A Study of the Panathenaic Discourse of Aelius Aristides Against the Background of Literature and Cultural Conflict, with Text, Translation, and Commentary

TRANSACTIONS

OF THE

AMERICAN PHILOSOPHICAL SOCIETY

HELD AT PHILADELPHIA FOR PROMOTING USEFUL KNOWLEDGE

NEW SERIES-VOLUME 58, PART 1 1968

THE CIVILIZING POWER

A Study of the PanathenaicDiscourse of Aelius Aristides Against the Background of Literatureand Cultural Conflict, with Text, Translation,and Commentary

JAMES H. OLIVER Professorof Classics, The Johns Hopkins University

THE AMERICAN PHILOSOPHICAL SOCIETY INDEPENDENCE SQUARE PHILADELPHIA

homini maxime homini T. R. S. BROUGHTON

Library of Congress Catalog Card Number 68-I5919 PRINTED IN GERMANY at J. J. AUGUSTIN, GLUCKSTADT PREFACE

The translation was made and some of the com- Introduction, notes 2 and 3) and Professor Bayly mentary was composed in 1955-1956 when the Turlington of Sewanee have generously aided him writer enjoyed a year's leave of absence from the in regard to special problems. Professors Harry Johns Hopkins University and the assistance of a Bober and Paul A. Underwood kindly provided grant from the John Simon Guggenheim Memorial photographs. To all these we express our gratitude. Foundation. It is a pleasure to acknowledge these Most of the research was carried out with the great debts, likewise the assistance from Dean G. resources of the Johns Hopkins UniversityLibrary, Heberton Evans, Jr., of the Johns Hopkins Univer- but the writer has worked also in three Florentine sity, who drew on a special fund to buy photostatic libraries, namely the Laurentian, the Nazionale and copies of the four manuscripts here collated. the Istituto di Papirologia, where he was received To his wife, who among other things criticized with the most exquisite courtesy. the translation and compiled the English index, the The essay of Chapter I contains an address deliv- writer is particularly indebted. She has encouraged ered by the writer on 6 April, I964, at the University him at every stage. Dr. Iginio Crisci of Florence (see of Coimbra. J. H. O.

ABBREVIATIONS (See also list of manuscripts in Introduction) AHR. American Historical Review. GIBM. The Collectionof Ancient GreekInscriptions AJP. American Journal of Philology. in the British Museum, 4 v. London, I874-I916. Annee ep. Annee epigraphique,published annually GRBS. Greek,Roman, and Byzantine Studies, pub- as part of the Revue archeologique. lished at Duke University, Chapel Hill, North AP. AnthologiaPalatina. Carolina. BCH. Bulletin de CorrespondanceHellenique. Holleck. Coniectaneacritica in Aelii Aristidis Pana- Beecke. Die historischenAngaben in Aelius Aristides thenaicum,Diss. Vratislaviae, I874. Panathenaikosauf ihre Quellenuntersucht, Diss. HSCIP. HarvardStudies in Classical Philology. StraBburg, I905. IG. InscriptionesGraecae consilio et auctoritateAca- Bull. ep. Bulletin epigraphique,published annually demiae Litterarum Borussicae editae. Berlin, by J. and L. Robert as part of the Revue des I873-. etudesgrecques. IG II2, etc. Inscriptiones Graecae,volumen II-III, Carie. Robert, L. La Carie: histoire et geographie etc., editio minor. historique avec le recueil des inscriptions anti- JHS. Journal of Hellenic Studies. ques, Paris, Adrien-Maisonneuve, I954-. Mus. Helv. Museum Helveticum. Cl. Phil. Classical Philology. PG. Patrologiae cursus completus, ed. J. P. Migne. Didyma. Wiegand, Th., et alii. Didyma, Berlin, Series Graeca. Deutsches Archaologisches Institut, I94I-. PL. Patrologiae cursus completus,ed. J. P. Migne. FGrHist. Jacoby, F. Die Fragmenteder giechischen Series Latina. Historiker, Berlin, Weidmann, I923-. PSI. Papiri della Societa Italiana, Florence. FHG. Muller, C. and Th. Fragmenta historicorum R.-E. Realencyklopiidieder klassischen Altertums- Graecorum, 5 v. Paris, Firmin Didot, I84I-I870. wissenschaft. GEL. A Greek-EnglishLexicon compiled by H. G. REG. Revue des etudesgrecques. Liddell and R. Scott. A new edition revised and Rev. phil. Revue de philologie. augmented by H. Stuart Jones, Oxford, Claren- Rhet. gr. RhetoresGraeci, ed. L. Spengel. don Press, I925-I940. Rh. Mus. RheinischesMuseum fiir Philologie. GHI. Tod, M. N. A Selection of Greek Historical Roscher. AusfiihrlichesLexikon der griechischenund Inscriptions, 2 v. Oxford, Clarendon Press, romischen Mythologie. 6 v. Leipzig, Teubner, 1933 and I948. I884-I937. 1* 3 4 OLIVER: THE CIVILIZING POWER [TRANS. AMER. PHIL. SOC. Schwyzer, Dial. Gr. ex. Schwyzer, Eduard. Dialec- Wissenschaften,Philosophisch-historische Klas- torum Graecarumexempla epigraphica potiora. se, Sitzungsberichte. Leipzig, Hirzel, I923. Sitzungsb. Wien. Akademie der Wissenschaften in SEG. SupplementumEpigraphicum Graecum.Ley- Wien, Philosophisch-historische Klasse, Sit- den, Sijthoff, I923-. zungsberichte. SIG.3Dittenberger, W., et alii. Sylloge inscriptionum SVF. Stoicorum veterum fragmenta, collected by Graecarum,third edition, 4 v. Leipzig, Hirzel, Hans von Arnim. 4 v. in 3. Leipzig, Teubner, I915-I924. I903-I924. Sitzungsb. Berlin. Akademie der Wissenschaften, TAPA. Transactions of the American Philological Berlin, Klasse fur Philosophie, Geschichte..., Association. Sitzungsberichte. Zeitschr. neutest. Wiss. Zeitschriftfir die neutesta- Sitzungsb. Heidelberg. Heidelberger Akademie der mentliche Wissenschaft ... THE CIVILIZING POWER A Study of the Panathenaic Discourse of Aelius Aristides against the Background of Literature and Cultural Conflict, with Text, Translation, and Commentary

JAMESH. OLIVER

CONTENTS that Thucydides and Plato are the best Attic authors it does not the charm of Demosthenes Introduction ...... 5 deny Part I: General discussion ...... 9 and Aristides.1 I: From funeral oration to Panathenaic 9 As late as I76I the names of Demosthenes and II: Traditional culture and ancestral con- Aristides were still coupled. In paying tribute to stitution ...... i7 Willem Canter's Latin translation of the works of and III: AlWtheia Akribeia ...... 25 Aristides who knew the Attic orators IV: Date of composition and reaction to J. J. Reiske, eastern influence ...... 32 better than any other scholar of his day, wrote as V: Cosmic themes ...... 38 follows: Part II: Translation ...... 45 Part III: Commentary on individual passages ...... 91 Obscurusfit interpres interdum, dum brevis esse Part IV: Text and apparatus ...... I5I laborat. Quod aliter fieri non poterat. Scriptorum Bibliography ...... I95 graecorumquotquot legi, neque tamen perpaucoslegi, Index to the Greek text...... 196 qui quidemlibero dicendi genere usi sunt, post oratorem List of passages cited ...... 214 Thucydidemunus Aristides,mea sententia,est omnium General index ...... 219 intellectu difficillimus,cum propterincredibilem argu- mentationum et crebritatem et subtilitatem, tum proptergraecitatis exquisitam elegantiam. Ita enim est INTRODUCTION DemosthenemAristides ad verum et dexterrimeimita- In the eleventh after Michael tus, ut minutusDemosthenes appellari mereatur. Cedit century Christ, in Hadrianensis Paeaniensi Psellos made a remarkable effort to revive the ele- plerisque sophista oratori; sunt tamenrursus non pauca,in quibushunc ille superat. gance of Greek style, and in so doing he chose as the best models Demosthenes, Lysias, Isocrates, and While to Photius and later to the Byzantines of Aristides. For him as for celebrated teachers of the the fourteenth century the Panathenaic and the Late Roman Empire Demosthenes and Aristides Oration on the Four in refutation of Plato were the formed a glorious pair. most interesting, Bruni and the Florentines of the At the beginning of the fourteenth century after fifteenth and sixteenth centuries esteemed the Christ, when Theodore Metochites and Nicephorus Panathenaic and the Roman Oration particularly. Choumnosdominated the literary life of Byzantium, One of the links between Byzantium and Florence Aelius Aristides still counted as one of the three or is an interest in Aristides among the educational four great ancients who could be used as rhetorical leaders. The first printing of Aristides and the first models. Gregory of Cyprus, who became patriarch Latin translation of a work of Aristides occurredat of Constantinople,and whose favorite authors were Florence, and at Venice under the cultural influence Plato, Demosthenes, and Aristides, had attacked of the Florentines the first and second Aldine edi- the moderns and suffered attack himself. In defend- tions of Isocrates carried also the Panathenaic and ing Gregory, who was his teacher, Nicephorus the Roman Oration of Aristides. Byzantium and Choumnos proposed organizing a contest between Florence still admired him as an artist, and he has the works of these three great ancients, whom he perhaps contributed a little to the canons of Italian easily understood, and the works of the moderns, style. whom he pretended to find quite unintelligible. For The modern student needs to be reminded of the Metochites (Logos 14, ch. 17) the great models were long period in which Aristides was one of the great Aristides, Demosthenes, and Plato. An anonymous models of artistic prose, but this essay of ours, which discourse of the early fourteenth century protests against a tendency to consider Demosthenes and 1 Ihor Sevcenko, Etudes sur la polemique entre Theodore Aristides the only stylistic models, but in asserting Metochite et Nicephore Choumnos (Brussels, I962). 5 6 OLIVER: THE CIVILIZING POWER [TRANS. AMER. PHIL. SOC. began as a chapter in a projected history of Roman only imitated the rhetorical form but achieved some Athens, aims at an understanding of Aristides as a of his best effects by reapplying figures and phrases phenomenon in his own day. That means we treat of the Panathenaic.3 him not only as an artist but as reflecting the The Panathenaic of Aristides, in which the cardi- thought of the period. We have here a work which nal virtues of Athens are related to the virtues of he and his contemporariesprobably considered his a Roman emperor, should not of course be read as masterpiece. To us it seems worthy of attention pri- a work of history in its review of great deeds but marily because it expresses a pride in cultural and as one reads the Column of Trajan, the Arch of religious superiority and contains the proclamation Beneventum or the Panel Reliefs of MarcusAurelius. of a panhellenic (or oecumenical) cultural and As on those monuments the best known scenes are religious orthodoxy founded on traditional educa- selected for easy recognition,so here the best known tion and a historical myth. Thus the Panathenaic stories are selected and rendered artistically with of Aristides constitutes a pagan forerunner of By- various levels of meaning (cf. sections 170 and e.g. zantine attitudes and has the interest of an impor- 70). It was the masterpiece by which four hundred tant link between Classical Hellenism and the By- years later the Neo-Platonist Olympiodorus could zantine Renaissance. indentify which Aristides he meant, "the one who The Panathenaic of Aristides seems to us worthy composed the Panathenaic." of attention secondarily because it throws a light We have tried to produce a better understanding on the Menexenus of Plato and on the Panathenaic of it. Apart from Canter and Reiske, both of whom and De Pace of Isocrates and on specific passages of illuminated the meaning of many a passage, and other ancient authors. It will inevitably be consulted apart from Bruno Keil's pupil Eugen Beecke, who by historians of ancient Greecefor negative reasons. published a good dissertation on the historical Despite some passages of extraordinarybad taste sources of Aristides,4 no one has really studied the -there are also passages of some beauty-this ambitious work won acclaim. In the next century it 3 Take for example the passage which Hans Baron, The served the rhetorician Menanderas the chief model Crisis, pp. I69-I70, praises for its lucid symmetry and translates for the encomium of a historians of somewhat as follows: "The city herself stands city. Therefore, in the center.... A poet might well speak of the moon Early Christianity and Greco-Roman culture will surrounded by the stars.... Just as on a round shield, find that it throws a light, whether damning or not, where one ring is laid around the other, the innermost ring upon the generation of Marcus Aurelius. They will loses itself into the central knob, which is the middle of the find in it the indirect answer of a more famous entire shield: just so we see the regions like rings surrounding and enclosing one another. Among them the city is the professor than Celsus ever was to the promise of first, like the central knob, the center of the whole orbit. salvation through the law of the Jews and the The city herself is ringed by walls and suburbs" ..., etc. philosophy of the Hellenes united by the Logos With the whole passage compare Aristides, sections io, 15, which is Christ. Here the is a 20 and 244. The adaptation of Aristides, sections 51-52 is Logos represented by so admirable that it must be in behaved of men reproduced Bruni's own divinely fostered, consistently city Latin (as transcribed by Iginio Crisci). It reads: "Itaque bearing the significant name of Athena and offering omnes qui aut seditionibus pulsi aut invidia deturbati all mankind an image of the highest human values patriis sedibus extorres aguntur ii se Florentiam universi and a standard of the greatest human potentialities. recipiunt quasi in unicum refugium tutamenque cuncto- The of Athens is retold in a tone rum. Nec ullus est iam in universa Italia qui non duplicem history to answer se habere unus- both the deeds of and patriam arbitretur, privatim propriam Augustus the miracles of quisque suam, publice autem Florentiam urbem. Ex quo Christ, though Christ and the Christians are never quidem fit ut haec communis quidem sit patria et totius mentioned, nor Augustus either. Italiae certissimum asylum, ad quod omnes undique, cum Students of western civilization have conceded sit opus, fugiunt recipiunturque cum summo incolentium favore Tantum that it was the artistic model also for one of the summaque benignitate. enim studium beneficentiae et humanitatis in hac re publica est ut clara most interesting and even seminal works of the voce clamare videatur et palam omnibus obtestari nec Early Italian Renaissance, the LaudatioFlorentinae quisquam patria se carere putet donec Florentinorum Urbis of Leonardo Bruni around I403.2 Bruni not supersit urbs." 4 Two dissertations, one fontibus 2 by J. Haury, Quibus Hans Baron, The Crisis of the Early Italian Renaissance Aristides usus sit in declamatione quae inscribitur Hravoeri- (Princeton Univ. Press, 1955), chapters 3, 9, o0 and I8. vaiK6S(Augsburg, I888), who erroneously inferred that The complete text of the Laudatio has never been publish- Aristides drew his information chiefly from Ephorus, and ed. I owe my acquaintance with it to the great kindness of the much better dissertation by Eugen Beecke, Die histo- my friend, Dr. Iginio Crisci, the helpful conservator of the rischen Angaben in Aelius Aristides Panathenaikos auf ihre hospitable Istituto di Papirologia at the University of Quellen untersucht (StraBburg, I905), who recognized the Florence, who transcribed Cod. Laur. LII and LXV and multiplicity of his sources, were consulted after the writer sent me a copy. worked through the material by himself. The writer would VOL. 58, PT. I, I968] INTRODUCTION 7 Panathenaic Discourse. The section dedicated to 1566, and since then no other translation has this oration by A. Boulanger, Aelius Aristide et la appeared. Even the Latin translation fails to serve sophistique dans la province d'Asie aut IIe siecle de its original purpose, partly because Latin no longer notre ere (Paris, I923), pp. 362-372, is the weakest is a medium for popularization, partly because part of this valuable work, for it reveals no serious much that was obscure is rendered more obscurely commitment to the problems behind the Panathe- in Canter's Latin. Here, accordingly, we present the naic. first translation into a modern tongue. It aims at In the first place we have tried to bring out the clarity primarily but also at retaining something in content and structure of the Panathenaic Discourse. the way of the characteristically Aristidean word That Aristides cast it in the form of a two-day links and sentence structure. The rendering"philan- speech may seem strange, but in a period when thropy" for philanthr6pia,which sometimes means rhetorical education prevailed, the conventions of "love of mankind or civilized man" (hominesmaxine real speeches precluded ten-hour harangues. The homines,as Pliny called the Hellenes of Hellas) and wealth of arguments could not be accommodated sometimes means the "selfless conduct which the in the shorter span, and brevity was not stylistically love of one's less brutal fellowman produces," may desirable here, however much in an epigram. not be perfectly accurate in individual passages but Rather, the ancients, at least those whom Aristides often seems imposed by the necessity of using the regarded as models, considered size important in a same renderingat each occurrenceof this key word. work of art. Aristotle expressed this conception in Each recurrenceof a link word or a double meaning the Poetics I450 b35 with the words, "Beauty lies in presents a problem. size and arrangement." Up to the point where the In the third place we have provided a commentary listener still sees the work clearly as a whole, the that should explain much of the background and larger the work the better it is. Just as a trilogy may many of the allusions and should indicate how be more successful than the best single play (from Aristides turns arguments to advantage. It is satis- an ancient standpoint), so a two-part discourse, if fying to know the source of an argument or a phrase, skillfully contrived, may be more successful than a and it is fascinating to observe how he changes it. single speech. It is not fair to impose upon Aristides Sometimes the reworkingof an old phrase cannot be the modern preference for the short sermon; he explained without Greek, which the non-classicist, challenges the listener to find a field of praise he has we hope, will excuse. neglected, whereas the American orator who means The classicist has to have a text. Since Aristides to talk interminably often begins with the dishonest is found neither in the Oxford series nor in the Bude promise, "I will be brief." In a world of cultural or Loeb collection nor even in a Teubner text, we conflict could either the Hellenic or the Christian must provide one. We could not undertakethe life- ideal be adequately presented and defended in long labor of a real palaeographicalstudy, and yet what may be called the philosophical rhetoric, by a we did not wish merely to reprint the old text of W. short exposition ? Dindorf. Bruno Keil has not given us the Panathe- In the second place we have tried to prepare a naic Oration in his incomplete edition of Aristides. study which will serve both classicists and non- A new recension of the manuscripts with special classicists by a translation which should be useful attention to the scholia would be desirable, but in in its completeness. The difficulty and subtlety of the meantime we have made a compromise by which Reiske spoke in the passage cited have made examining for ourselves the text of Aristides in four Aristides less intelligible to most and partly account manuscripts only. They are: for his recent unpopularity. Willem Canter's A = Parisinus Graecus tenth admirable translation into Latin was published in 295I, century (Arethas); R = Vaticanus Graecus eleventh his admiration I298, century; express for the discriminating task per- = formed by Beecke. The sources are rhetorical rather than T Laurentianus Pluteus LX, codex 8, eleventh historical, and the relation of Aristides to his sources needs century; to be more precisely formulated. We have tried to do this U - Urbinas Graecus 123, fourteenth century. in Chapter I. The reflections of passages from historians are largely reflections of speeches and digressions with Occasional references to other manuscripts are rhetorical interest. Perhaps the dissertation by Henricus taken from Dindorf and do not Holleck, Coniectanea critica in Aelii Aristidis Panathenai- representindependent cum (Vratislaviae, I874), should be mentioned because the examination. These manuscripts are author studied the discourse, but he had undoubtedly L = little restraint in rewriting sections 35, 39, 74, Io3 and 122 Baroccianus 136, thirteenth century; and his conjectures often seem unworthy of mention. N = Oxoniensis Collegii Novi 259. 8 OLIVER: THE CIVILIZING POWER [TRANS. AMER. PHIL. SOC. In the Greek text the writer has accepted some found in the commentary to section 23, which emendations of Reiske and others and has introduc- suggests an emendation in Herodotus V 82, and to ed a few of his own. The latter will be found in section 261, which provides a thought for historians sections 23, 58, 67, 8o, 83, 88, I22, I29, 141, I72, I9I of the pre-Cleisthenean republic of the Athenians. and 270. Why historia is less philosophical than poetry may Incidental discussions of special interest are to be be examined in the essay of Chapter III. PART I

