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Characteristics of Prepared Fenpropathrin Nano-Emulsion and Research on Glutathione S-Transferase Enzymatic Activity and Penetration Performance on T

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Materials Express 2158-5849/2019/9/451/008 Copyright © 2019 by American Scientific Publishers All rights reserved. doi:10.1166/mex.2019.1510 Printed in the United States of America www.aspbs.com/mex Characteristics of prepared fenpropathrin nano-emulsion and research on glutathione S-transferase enzymatic activity and penetration performance on T. cinnabarinus Ni Yang1,†,TaoTang2, †,HuanYu1,FeiXue1, Chuanzhen Li1, 3, Shuang Rong1,LinHe1, 3,andKunQian1,∗ 1Key Laboratory of Entomology and Pest Control Engineering, College of Plant Protection, Southwest University, Chongqing 400716, China 2State Key Laboratory for Quality and Safety of Agro-Products (In Prepared), Key Laboratory for Pesticide Residue Detection of Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Quality and Standard for Agro-Products, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, 310021, Zhejiang, China 3Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing 400716, China Article IP: 192.168.39.211 On: Sun, 26 Sep 2021 00:44:07 Copyright: American Scientific Publishers Delivered by Ingenta ABSTRACT In this study, fenpropathrin nano-emulsion (NE) was prepared by phase inversion emulsification method. 8% xylene and 2% solvent oil 150 (The main component is 1,2,4,5-Tetramethylbenzene) were used as solvent, styrylphenolpolyoxyethylene and calcium dodecylbenzenesulfonate were used as surfactants. The particle size, zeta potential, conductivity and contact angle were detected to evaluate the characteristic of the nano-emulsion. Toxicity of fenpropathrin nano-emulsion on the pest mite, Tetranychus cinnabarinus, was analyzed. The particle sizes of 8% fenpropathrin nano-emulsion and 20% fenpropathrin emulsion concentrates (EC) were 31.53 nm and 459.00 nm, zeta potentials were −22 mV and 5.762 mV, respectively, which showed that the size of nano- emulsion was much smaller and its stability was higher than that of EC. The contact angles of these two formulations were tested in concentrations of 500 mg/L to 2000 mg/L. We found that the contact angle of NE at the same concentration was 32% lower than that of EC averagely. The results indicated that the wettability and adhesion ability of nano-emulsion droplets were better than those of EC on the biological targets. According to determination of penetration performance to T. cinnabarinus, it was found that the penetration performance of NE to T. cinnabarinus is 4–6 times higher than that of EC. With the characteristics above, the NE has exhibited higher biological activity on the T. cinnabarinus. The results of Glutathione-S-transferase (GSTs) enzymatic activity of T. cinnabarinus showed nano-emulsion had higher effects than EC. In conclusion, compared with EC, nano-emulsion has better penetration, biological activity and a great application prospect in pesticide field in the future. Keywords: Fenpropathrin, Nano-Emulsion, Contact Angle, Enzymatic Activity, Penetration Performance. 1. INTRODUCTION Fenpropathrin acts on the nervous system of pests and is ∗ often used as insecticide/acaricide [1, 2]. Since its low Author to whom correspondence should be addressed. Email: [email protected] solubility in water (14.1 g/L, 25 C), and unstability in †These two authors contributed equally to this work. alkaline solution, fenpropathrin is often used in the form Mater. Express, Vol. 9, No. 5, 2019 451 Materials Express Characteristics of prepared fenpropathrin nano-emulsion Yang et al. of emulsion concentrate (EC) for pest control. Unfortu- effects of fenpropathrin nano-emulsion and EC on GST nately, although EC is a traditional pesticide formulation, activity of T. cinnabarinus. In addition, the differences of it has great negative effect on human health and the envi- contact angle, adhesion work and penetration performance ronment [3–5] because of the large quantities of organic between nano-emulsion and EC were also compared. solvents used in EC. In order to reduce environmental pol- Nano-emulsion is mainly used in cosmetics, medicine lution, it is necessary to replace EC with new environmen- and other fields, but it has not been promoted in pesti- tal protection formula. cide production. This experiment introduced the character- In recent years, nano-pesticides have become a research istics and advantages of nano-emulsion from many aspects hotspot. Many types of nano-pesticides are prepared by of pesticide properties, which is of great significance to using nano-materials as carriers [6]. Some researchers the application and popularization of nano-emulsion in the have developed new methods for pesticide detection by field of pesticide. using the adsorption properties of nano-materials, and improved the detection limit of pesticides [7–10]. Nano- 2. MATERIALS AND METHODS pesticides are the trend of pesticide development, and 2.1. Materials nano-emulsions are expected to become the hot dosage forms in the future. Nano-emulsions have a series of 8 wt.