroundings.Pesticidesareusedwidelyinagriculture,byhomeowners,byindustry,andby governmentagencies.Thelargestusageofchemicalswithpesticidalactivity,byweightof"active ingredient"(AI),isinagriculture.Agriculturalpesticidesareusedforcost-effectivecontrolofweeds, insects,mites,fungi,nematodes,andotherthreatstotheyield,quality,orsafetyoffood.Theannual U.S.usageofpesticideAIs(i.e.,insecticides,herbicides,andfungicides)isover800millionpounds. AiremissionsfrompesticideusearisebecauseofthevolatilenatureofmanyAIs,solvents, andotheradditivesusedinformulations,andofthedustynatureofsomeformulations.Mostmodern pesticidesareorganiccompounds.EmissionscanresultdirectlyduringapplicationorastheAIor solventvolatilizesovertimefromsoilandvegetation.Thisdiscussionwillfocusonemissionfactors forvolatilization.Thereareinsufficientdataavailableonparticulateemissionstopermitemission factordevelopment. 9.2.2.2ProcessDescription3-6 ApplicationMethods- Pesticideapplicationmethodsvaryaccordingtothetargetpestandtothecroporothervalue tobeprotected.Insomecases,thepesticideisapplieddirectlytothepest,andinotherstothehost plant.Instillothers,itisusedonthesoilorinanenclosedairspace.Pesticidemanufacturershave developedvariousformulationsofAIstomeetboththepestcontrolneedsandthepreferred
    [Show full text]
  • Use of Pesticide Products Containing Toxic Inert Ingredients
    Inert Ingredients in Pesticide Products Inert Ingredients in Pesticide Products; Policy Statement OPP-36140; FRL-3190-1 AGENCY: Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). ACTION: Notice. SUMMARY: This notice announces certain policies designed to reduce the potential for adverse effects from the use of pesticide products containing toxic inert ingredients. The Agency is encouraging the use of the least toxic inert ingredient available and requiring the development of data necessary to determine the conditions of safe use of products containing toxic inert ingredients. In support of these policies, the Agency has categorized inert ingredients according to toxicity. The Agency will (1) require data and labeling for inert ingredients which have been demonstrated to cause toxic effects; (2) in selected cases pursue hearings to determine whether such inert ingredients should continue to be permitted in pesticide products; (3) require data on inert ingredients which are similar in chemical structure to chemicals with demonstrated toxic properties or which have suggestive, but incomplete data on toxicity; and (4) subject all new inert ingredients, both for food and non-food uses, to a minimal data set and scientific review. The Agency is soliciting comments on these policies. EFFECTIVE DATE: This policy is effective on April 22, 1987, subject to revision if comments received warrant such revision. ADDRESSES: Three copies of written comments bearing the document control number [OPP-36140] should be submitted, by mail, to: Information Services Section, Program Management and Support Division (TS-757C), Office of Pesticide Programs, Environmental Protection Agency, 401 M St. SW., Washington, DC 20460. In person deliver comments to: Rm. 236, CM #2, 1921 Jefferson Davis Highway, Arlington, VA.
    [Show full text]
  • Recommended Classification of Pesticides by Hazard and Guidelines to Classification 2019 Theinternational Programme on Chemical Safety (IPCS) Was Established in 1980
    The WHO Recommended Classi cation of Pesticides by Hazard and Guidelines to Classi cation 2019 cation Hazard of Pesticides by and Guidelines to Classi The WHO Recommended Classi The WHO Recommended Classi cation of Pesticides by Hazard and Guidelines to Classi cation 2019 The WHO Recommended Classification of Pesticides by Hazard and Guidelines to Classification 2019 TheInternational Programme on Chemical Safety (IPCS) was established in 1980. The overall objectives of the IPCS are to establish the scientific basis for assessment of the risk to human health and the environment from exposure to chemicals, through international peer review processes, as a prerequisite for the promotion of chemical safety, and to provide technical assistance in strengthening national capacities for the sound management of chemicals. This publication was developed in the IOMC context. The contents do not necessarily reflect the views or stated policies of individual IOMC Participating Organizations. The Inter-Organization Programme for the Sound Management of Chemicals (IOMC) was established in 1995 following recommendations made by the 1992 UN Conference on Environment and Development to strengthen cooperation and increase international coordination in the field of chemical safety. The Participating Organizations are: FAO, ILO, UNDP, UNEP, UNIDO, UNITAR, WHO, World Bank and OECD. The purpose of the IOMC is to promote coordination of the policies and activities pursued by the Participating Organizations, jointly or separately, to achieve the sound management of chemicals in relation to human health and the environment. WHO recommended classification of pesticides by hazard and guidelines to classification, 2019 edition ISBN 978-92-4-000566-2 (electronic version) ISBN 978-92-4-000567-9 (print version) ISSN 1684-1042 © World Health Organization 2020 Some rights reserved.