GENERAL DISCUSSION

I. FROM FUNERAL ORATION TO All of these elements reappear in the Periclean and PANATHENAIC Socratean orations, but alongside the arete which is courage the Periclean oration exalts a different arete, The Athenian institution of the funeral oration that of talent, the constructive talent of the states- over those who died in war developed a tradition of man (II 37) and the talents which the peculiar praising the excellence not only of those who were environment of Athens accepted and encouraged. being buried but of the ancestors. From Pausanias The free environment of Athens where men can I 29 and Dionysius of Halicarnassus, Antiq. Rom. V develop all kinds of talents beyond what is produced 17 it can be argued whether the epoch-making in- anywhere else is strongly praised in the climactic stitution of this custom went back to 479, 476/5, passage II 4I which reads as follows: or but the outbreak of the 465/41 B.C., by Pelopon- In brief I claim that the as a is an nesian War it was an old institution. city whole educa- already tional force for Hellas and that as it seems of the of funeral oration individually, Superior examples type to me, a man from our midst would have the self- have been in Demosthenes preserved Lysias II, LX, sufficient personality to turn to more forms of activity and Hyperides, Ep., among which that by Lysias and to succeed more easily than the same man would is particularly important for the influence it exerted if he came from any other environment. And the power upon the Panegyric of Isocrates.2 Most of them were itself of the city (i] uivapcisTrS -rr6AEcos)shows that probably banal and could be criticized for the mere this is not a boast of fine words which should please for flattery they purveyed to Athenians. Even these the moment rather than an unconcealed truth of reality, the which we have from these habits of three are below the quality we expect from the power acquired authors. It is ceremonial to an life (-rp6OTO).For she alone of today's cities turns out oratory conforming on trial to be than a and she alone inherited and bound the conventions of greater reputation, pattern by causes the foe who comes her no the occasion. against indignation religious at the kind of men by whom he is roughly treated and In contrast to the or of sharp turgidity banality causes her follower no complaint of incapable leadership. the usual funeral oration are two short specimens There are great signs of our power, and it is well attested of what the funeral oration could be, two beautiful indeed. Since we have presented it thus to the men of examples. The one is the funeral oration of Pericles today and to posterity, we shall be admired, and within Thucydides, Book II; the other is the funeral out any need whatsoever of a Homer to praise us or of oration of Socrates in Plato's Menexenus. They both anyone who with fine words expects that he will delight for the moment until the unconcealed truth of the real reveal a respect for the conventions of the religious occasion so that suitable for achievements spoils the implication.3 But without they appear entirely we shall be admired because we have forced the but new which deception ceremony they bring something land and sea to become accessible to our boldness aims at more than the of the moment. And every purpose and have everywhere established eternal monuments in of achieve an that beauty style they eloquence of both punishments and benefactions. ranks them among the great literary masterpieces of classical Athens. For the Pericles of Thucydides, accordingly, the The purposes of the ordinary oration were honor proof of the greatness of Athens was the dynamis of for the dead, comfort for the survivors, and the the city, the power represented by her trophies, her exaltation of the military virtues through constant triremes, and her empire, the dynamis which came memory of those who died long ago in the city's wars. from the tropoi of her citizens. The dynamis of the Athenians is mentioned again by speakers in Thucy- 1 For 465/4 or 464/3 argues F. Jacoby, "Patrios Nomos: dides V 87-III, in the course of the Melian Debate, State Burial in Athens and the Public Cemetery in the where the word occurs seven times and where it Kerameikos," JHS 64 (1944): pp. 37-66. 2 For the genuineness of this funeral oration see J. Walz, 3 He alludes to the dTrwrrlof the poet or prose artist who Der lysianische Epitaphios (== Philologus Suppl. Bd. glamorizes the subject. With all due respect to A. W. XXIX, Heft 4), I936; E. Buchner, Der Panegyrikos des Gomme, the latter quite misunderstood the passage, Isokrates (= Historia Einzelschriften, Heft 2) I958. which he suspected to be in need of emendation. 9 10 OLIVER: THE CIVILIZING POWER [TRANS. AMER. PHIL. SOC. takes on something of an antithesis to arete, an the division into three periods, but significantly he antithesis absent from the Funeral Oration of gives his greatest praise to men of an earlier period, Pericles. In the Melian Debate the dynamis of the the men who fought at Marathon and who thus Athenians was based on sea power rather than on educated Hellas (240d-e): the mores of her men. The has (tropoi) emphasis If one were at this battle he could see what shifted from the tropoi which created the sea power present kind of men in respectto aretewere those who at Mara- to the sea power itself. thon receivedthe of the barbariansand who In the Funeral Oration Pericles divides the dynamis (II 36) chastisedthe arroganceof the whole of Asia and who, history of Athens into three periods. First that of as first to do so, erectedtrophies over the barbarians, the ancestors who handed on the city in freedom thereby becomingleaders and teachers to the others, by arete. This would be, I think, until 478 B.C. that the dynamis of the Persianswas not invincible, Secondly that of the Fathers who did still more by rather that all number and all wealth yield to arete creating the empire. This would be, I think, until (rrav TrAfieoS Kai TrasirTXOUTOS &pETri wrrEiKEI).I then 448 B.C.Third, and most highly praised, are those claim that those men were the fathers not only of our bodies but of our freedom and of that of all of his own generation who strengthened the empire and made the most self-sufficient for and on this continent. In daring to run risks for their city peace salvation in the later the Hellenes looked for war. These achievements are attributed to the battles, at that engagementand became pupils of the men at city's constitution and tropoi, which for that reason Marathon.4 receive their praise. There is no lament (threnos);instead there is an Socrates, who takes no pride in the former exhortation. dynamis of the Athenians, expresses contempt for The other short specimen, the Socratean funeral the dynamis of the Persians. oration of Plato's Menexenus, begins with the same One other striking difference remains to be men- play on words with which the Periclean oration tioned. Thucydides had Pericles ignore the ancient began. Pericles had criticized the nomos ("law" or legends of the mythical period. Plato has Socrates "custom") which called for words, and then he had refer to these old stories of Eumolpus, the Amazons, developed a double antithesis of words and deeds, Adrastus, and so forth, though he does not dwell on logoi-erga.The same double antithesis reappears in them. Surely Plato felt that Thucydides or Pericles the oration of Socrates who, however, defends the had sacrificed something very valuable in the nomos. Those who claim in this striking similarity a heritage of Athens, ancient logoi of paradeigmatic deliberate reminder of the famous Periclean oration value. of Thucydides II seem to me absolutely right. The Whereas Thucydides sought to escape from Socrates of Plato takes his start from the oration myths, Plato sought to reinterpret them. For him delivered by the Thucydidean Pericles and corrects and for many Greeks thereafter the myths were him. For Plato's Socrates too the city of the Athe- not literally true but represented the accumulated nians has provided an educational force for all wisdom of an ancient people. Where no suitable Hellas. Socrates follows Pericles in declaring that myths existed, Plato in other dialogues invented the constitution allows for an arete wich is not just them. that of birth, and calls it, in a certain sense, an In the Menexenus, moreover, Plato actually aristokratia.For Socrates, also, arete, which means derived the arete of the Athenians from their mythi- courage but also other virtues, makes the Athenians cal autochthony. He dwells with special emphasis on superior. The Socratean oration too ends in an ex- their birth from Attica, a good mother. The proof hortation of the living without a threnos.There are of the good beginning (arche)lies in the quality of many points of agreement but more interesting are Attica itself. The Athenians, who being born of the the differences. same stock and reared in the same way, are closely Socrates ignores completely the Athenian Empire bound together and related, constitute the true and and silently repudiates the dynamis of the city ideal Hellenes, who therefore always fight for free- which for Pericles proved the greatness of Athens. dom and resist slavery whether from Barbarians Of course we know from other dialogues that Plato or from Hellenes who imitate Barbarians. disapproved of the empire and refused to recognize Miltiades, Themistocles, Cimon, and Pericles as real 4 A contrast of Hellenic arete and barbarian dynamis statesmen. Socrates to the word arete a wide occurs in the speech of the Plataeans in Thucydides III 56, gives but not at all like Phalinus in moral above all, it is For 5 this. However, Xenophon's significance; justice. Anabasis II I, 13 says to the young Hellene, "You are mad Socrates the third period, that of Pericles' genera- if you think the arete of you men could prevail over the tion, would not deserve the highest praise; he ignores dynamis of the King." VOL. 58, PT. i, I968] GENERAL DISCUSSION 11 The stock of the city is so noble and free, so sound Before we leave the Menexenus temporarily it is and healthyand by naturea hater of barbarismbecause necessary to say a word about the modern theory Hellenesand unmixedwith we aregenuinely barbarians. according to which the oration of the Menexenus For no men live with us like Pelops or Cadmusor Ae- was intended as a The ancient or Danaus or others who are parody. Athenians, gyptus many by origin who to Orat. had it read out barbariansbut Hellenes convention.No, we who live according Cicero, 151 by cannot have felt neither did here together are very Hellenes (ac'roil'E?A-rlv), not publicly every year, so, mixobarbarians.Hence the hatred of the alien nature Isocrates, Cicero himself, and Aelius Aristides. At has sunk deeplyinto the city as a purehatred (246c-d). least those who claim the Menexenus as a serious work of Plato seem to me very right. The problem This passage brings to mind Plato's Critias, where of the Menexenus is really the problem of the dia- the corruption of the men of Atlantis comes from logue which frames it. Why did Plato use Socrates an admixture while those ancient Athenians of nine for an occasion which took place twelve or thirteen thousand years ago were autochthonous and un- years after the death of Socrates, and why did corrupted. The Athenians of the Menexenus are a Plato have Socrates pretend that the oration was timeless Idea of an ideal state as Ilse von Loewen- by Aspasia, an anachronism even cruder? clau rightly interprets the speech.5 Plato does not The framing dialogue shows a certain indignation praise this or that historical manifestation of Athens against the kind of funeral orations which have but the eternal Athens, and the only truth he seeks recently been delivered and against the false criteria is the insight into the true, philosophically true, by which the speakers have been chosen. The indig- Athens, the ideal state that began in a good land nation is directed against the professional rhetori- with a good upbringing and which from time to cians; Menexenus says as much. There is no ex- time produces remarkable deeds worthy of that pression of indignation against the foreign policy of mother and upbringing. The deeds are not just Athens, and it seems far-fetched to read any such strung together but chosen to illustrate the virtue thing into the dialogue. To criticize the living that goes back to the arche, so that as Ilse von rhetoricians Plato used Socrates because Socrates Loewenclau rightly says, the arche becomes a telos, was the mask which he customarily used. The irony a beginning becomes an end. The speech culminates is perfect. The anachronism did not worry him. in an appeal to the sons and brothers, an appeal in The references to Aspasia of course remind the the direct words of the dead themselves who have reader of the Oration of Pericles in Thucydides, entrusted it as their testament to be delivered by Book II, the most famous of the funeral orations. Socrates. In these direct words they take up an agon Pericles had not gone to a professional rhetorician, motif from the Periclean address, the contest of the and yet he had done well. Plato disapproved of living with the dead. Whereas Pericles said that the Pericles as a stateman but he undoubtedly recogniz- living could not expect to equal the dead, in the ed the high literary quality and superior reputation Menexenus the living are obliged to surpass the of the oration which Thucydides attributed to him. dead, who would then welcome them beyond the Aspasia was, in a way, the Muse who had inspired tomb. Pericles. Socrates facetiously draws on the same The speech of Socrates belongs not to dialectic inspiration. As Pohlenz6noted, the dialogueAspasia, but to a rhetoric aimed at the larger group who were in which Aeschines of Sphettos overrated the not ready for dialectic, but it taught the basic mistress of Pericles, had recently been published. In doctrine of the Good and can be described as rhetoric this work of art, which Lucian, Imagines 17 extolled imbued with philosophy. It did not flatter the living as a masterpiece, Aspasia's wisdom and under- like ordinary rhetoric any more than the Periclean standing were most attractively represented, and address. when Plato's Socrates referredto Aspasia,.the reader did not look for something absurd. The Menexenus, 5 I. von Loewenclau, Der platonische Menexenos (= though it presents a discourse which corrects the Tiibinger Beitrage zur Altertumswissenschaft, 41, I96I). funeral oration of Thucydides II, is not directed This is a remarkably good study presented as a Berlin and Pericles but dissertation in and revised in It was consulted against Thucydides primarily, 1949 I95I. the more recent orations and the false but not entirely appreciated by N. Scholl, Der platonische against Menexenos (= Temi e Testi 5, Rome, I959). Scholl's criteria of the recent choice of speaker. The funeral dissertation has some very valuable comments too, but it oration of the Menexenus is neither a parody nor a does not have the same fundamental importance. See also paignion. George Kennedy, The Art of Persuasion in Greece (Prince- 6 ton, I963), pp. I58-I64. On the other hand, C. H. Kahn, Max Pohlenz, A us Platos Werdezeit (Berlin, 1913), "Plato's Funeral Oration," Cl. Phil. 58 (I963): pp. 220- pp. 256-307 "Kritik der auswartigen Politik Athens." 234, has not persuaded me. Pohlenz was not the first but he was impressive. 12 OLIVER: THE CIVILIZING POWER [TRANS. AMER. PHIL. SOC. Isocrates IV, the Panegyric of Isocrates, consti- to a third interpretation (E. Buchner7), Isocrates tutes the next major step in the development which claims neither an extension nor a restriction of the we wish to trace. Isocrates in this oration sought name Hellenes but a redefinition of the name in the to persuade the Greeks to establish, first, concord light of their most outstanding characteristic. among themselves and, secondly, a joint hegemony Isocrates XII, the Panathenaic, which Isocrates of Athens and Sparta for a war against the Great began in 342 and finished in 339 B.c. at the age of King. In order to persuade the Lacedaemonians to ninety-seven, constitutes the fourth important step accept a partnership with Athens, Isocrates argued in the development which we wish to trace. This that Athens actually deserved the sole hegemony last discourse of Isocrates, slightly repulsive in by its many benefactions to Hellas but would be its vanity, and still unsuccessful in its philosophy, content to share it. In the elaborate demonstration was not published as a symbuleutic oration like his of the merit of Athens, Isocrates incorporated and much earlier and greater Panegyric, but it seems, as worked out with artistic perfection the well-known Wendland argued, to be a symbuleutic oration themes of the funeral orations, particularly those of disguised as an encomium of the Athenians.8 The Lysias II, but also those of other orations with im- Panegyric included much praise of the Athenians portant reflections of Thucydides. The vast material and some disparagement of the Lacedaemonians, of a long funeral oration and of a symbuleutic but the Panathenaic praises the Athenians without address to the Hellenes at a festival were woven to- interference from the claim of the Spartans to re- gether with great skill into a single clearly arranged cognition. The Spartans are denounced. The most discourse directed at a reading public of all Hellenes. striking thing about the discourse, i.e. about sec- The real importance of the Panegyric lies partly in tions 35-I98, is the reinterpretation of ancient the importance of its subject but above all in its legends in a way to give them a special significance rhetorical perfection, the art with which he covers for a current situation, either a prefigurationof an the abundant material in the most elegant language idealized union around a king as in the case of Aga- and without ever losing his way. He accepts the memnon who produced concord among the Greeks Athenian Empire of the fifth century and justifies and protected them from barbarian encroachments it. Whereas the Pericles of Thucydides was proud (sections 74-87), or an assertion of moral leader- of the empire but admitted that the acquisition of ship and courage as in the telling of the Adrastus it was perhapsnot just, Isocrates argues that every- story, where Isocrates seeks the universal behind thing about it was justified by the good it did the the particularand shows the Athenians as an ancient Hellenes, and he excuses the treatment of Melos people deeply conscious of a divine law binding on and Scione as necessary. Unlike Thucydides he also all men or at least on all Greeks. By this time Plato exploits the ancient legends. Of particular interest was dead. Isocrates no longer regarded him as a is the following passage (IV, 50): competitor and he was more susceptible to the Our in to and has left the influence of Plato; the Panathenaic itself is almost city respect thought speech a with the critic reminiscent of the Callicles rest of men so far behind that her pupils have become dialogue teachersof all the others, and she has made the name of the Gorgiasand with a considerableframe around of Hellenesseem no longerthat of the race but of the the oration proper.9 mind,and it is morethose who shareour educationthan those who share the common who are called origin 7 Edmund Buchner, Der Panegyrikos von Isokrates: Eine Hellenes Trfj (KacijnaAov "EArlvas KaXdstal T'roi;s historisch-philologische Untersuchung (= Historia Einzel- -rraiEOaEcosT'fS 'rrpEripaS TrOiS rfiS KOIVS4paCEcos schriften, Heft 2, Wiesbaden, I958), pp. 45-65. M. A. rETrXowras). Levi, Isocrate, Saggio critico (Milan-Varese, I959), pp. 62- to one 65, comes by a different way to much the same view. According interpretation (Werner Jaeger, 8 Paul Wendland, "Beitrage zu athenischer Politik und etc.), this means an extension of the term Hellenes Publicistik des vierten Jahrhunderts," Nachrichten von der to include barbarianseducated in the Athenian way. K. Gesellschaft der Wissenschaften zu Gottingen, Phil.-hist. According to a second interpretation (J. Jiittner, KI., 1910: pp. I23-I82 and 289-323, especially pp. I37-I82. etc.), this means a restriction of the term Hellenes This is a very important discussion but one should consult, especially for the meaning of amphibolia, the article by F. to those who have both the common origin and the Zucker, "Isokrates' Panathenaikos," Berichte iiber die Ver- training which came from Athens. The second inter- handlungen der Sdchsischen Akademie der Wissenschaften pretation assumes that here as occasionally else- zu Leipzig, Phil.-hist. K1., 101, Heft 7 (I957). where Isocrates means "the rest of the Hellenes" 9 Wendland does not say this. Still he may have shared when he "the men" this opinion to a slight degree when op. cit., p. I7I, he says rest of and the implication wrote "Der SchluBteil mit seiner feinen sokratischen would be that another criterion (culture)is added to Selbstironie geh6rt zu dem Anziehendsten, was Isokrates an older criterion,that of common origin. According je geschrieben hat." VOL. 58, PT. i, i968] GENERAL DISCUSSION 13 It is true that the oration of Socrates in Plato's days and to give it two prooemia. The more im- Menexenus may have suggested many ideas to portant first prooemium (sections I-6) begins, as Isocrates and that the ideas of the Panathenaic are do the funeral orations of the Thucydidean Pericles already present in the Panegyric in an earlier form. and the Socrates of Plato's Menexenus, with a Nevertheless, the Panathenaic goes further than reference to a nomos ("law" or "custom") which the Panegyric. For instance, in the Panegyric 55 obliged him to speak. This is the first indication Isocrates tells the story of Adrastus as follows: that he was resuming the dispute concerning the of the and the arete of the Athenians This Adrastus,who was son of Talaos and king of dynamis city Argos,having met with misfortunefrom the expedition which differentiated those two orations more than against Thebes, was himself unable to bury those who anything else except perhaps the presence or ab- had died below the Cadmea,but he asked the city to sence of the ancient myths. Whereas, however, help in a case of the accidentswhich can happento all Pericles and Socrates went on to a double antithesis and not to allow those who die in wars to go unburied of word and deed (logos-ergon),Aristides advances and an to ancientcustom and ancestrallaw be dissolved. with an extraordinary play upon the word logos, wherein there is no contrast with the deeds In the Panathenaic 168-174 Isocrates tells the (erga). Whereas Aristides himself combined the nomos and story with a wealth of detail and interpretation, of themes because he had the aforesaid orations which the following is a sample: logos of Pericles and Socrates in mind, the average reader askedthat the not such heroes (Adrastus) city permit was probably not expected to understand the to go unburiedand an ancientcustom and ancestrallaw connection at once but to feel an immediate curios- to be which all men use not as dissolved, continuously Aristides had new to offer on the old having been establishedby a human society cos ity. something (o0X but he, like Isocrates in the of Trr'avepcorrivS KEitVECWpOCuEcoS) but as having been subject, prooemium ordainedby a divine power.On hearingthese pleas the the Panegyric, prides himself also on the care with Demos without waiting a moment dispatchedan em- which the old subject is now worked out to per- bassy to Thebesin orderto advisethem to consultmore fection. conscientiouslyand to make a more traditionalreply The transition or second prooemium (sections than that made previously,and in orderto let them see I39-I4I) begins with emphasis on the Truth as that the city would not allow them a violation of the opposed to the pleasure at which poets and prose universallaw of all the Hellenes (r TroiS aOrroTso'nK artists aimed. This is a theme found in many authors ET1rTpEEI TrwapapaivouaiO TOVoVV T6VKOiv6voraT&wtcov Plato but in II TCOV including noticeably Thucydides 37 'EEAXivcov). and especially in the Panathenaic of Isocrates (XII When Isocrates XII 174 at the end of the story 271). Then apologizing for the length of the oration, of Adrastus says "Our city would not have been Aristides justifies the logoi of an orator against the able to arrange any of these things properly, if she erga of athletes at a festival. This recalls the pro- had not far surpassed the others in her reputation oemium of the Panegyric of Isocrates but in a way and power" (XriSuvaulE), the dynamis of the Athe- to suggest another antithesis of word and deed. nians becomes a moral force. In the discourse itself Aristides follows the lead It would be easy to lose one's way in the many which Socrates gave in Plato's Menexenus and other works which are reflected in the Panathenaic praises Attica as the mother of her men. This part Oration of Aelius Aristides, many speeches in Thucy- he expands in his own way with considerable dides, many passages in other dialogues of Plato felicity, as he finds in mother Attica the philanthro- many periodic sentences of Demosthenes, the usual pia and grace which are later striking characteristics paraphernaliaof schools of rhetoric and philosophy; of the men. The ancient legends are of course rein fact all the literature of archaic and classical ceived and then developed in the manner adumbrat- Greece was familiar to Aristides. Some of this in- ed by Isocrates XII to yield a deeper meaning; the fluence will be noted in the commentary, but to have Adrastus story of section 67 is particularly close to a clear view of what particularly affected the choice the philosophical version of Isocrates XII and the of subject and of structure it is necessary not to lose story of the Amazons (70) provides an even better our way in the rest but to concentrate on those four example of what Isocrates XII was trying to do. works, the funeral oration of Pericles in Thucydides However, even when Aristides reuses old words of II, that of Socrates in Plato's Menexenus,the Pane- Isocrates, he frequently gives to them a very gyric of Isocrates and the Platonizing Panathenaic differentmeaning, or he deliberately substitutes new of Isocrates. ideas. The Panathenaic of Aelius Aristides is of such In the historical period the Persian Wars are length that he had to pretend that it lasted for two seen from the point of view of the Menexenus and 14 OLIVER: THE CIVILIZING POWER [TRANS. AMER. PHIL. SOC. the educational value of the Battle of Marathon is works it out carefully along an entirely different emphasized accordingly. The significance of Athe- line. Isocrates too emphasized his message with a nian attitudes commands the chief attention. repetition of the words dynamis, dynamai, and The Athenian Empire which Thucydides admired archein contrasting meanings but with rhetorically but recognized as oppressive is defended in the effective concentration. manner of Isocrates IV. It too receives the philoso- The Thucydidean Funeral Oration of Pericles has phical treatment, and many a phrase of Thucydides given Aristides not only the idea of exalting the or another is turned to the credit of Athens. It is dynamis of the Athenians, which he redefines, but praised with formal thoroughness,but the objection that of treating the history of Athens in three of Plato to a Periclean admiration of the dynamis periods. Here again Isocrates, De Pace (= VIII) of the city is not forgotten. The city is shown as 74-105 preceded. public-spirited and philanthropic; the virtue of an In the Funeral Oration (Thucyd. II 36) there is outgoing philanthrr6piawhich Plato, Menexenus a division into three generations: the progonoi 244e rather disapproves, takes the place of the (ancestors) who established freedom, the pateres stricter justice which Plato idealized. In general who created the empire and the generation of Aristides sides with Plato against Thucydides but Pericles himselfl0 which preserved it. There is a with many deviations. For Aristides the Athenian similar division in Isocrates VIII (356 B.C.): the Empire of the fifth century was not the dynamis of progonoiwho fought the Persians," the patereswho the city; rather it prefiguredthe dynamis. came after them and had the empire based on sea In a climactic passage which had no parallel in the power, and finally the long generation of Isocrates public orations Aristides reveals to the Greek world himself which yearned to reconstitute that empire. the dynamis of the Athenians. It is not a dynamis For Isocrates the progonoi were much superior to represented by 200 or more triremes and supported the pateres, while for Pericles the progonoi were by garrisons; it is not limited to the islands, Ionia, good but the patereseven better. and the Thraceward region; it extends over the This division, created by the Thucydidean Peri- whole world. It is the language, literature, and cles and slightly altered by Isocrates VIII, is both philosophy of Athens, a cultural empire which imitated and transformed by Aristides. The pro- attracts all men. Sections 225-232 should be read gonoi, as he calls them in section 74, are no longer as the key passage of the whole oration. the generation(s) that fought the Persian (and Here then Aristides accepts Plato's rejection of earlier) Wars for freedom and survival, but the Thucydidean and Periclean admiration for the Athenians of the mythical period who created the dynamis of the Athenians when interpreted in a great traditions of fostering the common interests of Thucydideanand Pericleansense, but he too admires mankind. In the Classical, Hellenistic, and Roman the dynamis when he reinterpretsit from the point Periods ancient legends came to be treated more of view of logos and logoi. As you hear this climactic and more as allegories to be interpreted, and they passage of the Panathenaic Discourse, the notes were important possessions. Celsus hurled against struck by the elaborate play with the words logos the Christians the charge that they were without and logoi in the prooemium become thoroughly ancient traditions.l2 Athens, on the other hand, has intelligible for the first time as something more than the greatest traditions (logoi) of any community mere word play. They are the essence of his message, (sections 235-239). and they are the words with which the epilogue Separate from the progonoiare the Athenians of closes the discourse and brings the audience back to the Classical Period, i.e. from the expulsion of the Athena. The discourse for all its length is tightly Pisistratids to the triumph of Philip. What cor- bound together and constructed with beautiful responds to the generation of the pateres who (for clarity. Pericles) created or (for Isocrates VIII) exercised But in reinterpreting the dynamis of the Athe- the so-calledAthenian Empireis in the Panathenaic nians Aristides had before him the condemnation of Aelius Aristides an age in which ideals of ex- of an empire based on sea power (fj 68vapltSaOTrr) cellence were fully revealed in action, an age in by Isocrates, De Pace (= VIII), 74-105, where 10 Isocrates rejects the so-called dynamis of the J. Th. Kakridis, Der thukydideische Epitaphios (= Athenians and implies, particularly in I02, that the Zetemata 26, I96I), p. 36. real dynamis was something else. Isocrates does so, 11Isocrates VIII 94 calls them the progonoi and in VIII not in the manner of but with 90 he calls them ot Tepi -rTnE palK yEv6pevot. Plato, arguments 12 Carl und derived from Plato. Andresen, Logos Nomos: Die Polemik des clearly Aristides, however, goes Kelsos wider das Christentum (= Arbeiten zur Kirchenge- much further in redefining the true dynamis and schichte 30, Berlin, I955), pp. 137 und I89-238. VOL. 58, PT. I, I968] - GENERAL DISCUSSION 15 which the Hellenic spirit was brought into full view, saying. On the other hand, without the prosopo- by the Athenians. poeia Aristides remains closer to the kind of contest But what about the Age of Aristides himself? for which Plato called, the contest of the living to Pericles could point with pride to the empire which surpass the dead, when he says that after the ex- his own generation preserved despite its unpopu- pulsion of Xerxes Athens entered into competition larity. Aristides discovers, as we have noted, that with herself (Panathenaic 145) and when in section the so-called Athenian Empire was a mere prefig- I87 he says that the men of Phyle surpassed almost uration, not the true domain of Athens. The true those heroes of Marathonwho were their ancestors. domain of Athens is one for which men yearn; it is The many statements which reflect specific the world-wide domain of the civilization which passages of the Menexenus need not be listed since classical Athens created and which the contempo- they are usually noted in the Commentary,but one rary fifth world empire protected and encouraged. interesting example of silence may be here com- The third generation, which was that of Pericles (or pared. Plato, Menexenus 239b-c does not dwell on Isocrates) himself, finds its counterpart in the certain legendary struggles because the poets have Aristidean third age,13 that of the true Athenian already done so; Aristides section 174 does not dwell arche, under the humanistic empire of Hadrian and on certain battles of the PeloponnesianWar because the Antonines (sections 225-234). Thucydides has narrated them. Of Platonic inspiration are particularly (I) the Unmistakably Platonic is the idealization of treatment of Athenian arete and the physis of the Athens as image and standard of the good human Athenians as derived from the good beginning and society, -rfs pvo'EcosT'rS &vpcowrriaSEiKc&V Kai opos (2) the development of the oration from the physis (section 274). The words individually have Platonic of Attica to the physis and training of her men and overtones, but the phrase itself is not Platonic. to the deeds which men so trained naturally pro- Nevertheless, the concept of Athens as an eternal duce, except that Athena and the other gods rather ideal of a good city goes back to the Menexenus. So than the constitution do the training. Character- does the attempt to prove with selected examples istically Aristidean are the notes, casually worked the moral purpose behind Athenian deeds and to in, which keep the audience alert to implications. recognize in the purer Hellenism of the ideal Athens In the treatment of the beginning the simile of the a sacred guide for all Hellenes and for all good men. circle and references to an arche recur. In section Right out of the Menexenus 237d-e is the thought 24 he says, "One beginning of my speech has re- that the territory of Athens is a first home of man turned to another beginning" (arche),and in section (section 25). 32, "Once more the argument returns to a starting- From Isocrates, on the other hand, he has drawn point" (arche).These are not signs of mere prolixity the inspiration for a rhetorically thorough coverage but have a purpose. Furthermore,the training here of the subject, a subject so great and so vast as to extends to all the Hellenes and even to mankind. be of the utmost difficulty. Aristides has organized The agon motif which Plato took over from his Panathenaic as lucidly as Isocrates had organized Thucydides but recast in the form of a prosopo- his own masterpiece, the Panegyric. Architecturally poeia, where persons more authoritative than the they stand together as the two great masterpieces speaker are portrayed as speaking directly, reap- of ceremonial Greek Rhetoric, at least in the opinion pears in the Panathenaic I09-II5 but in an inverted of the Byzantines. form. The Athenians who fought at Salamis de- From the Panathenaic of Isocrates he has drawn clined to contend for the nominal command and so the subject for his own Panathenaic, the encomium saved Hellas with their greatness of spirit. The proof Athens as the unique city without a peer. The sopopoeia may be described as inverted because name Panathenaic would surely remind the reader Aristides reports in direct address what those of the earlier Panathenaic which was a deliberative ancient Athenians might justly have said to the oration disguised as an encomium and which Iso- other Hellenes but magnanimously refrained from crates himself contrasted with mere display orations. The Panathenaic of Aristides, accordingly, may well 13 be a deliberative oration as an encomium While Aristides, section 234, divides universal history disguised into the periods of five world empires, he surveys the of the Athenians. history of Athens itself throughout in three broad divisions, The Panathenaic of Isocrates begins with a the early Athens of the progonoi, the Athens of the time of justification of the master's own educational ideals, the Persian Empire, and the Athens of his own day. He the of men to be self-restrained and un- does not describe the inglorious history of Athens in the training time of the Imperium Macedonicum or of Athens in the corrupted by success, not to be crushed by mis- early days of Roman Domination. fortune but to bear disasters courageously in a 16 OLIVER: THE CIVILIZING POWER [TRANS. AMER.PHIL. SOC. manner worthy of the nature in which we happen to being so few in number, they nevertheless never share, TriSIpcE?coS &(Scos iS PEi?T'XOvrEs ruyXavoEv. obeyed any of the populous cities but continued to In the Panathenaic of Isocrates the section on his be independent, and they became leaders of all the educational ideals is irrelevant to the praise of Hellenes against the Barbarians, and in all battles Athens. In the Panathenaic of Aristides, on the they gave evidence of courage, endurance and other hand, the educational ideals are those of mutual concord. There was never civil strife among Athens in support of the KOilvlqaucS, the Common Spartans and the horrors of civil war and tyranny Nature of the All, and the subject is successfully never occurred there. These were all good things, combined with the praise of Athens itself. the critic points out, which Isocrates himself had The Panathenaic Discourse of Isocrates ends in a said about the Spartans on earlier occasions. In very interesting discussion of the encomium which section 26I the critic once more insists on the two has just been read to a group of disciples. One of the levels of the address, one for the many, and one for latter was from an oligarchic state and felt that superior people KaT-r TOrv Xoyiic6bv T-rV 1Trlpcovcvov Isocrates had not been fair to Sparta. He attributes aToxaZEoiat TqiSarleEiaS, "those trying to get at the useful institutions to Sparta but Isocrates refutes deeper truth." The critic finishes by advising Iso- this claim. Then Isocrates, too, felt uneasy about crates not to burn the oration but to revise it. the denunciation. The disciples are called together Isocrates (265) leaves the speech just as it is again and the encomiumis read once more. The same and declines to commit himself as to whether or critic now suggests that Isocrates was merely testing not the speech had the hidden thoughts which them and he interprets the encomium. the critic discovered. Personally I do not think Isocrates himself need not have intended to do it had. what the critic, sections 239 ff., claims he did, namely Probably Isocrates began indeed to compose his appear to simple people to be denouncing the eulogy of the Athenians in the hope of disseminating Spartans but actually to be praising them. The it at the Panathenaic Festival of 342, and probably critic (240) found the most remarkable ambiguities he had written in the hope of collaboration between in the speech, ambiguities which in a court trial Philip and Athens as well as to justify the standards allegedly would have been reprehensiblebut which that he had taught for so long. Three years later, it was fine and philosophic to employ when discuss- when he recovered from his illness, the eulogy was ing the affairs and physis of men in the abstract. no longer as valuable for his publicistic aims, yet The Spartan physis had been portrayed as that of he could not bear to waste the effort. He revised, haughty, warlike encroachers, while the Athenians perhaps and wrote more, but he was nervous about in their physis were peaceful, phil-Hellenic champi- the effect of his denunciation of the Spartans. He ons of political equality. According to the critic probably had not changed his mind about the cur- some would dare to say that the Spartans cut a rent attitude of the Spartans, but he did not wish to better figure because haughtiness partook of dignity lose his influence with them or with any Hellenes. (oEpvo6lms)and all such looked more great-spirited The denunciationnow seemed too harsh, the periodic than the representatives of equality, and that the sentences just as beautiful. He consulted his students warlike are superiorto the peaceful, since the latter, and something like the criticism and advice he while not liable to go after the property of others, reports did occur. He hoped to soothe the Spartans are poor guardians of their own, whereas the war- by emphasizing his former kind words and by like are able to take whatever they want and to save drawing attention to the possibility of a deeper what they once acquire (242). The critic goes on to meaning as suggested by the critic. In doing so he say the speech is so deep that it needs exegesis of ruined the encomium, and Aristides recognized the the sort that he would give it but without his fact. What kind of an encomium of Athens was one exegesis it would surely offendthe Spartans.Then he that could be skillfully interpreted as a concealed lists some of the things the Spartans had achieved: encomium of her rival Sparta? Surely not one that The Dorians had come from obscure beginnings did justice to Athens! and had conquered the most famous cities of the So Aristides composed his own Panathenaic in Peloponnese; this was the most wonderful deed of the fine and philosophic style. It was to be no mere that period, a deed performed by Spartans in a display oration but a discourse with a message, joint campaign with others. Then, though being no such as Isocrates himself had always recommended. more than 2,000, they would rather die than not Aristides vindicated the glory of Athens against the subdue all the cities of the Peloponnese and did exegesis of the critic. He shows the nobility of a subdue them except for Argos. The Spartans alone great spirit residing not in the Spartans but in the among the Hellenes had a fine boast that, though Athenians (sections 23, 59, 122, I34). Aristides VOL. 58, PT. I, I968] GENERAL DISCUSSION 17 shows that the Athenians, though peaceful, were into an alliance for peace and cooperation and good guardians of their own land but generous to security.14It was in 455/4 B.C.that an oration at the others, and in section 200 he turns the ability of the Greater Panathenaea achieved the potentiality of Spartans to retain what they once acquire into becoming a means to strengthen and unify the something less than admirable. The quality of Hellenic world by an indirect appeal to those at aEpv6OTrS(- dignity or stateliness) he vindicates least who saw in Athens the brain, heart or center for the Athenians in sections 227 and 228, the of Hellas. It is, however, possible that the oration climactic passage. The Athenians, being autochtho- did not become a part of the festival until the time nous, were superior to men who had come from dark- of Herodes Atticus.l5 ness and driven out the lawful owners (section 26), To judge from the two extant examples, a Pana- The Spartans, who though being no more than thenaic Discourse was an edifying and subtly pro- 2,000, would rather die than not to dominate the pagandistic oration, delivered or circulated at the Peloponnese, were less impressive than the Atheni- Greater Panathenaea, in praise of the benefits con- ans, who being in number not much more than fifty, ferred by Athenians upon Hellas as a whole and so would rather die than live in slavery (sections I86 proving the prior claim of Athens to the respect of and I87). Thus Aristides goes through various claims all Hellenes and even of all those who, like Philip of of the critic and reverses them. Macedonor educated Romans, claimed to belong in The most important influence that the critic has some way to the Hellenes. had on the Panathenaic of Aelius Aristides is this. Aristides does not permit the art of exegesis to be applied in such a way as to reach the very opposite II. TRADITIONAL CULTURE AND ANCES- conclusion to what the speaker seems to be saying. TRAL CONSTITUTION Aristides takes the utmost care to the explain truly I. THE POSTCLASSICAL AUDIENCE AND THE PLAN deeper meaning of the stories he tells. From the Funeral Oration of Pericles to the After 338 B.C.non-Athenians were more willing to Panathenaic of Aristides there is more than one line admit the cultural primacy and philanthropiaof the of descent. The aletheia (truth) which both Pericles and Aristides sought to uncover can be defined as 14 A. E. Raubitschek, "The Peace Policy of Pericles," the arete and the dynamis of the Athenians. In re- AJA 70 (I966): pp. 37-4I. See also B. D. Meritt and H. T. 82 and P. gard to the arete the genealogy of the Aristidean Wade-Gery, JHS (I962): p. 71, J. Barron, JHS Panathenaic runs the Menexenus and 84 (I964): p. 48. through 15 The most likely time for the oration to have been Isocrates XII; in regard to the dynamis the geneal- added to the festival was in A. D. I 18, when, as L. Moretti, ogy of the Aristidean Panathenaic runs through the Iscrizioni agonistiche greche (Rome, I953): pp. 202f. has Menexenus and Isocrates VIII. The excellence and shown, the festival was reorganized and the Panathenaid the of were revealed the Era began. The Panathenaid Era is mentioned in the potential humanity by following inscriptions: Athenians, who thus in the Aristidean Panathenaic a. Moretti, no. 7I, at Magnesia, in honor of P. Aelius 274 emerge as eikon and horosof our kind, that is to Aristomachus who competed as a child in the 224th say, as a visible image of the virtue and a marker Olympiad and who, still a child, won nfavaOivaia Trk of the in human nature. iTrpcoTao0vrTa EIvOae(crTIK'(a0Tr TOTOeEOV 'ASpiavou ... potential Unfortunately, in the Greek word horos also a and b. Moretti, no. 72, at Aphrodisias Caria, in honor of P. suggests "limit," Aelius Aurelius Menander, who early in his long career in fact the Hellenes, while invited to assimilate won &,8661,ulTavacirvao6i TTavao&ivata a&vSpv rravKpariv themselves to the Athenians, are not exhorted to "rrpcTrov'AppoSEIo'tcov ... surpass them. c. Hesperia 10 (I94I): p. 251, no. 53 (Athens), which dates as a from A. D. I98/9 (or 202/3 or 206/7) and should be reedited The history of the Panathenaic Discourse as follows: form takes its not from start, perhaps any early Ao[v]Ki[cpE7-rrTtiCp] tradition or from the reorganization of the festival Eovuip[cplspTrivaKl] by Pisistratus, but from the dream of Pericles to YepaCo-r [KaCM&pKcP] make Athens the mother city of all Greece and to Aup 7dicp YEOvipcp] make Athena of Athens the of all 5 ['AvrcovivcplEpao-rrp] patron goddess [To]i[v] 0.Eo[]vn ATl,[os] Hellenes. Pisistratus had created the opportunity, [K]iE6IoS6copos'Av[a] but it was Pericles who more truly changed the [Ka]E.0r,Tnavaerlva[c] festival into a festival and its panhellenic developed = As a festival d. IG II2 2241 III II94, -rri pXovTroS Kacravou 'klpoKlpvKOS propagandisticimportance. panhellenic K. A.D. in the full it from the of Pericles [T-rE]plicos, flavao0r[vatci] .., 230/I. sense, dates plan e. IG II2 2245 = III I202, [TTa]vaer1Vaot6[1]i ... [f]Tri &pXOV- for a reorganization of the alliance against Persia TOSA. >(Aa. lAoorpd[Tr]ov ZTElpItOS. . . , A. D. 254/5. 2 18 OLIVER: THE CIVILIZING POWER [TRANS. AMER. PHIL. SOC. Athenians. Gommel thinks that the speech of Nico- audience he addressed had been educated not only laus the Syracusanin Diodorus XIII 2I-27 goes back by the fourth-century philosophers and orators to Timaeus of Tauromenium. In any case Diodorus but by the Peripatetics and Stoics, among whom made this encomium (whether composed by Ephorus Cleanthes and Chrysippus had actually composed or Timaeus or someone else) famous once again. studies of the Art of Rhetoric with emphasis on The If it can be said of any other people, the prestige of man's place as part of the universe. Academy the city of the Athenians deserves our reverence, and eventually absorbed much of Stoicism, and educa- we may well return to them our gratitude for the bene- tion everywhere reflected Stoic views. factions they have bestowed upon man. For it is they The Stoics, especially Panaetius and Posidonius, who first gave to the Hellenes a share in a food gained by placed an emphasis on the common interests of cultivation of the soil, which, though they had received mankind, and it is partly due to this that the con- it from the gods for their exclusive use, they made tributions of Athens toward mankind as a whole the available to all. They it was who discovered laws, by receive a in Hellenistic of which the manner of men's has ad- corresponding emphasis application living encomia of Athens. vanced from the savage and unjust existence to a From about I25 from the time of the Stoic civilized and just society. It was they who first, by B.C., there exists at a remarkable sparing the lives of any who sought refuge with them, Panaetius, Delphi contrived to cause the laws on suppliants to prevail inscription which contains a decree of the Delphic among all men, and since they were the authors of these Amphictyony in honor of the Athenians, who are laws, we should not deprive them of their protection. enthusiastically praised as the people who created (Diodorus XIII 26 in the Loeb translation of C. H. civilized life and paideia. The work of Athens is Oldfather). likened to a religious mission. The implications are Though Aristides usually wrote as if he were a potentially so important for our subject that part younger contemporary of Plato and Isocrates, the of the text2 needs to be presented here:

11 [98otE-ro-t 'ApqwiKv]6acv Oirei[[Sh]v yEyovi[vai K]ai [(avvEi]XOat 'rExvtrrv ao,voSov-Trap' 'AervaioiS auvpi.- PfKT-rpc oTOv, C1v 6 Up%oS'- [-rr&(v-rcov'r&$v b avep]c6rots d&ycyecov&(pxri[y6s araraatQoeE]1sky iv Tooi Oi1pic8ovs pifou PETfnyayEVTOCS &av&pc,b-rovfr1l 1 hpep6Th- [Tra,TrrapaTItoS 8' iye]v3ijr -r[']s 'Tpr6 &AWQW[ovsKolvcovfIas vv F-IaayayeovT1v -rTCovp"rrlpifcov Trap&Boalv, KalSi' -ro*cov 'rra[pa]y- 14 [yWAas-roi1 &rTraaivj 6T1 ipyi]arov cyao6[v la-riv tv] e&vOpcb'rroislj Trp6s gaUtrocisXp'ais' -rE Kal TrrIcm, ITl -r -r,fv Soevrczv

[chlT 0eE$viTEpi 97i.avepcb]-TcAcvv6p.ov [Kal ii's Trr]al8Eiasvv 6bokoic Bi Kai-ri-s TOo xaipiro~I1Tapa86aF.coS 18faa p1v I8E'taTO [T6 &Scpov,Kolv1v v5] ri'v&t i[a]v-[oO] EiXP[llarirav'r]oT- 0EM?oaiv &7rr&l)KE6v 1rpcoT6~ TrE Trr&vTcov avvayay&wv -rtXvvrr(vai,vobov 17 [Kal&ycovtcrGr6v, O]Upe?wK[oC' Kail c)]lv1K[o1']sy d&y$vcvts &ToilaTEv, o1s Ka'IOVlpaivfeI paLpTvWpe-piV TrO*I TrWia- ToJS-TrCV i-

[aTopioypaqxqwvKal] irrotiiyr'4v, a-rr~v] 8i xKal-T[1'v &7W8siaviq(pav Z SeIKVtSwEiavC opwipvfiouaCav,6T1 IXflTp6-.