% fenpropathrin nano-emulsion was prepared by advantages such as small particle size, narrow droplet size a phase inversion emulsification method. Formula of distribution and so on, which make them very attractive in fenpropathrin nano-emulsion was as follows, 8% fen- many aspects of industrial applications [11–15]. Because propathrin, 8% xylene, 2% solvent oil 150, 11% emulsifier \ of the small particle size, nano-emulsion has high stability (LAE CaDDBS, 2:1) and 71% water. for precipitation, emulsification, flocculation or coagula- Fenpropathrin (emulsion concentrate, 20%) was pur- tion [16]. Although the particle size and some properties chased from Zhejiang Well-done Chemical Co., Ltd. of nano-emulsions are similar to those of microemulsions (Zhejiang, China). Fenpropathrin (technical grade, 92.9%) (for example, both being transparent) [17], the formation was provided by Nanjing Red Sun Co., Ltd. (Jiangsu, of nano-emulsions requires lower surfactant concentration China). Dimethylbenzene was purchased from Chengdu and less polar solvents [18–20]. Kelong Chemical Co., Ltd. (Chengdu, China). Calcium The key factors in the formationIP: 192.168.39.211 of nanoemulsion On: are Sun,dodecyl 26 Sep benzene2021 00:44:07 sulfonate (99%, CaDDBS) and poly- related to emulsification kinetics [21].Copyright: Nano emulsion American can Scientificoxyethylene Publishers fatty acid (99%, LAE) were provided by Delivered by Ingenta not spontaneously form. Their properties depend not only Lvshun Chemicals Co., Ltd. (Lvshun, China). All products on thermodynamic conditions, but also on the addition were not purified further. Deionized water was used in this experiment. Article method and order of components [22]. Stable and transpar- ent nano-emulsion can be prepared only by selecting suit- 1-chloro-2,4-dini-trobenzene (CDNB) was purchased able system composition and preparation method. In these from the Shanghai No. 1 Reagent Factory (Shanghai, studies, a low-energy method [23] was adopted at constant China); Coomassie blue G-250 was provided by Amresco temperature to prepare fenpropathrin (active ingredient) Co. (Solon, USA); bovine serum albumin (BSA) was from nano-emulsion with anionic-nonionic surfactant mixture. Shanghai BioLife Science & Technology Co. (Shanghai, The purpose of this work is to determine the optimum China). concentration and ratio of O/W nano-emulsion surfactant. The method is to test the influence of different propor- 2.2. Preparation Process of Nano-Emulsion tions and total concentration of surfactants on the long- In the preparation process of nano-emulsion, LEEM was term stability of nano-emulsion [24, 25]. Most researches used to prepare 20 g 8 wt.% fenpropathrin nano-emulsions are focused on the application of nano-emulsions in the with 8–12 wt% surfactant (emulsifier ABSA and phe- medical fields [26], while very few are in the pesticide noxyethyl phenol polyoxyethylene ether) at 25 C. Firstly, field. fenpropathrin was completely dissolved in xylene, and In this study, a stable fenpropathrin nano-emulsion then surfactant was added into beaker to form oil phase was prepared by low-energy emulsification method evenly. And then water was added dropwise to oil phase (LEEM) [11, 27, 28] and the particle size, conductivity using a magnetic stirrer (JintanFuhua Instrument Co., Ltd., and zeta potential of the nano-emulsion were determined Jiangsu, China) for 30 min at 25 C. The preparation pro- for preliminary understanding the stability mechanism of cess of nano-emulsion by LEEM was shown in Figure 1. nano-emulsion. It can be predicted that pesticide micro- The stability of fenpropathrin nano-emulsion at 0 Cand droplets have better wettability and permeability to biolog- 54 C was analyzed. The experimental results were showed ical targets at nano-size, thus improving biological activity. in Table I. GSTs is one of the most important phase II metabolic enzymes in vivo, and is the main detoxification system of 2.3. Conductivity Measurement cell anti-injury. To a certain extent, it can reflect the bio- Conductivity was detected by a Conductimeter Crison logical activity of pesticides [29]. Therefore, we tested the model 525 with a Pt/platinized electrode. 452 Mater. Express, Vol. 9, 2019 Characteristics of prepared fenpropathrin nano-emulsion Materials Express Yang et al. of Beibei District, Chongqing, China, and transferred to fresh potted young cowpea plants. The 200th generation after indoor breeding of about 13 years under artificial cli- mate: 24∼26 C, 60∼80% RH) was transferred into the centrifuge tube (three replicates for each treatment. After 24 hours, mites were observed under an anatomical
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