    [Show full text]
  • Toxicity and Hazard of Pesticides
    Pesticide Toxicity and Hazard April, 2017 Introduction Pesticide applicators should understand the hazards and risks associated with the pesticides they use. Pesticides vary greatly in toxicity. Toxicity depends on the chemical and physical properties of a substance, and may be defined as the quality of being poisonous or harmful to animals or plants. Pesticides have many different modes of action, but in general cause biochemical changes which interfere with normal cell functions. The toxicity of any compound is related to the dose. A highly toxic substance causes severe symptoms of poisoning with small doses. A substance with a low toxicity generally requires large doses to produce mild symptoms. Even common substances like coffee or salt become poisons if large amounts are consumed. Toxicity can be either acute or chronic. Acute toxicity is the ability of a substance to cause harmful effects which develop rapidly following exposure, i.e. a few hours or a day. Chronic toxicity is the ability of a substance to cause adverse health effects resulting from long-term exposure to a substance. There is a great range in the toxicity of pesticides to humans. The relative hazard of a pesticide is dependent upon the toxicity of the pesticide, the dose and the length of time exposed. The hazard in using a pesticide is related to the likelihood of exposure to harmful amounts of the pesticide. The toxicity of a pesticide can’t be changed but the risk of exposure can be reduced with the use of proper personal protective equipment (PPE), proper handling and application procedures. Pesticide Toxicity Some pesticides are dangerous after one large dose (acute toxicity).
    [Show full text]
  • Pesticides and Pests
    Pesticides and Pests Pesticides and Pests Edited by Balraj Singh Parmar, Shashi Bala Singh and Suresh Walia Pesticides and Pests Edited by Balraj Singh Parmar, Shashi Bala Singh and Suresh Walia This book first published 2019 Cambridge Scholars Publishing Lady Stephenson Library, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE6 2PA, UK British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library Copyright © 2019 by Balraj Singh Parmar, Shashi Bala Singh, Suresh Walia and contributors All rights for this book reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, without the prior permission of the copyright owner. ISBN (10): 1-5275-3803-6 ISBN (13): 978-1-5275-3803-0 TABLE OF CONTENTS Preface ....................................................................................................... vii Chapter One ................................................................................................. 1 Introduction Balraj S. Parmar Chapter Two .............................................................................................. 21 Realities and Challenges of Pesticides for Food Security in India D.K. Chopra Chapter Three ............................................................................................ 50 The Insecticides Act 1968 to the Pesticides Management Bill 2008 Vipin Saini Chapter Four .............................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • Chapter 4 Pesticide Formulations
    Chapter 4 Pesticide Formulations Pesticide active ingredients in their “raw” or unformulated state are not usually suitable for pest control. Manufacturers of pesticides mix in other ingredients to “formulate” the pesticide into a usable final product. This Chapter discusses different pesticide formulations and handling information that will help applicators work safely with each type. Applicator mixing a pesticide concentrate. Photographer: M.J. Weaver Institution: Virginia Tech Source: pesticides.org (Virginia Tech) Chapter 1.4. IntegratedPesticide Formulations Pest Management 85 Notes Page PRIVATE PESTICIDE APPLICATOR TRAINING MANUAL 19th Edition 86 Section 1: Overview of Pesticide Formulations Pesticide active ingredients by themselves may not mix well with water, may be chemically unstable, may be difficult to handle or store, and may be difficult to apply for good pest control. To make an active ingredient useful, manufacturers add other ingredients (sometimes called inert ingredients) to “formulate” the pesticide into the final product offered for sale. This Section explains why pesticides are manufactured in different formulations and describes the benefits and disadvantages of different formulations. Learning Objectives: 1. Explain the difference between a pesticide formulation and an active ingredient. 2. Identify strengths and weaknesses of common types of pesticide formulations. 3. Know how to interpret common abbreviations used to describe formulations (For example, WP, DF, EC, RTU, S, G, ULV). Terms to Know: w Active ingredient