[Spaps6crcov &TraTcov -r]pa[ycotSflavx]al Kcotoi[8]iav eipoiia&Te KYcalaiiaaaac , KwrX.

Restorations: I-I-4 G. Colin, BCH 24 (9goo): p. 96. 2 SIG' E, Adolf Wilhelm, "Zu einem 15 [lflO ee-ov 'TrEp,iTCOV v6.ic, [xKalT'ij 704 improved by dvepCb]T-rrcav Beschlusse der Amphiktionen," Wiener Studien 61-62 TraIjaEIfas Colin; iTepi Wilhelm. i6 [T-r6 (p9lavepC6]rtrcv (1943-I947): pp. 167-189. There was from the beginning 8CApov K0lv1"Pv8U] Trv i g[a]u-[6STv] Pi0Xp[rjaTirav-rT]0is a religious color to the glory of Athens, and certain speakers such as Callias the Daduchus at the Peace Conferenceof I'A. W. Gomme, A Historical Commentary on Thucydides 376 B. C. probably made much of it (Xenophon, Hell. VI 2 (Oxford, I956): p. 326. T. S. Brown, Timaeus of Tauro- 3, 3-6), but the Athenians never appear as chosen instru- nenium (= University of California Publications in History ments of the gods in effecting a divine plan, even though a 55, 1958), p. 75 (contra). belief in divine pronoia may have prepared the way. VOL. 58, PT. i, r968] GENERAL DISCUSSION 19

Colin; ?[a]v\r[o0] Homolle. 17 Colin. i8 i[Sicov fjs Tr6- ad ordinandum statum liberarum civitatum, id est XEco5]-rroirlTcj[v acrfiv] 6v Kal T[f]v Colin; i[crropioypa- ad homines maxime homines, ad liberos maxime (pcov Kai] TrotrlrTc[v Wilhelm. I9 Colin. Letters under- liberos. Plutarch, Cimon Io, 7 compliments the arerestored with froman Athenian lined certainty copy, Athenians on having given seeds of grain to the IG II2 II34. Hellenes and mankind in and Such blanks having taught needy (to Blank spaces occur lines I3 I5. water and to fire. Florus I are usually left as punctuation. On what does the channel) spring light 40, IO calls the parentem. phrase -riv ... v6ocov in lines I4-I5 depend? Not on city frugum 6G6povin line I6 but on rrapaSoolvin line 13 according Ciceroand Pliny would be no models for Aristides. to Colinbecause of the blanks after arrai6Eiasin line 15. The true models were Demosthenes, Isocrates and On Scopovaccording to Wilhelm.The writer,who agrees Plato, or more broadly the great names of classical here with Colin, interprets the phrase Trov ... v6ucov Greek literature. But Cicero and Pliny reflect the KaiTrfiS ratisiaS as a kind of hendiadys, and for the myths on which Aristides and his audience or read- laws as trainingmen one may referto Plato's Crito.The ers were reared. Delphic MANTEIA,according to Aristides section 35, Not had Isocrates and Plato said that Athens was the mother of the the only developed city crops; of reinterpretingold legends and AAHOEIAof line i8, to the Amphic- special ways myths according Delphic but a whole school of in the Classical, tyons, says that Athens is the mother city of all the exegetes drama. Hellenistic and Early Roman Periods explained the Homeric poetry or the logoi of the old mystery in a to rediscover The Amphictyons decreed. cults way philosophical principles In view of the fact that the formation and or ideas.3 By the time of Aristides the educated a collection of a society of Artists has first occurred public no longer expected literal interpretation. of Athens consisted of old themes that among the Athenians, whose Demos, The praise but the old themes must have i) appointed founder of the good things among Lucian ridiculed, men, led mankind out of an animal existence into sounded better in some speeches than in others and civilization, may have taken on special tones when, for example, the Artists their 2) became the cause of our community of ways by Dionysiac expressed appreciation. and the introducing the tradition of the Mysteries and by The pleasure of recognition comparative made the encomium of Athens announcing through the latter to all that a very richness of its themes of a for a great blessing among men was the habit of meeting the most popular encomium city public There were often and trusting one another, furthermore the that liked that sort of thing. opportuni- tradition of those laws concerning friendly human ties for imaginative developments and surprise. For Alex- intercourse which were given by gods and constitute example, in the second century after Christ, his brilliance an our training, ander the Clay-Plato displayed by which doubtless treated the themes from 3) likewise made into a common benefit for the encomium Hellenes the gift of agriculture, though privately a positively Platonic point of view (Philostratus, received, and VS, p. 78 Kayser). It might be interesting to com- with that of if we 4) as first of all to do so, assembled a society of pare his oration Aristides, only artists and actors and put on musical and theatrical could. contests, to which the majority of historians and The Panathenaic Oration of Aristides was soon as and poets consequently testify, while Truth herself, recognized the perfect unsurpassableexample showing clearly a city which both discovered and of the type. Boulanger, no great admirer of the of developed tragedy and comedy, reminds us that the Panathenaic, which he calls totally devoid interest from other city which did so is a mother city of all the drama. originality and without any Etc. standpoint, points out that it is the principal model which the third-century rhetorician Menander In the Roman Period three passages deserve followed in drafting a theory of the proper way to special mention because of the eminence and in- praise a city.4 Bad taste is not the only possible fluence of the authors. Cicero, Pro Flacco 26: adsunt explanation. Athenienses, unde humanitas, doctrinae, religio, 3 F. Buffiere, Les mythes d'Homere et la pensee grecque fruges, iura, leges ortae atque in omnes terras distri- (Paris, I956), and in the Bud6 series F. Buffi6re's H6raclite, butae putantur. Pliny in the famous Epistle VIII Alligories d'Homere (Paris, I962). See infra, Ch. III. 4 A. Aelius Aristide et la dans la 24, 2 substitutes Greece for Athens when he says: Boulanger, sophistique te missum in Achaiam, illam veram province d'Asie au IIe sigcle de notre ere (Paris, 1923), p. 369, cogita provinciam n. 2. This generally admirable book does somewhat less et meram Graeciam, in qua primum humanitas, than justice to the Panathenaic. And yet the excellent last litterae,etiam fruges inventae esse creduntur,missum chapter on the influence of Aristides should be a corrective. 2* 20 OLIVER: THE CIVILIZING POWER [TRANS. AMER. PHIL. SOC. In the Discourse on the Four, Aristides has The form of a ceremonial oration in praise of engaged in the old Hellenic sport of arguing against Athens imposed conventions which Aristides ac- a famous author, there Plato for his disparagement cepted and followed, but the rules,6 while strict, of the four Athenian leaders, Miltiades, Themistoc- were free enough for certain variations of emphasis. les, Cimon,and Pericles. These four leaders had been The reader will not expect originality of themes, but responsible for the success of Hellenism against the he may expect some originality in the variations or Barbarians, and had helped effectively to create presentation of conventional themes, though the the traditions of freedom and thoughtful courage modern obsession with originality should not lead on which Hellenes prided themselves. Within the us to false expectations. Aristides develops the old circle of Greek paideia this was a mere family form to its highest perfection of disposition, smooth- quarrel.Before, however, he published the Discourse ness of transitions, invention of verbal bridges and on the Four, Aristides for some reason became pain- variety of graces. He strives to touch all the themes fully aware of a breakdown within Hellenism, a that are traditionally imposed but to do so without threat to its survival, the threat from a barbarism repetition and without obscuring the outline. He advancing on many paths. He dissociated himself has composed a ceremonial oration which gives him and was worried enough to introduce an artistically a chance to present in artistic form (I) a model for inappropriate but by itself very interesting attack students which was soon a classic and (2) an appeal, on those Hellenes who apostasized from the tradi- not only to an audience at a particular festival, but tional eusebeiaof the Hellenes while they pretended also to the whole Hellenic world.7 to the paideia of the Hellenes. It is significant of the It is my feeling that the Panathenaic Discourse impiety (oiv[3poAovTiiS Bv caapEiaS) of the Palaesti- followed the Discourse on the Four chronologically nians, he argues, that they do not respect the and that the rise of Christianity had something to superior beings (i.e. the gods); the impious Hellenes do with it, perhaps a great deal. Aristides does not are no better, for they too in a sense apostasize, he combat Christianity; he does not even notice it. But says. he adopts attitudes determined by new challenges, However much Aristides disagreed with some among which was that of Christianity.8 pronouncementsof Plato on the place of rhetoric in It is only fair to point out, however, that while the educational system, he stood firmly with Plato the Christians are nowhere mentioned, the Cynics the theologian, and he shared Plato's belief in the are denounced in section 267. The essential fact value of education. seems to be that Aristides wanted to preserve and The Hellenes whom Aristides attacks in the 6 For the praise of Athens see Casimir Morawski, "De passionate digression at the end of the Discourse on gloria Athenarum et gloriositate Atheniensium," Akade- the Four need not constitute one group, but Norden5 mija umiejqtnosci, Krakow, Wydz. filolog., Rozprawy 26 has shown that Aristides had popular philosophers (1905): pp. I-42; 0. Schr6der, De laudibus Athenarum a in mind, that is, but not The poetis tragicis et ab oratoribus epidicticis excultis, Diss. Cynics only Cynics. Gottingen, 1914; Karl Jost, Das Beispiel und Vorbild der Christians are not attacked here, but the faults Vorfahren bei den attischen Rednern und Geschichtsschreibern which Aristides finds in the popular philosophers bis Demosthenes (= Rhetorische Studien XIX, Paderborn, would be even greater in Judaizing Hellenes and I936); H. R. Butts, The Glorification of Athens in Greek Greeks who became Christians. The apostates Drama (= Iowa Studies in Classical Philology 11, I947); include those of the Hellenic and Hans Herter, "Athen im Bilde der R6merzeit: Zu einem disrespectful gods Epigramm Senecas," Serta philologica Aenipontana, Inns- those disrespectful of Hellenic paideia and tradition- brucker Beitrdge zur Kulturwissenschaft 7-8 (I96I): pp. al values. 347-358. 7 While the defense of traditional eusebeia (piety) In the Prolegomena, Treatise B I0-12 Lenz (Mnemosyne, and is a mere or Suppl. 5, 1959), occurs a story about the delivery of a Pana- paideia adjunct to, afterthought in, thenaic Discourse Aristides at Athens. It is not the Discourse on the the by impos- Four, praise of traditional sible that Aristides did deliver one there, but certainly not eusebeiaand paideia constitutes the very backbone the long oration which is still extant. Rather the anecdote of the Panathenaic Discourse. In praising Athens, arose after the Panathenaic Discourse of Aristides achieved the Hellas of Hellas, Aristides praises it particularly its fame. Treatise B, which goes back to Sopater, may be for Hellenism and Hellenic and he dated in the fourth century. See Chapter IV. creating religion, 8 The tendency to react against Christianity without reminds the audience in section 222 that in the dark mentioning Christianity is even more marked in the Hymn days of Philip II it was Athens which preserved the to Athena, where F. W. Lenz, "Der Athenahymnos des symbolonof Hellas. Aristeides," Rivista di Cultura Classica e Medioevale 5 (I963, published in 1964): pp. notes it. 5 329-347 rightly Ed. Norden, "Beitrage zur Geschichte der griechischen In the Hymn to Athena Aristides shows the old gods as Philosophie," Jahrbuch fur classische Philologie Suppl. Bd. functions of the one god and so undercuts the novelty of 19 (I893): pp. 365-460 at pp. 4o4-410. Christianity. VOL. 58, PT. I, 1968] GENERAL DISCUSSION 21 deepen the cultural and religious union, now D. Maturity (KixAooKail CpyEoSS): The Logos fully threatened. To do so he imitated Isocrates who visible ?? 142-271 tried to effect a military and political union of all I. Hellenic religion after Athenian victories over Hellenes by publishing a Panathenaic. Persian invaders bursts into full bloom ?? The Panathenaic Oration of Aristides is epideictic 142-144 in that it is praise of the Athenian empire of speech 2. The so-called Athenian Domination ?? I45-I75 and reason. It is judicial in that it defends the record a. Exploits accomplishedbetween 478 and 404 of Athenian history. It is deliberative in that it B.C. ?? I49-I75 urges all Hellenes, indeed all civilized men, to unite b. Rebuttals and additional considerations ?? around the pure Hellenism of Athens, which means 176-224 the purest form of human culture and religion, the I. Comparison with acts and reactions of form furthest removed from barbarians and from Sparta ?? 176-205 those who assail the nature of the community of 2. Exploits in defense of Hellenic freedom mankind. after 404 B.C. ?? 207-212 From different, almost equally valid, points of 3. Defense against charges of tyranny ?? view different outlines of the discourse could be 213-224 made. We here present a pattern which seems to 3. The true Athenian Domination = Hellenic have a strong justification.9 Civilization ?? 225-261 a. Established the bloodless of her First Half ?? by victory I-I38: language, literature and philosophy over all A. Prooemium: Athens is properly praised as the mankind ?? 225-230 source of civilization and education, the city of b. Reasonable deference gladly accorded ?? the logoi ?? I-6 231-234 B. Early Athens (&pxl'): c. Comparisonwith the claims of other cities I. Origin,nurture, and honorfrom the gods ??7-44 ?? 235-261 a. The land, sea and air ?? 7-24 4. Constitution ?? 262-270 b. The pure stock of men ?? 25-29 E. Conclusionthat the Athenians are the true inter- c. The seeds of civilization ?? 30-44 mediaries between gods and men (EKcbvKcalx pos) 2. Civilizing Efforts of Athens against the sur- ?? 271-274 rounding alogia ?? 45-138 F. Epilogue with advice to Hellenes and prayer to a. General Benefactions ?? 46-62 Athena ?? 275-276 I. The consoling receptionof those in trouble ??46-54 2. THE ANCESTRAL CONSTITUTION 2. Colonization ?? 55-58 3. Consistency ?? 59-62 One of the most striking passages of the Pana- b. Exploits accomplished in danger before the thenaic Discourse of Aelius Aristides runs through so-called Athenian Domination ?? 63-138 sections 261-267, where he praises the Athenians for I. Significant early traditions of excellence having supplied models of government, both of the (Trrpoyovot) ?? 66-73 three simple constitutions and of the famous mixed 2. Historical Period brings a revelation of constitution. He speaks first of the divinely inspired excellence ?? 74-138 ancestral constitution (section 261), which he at- a. Athens against the barbarian, despotic tributes indirectly to Apollo of Delphi, although in empire of Darius ?? 77-93 section 40 he implies that Athena showed it to b. Athens against the barbarian, despotic them. He means that the goddess of Reason inspired empire of Xerxes ?? 94-138 the idea of the ancestral constitution and that the of the Oracle for the sacrifices Second Half ?? approval Delphic I39-276 implied the approval of Apollo for the constitution. C. Transition excusing length of the oration by Then in sections 262 and 263 Aristides claims for emphasizing its occasion and "symbolism" ?? Athens the best examples first of monarchy, then I39-14I of pure democracy, and finally of aristocracy (represented by the Areopagus), all produced of course 9 For a very different pattern see the outline presented to aid mankind. In sections 264 and 265 he views by Bruno Keil's student, Eugen Beecke, Die historischen the Athenian constitution as a mixed constitution in Aelius Aristides Panathenaikos ihre Angaben auf Quellen and he on the for cities untersucht (Diss. StraBburg, 1905), pp. 6-IO. For another expatiates advantages see the end of Chapter III. everywhere. 22 OLIVER: THE CIVILIZING POWER [TRANS. AMER. PHIL. SOC. We have already noticed the close connection constitution. In fact, there is no trace of the four between the Panathenaic of Isocrates and that of Ionian tribes or of their trittyes and phratries in the Aristides. In the Panathenaic Isocrates attributes abundant inscriptions of Roman Athens, whereas the establishment of the democracy to Theseus,l1 the Cleisthenean and post-Cleisthenean tribes are whom he dates a thousand years before his time. found everywhere. Not Solon or Cleisthenes but Theseus. Then he How then are we to explain the clans, if the clans discusses the three simple forms of constitution are not here associated with the four old Ionian with their defects and praises the constitution of tribes of the constitution before Cleisthenes? It the ancestors as an ideal, mixed constitution, from must at once be noted that in the first century B.C. which the later polity degenerated. The starting the old Attic clans took on a new lease of life. The point is of course the claim of Sparta to the best patria of the Eumolpidae and those of the other constitution, a claim not valid in the opinion of eupatrid families12seem to have been collected at Isocrates XII II4, if you go back to the Athenian this time. Cicero (Ad Atticum I 9) requested a copy ancestral constitution. of the patria of the Eumolpidae in 67 B.C., and at Aristides differs from Isocrates XII in two im- some time near 23 B.C. the genos of the Ceryces portant ways. He praises the ancestral constitution praised one of their members who had worked hard not only because it gave mankind an ideal of a for the genos in investigations connected with the mixed constitution but also because it supplied rTroypcxpaland with the discovery of the patria, perfect examples of the three simple forms, mon- i.e. the ancestral rites and customs, especially for archy, democracy, and aristocracy (the offensive the patria which had fallen into desuetude. The word oligarchy is of course avoided but the phrase patria of the eupatridae (no one disputes the emend- "the few" appears). Secondly he differs from Iso- ation (<(Tr)>crrpi6vby O. Miller for the incom- crates XII in describing the city as consisting of prehensibleOuyaTrptcov) are mentioned by Athenae- tribes and clans (yivq). Isocrates XII I45 still us IX 4Ioa. spoke in terms of tribes and demes. About 37/6 B.C. the Attic genos of the Gephyraioi On a first reading of Aristides, section 261 the entrusted two Athenian worthies with a commission writer was astonished at the seeming anachronism to consult the oracle of Delphi concerning ancient of the clans, but on reflection he rememberedthat priesthoods in the ancestral way. An inscription13 Philostratus, V.S. II I, 5 (p. 144 Wright) spoke of records the epistle of the genos to the city of Delphi the city as consisting of tribes and clans when he and the epistle of Delphi in reply. Unfortunately the related that the father of Herodes Atticus often response of the oracle, which the city of Delphi sacrificed a hundred oxen to Athena and feasted dispatched sealed with the state seal, has been lost, the Athenian people "by tribes and clans." The two but the publicity given to the incident speaks for passages support each other. In the time of Herodes itself. Atticus and later the Athenian constitution could Priesthoods based on Athenian clans are mention- be described as based on tribes and clans. ed in Delian inscriptions of the first century.l4 This Were the tribes the ten Cleisthenean and three constituted an assertion of the clans, probably more post-Cleisthenean" tribes or the four old Ionian significant than referencesto the genos of the priest tribes which at the time of the recodification of the on seats in the Theatre of Dionysus. laws at the end of the fifth century B.C. still survived Likewise from the first century we have the for certain religious ceremonies? Even in the classi- catalogue of the clan of the Amynandridae, IG II2 cal period the Panathenaic Procession was organized 2338, erected around 23 B.C. by the archon of the on the basis of the ten Cleistheneantribes. Hence it genos and arranged according to the Cleisthenean is difficult to see how the father of Herodes Atticus and post-Cleisthenean tribes. The distribution is could have ignored the Cleisthenean and post- strikingly even: Erechtheis ten names, Aegeis at Cleistheneantribes. Isocrates XII I45 clearly meant least three, Acamantis seven names, Oeneis nine the Cleisthenean tribes; hence it is natural to infer names, Cecropis at least six names, Antiochis at that also Aristides section 26I meant the Cleisthe- nean and tribes of the actual post-Cleisthenean 12 J. H. Oliver, The Athenian Expounders (Baltimore, I950), pp. 50-52. But the gene of the Eumolpidae and 10 Isocrates XII I29. The Atthis of Androtion, which Ceryces were not in the same category with the other was published around 343 B.c. is here reflected, as E. clans. Ruschenbusch has shown in his remarkable article, 13 The texts in IG II2 I096 and SEG III Io8 are outdated "Tl&rpios nToXT-ria,"Historia 7 (I958): pp. 398-424. by the discovery of new fragments. See now B. D. Meritt, 11W. K. Pritchett, The Five Attic Tribes after Kleisthenes Hesperia 9 (I940): pp. 86-96, No. 17. (Diss., Johns Hopkins Univ., I943). 14 Inscriptions de D6los 2516-2518 and 1624 bis. VOL. 58, PT. I, i968] GENERAL DISCUSSION 23 least four names, Attalis at least nine names, century B.C. (and in the fourth century too) those Leontis at least four names, Ptolemais at least seven moderates (and oligarchs who were seeking a better names. When one allows for the loss of some names government and not just a dynasteia) aimed at from five tribes and of all the names from three limiting effective citizenship to the upper and tribes, it looks as if there were between seven and middle classes. Large numbers of citizens were to be ten from each tribe. "disenfranchised." Surely this did not mean that From a different year but very close in date, there they were to be declared xenoi (foreigners); they is a decree of the genos of the Amynandridae in would still be astoi even if they could not participate honor of a personage with a family tradition of in the making of decisions, but the real politai (full helping Athens.15 citizens) would be the property owners (and people Ferguson16 has shown that around IO3 B.C. "a with talent). The aim remained constant, but the change of serious import took place." The cosmete means to achieve the aim varied from age to age no longer stood his audit in the dicastery but in the and group to group. The writer submits that Council of the Six Hundred. "Because of the Aristides section 261 makes it likely that the means defective character of our sources," says Ferguson, adopted in the first century B.C. to exclude the many "the alteration of the law is demonstrable only for from effective citizenship was the establishment of this one magistrate; but it is clearly inferable for clan membership as a prerequisite to public office. the other magistrates as well." The MithradaticWar It is likely that the old criterion of eligibility for interrupted the oligarchic (or moderate) constitution an archonship, namely participation in the cults of with a democratic revolt and the tyranny of Athe- Zeus Herkeios and Apollo Patroos,l8was now applied nion, but when Sulla captured Athens in 86, he with a new severity even to councillors. The im- restored the constitution virtually as it had been portance of the clans probably lies in the homage before the war. IG II2 I039 of about 8I B.C. and II2 with which they assured this participation, so that I046 of 51 B.C. attest a shift of power from the all clansmen could now describe themselves in the Demos to the Council of the Six Hundred. There words of Demosthenes LVII 67 as 'AWrrocovos-ra- was also a shift of power to the Areopagus, but that -Tppov Kai Ati6S:pKeiou yEvviraci, and all clansmen is not so important for my argument.l7 Accame is could point to the relevant sanctuaries and their probably right in seeing a "democratic" reaction own burial lots. in 44 B.C. with the arrival of M. Junius Brutus, but Around 25-20 B.C. in the decree of the Ceryces in later a less "democratic" constitution was reestab- honor of Themistocles (Roussel, Melanges Bidez lished. 819-834) the phrase TrapEltlrpo6-ra-rTv EUyevEavVKia On the surface the change is hardly noticeable, TTrVanrr auTrr iEpcoo0uvrlv Ey 6la6boXfis irapa TOU although we have seen that the Demos no longer 7ratrp6s EEopaoarou, "having inherited his eligibil- counts for much. There are still nine archons, but ity and the priesthoodbased thereon from his father the circle from which they are chosen is smaller, and Theophrastus in succession," the word ECuyEvEia the incumbent of the expensive eponymate is often means "eligibility for office." The use of the word a foreigner. There are still six hundred members of Ety~veia with an extension of meaning readily the Council, but the circle from which they are intelligible to contemporaries reflects, I think, the drawn is smaller. The dicasteries have disappeared. post-Sullan reform whereby eligibility for office was There were riots and perhaps a revolt in the time of reserved for the well-to-do and justifies the assump- Augustus but these were unsuccessful. The con- tion that the reform was not couched in crude stitution still looked like the old constitution, but economic terms but in terms of descent, real or the Demos had lost its power. fictitious, with a basis in the ancestral constitution. The evidence of Aristides, section 261, supported, A reform of this type has to win acceptance in as we have seen, by that of Philostratus, indicates order to succeed. The writer suspects that the genos that the clans had become the second pillar of the of the Amynandridaeand other still surviving clans constitution at the side of the Cleisthenean and were reorganizedin such a way that they would be post-Cleisthenean tribes. At the end of the fifth representative of all twelve tribes. The mutilated catalogue of the Amynandridae shows an even 15 distribution of not Published by P. Graindor, BCH 51 (I927): p. 246. members which could possibly 16 W. S. Ferguson, Athenian Tribal Cycles in the Helle- reflect direct descent from the Amynandridae of the nistic Age (Harvard Univ. Press, 1932), pp. I47-155. time of Cleisthenes, the of 17 On these reforms see Kirchner's comment to IG II2 though Amynandridae 18 Io39, Ferguson, op. cit., and S. Accame, II dominio romano On these cults see W. S. Ferguson, Hesperia 7 (I938): in Grecia dalla Guerra Acaica ad Augusto (Rome, 1946), pp. 3-33; M.P. Nilsson, AJP 59 (I938): pp. 39of. (= pp. I63-I87. Opuscula selecta 2, pp. 737f.). 24 OLIVER: THE CIVILIZING POWER [TRANS. AMER. PHIL. SOC. the time of Cleisthenestoo may have been scattered to sit, whether or not they bothered to attend. For, throughout the ten tribes. In the first century an quite possibly, first-classcitizens from the clans made attempt was made to adapt the clans as an element up most of the attendance at any one meeting of the in a conservative city based on the reforms of ekklesia. Cleisthenes. In the following inscription, IG II2 3605, the word To be a member of a clan one had to be a land- polis probably means the city and not something owner and one had to be of some respectable back- like the totality of the clans, even though all the ground. Not every rich man could buy his way into clans may have met together at an old festival: a clan. A council based on the clans as well (povuA) S T as on the Cleistheneanand tribes lgipicapVijvrls 6- post-Cleisthenean sEcosKail TOU 81Siou would constitute a barrierfor disreputableelements. KA. In the so-called boule was the 'HpcbitSris&avelKEv papyrus19 speaker ?vEKEV(). not Octavian a council for Alexandria pidiaS Acop6- urging upon 5 eov like the Councilof the Six Hundred at when aTpaoTycricavtra Athens, Kal he that it would and uneducated Scyovoe?Trcaav- argued keep impure TraTrov 'EEvoul- elements out of the politeumaof the Alexandri- pey&dAcov pure vfcov ans? The Council of the Six Hundred not only con- The curious phrase of lines I-2 means "the city, ducted much more business on its own responsibility especially the Demos, decreed." It emphasizes the without consulting the Demos but determined what enthusiasm of the popular assembly, without con- should go before the Demos, such as honorary trasting the polis and the Demos. This may seem decrees or consolations, where a wider expression obvious to the reader, but it is worth stating be- of sentiment would carry more weight. According cause Herodes Atticus was son of the man who to our theory the Councillike the archons was sup- entertained the entire city by tribes and clans and posed to be recruitedsolely from the clans,which were because Herodes Atticus harbored a special admi- idealized as going back to the beginning of the de- ration for Critias, the oligarch of 403 B.C.,and was mocracy, namely to the time of the legendary The- depicted by his enemies as trying to overthrow the seus. Thus the constitution still appeared to be that "democracy." of a democracy,a restricted democracy with a judi- However that may be, Plutarch, Theseus 24-25, cious mixture of the early clans, the laws of Solon and reflected the view of his Athenian contemporariesin the tribes of Cleisthenes. It apparently did not fool attributing the first republic to Theseus himself. the disenfranchised,but it put a decent veil over Undoubtedly the clans were represented as a pillar what was almost an oligarchy and made the res- of that first constitution. In fact Plutarch depicts triction less offensive. Theseus as persuading the men of Attica "by demes A fragmentary epistle of Marcus Aurelius and and clans" to unite in a republic. Commodus20calls for the recruitment of the Gerusia The writer's hypothesis that the Council during at Athens "from the astoi always." The specification the Early Roman Empire was recruited from mem- "from those who are eligible for the ekklMsia"also bers of the clans after a reorganizationof the clans occurs. In commenting,the writer21pointed out that in the first century B.C. must be tested against the wording implied for Athens a distinction not evidence of change in later periods. In the time of unlike that between hereditary curiales and other Hadrian the Council was reduced from six hundred citizens, and he cited the division of the first gerusia to five hundred. This is understandable; it was now at Sidyma into 51 bouleutaiand 50 dgmotai(TAM more difficult to choose as many as six hundred and II 176). According to our theory the full citizens of the number five hundred had more antiquity, as it Roman Athens, except for a few brief moments of de- were. Membershipin the clans was still essential. mocratic reaction,were in theory those who belonged But the rule could be circumvented by adlections. to the clans; and the astoiwere all the Athenians,both Old families sponsored their own friends, even those in the clans and those who were eligible foreignersand freedmen.The creation of the Gerusia merely for the ekklesia. In public documents refer- in A.D. 176, however, was a sign that the financial ence to action by the Demos meant action by the burdens were now too heavy for the clansmen ekklesia in which all adult male astoi were eligible alone; it was also a break with Athenian tradition, unless the number four hundred was to 19 supposed PSI II6o = H. A. Musurillo, The Acts of the Pagan be Solonian and a return to a Martyrs (Oxford, I954) I. plebeian corporation 20 as a second anchor. A.D. the Council had B. D. Meritt, Hesperia 30 (1961): pp. 23I-236, No.3I. By 269/70 21 J. H. Oliver, Hesperia 30 (I96I): pp. 402f. become one of seven hundred and fifty members VOL. 58, PT. i, I968] GENERAL DISCUSSION 25

(IG II2 3669). Surely the number of eligible clans- III. ALETHEIA AND AKRIBEIA men had declined; so this criterion was now probably abandoned, even in theory. The writer thinks The word aletheia has two meanings. In the that the Gerusia was already defunct and that the earliest Greek it meant something like a true report more plebeian families of the Gerusia had joined in which nothing was forgotten.1The emphasis here the clansmen as a reservoir of manpower for an was partly on completeness of information, partly enlarged Council.22The clansmen, theoretically five on first-handknowledge. In classical Greekthe word hundred, and the perhaps four hundred gerontes meant truth as opposed either to falsehood, in merged, the writer thinks, into this new corporation. which we are here less interested, or to mere The economic decline, however, continued and by appearances. the fourth century the Council was one of merely Part of the older sense can still be found in Aristi- three hundred members, with eligibility doubtless des who, in section I39 of the Panathenaic, says: based on their economic status alone. "I undertook these logoi (words, stories, arguments) Foreigners as archons were unknown at Athens less to entertain than to show the city's worth with before 27 B.C.Foreigners who later served as archons algtheia" (i.e. "in all its aspects," as comparison may have accepted membershipin a qualifying genos with section 170 will reveal, where he claims to without breaking a rule that Roman citizens could show all the city's blessings, not by recording all not accept citizenship in another state.23 particulars but by omitting no subject of praise). In summary, the phrase "the tribes and clans" Second-handinformation was from the beginning which suggested the ancestral constitution as it was contrasted with alStheia, but even first-hand before it became an extreme democracy really observations might be inadequate, so that a deeper meant the city of the Cleisthenean and post- understanding could be contrasted with a mere Cleistheneantribes, combined since the first century grasp of information. B.C. with an old but modernized institution, the In order to know the truth one must have infor- clans, in such a way that the control of political mation, sometimes called historia.For example, when affairs remained firmly in the hands of property Speusippus criticizes Isocrates for getting a simple owners, because the clans consisted of landholding fact wrong, he criticizes the historia of Isocrates.2 families and because the Council and the archons Aristides does not use this word, but in section 75 and certain other officials too were probably drawn he says that no one even in a haple diegesis (simple exclusively from members of the clans. Therefore, narrative) has ever yet gone through all the incidents there was nothing anachronistic in the reference to of the story of Athens. It is desirable to visualize the clans by Aristides, and the view of history which what he considers the opposite of that adjective Aristides presents may be expressed in terms of the haplous, feminine haple, "simple" (Latin simplex) five world empires and of the ancestral constitution and its noun haplotes (Latin simplicitas). supposedly established at Athens by Theseus a One opposite of haplous is the adjective akribes thousand years before the Panathenaic of Isocrates with its noun akribeia. For example, Aristotle, XII. In section 234 Aristides coordinates the five Metaph. E I, I055b7 distinguishes between &pxaf world empires with the history of Athens. o&rroroa-rTpaand &pxal d6pitPEorrpat,3and Aris- 22 totle, Metaph. Z 4, Io3oaI6 distinguishes between For the Gerusia see J. H. Oliver, The Sacred Gerusia a and a (= Hesperia Suppl. VI, I94I), and Hesperia 30 (I96I): A6yos airXoiS o6yos6cKplpEtrropos. pp. 402f., where new evidence suggests a membership of The word akribes,usually translated as "precise" four hundred. For the Council see D. J. Geagan, The or "exact," will be here rendered as "subtle." A Athenian Constitution after Sulla (= Hesperia Suppl. XII, subtle account is superior to a "simple" narrative I967), ch. V. in that it comes closer to the truth the use 23 The examples collected by E. W. Bodnar, S. J., partly by "Marcus Porcius Cato," Hesperia 31 (I962): pp. 393-395 1 T. Krischer, "E-rvuos und &daxefs," Philologus 109 are revealing. Two slight corrections may be worth while. (I965): pp. I6I-I74. 2 In his new text of IG II2 o1063 Tusculas is not a "misspell- Speusippus, Letter to Philip 11, KarTaaOoiS 8' av Iv ing of Tusculanus" but a variant ethnic. Inhabitants of PpaXcr-rThv 'aloKp&roUS laropiav KoalTrv wratEiav ^ c5v ... edd. Italian towns were often identified by more than one form E. Bickermann et J. Sykutris, Berichte iiber die Verhand- of the ethnic, e.g. Ardeates or Ardeatini. In CIL III, Suppl. lungen der Sdchsischen Akademie zu Leipzig, Phil.-hist. K1. I, 7242 Lanuine is not a "misspelling" of Lanuuine but 80 (I928), Heft 3. either a common type of variant spelling (see Dessau, ILS 3 H. Bonitz, Aristotelis Metaphysica II, Commentarius III, p. 835) or the usual spelling (cf. ILS 6194, senatus p. q. (Bonn, I849), p. 280: "doctrinarum principia dicit vel sub- Lanuinus). The most important of Father Bodnar's texts tilius vel simplicius constitui." For akribeia see especially are IG II2 4190, 3542 (= 3561) and 4219. See Hesperia H. Herter, "Die Treffkunst des Arztes in hippokratischer Suppl. VIII (I949): opposite p. 248 for a list of foreign und platonischer Sicht," Sudhoffs Archiv fur Geschichteder Eumolpidae. Medizin und derNaturwissenschaften 47 ( 963): pp. 249-290. 26 OLIVER: THE CIVILIZING POWER [TRANS. AMER. PHIL. SOC. of intellectual power to grasp more than appears on calls fire (Hephaestus) lame "symbolically" because the surface. As early as the cyclic epic Iliupersis the it cannot go without wood (26, IO), and by a tree word akribesimplied the more accurate and subtle Homer meant air "symbolically" (66, 5), and Homer diagnosis of one who could go back from the seen explains also Hades with his philosophy in symbols to the unseen with intellectual power. In the (KialTra v "AiSov aouppolIKoESs tXAoac6qr 74,I). Iliupersis the divine father of Machaon and Poda- In the Hellenistic and Roman Periods the use of lirius gave them different gifts, to Machaonsurgery the word symbolonmay have been more common, and to Podalirius the power to diagnose. In frag. V but Aristides would not have used it without an (Allen) it is said of the gift to Podalirius: elegant precedent. In fact, Isocrates, Panegyric 49 the word -TC)8' wravTravi applied to the logoi which those who ap' &KpIpEa a'rrTEColv EOrTKEv of education were aOKOWTaT' Kai partook able to produce; the logoi yvCovat &vaAOea iqCjaaOa were a of this a 6s Ktai Aiavros ld6&e symbolon education, sign. (a wrrpcoTO XCcooUvoi10 And now for Aristides. 6lopaTa Tr'&doTprrrrTTra papuv6ev6Ov rE vo6ra. In section 9 Aristides says of Attica: "Then she In section II9 Aristides calls attention to the produces, as it were, a symbol too of her love of man importance of demonstrations. No wonder! There (EITaKal Tris ipi7aveOpCoriaS Co'aepEi o0ClpoXov &KpipEt.) is a close connection between akribeia and "demon- She advances to a very great distance into the stration" as we may see from Pseudo-Heraclitus Aegean, calming the waters." HomericQuestions (ed. Buffiere) 7, I: "Apollodorus, In section 42 Aristides, speaking of the case of a brilliant interpreter of any historia (= surface Poseidon vs. Ares, says: "The site receivedtherefrom story), has given, with subtlety and precision, the its present name, which itself was a symbol both of demonstrationconcerning these matters" (ilKpipcoTat the event that had occurred and of justice, some 8' 1 TOETCOVEp &Troiitv i'S Kal 'ATroAXoSbpcp,IrEpi general attestation and guarantee, as it were, to rrraav iaropiav &vSpi6Elv4). The connection be- mankind" (roi -rEoallupavros oxauvpoXovKai StKato- tween akribeia and the hidden sense which is the OrVrls oaorrEp&?Aoo Trl apapTriplovKai TrioTrvEIS &vepcb- real truth may be illustrated with another quotation TrouS). from Pseudo-Heraclitus (ed. Buffiere) 6, 5: "Hav- In section 89 Aristides says of the Battle of ing penetrated into the alatheia which has been Marathon: "So great did the glory of those men of hidden in the epic, having looked carefully beneath Athens become and so great the prestige of their the surface, I for my part think that this is not a case victory, that they made even the locality a kind of of Apollo's anger but a visitation of plague" (EycoyE symbol of excellence" (Coa-reKal 'TOrXcpiov Co"rEp T'rtivoTroA?XT(<)>Jvrlv4 ?v Trols ErCov aXriSelav &Kpip5s rt oaiuppoXovd&prri KraT-rcrrarav). SlaeOpias OUK'ATr6OXWCvos 6pyv olpatTrac-ra, 0ol- In section 122 Aristides says of the Athenians who plIKqSS6 V6aOUKaKOV). passed the decree of Themistoclesthat they produced For the close connection of the hidden sense with "on one day tokens (a*OipoXa) of all that one philosophia and these symbolawhich are externally might call greatest in man, tokens of piety, endur- perceptible images of aletheiawe may cite "Heracli- ance, prudence, philanthropy, greatness of spirit." tus," Homeric Questions 24, I: "Homer obscures In section I39 Aristides explains that the speech the philosophiawith 'symbolic' words" (oauppoAXKoTsis not too long because he has to show the city's 6v6opaaiTvr 9piAoaopiav&caupoT). Also "Heraclitus" worth in all its aspects. In section I40 he goes on to 24, 3: "Thus Heraclitus the Obscure exposes the say: "Secondly, quite apart from the very symbolon divine secrets of nature without clarity and as of the words (Kai rTTraIrou TOjUmrpO6Xou T-rV Ao6yov capable merely of being represented through i.e., quite apart from what the words and stories symbola when he says 'Gods mortal, men immortal symbolically reveal), one must remember that we living the death of the former, dying their life"' (6 are not at all obliged to limit the Panathenaic youv OKOTEIVOS'Hp6&KAXITOS &oaCpi Kal Sti&auLpo6cov Festival itself to one day." EIKa&LEOCaisIvvaeva OEO7ooyEiTra 9pVuKa Si' CV In section 144 Aristides, discussing the abundance piri, Kr?T).Arguing that Homer believed in the and grace of Athenian dedications and thank-offer- sphericityof the cosmos,"Heraclitus" 48, I-2 says: ings, explains: "These manifestations of her piety "the clearestsymbolon (= implication)is that of the attest her full beauty and growth" (-rayap aoi1lpoXa making of the shield of Achilles. For Hephaestus TrfiSEuOaeEaS aOrfiS TraUCaToU KXaAoU5Kal IAeyovUS forgeda shield circularin its shape as an image of E-ri T6EKillpia). the contourof the cosmos."Heraclitus says Homer In section 164 Aristides says of the Battle of 4 This is Buffi6re's palmary emendation for the manu- Tanagra, "What this engagement alone has had as script readings xTroAEAlliEvriv,UTro?EXriiJivrlviv, rroAXEXEypvriv. a token (a*iI.poWov)of victory is the flight." VOL. 58, PT. I, I968] GENERAL DISCUSSION 27 In section I66 Aristides says that Athens, making sections IO9-II8 "so that one may see their char- peace, "produced in one and the same token an in- acter (ethos)and all I mean more clearly." He had a dication (crv'upoov) of two things, both of her digression also on the Battle of Marathon as a re- superiority in the war and of her innate good- velation of the ethosof the Athenians, and in section ness." I66 he refers to the ethos of what they did, but the In section 167 Aristides speaks of the Athenian digression in sections IO9-II8 is a long one with demos leading the Greeks "with its rule a mani- formal proofs of Athenian excellence. When he at festation (o,ipoXov) of justice and not injustice." last returns to his narrative in section II9, he In section 222 Aristides says that in the time of apologizes for the digression, saying the spoude in Philip the city of the Athenians "alone maintained connection with the demonstrations has led him the posture of the true Hellas (,6vrl 6' TO oCVpoXov away. The spoude7then is here an intellectual effort TrijS'EAXMos 8iE-rTlproaE) and overshadowed the then to find the cause of the many actions. The interest prevailing disasters." is not in everything that happened but in the Having contrasted haplous with akribes and unseen character which perceptible actions reflect having shown the meaning of akribeia,we shall now in the mirror which the interpreter presents. In point to a relation between haplotesand historia. section 136 where Aristides seems to say that the The adjective haplous ("simple") is, as we dem- narration of particulars is "a time-consuming onstrate in the commentary to section 75, a operation not arriving at the spoude,"he may mean synonym for historikos.The words historia,historein, "not arriving at what we seek to uncover, namely, hist6r have been traced in their development.5 The the unseen cause or universal truth which underlay word historia often retained in Greek its connection these actions." The participle is from the same verb with visual knowledge gained through autopsy and which Plato, Timaeus 5Ib3 uses, "to arrive at its usually had an emphasis on particulars, and historia nature" (physis). acquired a connotation contrasting with a deeper Diogenes Laertius V 39 in the Life of Theo- understandingof a whole. The deeper understanding phrastus says: "In his case and that of Callisthenes is an understanding of aletheia (the true nature of Aristotle is reported to have said just what Plato things6) and is reached through akribeia. said about Xenocrates and Aristotle himself; for Aristides actually avoids the words historia and he said that since Theophrastus in the exceeding historiographoswhere we might expect them. In sharpness of his wit explained every shade of Oration XLIX on the Incidental Remark, p. 513 meaning, while the other was naturally sluggish, Dindorf, he refers to historians including both the one needed a rein the other a goad." The same Herodotus and Thucydides as "those between poets anecdote is told about Ephorus and Theopompus and rhetors." in two versions (FGrHist 2 A 70 T 28) that of the In our Panathenaic section 136 Aristides insists Suda being of particular interest: "Ephorus was that no one has a right to criticize him in his account simple in character (Tr ?ieos&rroiUS) and in respect of the Battle of Plataea for leaving out particulars to interpretation of the particulars ('rqv 86EprllivEiav and concentrating on what it all shows. For, he Tlls ia-ropiaS)he was lazy, sluggish, and lacking in seems to say, the narration of particulars is "a energy, while Theopompus,being in characterbitter time-consuming operation not arriving at the and malicious, and in speech facile, coherent, and spoude." Akribeia is not the listing of particulars. forceful, liked to uncover the underlying reality Spoude and akribeiaoverlap in meaning. when he wrote ((piXaXeqrSEv ols 'ypapev means After mentioning that the Athenians gave up the literally "he was aletheia-lovingin what he wrote"). titular leadership before the Battle of Salamis, Therefore, Isocrates said the latter needed a rein, Aristides makes a digression extending through but Ephorus a goad.8 5 Bruno Snell, Die Ausdriicke fur den Begrif des Wissens 7 The spoude which Isocrates, Philippus 26 recognized as in der vorplatonischen Philosophie (= Philologische Unter- an essential quality of good speech and which Eino Mikkola, suchungen 29, 1924), pp. 59-71; F. Muller, "De 'historiae' Isokrates, seine Anschauungen im Lichte seiner Schriften vocabulo et notione," Mnemosyne 54 (I926): pp. 234-257; (= Annales Academiae Scientiarum Fennicae, Ser. B, 89, P. Louis, "Le mot ocrropiachez Aristote," Rev. phil. 29 Helsinki, 1954), I92 interprets as "der heilige Eifer des (I955): PP. 39-44; Arpad Szab6, "AEiKWvvtals mathemati- Redners in der von ihm als richtig angesehenen Sache" scher Terminus fur 'beweisen,'" Maia, N.S., 10 (I958): refers to something else, namely delivery. The Aristidean pp. Io6-13I; Aram M. Frenkian, "Die Historia des Pytha- usage is suggested rather by Demosthenes VI 4 and VIII 2. goras," Maia, N. S., 11 (1959): pp. 243-245, who claims 8 As a parallel for the charge of "simplicity" and (per- for historia the root Fi6. haps) deliberate superficiality in the case of Ephorus we 6 So W. J. Verdenius, "Parmenides B 2, 3," Mnemosyne, may cite a quotation in the Suda, s.v. iTrr6Xroaio:o6 5 Ser. IV, 15 (I962): p. 237. See also E. Heitsch, "Die nicht XiA3pavos1TT1EK1iS IeV lv Kal TrS&aXiep6, &TrAouorpoS 5i Ta- philosophische &AiOeita,"Hermes 90 (1962): pp. 24-33. qen KaciITirrrrrOCaos. d&vri TOV oU paOei TOVT'p6TroV. 28 OLIVER: THE CIVILIZING POWER [TRANS. AMER. PHIL. SOC. The differentiation on the basis of the author's So we cannot affordto leave any areaunworked and own character recalls what Aristotle, Poetics I448b unexamined,since spoudein the petty subjects is no less than not to for 24-28 said about the development of poetry after reprehensible preservethroughout Homer: the great subjectslike this the importancethat is their due. But poetry divided on the lines of the characterof the poets themselves.9Those who were moreserious re- Nouns and verbal adjectives from the verb "to presentedgood actions and the actions of good people, examine" (^rET&i[ev),such as occur in sections II9 while the simpler sortT"represented the actions of and 120 just quoted, are illuminated by the above people without particularmoral worth. Sieorr&CT 68 quotation from Dionysius of Halicarnassus.Further- KaTa ra OiKETafirerl i rroflrlcn. ol pEv yap aEvov6Tpol more, in section 92 Aristides distinguishes between &asKaACoS tIIIOjUVTO'Tpa?EIS Kal TCXSTOOV TO1tTCOV, the subject of the Battle of Marathon and subse- ol Tar 86 ECIOTEAErEpoiTrSV cyaxocov. quent events which had been "examined in a way Since Aristotle thought that tragedy was the to produce a more exact understanding" than the culmination of the more serious style which dealt Battle of Marathon had. Herodotus gave a haple with universals and moral values, it is significant digegsis (simple account), so did Ephorus. But later that the tragic poets were often called the spoudaioi, events underwent the treatment Aristides has in as Plato, Laws, VII 817, specifically attests: 'Trv 65 mind from Thucydides and Theopompus. aTrovSalcov, cos paac, TCOVTrp TpaycpSiav filxiv This treatment is the akribeia of Thucydides, I TrWOliTo6V. 22, 2, "an exact understanding" of facts and "a Marcus Aurelius VI 13 contrasts the spoudaia subtle, i.e. discerning interpretation" of what the when he says, "lay things bare and look upon their facts proved. It is not to be confused with the paltriness and strip off the superficiality (Io-ropiav) atrekeia of Herodotus, which meant straight re- on which they pride themselves." For Plutarch, porting with a minimum of subjective interpretation. Pericles I3, 3 the opposite of superficial beauty in Herodotus reacted against the fantasies of poets on art was K6AOUSd&KpipE3a. the one hand and Hecataeus on the other. Thucy- We have noted the contrast between the simple dides reacted not only against the poets but like a Ephorus who was allegedly sluggish in interpreting fifth-century Athenian educated by Attic tragedy, particularsand the aletheia-lovingTheopompus who or like a pre-Socraticphilosopher, against the super- allegedly needed a rein. Theopompus was particu- ficiality of historia. "Concerninghis whole compo- larly famous for his zeal in uncoveringhidden causes. sition there were some who dared to assert that it Thus Dionysius of Halicarnassus in his Letter to was not a product of the art of rhetoric but of the Pompeius 7 (FGrHist II5 T 20) praises in Theo- art of poetry," wrote the badly confused Marcelli- pompus the ability nus,l Life of Thucydides 41. Thucydides seemed, not only to see and describein every deed the things at least to some, almost an opposite of the historicus, whichwere clear to the many,but to examine(ErZ[Etiv) and more akin to a poet or a philosopher. His ac- of the deeds the unseen causes which motivated the count of what happened in the world of sense per- doers as well as the passionsof the inner man, things ception could be called 6 Si' dSKpipeias&rAfis X76yos, which are not easy for the many to know, and to un- to borrow a phrase from Plato, Timaeus 52c6, i.e. cover all the mysteriesof the man'sseeming virtue and the true account achieved by reasoning back vice. unrecognized rigorously from the seen to the unseen. Thucydides In section I20 Aristides again uses spoude to maintained the honesty and impartiality of Herod- mean "zealous intellectual effort to find hidden otus as a reporter,but he combined this spirit with causes" when he emphasizes the importance of his the intellectual approach of a pre-Socratic philos- subject. "If we were making this examination and opher passionately interested in unseen causes and spoude concerning things of no value or concerning eternal truth. things of which the examples are everywhere," that would be different. But all the poets and writers 11 Perhaps in the.fifth century after Christ according s.v. have failed to do Athens justice. to E. Bux, R.-E. 14 (I928): coll. I450-I487, "Mar- cellinus (49)." B. Hemmerdinger, Essai sur l'histoire du texte de Thucydide (Paris, 1955), pp. 61-63 argues persuas- 9 The passage just quoted from the Suda on Theopompus ively that the "Marcellinus" of E and T was a certain and Ephorus supports the traditional interpretation of the Marcellus dated before A.D. 912, but to avoid confusion I phrase KCa-XT-r oilKta ^eOi against that of G. Else, Aristotle's shall continue to say Marcellinus. His stylistic opinions go Poetics (Harvard University Press, I957), p. I36. back to Caecilius of Calacte according to F. Zucker, 10The phrase -r6TOos a&-rro0sused in the Suda to describe Semantica, Rhetorica, Ethica (= Deutsche Akademie der Ephorus supports this interpretation of eTrrEMaorrpoagainst Wissenschaften zu Berlin, Schriften Sektion Altertumsw. 38, that of G. Else, Aristotle's Poetics, p. I35. I963), p. 36. VOL. 58, PT. I, I968] GENERAL DISCUSSION 29 In his discussion of Alcibiades in the Philippus By poetry Aristotle meant epic and particularly 58-6I Isocrates says: Kae' EcaorTov p?V ov Tr&v-rTOTE tragedy. By historia Aristotle meant Herodotus and yEvoPEvcov El TIS ?E yEtV ETrTXEiPTiaE1EV,OUT' &v stie?EiV probably the Xenophon of the Hellenica and dKpipcoS5uvaiTro. The contrast here lies between what Ephorus. He could not use Thucydides in a dis- Isocrates describes as a relation of particulars cussion of historia. The latter word was for him too (Kae'EocKaorov) in the case of Alcibiades and the closely connected with the evidence of the senses, deeper meaning which the akribeia of a true diag- seeing and hearing. The word, particularly after nostician might reveal.12 Aristotle, was frequently extended. No one will deny that Xenophon and Ephorus It was always obvious that in many ways the were historici, though, coming after Thucydides, historia of Herodotus and the search which Thucy- they were influenced by him. Theopompus, on the dides made for the universal were two examples of other hand, sought to uncover hidden causes with one genre. In fact, Theophrastus seems to have something like the spoudeof tragic poets. And in the applied the term historia to both, but it is psycho- Agesilaus, which greatly influenced Aristides, Xeno- logically interesting that Cicero, in citing Theo- phon did too. Agesilaus IV and VI attest to the phrastus, uses the word canit in referenceto Thucy- interest which Xenophon, though he did not use the dides.14 word symbola, had in the outward signs of human In the second, third and fourth centuries after virtue. Christ, practitioners of mere historia sometimes felt Answering those who had called Thucydides a it necessary to compose in the obsolete Ionic dialect. practitioner of the art of poetry, Marcellinus, Life The most striking case of all is that of Praxagoras of Thucydides41, argued: "Now it is clear from the the Athenian.15Arrian's Indica too was in Ionic. fact that it does not fall into any kind of verse that Polybius I 4 and 57 uses language not unlike that (the work) is not a product of the poetic art." of Aristides when he claims for his kind of history a Others such as Dionysius of Halicarnassus (De deeper truth based on a broader view and contrasts Thucydide24) had noted the poetikonof the vocab- it with a mere enumerationof particulars. The same ulary, but the errorin the foolish argument adopted would be true of Sallust, who modeled himself on by Marcellinus had already been rejected by Aris- Thucydides (and Cato). totle, Poetics I45Ia36-bI2: Thus far we have concentrated on the antithesis of historia on the one hand and and It is clear too from what has been said that to say philosophia what did is not a task but such as spoude on the other in what we call historians. It is happen poet's things now time to return to the Panathenaic of Isocrates might happen, that is, the things that can happen in accord with probabilityor necessity. In other words, XII. the historicusand the poet differnot by writing either In section 246 the critic attributes to Isocrates the in meter or without meter-for it would be possibleto intention of composing a discourse unlike his other versifythe writingsof Herodotusand it wouldstill be a discourses, one that would seem simple (&crrAoiS, historiaof sorts with or without verse-but the differ- i.e. on one level of meaning, straightforward) and ence lies in this: the one reportswhat did happen,the other such things as might happen. Therefore,poetry Kurt von Fritz, "Die Bedeutung des Aristoteles fur die is a thing philosophoteronand spoudaioteron(concerned Geschichtsschreibung," Histoire et historiens dans l'anti- with a deeperand moreimportant truth) than historia. quitd (= Entretiens Hardt IV, Geneva, 1956), pp. 82-I45; Poetry tends to discuss the subject in relation to the G. Else, Aristotle's Poetics (Harvard Univ. Press, I957), universal,while historiatends to discussthe subject in commentary on I45Ia36-bI2; F. W. Walbank, "History relationto the particular(Kac' EKao-rov). In relationto and Tragedy," Historia 9 (I960): pp. 216-234. My approach, the universal:to what sort of man it occursto do or say being from the direction of Aristidean spoude, is not the what sort of in accord with the or same. things probability 14 Cicero, Orator 39: Quo magis sunt Herodotus Thucy- necessityat which the poetry aims as it assignsspecific aetas cum in eorum names. In relation to the what Alcibiades didesque mirabiles; quorum tempora particular: quos nominavi incidisset, longissime tamen ipsi a talibus did or experienced.l8 deliciis vel potius ineptiis afuerunt. Alter enim sine ullis salebris quasi sedatus amnis fluit, alter incitatior fertur et 12 Note also that Isocratesin the Philippus describeshis de bellicis rebus canit etiam quodam modo bellicum; subject as -rIv &aAritav-rTv lrTpaoryIarov (4) and as OOK primisque ab his, ut ait Theophrastus, historia commota ^ri6EtIiv (I7). est, ut auderet uberius quam superiores et ornatius dicere. 13 Among the many modern scholars who have discussed See Ed. Norden, Die antike Kunstprosa i (Leipzig, I898); the Aristotelian passage on poetry and history mention pp. 9I-I26, "Die Beziehungen der Geschichtsschreibung should certainly be made of B. L. Ullman, "History and zur Poesie," who cites among others Quintilian X, I, 3I: Tragedy," TAPA 73 (I942): pp. 25-57; A. W. Gomme, Historia est proxima poetis et quodam modo carmen solu- The Greek Attitude to Poetry and History (Sather Classical tum. Lectures XXVII, Univ. of Calif. Press, I954), ch. III; 15 Photius, Bibliotheca No. 62. 30 OLIVER: THE CIVILIZING POWER [TRANS. AMER. PHIL. SOC. easy to understand but that, to those who studied mends the morally and spiritually more meaningful it with close attention and tried to see what others discourses "as aiming at Truth," TOr0 fisS Ar1eaS had missed, would appear both hard to understand aTroxal[ovous, again a phrase very like that of and full of much philosophial6as well as historia, Aristotle, Poetics I45Ib 9-IO. yes, would appear full of variety and fantasy, not This then is the "philosophical" background of the malicious kind which inflicts injury but the kind the style of Aristides except that for Aristides the which with urbanity (pErawat&) rai could improve Truth is an Aristidean blending of two main streams or delight the audience. In section 263 the critic says which flow, the one from Isocrates, the other from that the discourse will gratify those who truly Plato. philosophize (roTis cs&Xo0c6S plXoooapouiv). We have What Plato meant by philosophy is clear enough. already suggested that the critic was about to Isocrates, on the other hand, had no use for what attribute to Isocrates a deeper meaning which had seemed to him idle and inactive speculation about not been his at all, but since Isocrates chose not to reality in the abstract but he was much interested repudiate the criticism, it remained for Aristides to in the real ways in which ideals are realized and the correct the exegesis and to reconsider the hidden world improved.l8He too may have considered him- universals. self a Socratic.19The infinitives that corresponded Perhaps the most interesting comment of all is to those adjectives philosophoteronand spoudaio- that by Isocrates himself in the Panathenaic 271, teronwere philosopheinand ponein ("to toil intellect- where he commends, not display orations, but dis- ually") or philosopheinand meletan ("to study") or courses that are philosoph6teroiand spoudaioteroi, philosopheinand skopein ("to look carefully").20For i.e. concerned with a deeper and more important Isocrates philosophia is an orientation based on truth. These are exactly the adjectives which training, an orientation in the right direction.21 Aristotle, Poetics 1451 b6-7, uses of poetry as com- The Panathenaic Discourse of Aristides is rooted pared with historia. in the eclectic Middle Platonism of Plutarch, Gaius, Malingrey's study17 of the words philosophia, and Albinus, an d it depends from the Timaeus as philosophos, and philosophein unfortunately does interpreted by the contemporariesof Aristides. For not deal either with Isocrates, Panath. 271 or with Plutarch the Demiurge was infinitely remote and Aristotle, Poetics I45I b6-7, but it shows that operated through the lesser gods and the daimones. philosophia and aletheia (truth) were closely con- In the Panathenaic Discourse the one greatest god nected from the fourth century B.C. On pp. 55-6I does not appear but the gods who assist him are the she attributes to Aristotle the use of philosophiain Artisans of section 20. The Platonic Ideas perhaps the sense of the discovery of the supreme being suggest the logoi and paradeigmata(models) of the through contemplation of the cosmos, but the word Panathenaic Discourse 40. Middle Platonists de- in one of its several usages certainly carriedreligious bated the question where the Ideas were located; overtones even earlier. some inferred they were on the moon; others con- In his own opinion the differencebetween Isocra- sidered them the thoughts of God. Aristides dis- tes and other orators was not just one of language covers that in Attica seeds and models of all sorts but of the attitude toward the subject. Whereas were deposited (section 42). others, if not actually trifling, were interested in the Albinus interpreted a praxis as a uxviisXoytKfis particular, Isocrates and his pupils sought the 9vkpyeia68& o(aboroS, action which a soul with reason universal and tried to rise from the particular to the (logos) accomplishes through a body. Let us say, universal. The distinction that Aristotle made be- right action inspired by reason. The pertinent sub- tween tragedy and historia turns out to be similar division of philosophy was the praktike. In fact to the distinction which Isocrates made between his Albinus divided philosophy into (I) the the6retike own oratory and that of his competitors. In the (yvcCai5 TCOvOvrTov), (2) the praktike (rrp&atiTCOV same section 27I of the Panathenaic Isocrates com- KaXcOv),and (3) the dialektike (OeopiaXoyou). Apu- leius makes a division into 16 philosophia naturalis, K1. Ries, Isokrates und Platon im Ringen um die Phi- moralis,rationalis. The whole Panathenaic Discourse losophia (Diss., Munich, I959), p. I49 interprets the word in this context as meaning "dunkle Weisheit." See rather 18 E. Mikkola, Isokrates ... (Helsinki, 1954), p. 73. E. Mikkola, Isokrates ... (Helsinki, I954), pp. 73-76; 19 George Kennedy, The Art of Persuasion in Greece M. A. Levi, Isocrate, Saggio critico (Milan-Varese, I959), (Princeton Univ. Press, I963), p. 179. Ch. III. 20 E. Mikkola, Isokrates ... (Helsinki, 1954) p. 202. 17 Anne-Marie Malingrey, Philosophia: Etude d'un 21 M. A. Levi, Isocrate, Saggio critico (Milan-Varese, groupe de mots dans la literature grecque, des Prdsocratiques I959), Ch. III. For a different view see Hans Wersd6rfer, au IVe sigcle apres J.-C. (= l:tudes et commentaires, 40, Die piXoaopfia des Isokrates im Spiegel ihrer Terminologie I96I). (= Klassisch-Philologische Studien, Heft I3, 1949). VOL. 58, PT. I, 1968] GENERAL DISCUSSION 31 of Aelius Aristides falls into some such pattern: The In the Roman Oration, where Aristides condemn- pars naturalis,containing a description of the terrain, ed Athens, Sparta and Thebes as inadequate leaders climate, gifts of the gods, and first beginnings of the of a coalition of cities, he praised all the Hellenes as function of Athens, extends through section 62; the foster-parents of the Romans (section 96). In the pars moralis (or ethica)with the praxeis runs through Panathenaic i he calls the Athenians foster-parents section 224; the pars rationalis, describable also as of the Hellenes and of all who belong in any way to the dialectic, takes up the rest of the oration except Hellenic civilization. In the Panathenaic, where he for the brief epilogue. The three parts are not does not divide the world into Greeks and Romans entirely separate; they shade into each other and but into the pupils of Athens on the one hand and are connected by many bridges.22Yet the division the enemies of civilized man on the other, he seems is there and emboldens one to assert that Aristides to think of the pupils of Athens as of two types, the has accomplished the union which Isocrates en- mathematikoiand the akousmatikoi.25Just as the visaged in his own unsuccessful Panathenaic, a Pythagoreans had sought to win over the men of union of a rhetorical discourse with a philosophical influence everywhere and had ruled Southern Italy discourse. Although it remains primarily an en- through their influential akousmatikoi, so the comium, it supports the belief in Athens with formal Hellenes govern the world culturally through proofs not unlike the TrriaTo-rirlTacrpvr of Origen.23 educated Romans who were akousmatikoiof Athens. For Aristides the truth about the cosmos of human In section 40, moreover, he places all the mathemata society meant a philosophical appreciation of the in Athens, and in section 2 he claims that the story and central role of Athens. We have seen that mathemata everywhere have come from Athens. behind his thought lie traditions of exegesis invented Since the Panathenaic Discourse illustrates the for the study of Homer and of sacred logoi. Most meaning of akribeia and symbola we cite Porphyry, of his style derives from classical antecedents. He Life of Pythagoras 36-37, a passage particularly admired the pathos of Demosthenes, but he also interesting for its referencesto akribeiaand symbola: tried to his a frame of and give oratory philosophy But whatever public addresses (Pythagoras) made to poetry, the philosophy and disposition of Isocrates, those who visited him as students, he made as exhorta- the rhetoric and poetry of Plato. tions either in the way of a straightforward list of And yet the "philosophy" of this circular oration precepts or by an interpretation of meaningful cases with its tripartite division into physis, gthos, and (q 8?1EOS1Kcostl (VUpIPO\KcosTrapirvei). For he had a dialectic deserves to be viewed also as a step toward double system in his teaching. In fact the one group of his students were called the Middle Ages, if one feels the continuity from the mathematikoi,the other group of the Panathenaic to the Bible of St. auditors (akousmatikoi). And mathematikoi were those atmosphere who had learned the more Thierry of Rheims, in the circular schemaof Philo- philosophy's complicated version worked through to subtlety and precision (ol sophia with insets framing Physica, Ethica and rTOvTrplTTT-rEpov Kail rpos dKpip3EtaV8taTrEwTTovTrvov Logica24(Fig. I). TfilSE'rrlaTrlPl Aoyov EKPEpOaOri,KoTSr),while audi- 22 One is reminded of what Cicero, De Finibus V 9, says tors were those who had heard only the warnings and about the Peripatetic philosophy: Sed est forma eius dis- counsels in which his writings were summarized without ciplinae, sicut fere ceterarum, triplex: una pars est naturae, a more subtle discussion (&veu disserendi vivendi &KpiPE(T3-paSSrByry- altera, tertia. aEcos).26 23 Hal Pronoia und Paideusis: Studien iiber Koch, Orige- Cicero too nes und sein Verhaltnis zum Platonismus (Berlin and Leip- brings together truth and akribeia zig, I932), Part I, chapter V. Also Part II, "Origen and (subtilitas)when in De Officiis II io he says, alia est Greek Philosophy," is very interesting, especially Chapter illa, cum veritas ipsa limatur in disputatione,subtili- III, "Origen and Contemporary School Philosophy," tas, alia cum ad communemomnis accom- because still had much the same as opinionem Origen background modatur oratio. is the down of Aristides. On Origen as the inventor of the division into Subtlety polishing three forms of non-literal interpretation see the great work truth in discussion, the filing off of whatever hides of Henri de Lubac, S. J., Exdggse mddidvale: Les quatre it. A discourse suitable for the ordinary man is sens de l'ccriture (= ltudes publiees sous la direction de simple and superficial. Cicero's word limare does not la Facult6 de Theologie S. J. de Lyon-Fourviere 41, I959), translate but does like the Part I: pp. I7I-2I9. On historia (littera) as the basic literal paraphrase expressions TTEAEOecbvof or the of Isocrates. interpretation see Exdgese mddievale, Part I: pp. 425-487. Thucydides27 wTovETV Does not the simplex locutio indicated by historia have a 25 Kurt von Fritz, "Mathematiker und Akusmatiker bei forerunner in the haplg diegesis of writers like Aelius Aristi- den alten Pythagoreern," Bayrische Akademie der Wissen- des ? Among the Christians, however, the implied antithesis schaften, Phil.-hist. Kl., Sitzungsb. I960, Heft ii. historia-aletheia naturally disappears. On the contrary, 26 See further the commentary on the contrasting phrase the Christians emphasize the veritas historiae of Holy Writ. at the beginning of section II9. 24 Bibliotheque municipale de Reims, MS. 23, fol. 25 27 Thucydides I 22, 2: 6aov 8Uvctarv &KpipEfl rrEpi&KOrTOV called to my attention by Professor Harry Bober. ftE?sA6c)V. 32 OLIVER: THE CIVILIZING POWER [TRANS. AMER. PHIL. SOC. Phaedrus (ed. Herrmann) II 10, 48-49 talks of oVTOrcov&AXa TCOV d&Kptiovrcov.9 He prided himself filing down a lie by means of akribeiaso that the lie not on his memory for details as such but on akri- would be clearly recognizableas such: si mendacium beia, the subtilitas which Pythagoras supposedly subtiliterlimasset. The word limare implies subtilitas, introduced and the expounders of Homer and and the Latin adverb limatius loosely correspondsto mythology practiced, and which he did not clearly the Greek adverb &Kpipoa-Erpov. distinguish from that of Thucydides. In Cicero, De Finibus V 12 Piso, speaking of Aristotle and Theophrastus, says: De summo autem IV. DATE OF COMPOSITIONAND REACTION duo librorum unum bono,quia genera sunt, populariter TO EASTERN INFLUENCE scriptum, quod EcoTEplK6vapellabant, alterum limatius, quod in commentariisreliquerunt, non semper In sections 55-56 the Hellenic is contrasted with idem dicerevidentur, etc. all that is piratical and barbarian. The core of the The Ciceronianadverb limatius passed to Ammi- encomium of Athens is that she opposes barbarism anus Marcellinus,who uses the adverb at the signifi- as her natural enemy (section 14) and she acts as an cant beginning of Book XV, where he contrasts the emissary of the gods and serves as a visible image account he supplied in Book XIV with the account and standard for the anthropeiaphysis (section 274). he intends to give from this point on. He says: She is the model and means through which the gods residuaquae secuturus aperiet textus, pro virium captu have educated mankind. She is the city of fixed limatius absolvemus,nihil obtrectatoreslongi (ut pu- moral principles (section 213) and traditions of tant) operis formidantes. Tunc enim laudanda est Discourse; from this mother-city of law (sections 42 brevitas, cum moras rumpens intempestivas, nihil and 239) and of noble traditions the higher civiliza- subtrahitcognitioni gestorum (V iustorum).Ammianus tion has spread over most of the inhabitable world. means that to the best of his ability he will set forth She is in fact the savior of mankind (sections 53, 54, the rest with greater fullness, will take more pains 89, ii6, 122, 218, 220 and 230) and akin, as it were, to polish away the enveloping misconceptions, than to the gods. She is the receiver of the seeds. he has permitted himself in Book XIV. The akribeia Or, if you will, the Panathenaic (cf. Ch. I) exalts implied in the adverb limatius probably subsumed the dynamis of the Athenians when its place in the digressions of two sorts, the intellectual analysis Greek world was disputed by another dynamis. A such as the denunciation of the lawyers in XXX 4 gnostic amulet with an oriental list of magic names and the fullness of enlightening details such as the ends in the prayer "Holy dynamis, be my aid," long description of Egypt in XXII I5 and the longer &yia &OvatS,po0ei .toi.1 One could read several description of the Persian Empire in XXIII 6.28The passages as a correction of claims for Isis. aim of both was to make the truth more apparent. At the end of section 4 Aristides asserts that a The two meanings of akribeia as Thucydides used special need for this oration has arisen. What is the the word lie behind the limatius absolvereof Ammia- need? To answer this question we must determine nus and the akribeia of Aristides. For example, the as precisely as possible the time and the environ- Thucydidean description of stasis at Corcyra was ment in which the oration arose. both a digressionwith many enlightening details but also an intellectual While Herodotus was 29 Philostratus, Lives of the Sophists, p. 88 Kayser: "For analysis. we are one of those who do not vomit words but work out a the father of historia, was the true Thucydides speech." The phrase ^etiv oU EyEiv was probably old (com- father of historical akribeia, but in the Roman pare Cicero, Ad Fam. XII 2: omnibus est visus ... vomere period every historian has had a rhetorical educa- suo more, non dicere). In his famous saying Aristides sub, tion. stituted for AiyElvthe verb &Kpiptivwhich probably meant A discussion of Aristides in a entitled "to elaborate with akribeia," i.e. with care and with inter- chapter as to the The and "Aletheiaand Akribeia"should close with the boast pretation deeper meaning. wording authorship are supported by Eunapius, p. 488. In the Prole- of Aristides to Marcus Aurelius: o0vyap taev TCOV gomena of Sopater, Treatise B 9 (ed. Lenz, Mnemosyne, Suppl. 5, I959) the saying is rendered "We are one of those who do not vomit words but work out a speech and win 28 The latter, after mention of reports in quibus aegre appreciation," but the last three words, Ktl -r5v &p6Eo6vrcov vera dixere paucissimi, begins as follows: Quod autem erit (for the meaning see AJP 83 (I962): p. 254), are hardly paulo prolixior textus, ad scientiam proficiet plenam. Quis- by Aristides. quis enim afectat nimiam brevitatem ubi narrantur incog- 1 Harvard Theological Review 33 (I940): p. 4. The divine nita, non quid signatius explicet, sed quid debeat praeteriri dynamis may be seen in a cosmology of the second century scrutatur. With the apology of Ammianus and the intention published by W. C. Till, "Die gnostischen Schriften des signatius explicare compare the similar apology and inten- koptischen Papyrus Berolinensis 8502," Texte und Unter- tion of Aristides in section o09 at the beginning of a digres- suchungen zur Geschichteder altchristlichen Literatur, Fiinfte sion. Reihe, 5, col. 28, line I2. VOL. 58, PT. I, I968] GENERAL DISCUSSION 33