    [Show full text]
  • Pesticide Formulations1 Frederick M
    PI231 Pesticide Formulations1 Frederick M. Fishel2 Introduction Usually you need to mix a formulated product with water or oil for final application. Most baits, granules, gels, and Pesticide chemicals in their “raw” or unformulated state dusts, however, are ready for use without additional dilu- are not usually suitable for pest control. These concentrated tion. Manufacturers package many specialized pesticides, chemicals and active ingredients may not mix well with such as products for households, in ready-to-use formula- water, may be chemically unstable, and may be difficult to tions (Figure 2). handle and transport. For these reasons, manufacturers add inert substances, such as clays and solvents, to improve application effectiveness, safety, handling, and storage. Inert ingredients do not possess pesticidal activity and are added to serve as a carrier for the active ingredient. Manufacturers will list the percentage of inert ingredients in the formula- tion or designate them as “other ingredients” on their labels. There are several inert substances, such as petroleum Figure 1. Some inert ingredients are specifically identified in the label distillates and xylene, which will have a specific statement ingredient statement. identifying their presence in the formulation (Figure 1). Credits: CDMS. The mixture of active and inert ingredients is called a A single active ingredient often is sold in several kinds of pesticide formulation. This formulation may consist of: formulations. Abbreviations are frequently used to describe the formulation (e.g., WP for wettable powders); how the • The pesticide active ingredient that controls the target pesticide is used (e.g., TC for termiticide concentrate); pest or the characteristics of the formulation (e.g., ULV for an • The carrier, such as an organic solvent or mineral clay ultra-low-volume formulation).
    [Show full text]
  • Manual on Development and Use of FAO and WHO Specifications for Pesticides. Month 2015 3Rd Revision of First Edition
    412 ISSN 1014-11971014-1200 228 ISSN ISSN0259-2517 1020-055X 8 ESTUDIOESTUDIOƒTUDE FAOFAO BiotecnologíaEtudeTitle Spanish prospective agrícola INVESTIGACIÓNPRODUCCIîNFORæTSPLANT YPRODUCTION TECNOLOGIAY SANIDAD paradugdfgdfgdf secteur países sdforestier en desarrollo AND PROTECTIONANIMAL Manual on development and use of FAOand WHO specifications for 141PAPER In 2001, the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO) and enJgfsdFFAO/WHOResultados Afrique de un foro electrónico Meetingf 8 the World Health Organization (WHO) agreed to develop specifications for pesticides jointly, thus providing unique, robust and universally applicable 412 standards for pesticide quality. This joint programme is based on a Memorandum RapportSubtiltle r gional Ð opportunit s et d s ˆ l'horizon228 2020 of Understanding between the two Organizations. Manual on development The March 2016 revision of the 1st edition of the Manual on development and En estaCe publicación rapport r gional se presenta de lÕEtude un informe prospective sobre du las secteur primerasBlurb TEXTforestier seis conferencias en Afrique fournitmediante une correo vue dÕensemble electrónico des use of FAO and WHO specifications for pesticides, which is available only on the organizadaspossibilit s por oertes el Foro et electrónicodes d s ˆ relever de la FAOpour sobre Helveticarenforcer la biotecnología boldla contribution 8/12 en ladu alimentación secteur forestier y la agricultura,au d veloppement internet, supersedes the 2010 revision and previous manuals and guidance celebradasdurable entre de marzo lÕAfrique, de 2000 dans y mayo le contexte de 2001. des Todas changements las conferencias politiques contaron et institutionnels, con un moderador, d mographiques, duraron and use of FAO and WHO aproximadamentedocumentsconomiques, published dos technologiques meses by y eitherse centraron et FAOenvironnementaux.
    [Show full text]