DATE OF COMPOSITION and creates an impression that if the Hymn to Athena must be dated between A.D. I6I and 169, so The birth of Aelius Aristides occurred in A.D. 117 must the Panathenaic to a large extent, even if according to some modern scholars or in A.D. 129 Aristides worked and reworkedthe Panathenaic for according to others. In 1953 the writer merely many years. stated his position in favor of the year A.D. 117 and Unless the writer is much mistaken, we actually referred the reader to discussions by others.2 More have a terminus ante quem for the publication of the recently Lenz3 has argued persuasively that the Panathenaic Discourse in the raid of the Costoboci, birth of Aelius Aristides fell between A.D. 126 and for the tone in which Aristides discusses the wars and 134, because Arethas' note at the end of the Hymn festivals would have been irritatingly false soon after to Athena (XXXVII Keil) in the LaurentianusLX, 3 the shocking sack of Eleusis. The Panathenaic states that the Hymn was deliveredin the proconsul- was completed before the raid of the Costoboci in ship of Severus when Aristides was thirty-five years A.D. I70.6 and one month old. What makes this important is a A terminus post quem for the Panathenaic as a reference in the Hymn4 to the "emperors," which whole, whatever earlier compositions may have Lenz interprets as a referenceto joint rulers, namely been incorporated, can be found in the victory Marcus Aurelius and Lucius Verus (A.D. I6I-I69). theme. The noun nike and the verb nikao occur with In this period it is hard to find room for a proconsul astonishing frequency, the noun 21 times, the verb of Asia named Severus,5 but the precision is im- 86 times. This insistence in so great an artist as pressive and one must assume that Arethas had Aristides must be taken as significant. The word good authority for his statement. polemos itself occurs 69 times. Lenz, furthermore, shows that the Hymn to The nike theme probably reflects an atmosphere Athena and the Panathenaic Discourse are close to in the Greek East, following, not preceding the each other in many themes or ideas. This of course victory of Lucius Verus over the Parthians. The suggests that they were close to each other also in Parthian invasion of I6I caught the Roman army date of composition. It would be possible to point unprepared.Peace and prosperity had pervaded the out similarities between the Panathenaic and the Greek provinces of Asia, and the shock was con- address to Commodus, XXI Keil, composed considerable. There were no great expectations of siderably later, and to argue that Aristides retained victory in I6I, 162 or even 163. On the contrary, his ideas and kept reusing his themes. Nevertheless, the interruption of prosperity must have aroused the Hymn to Athena seems extraordinarily close serious apprehensions among the Greeks. Then in 164 and I65 brilliant victories over the Parthians culminated in the capture of Seleuceia and Ctesi- 2 A. Boulanger, Aelius Aristide et la sophistique dans la The Great driven back d'Asie au siecle de notre ere des phon. King, ignominiously, province IIe (Bibliotheque was discredited and lost control over his vassals.7 i-coles Frangaises d'Ath6nes et de Rome, 126, Paris, I923), pp. 461-495; W. Schmid, Philologische Wochenschrift 1924: pp. I-I4; W. Hiittl, Antoninus Pius 2 (Prague, I933): 6 pp. 33-34 with addendum in 1 (Prague, 1936): p. 36I, The basic study of the raid is that of A. von Premer- where he accepts Groag's identification of Glabrio as the stein, "Untersuchungen zur Geschichte des Kaisers Mar- homonymous legate of the proconsul of Asia in A.D. I50- cus," Klio 12 (I912): pp. I45-I64. For their Thracian I5I, as do also V. Chapot, Mdlanges en hommage d la mdmoi- origin I. I. Russu, "Les Costoboces," Dacia, N. S., 3 (I959): re de Fr. Martroye (Paris, I94I), p. 84 and David Magie, pp. 341-352 may be consulted, but the pertinent inscrip- Roman Rule in Asia Minor (Princeton Univ. Press, 1950) tions from Greece are those cited by Premerstein, namely 2: p. I587. J.H. Oliver, "The Ruling Power," Trans. BCH 8 (I884): p. 470, No. i and 19 (I895): p. II9, No. 2 Amer. Philos. Soc. 43 (I953): pp. 886-887 argues that the (both overlooked by Kirchner) and IG II2 3639 and 9898. Roman Oration was delivered in A.D. I43 but agrees with The one important piece of new evidence was published by Boulanger that the tenth year of Aristides' illness began A. Plassart, "Une levee de volontaires Thespiens sous Marc probably in December, I52. See also C. A. De Leeuw, Aelius Aurele," Mdlanges Gustave Glotz (Paris, 1932), pp. 731-738, Aristides als Bron voor de Kennis van zijn Tijd (Amster- where it is better to restore Tri-rpoTrovin line 9, because the dam, 1939), pp. 1-2. proposer probably consulted with the Roman commander, 3 F. W. Lenz, "Der Athenahymnos des Aristeides," L. Iulius Vehilius Gratus Iulianus, and Kai in line Io. As Rivista di cultura classica e medioevale 5 (I963 published in Plassart indicated, the levy was raised to meet the Costo- I964): pp. 329-347. boci. There is also a new inscription from Moesia, Annee dp. 4 XXXVII Keil 29. I964, no. 252. W. Zwikker, Studien zur Markussdule 5 R. Syme, "Proconsuls d'Afrique sous Antonin le (Amsterdam, 1941), pp. II6-173 argued convincingly Pieux," REA 61 (I959): pp. 3Io-319 on p. 3II identified against Premerstein that the Costoboci did not come by sea. Severus with C. Julius Severus of Ancyra, suffect consul 7 W. Schur, R.-E. 18, 4 (1949): coll. 2024-2026; K. H. in A.D. I38. At this period a man tended to become pro- Ziegler, Die Beziehungen zwischen Rom und dem Partherreich consul of Asia, if ever, fourteen years after his consulship. (Wiesbaden, I964), pp. II3-II6.

3 34 OLIVER: THE CIVILIZING POWER [TRANS. AMER. PHIL. SOC. The mood changed. The victories had once again Panathenaea and the actual appearance. There is justified Roman rule to the relieved and exhilerated nothing implausible in an invitation to the most Greeks of Asia. brilliant student of Herodes Atticus to speak at the The writer agrees with Fritz Eichler, "Das soge- Panathenaea, nor in his submitting a text before- nanntePartherdenkmal von Ephesos,"Bericht iiber den hand to the scrutiny of Herodes Atticus. The part VI. InternationalenKongref/ fir ArchdologieBerlin concerning the envy and deception of Herodes, on 21.-26. August 1939 (Berlin, I940), pp. 488-494, that the other hand, sounds like a twist given to the the reliefsfound at Ephesusand now in the Museumfur story by the Athenian enemies of Herodes Atticus. V6lkerkunde at Vienna commemorate the Parthian In fact, the long, extant Panathenaic could never War of I6I-I65. The reliefs,over two meters high, fall have been delivered at one session. In his vanity into four incompleteseries: A, a battle against barbar- Aristides may well have hoped that the Athenians ians, "in einem gewaltigen Schlachtgemaldevon min- would redesign the Panathenaea to accommodate destens I m Ltnge ;" B, religious ceremonies including his masterpiece by allowing him two full sessions, adoption of Lucius Verus in I38; C, apotheosis of a just as they had done for recitations of the Iliad. ruleramong Olympicand cosmic deities; D, personifi- Sections I40-I4I are indeed a plea to be allowed to cations of (the rescued)cities and provinces. The size speak for more than one day and are incompatible of the monument probably attests the initial import- with an assumption that the whole discourse was ance of the victory to people in Ionia. planned solely for a reading public. The victory over Xerxeshad been followedby a great In summary, we conclude that Aelius Aristides expression of faith in the old Hellenic religion (section received an invitation to compose a Panathenaic I42) and by the blessings which Athenian leadership Discourse for delivery at the festival of 167, at a produced.The unexpressedcontrast of A.D. I65 lay in time when what seemed to certain others the some, for Aristides, offensive indifferenceto the old tyranny of Herodes Atticus was still intact. The Hellenic religion and culture and in the plague. Discourse was composed also at the time of the One need not credit Aristides with bold indepen- Great King's humiliation in an atmosphere of dence. The Antonine emperorsthemselves were con- victory over an ancestral enemy. Once he started cerned to support the old Greek religion. Immedi- writing in earnest, Aristides soon had enough to ately after the victory of A.D. I65 Lucius Verus fill two complete sessions. Whether or not Herodes went to Eleusis, was adlected into the Eumolpidae, offended Aristides by refusing to change the and had himself initiated, as IG II2 3592 records. A schedule, Aristides of course had to scrap his inter- decade later Marcus Aurelius displayed a great minable Panathenaic so far as the actual speech was interest in supporting the Panathenaic Festival at concerned but he published the intricately con- Athens by the establishment of the Sacred Gerusia.8 structed masterpiece. If, then, we are justified in arguing from the PLACE OF COMPOSITION victory psychology, revealed by insistence not only on nike and nikao but on tropaion, kreitton, and Having established the date of composition of the krateB,and from a scene yet unspoiled by Costoboci, Panathenaic Discourse, namely the one, two, or we may infer that the Panathenaic in the form we three years before the festival of I67, we know have it was completed and at least largely composed where it was composed. In this period Aristides was between A.D. I65 and I70. The tradition recorded professor of the art of rhetoric at Smyrna. In fact, (probably by Sopater) in the Prolegomena9 that the Panathenaic is very professorialin tone, because Aristides fooled Herodes Atticus and circumvented the speakerkeeps pointing out the perfectionof his own his envy by showing him an inferior Panathenaic techniqueas if he wereshowing students how to do it. ahead of time and then deliveringthe extant master- Aristides was writing for a panhellenic and piece presupposes an invitation to speak at the especially Athenian audience, but he worked in a particular locality, Smyrna. Was there anything 8 J. H. Oliver, The Sacred Gerusia (Hesperia, Supplement very special about the atmosphere of this city? VI, I94I). since the of 9 In the first place Smyrna reign Treatise B Io-I I Lenz (Mnemosyne Supplement 5, I959): had become one of the most POUXO6VEVOS68 T6TE etreTv 'r6v nravac0ivaIK6VbKoA*ero irap& Trajan important 'Hpc)6ou TOOaopiT-roO ... ph 8uv&pEvosoOv Sia T-rv 906vov centers of Christianity in the Roman world. It was r6v 'Hpcbov, prlXavVicarrv pET-rqfev. &VacepEVOSy&p aO'rj here that Ignatius, Bishop of Antioch, wrote four &A0ov nravaO0lvalK6veTrrefi Kal pvXp6v, 8S Kalt(pETat, i8uvfiOri of the extant seven letters as he was on his way to ,acpEiv Thv &SE1av'TOiJ yelv Trap' aC'rou, vopnioavros 'HpcbSov, at above all, it was here 6-r AEyeiv Kal 68 TOVTOV martyrdom Rome, but, acT6v p?MEi &daXngiOVETv.EloareodV dEwreV that one of the most fathers of Tr6vKal dvaywIcorrKOEvov6 Katl aupial6ievov Kal &rr&vvT1uOKd- Polycarp, important ITl

3* 36 OLIVER: THE CIVILIZING POWER [TRANS. AMER. PHIL. SOC. Athenian Empire, but for the permanent and ubiq- All history remains a struggle between the forces uitous Athenian Empire (of the logoi) for which of the Logos and the forces of evil. Even the word men yearn (section 226) and which arose when the daim6n (section 171 but comparesections 83 and 84) military and political hegemony passed away. is reservedfor application to the forces of evil, where- In section 25 Attica appears as a first home of as in Greek thought the daimones were usually man. In section 42 Aristides claims that the gods beneficent intermediaries between gods and men. chose the Athenians to be models for mankind and The big difference,however, is that the forces of the deposited in their keeping the seeds, not only of Logos are Athena's men, the Athenians, and the wheat and barley, but also of justice and of civilized Athenians, though never called daimones, are kins- life in general. In section 67 the old legend of the men of the gods and beneficent intermediaries be- burial of the Seven against Thebes is retold as a tween gods and men. On the other hand, the forces great chapter in the moral education of mankind, of evil in the Panathenaic are the forces of disorder and section 68 reads courage and philanthropy into and barbarism, especially from the East. "Angels" her early legends as a whole. Perhaps the religiously in section 80 were messengers of the Barbarian. colored section go with its emphasis on what the The Christians claimed to have the Logos in- Battle of Marathon contributed to the ideals and carnate in Christ, the eikon. Aristides finds in the development of Hellenism is the best example, but Athenians the eikon and standard that men should one could point to sections 9I, II6, 122, and other follow (section 274). For him the eikon is not an passages to illustrate the active role of Athens in individual but a community.19In section 33 it is establishing models of right conduct. In fact the said that when the Athenians had received the gifts polis of the Athenians appears throughout as the from the gods, they so well imitated the donors that mediator between gods and men, at least from above. they themselves became representatives of the gods Now in Homily XII St. Cyril of Alexandria says to the rest of mankind. An eikon is both an image of there is only one mediator (luo-trils) between God the unseen perfectionand a visible model for others.20 and men, namely Christ the Logos.17 Among the charges brought against Jews and Furthermore, the Jews and Christians were Christianswas that of setting themselves apart from claiming the Logos, or wherever reason reigned, for the rest of mankind. They were apostates,21 and their own. Plato allegedly had learned from Moses, they were notorious for their odium humani generis, and so they annexed the best in Greek civilization. as Tacitus Annals XV 44, 5 says of the Christians. It was not just among Jews that one found the Aristides, on the other hand, praises the Athenian prehistory of Christianity but in Heraclitus and koinotes (i.e. their solidarity with other cities, even Socrates, and in all who partook of the Logos.l8 It more the communitasof Cicero, De Off. I 43) and was time to reassert the claim of the Hellenes to the their philanthropy or love of man. The two virtues Logos, and Aristides did so in a remarkablediscourse are coupled in section 4 and are illustrated through- resembling a new peplos for the old Athena. The out the discourse, philanthropiaexpressly in sections note is struck right at the beginning of the oration. 7, 8, 9, 44, 45, 54, 60, 62, 63, 66, 68, 69, 74, 122, I33, He uses the word in various meanings nine times in 200, and 218, koinotes by implication in sections 25, the brief space of sections 2 and 3, and then again 45, 54, 6o, 70, 149, and 252. Gylippus in the speech at the beginning of section 4, and twice again in given by Diodorus XIII 30, 6 refers sarcastically to section 5. For Justin Martyr Christianity saved man Athenian claims of philanthropia; of course the from the daimones and all history was a struggle virtue is not brought into prominencefirst by Aelius between the forces of the Logos and the daimones Aristides, but Aristides does emphasize this aspect led by Satan. Aristides reverses the interpretation. of Athens and illustrates it again and again. Plu- tarch, Pelopidas 6, said that the love of man was 17 Though neither author is cited by M. P. Nilsson, the 5 reader will find much that is pertinent in the latter's innate in Athenians. Any late encomiast would refer article, "The High God and the Mediator," Harvard Theo- to the famous philanthropiaof Athens, but various logical Review 56 (I963): pp. IOI-I20. encomiasts would differ widely in frequency of 18 "Die Bengt Seeberg, Geschichtstheorie Justins des mention. If Aristides chose to return again and Martyrers," Zeitschrift fur Kirchengeschichte, 3te Folge, 58 to this no means new he (I939): pp. i-8I calls attention to Ap. I 2, I 46, II io and again by theme, probably many other passages. For the Christian obsession with did so because the old theme had achieved a new history see also R. A. Markus, "Pleroma and Fulfillment: the Significance of History in St. Irenaeus' Opposition to 19For the theme see the words KoIv6oand IroA6land their Gnosticism," Vigiliae Christianae 8 (I954): pp. I93-224 derivatives in the index. and Carl Andresen, Logos und Nomos: die Polemik des 20 Hans Willms, ElKcbv:Eine begriflsgeschichtlicheUnter- Kelsos wider das Christentum (= Arbeiten zur Kirchen- suchung zum Platonismus (Miinster in Westphalia, I935). geschichte 30, Berlin, 1955). 21 E.g. Tertullian, Apol. 38: secessi de populo. VOL. 58, PT. I, I968] GENERAL DISCUSSION 37 interest, which some may find in the rising odium ism demandsthe attitude of free men. In Christianity humani generis. boasters and frauds play their damnable game; in Hellenism the ethos of the The Jews sought a place of their own where there prevails lofty responsibility would be But Attica is a for men which the blessingsof the past impose. Christianityis only Jews. place a and formof the to have as their own merely degenerate opposite Hellenism, (section I5). deceptive Logos in contrastto the True(Alethes) Logos. St. Paul22writes that the Jews ask for a sign and the Hellenes seek wisdom, and to both he offers All this except for the last sentence would prob- the of Aristides. In Christ crucified, calling Him dynamis of God and ably represent thought section i66 he stresses the ethosin the deeds of wisdom of God. Aristides may never have read the lofty Athens. he of which the Epistle to the Corinthians, but as we saw in the Certainly regarded Hellenism, Athenians were the in the preceding chapter, he refers frequently to signs pure representatives, same that Celsus did. On the other The wisdom of the Athenians is praised way hand, he (symbola). as one more mani- implicitly whenever the cardinal virtues are men- probably regarded Christianity festation of Barbarism rather than as a tioned and explicitly in sections io8, 122 and 239. degenerate form of Hellenism. He have heard Christians Aristides finds the dynamis and sophia of the gods may like who ContraGraecos and residing in the city of the Athenians, as far as men Tatian, 29f. 35 openly a for the of the can participate. expressed preference dogmata Barbarians the paideiaof the Hellenes. And In a chapter dealing with Hellenism in opposition against is the contrast of the Alethes which Aristides to Christianitya word must be said about similarities Logos, too seeks to more than ? in a contemporary of Aristides, namely Celsus who unveil, anything alogia attacked the Christians on philosophical and his- The encounter with Christianity, says Andresen, seems to have awakened in Celsus a new torical grounds in a work called The True Logos.23 question, Celsus was another Platonist with affinities to Al- the religious meaning of history.25 The religious binus. He too lived in the time of Marcus Aurelius interpretation of history may not have been new, and seems to have written his work in the 'seventies, but a new interest in the religious interpretation in first in St. work sometime perhaps between A.D. 177 and I80. appears prose Justin's between and I6I. There is no verbal echo To explain the thought of Celsus, Andresen says, I50 of either in the extant of "Christianity is the world without Logos." This Justin's Apologia fragments Celsus Andresen or in the Panathenaic would probably explain the thought of Aristides (as admits) too. In fact there would be much in common behind Oration of Aelius Aristides (where you would not the historical view of Aristides and that of Celsus. expect it but where I have searched anyway). Yet the Christians well have raised it first it Although the intellectual power of late Hellenism may though was a natural for the of under a new challenge in the Age of the Antonines development theology Middle in which St. was trained. might be quite as remarkable as Andresen in his Platonism, Justin It in next in the Panathenaic Oration admirable study infers, the originality of Celsusmay appears prose be less than Andresen claims, because Aristides of Aelius Aristides sometime between A.D. 165 and Then it for a third in preceded Celsus, and others, though no one who 167. appears time, Celsus, expressed it as well, probably preceded Aristides. between A.D. I70 and I80. The of which we mean The passage from Andresen,24however, deserves danger apostasy, by to be cited in full both because of its own value as a heterodoxy (e.g. Cynicism) or conversion to an oriental was one of barbariza- clarification of Celsus and because it brings out a religion, only aspect tion. The Persian menace still seemed to have different emphasis: actuality because the Parthians remained a great is the world without Hellenism Christianity Logos; power and because many Greek communities is the world of the True (Aldthes)Logos. Christianity is established in the of the Macedoni- the of the and in Hellenism days imperium trap stupid uneducated; cum remained "enslaved" to the Parthians in the the high ideal of Paideia fulfills itself. Christianity reveals the base manner in which slaves think; Hellen- time of the imperiumRomanum. To a certain degree the Arsacids and later the Sassanians courted the 22 I Corinthians I: 22-24. Greeks. The Res Gestae Divi after the 23 Saporis For the problems see Origen, Contra Celsum, translated of 260 were in Greek as well as in with an introduction and notes by Henry Chadwick, victory published (Cambridge University Press, 1953), a book remarkable for Aramaic and Middle Persian.26 the high quality of the translation, the erudition and good 25 Carl Andresen, Logos und Nomos, pp. 292-372. judgment of the exegesis. 26 E. Honigmann and A. Maricq, Recherchessur les Res 24 Carl Andresen, Logos und Nomos: Die Polemik des Gestaedivi Saporis (= Memoiresde l'Acad6mieRoyale de Kelsos wider das Christentum (= Arbeiten zur Kirchenge- Belgique [Lettres], 47/4, I953). See also A. Maricq, "Res schichte XXX, Berlin, I955), p. I83. Gestae divi Saporis," Syria 35 (I958): pp. 295-360. 38 OLIVER: THE CIVILIZING POWER [TRANS. AMER. PHIL. SOC. There can be no doubt where the sympathies of V. COSMICTHEMES men like Aristides lay at the time of a war between the Romans and the Parthians. He visualized the i. ATHENS BETWEEN THE PHYSIS OF MAN AND Romans as champions of freedom and order; the THE COMMON PHYSIS OF THE ALL Parthians are of course not mentioned but present Having shown that with references to symbola to his thought when he equates the Persians with and aldtheiaAristides operatedin the tradition of Py- the forces of evil, destruction and despotism. thagoras and of those who explained the true meaning Aristides' attitude toward the Roman Empire of Homer, we may now comparehis praise of Athens remains in the Panathenaic (section 234) essentially with the rehabilitation of Helen by Stesichorus and what it was in the Roman Oration of his youth. The Pythagorean interpreters. The Helen story was ex- Roman Empire protects Hellenism and permits the plained as revolving around the aCTrr(the true spread of Hellenic civilization in all directions. Helen) and the ESco?Aov(the mere image of Helen).1 Romanization is not itself civilization but security.27 Aristides, whose referencesare not without purpose, The center and ancient core of true civilization lies refers to the two Helens in the important section at Athens. The basically Attic idiom in which I02. Just as Paris never obtained the true Helen, MarcusAurelius wrote his Meditationswas the com- so Xerxes never obtained the true city of the mon language of higher education everywhere ex- Athenians. The Persians, as they first crossed the cept in the law schools. Aegean, are said (section 83) to have sung a kind of The third aspect was the increasing employment prooemium,but after Salamis Xerxes sang a palinode of barbarians in the army. As we look back on the (section 127). According to the rhetor Menander, third, fourth, and fifth centuries after Christ, we De encomiis414, I65 f. some said that Helen as well are appalled at the barbarization of the Roman as the Dioscuri and Heracles lived in communion army. One can say that Augustus himself took the with the gods, oUrro Koairl v 'EAv, OUTOrcKalTOaS first step; Hadrian advanced further; even Marcus AlooxKovpou Kai TOV'HpacwIa 'youcnv o'uvnroXI- Aurelius can be considered to have established a TEIEeOOalIETra 'TrV Ecov,where the key word "live in precedent for policies which in the third century communion with" is sympoliteuesthai.Aristides also proved disastrous. But certainly Aristides displays refers to the Dioscuri and Heracles in section 258, no awareness of this particular danger. In fact the and in section 48 Aristides explains that Athens system established by Hadrian never needed to lead knew enough to grant Heracles divine honors be- to the barbarization and alienation of the Roman cause she was living in communion (sympoliteuo- army into mercenariesseparate from the population. mene) with the gods. We need not overstress this It is not that Aristides failed to realize the danger coloring, but we should not overlook it either. at the time of the Roman Oration when he praised In section 274 Aristides concludes his praise of the Hadrianic system, which he saw as resting on Athens by calling the city of the Athenians striking- the enlistment of boys from civic communities, or ly "a visible image for, and standard of, the human in the Panathenaic when he approved the Roman physis," TfiS 90CEcoS TrfiSa vpcorriaS FIK6va KaCi pov protection. The danger did not yet exist despite a It is a horosin several senses, primarily a standard rare precedent or two for later developments. The which shows what human society can do and be- danger did not exist because there were plenty of come. It is an eik6n, a visible image of the intelligible inhabitants who could be attracted by more than or of a different physis, so that it serves as a model the pay. The danger arose with Caracalla'sgrant of for the physis of mankind. citizenship to all inhabitants, because the system In section 70 Aristides notes the raids of the envisaged by Hadrian would no longer function as unnatural Amazons and that at last the Athenians in the past, and more and more reliance had to be stopped them: "So here too the city went to the aid placed on barbarian mercenariesboth because of a of the common physis," ipoir&nl Trfr KOti 9-paEft. manpower shortage and because better recruits What is "the common physis ?" Does it mean "the from the empire were no longer attracted by an Hellenes" as in the famous phrase of Isocrates IV ambition to earn Roman citizenship. 50, "she has made the name Hellenes seem no longer that of the race but of the mind and has caused those who of our to be 27That is not unfair to Rome. See Erich "Zur partake training Swoboda, called Hellenes rather than those who of the Frage der Romanisierung: Aen. VI 851f.," Wiener An- partake zeiger 1963: pp. I53-173. 1 M. Detienne, "La 16gende pythagoricienne d'H61lne," Revue de l'histoire des religions 152 (I957): pp. 129-152; Furio Jesi, "Aspetti Isfaci di Elena nell'apologetica pita- gorica," Aegyptus 41 (196I): pp. I41-I59. VOL. 58, PT. I, 1968] GENERAL DISCUSSION 39 common origin" (physis)? Reiske thought so, but God, between the Sensible and the Intelligible we need not assume this meaning in view of the World, there are human intermediaries, the Patri- orator's date and independence. It can be the archs, who are manifestations of the divine Logos, cosmic physis of the world order, the great physis true sons of God. The Patriarchs, whom Philo calls of cooperating Nature. Or should we say, the orderly archegetai,protect and save. They have conversed life of human society as part of the order of the with God Himself and they carry in themselves universe ? It means to Stoics the common Nature of patterns of the law. In De AbrahamoXI 54 Philo the All. Or is it what Cicero, De Of. I 50 calls a refers to Abraham, Isaac and Jacob as "a royal naturalissocietas, into which the Logosbinds all men ? priesthood and holy group" (paciXElovipaTrrEua Kal Human society may constitute a second cosmos gevosayiov). He also says they are ostensibly men located in the Sensible World. A group of founders but in fact virtues-nature, learning, practice- or archegetaideveloped human culture. While the which men call by another name, Graces, because Jews may have thought of their own patriarchs, they also are three special gifts (xaprtaSioapieOouS). many Greeksand Romans assigned the credit to the Aristides would have no part of this or any Jewish Athenians, and the success of Aristides in treating or Christian theology. It is the Athenians who are this theme lies in the skill with which he interweaves human intermediaries. Eleusinian religious myths, Platonism, the words of Just as a certain kinship with the cosmic Nature, Isocrates, and Stoic theories of the societashumana. according to Pseudo-Longinus,3gives us our feeling Justinian's Digest I I, 3 states that cum inter nos for the great and the sublime in the nature around cognationemquandam natura constituit, consequens us and in the logos which is literature, so too we are est hominemhomini insidiari nefas est. The reference drawn to the greatness of a world order. The Athe- to nature is a reference to the right order of things, nians who participate more directly are like the the basic principles of human society. Which takes great writers and the logioi anthropoiin bringing us back to Cicero, De Officiis I 50: quae naturae forth the logoi and uniting the race of men with the principia sint communitatis et societatis humanae, cosmic order. The Athenians constitute the nodal repetendumvidetur altius. That is to say, Cicero will point between the common nature of the All and seek to uncover the basic principles which nature the nature of all mankind. Being in communionwith has established for the communitas et societas the gods (section 48) the Athenians participate humana. Cicero often uses the words communitas, in both divine and human nature, to raise the communishominum usus (utilitas), and in III 2I he nature of mankind toward the divine nature. says that the humani generis societas is that quae In section I86 the nature of Athens is contrasted maxime est secundum naturam, while in I 50, he with the nature of all mankind. Discussing the uses the phrase naturali quadam societate. Thus a dissension between the men of the Piraeus and the connection exists between nature and the communi- men of the Town, Aristides mentions the concord tas et societas humana (hominum). and amnesty which followed. He comments, "While Cicero, De Off. I 53, furthermore, divides human the city fell ill by the nature of all mankind, she was society into degrees. There is an undifferentiated cured by her own nature." (illa infinita) societashominum. Within this we have The bodies of the Seven against Thebes were cast a closer circle, gentis, nationis, linguae. Within this out. In section 67 Aristides refers to the Athenian we have a still closer circle, the civitas. A still action in burying the dead as "a work of this city narrowercircle is that of the societaspropinquorum. which, as the story is told, the Athenians of that He does not actually use the word "circle," but he time performed in behalf of the Argives but which thinks in terms of cosmic zones when he says: Artior in a deeper sense and in the form of the benefaction vero colligatioest societaspropinquorum; ab illa enim was accomplished for the good of all the human immensa societatehumani generis in exiguum angus- race," Tr65 a'&iOdC KaiTCra oXq-aTirT1ar SEc1pycoiaS tumqueconcluditur. UrrEpTris lpioE'coS&rraCS T'rS avepco-TEaoISKaTrETpaxer. Philo thinks of God bringing archetypal ideas In section 220 Aristides asks: in an cosmos which was the together archetypal When we do not denounce the sun moon "These ideas were also seminal and for the Logos. archetypal harm which do, but admire them for the benefits with creative and the differ- they powers energy Logos they produce, shall we judge the city on the basis of her entiated itself into the seminal logoi or creative collisions with some few? Shall we not judge her rather principles in things."2 Between earthly men and on the basis of the cooperation she has given to all and from the of the world as a whole ? 2 W. Richardson, "The Philonic Patriarchs as N6(IoS standpoint 'EpivXoS," Studia Patristica 1 (Berlin, I957): pp. 515-525 3 "Longinus,"On the Sublime 35 with the commentary at 522. of Charles P. Segal, HSCIPh 64, (I959): pp. I34-136. 40 OLIVER: THE CIVILIZING POWER [TRANS.AMER. PHIL. SOC. The last phrase KxT'i 6S prs qpcaEcos means "from the arts. This last becomes all the more significant the standpoint of society as a whole" but retains when the reader remembers that Aristotle, De gen. cosmological echoes. et corr. II 32ga criticized Plato for not making any The famous koinotes of the Athenians used to use of the third factor. mean a feeling for the community or common culture of the Hellenes. Aristides still may use the 2. PRINCIPIA word koinos in that sense as in section 90 where he (ARCHAI) argues that, if Athens had not given the glorious ex- A. H. Armstrong5 in an article on "The Back- ample of success in the Battle of Marathon, "all ground of the Doctrine 'That the Intelligibles are would have been lost, persons and deeds and tradi- not Outside the Intellect"' points out that Plotinus' tions and the things which all of this race (or 'all of doctrine of the unity of the Intellect (Nous) and the this kind of training')4naturally consider their own" Intelligibles (Noeta) is not really "demiurgic." On (r& KOtV&TfjS (pOcsos). But again in section IIo pages 400-40I Armstrong says: Aristides that the Athenians would have been says Intellect in his is not if had told the other Greeks before (Plotinus) system directly justified they for the formationof the visible world; the "The which all men in common responsible Salamis, things powerswhich are, Soul or Logos, though they are and naturally consider their own (Ta KOIVaOT-rfS &cvpcoTrn?cas containlogoi from the intelligibleworld, are other than (9eos) have been relinquished by us for your and dependenton their intelligiblemodel in very much sake." Aristides, however, gives a new dimension to the same way that the Demiurgeof the Timaeus as the koinotesof the Athenians when he ties it to the interpretedby Cornfordis other than and dependent Nature of the All. upon his intelligiblemodel. Intellect is certainlycalled In conclusion, there are three physeis: the common "the true demiurge and maker" ..., but it is so of the the emotional and in various only as providing Soul with the logoi which are the physis All, yet forms of sensible not as the universe degrees educatable physis of all mankind, and be- things, making directly. tween them a physis of reasonable and consistent men in communionwith the gods. This intermediary Armstrongpresently goes on to note that in Albinus' physis (of the Athenians) makes their city the Epitome we meet for the first time with Aristotle's medium through which the seminal logoi reach all doctrine of divine nous introduced into Platonism mankind, for while the Logos or divine Nous mani- and furthermore with a critical rethinking of that fests itself in the common Nature of the All, the doctrine on Platonic lines. This argument generally logoi, which are humanly possible participations in satisfies unless one claims that the divine nous the undifferentiated Logos, manifest themselves in seems to appear even in Plato, Timaeus 5id-e. the nature and power, first of the Athenians, then At Athens, on the other hand, the leading Pla- of those who study and imitate the Athenians. tonists, Taurus and Atticus, repudiated the Aristo- The cosmos of human society, what Cicero calls telianization of Platonism and combatted Peripate- the humani generis societas quae maxime est secun- tic influence within Platonism. They attached great dum naturam,ought to be part of the universal cos- importance to pronoia (divine providence). Like mos. Plato, Cratylus 386e said that all praxeis Plutarch they assigned the creation of the cosmos should be carried out in accord with nature. directly to God. The differences, not always clear to In the coming to be or genesis of the cosmos of us, should not obscure the fact that both groups, human society there are for Aristides three factors being Platonist, argued in much the same terms, so as in the genesis of the universe according to Plato's that the logoi and the archai (principia) would be Timaeus. The Artisans (the gods) represent one familiar to anyone with any pretense to paideia, i.e. factor, and the raw human material of all mankind, Greek culture in general. the stuff they have to mold, is another. There is From the earliest days of Middle Platonism, three again a third factor, the omnirecipient city of the principia were recognized: namely, the Demiurge; Athenians which the gods have been using as the secondly, the Paradeigma or Ideal Model; and perfect model or definition to teach men justice and thirdly, Physis or Matter. Of course, in the Timaeus 41 the Demiurge, who gives an impulse with a 4 If we agree that Isocrates IV 50 was redefining Hellen- planting of seeds, assigns the actual creation to the ism in substituting the criterion of a sharing in Athenian lesser gods. Now in the second century after Christ, paideia for a sharing in the common origin, we may (but while the Athenian School, or Atticus at least, tend- need not) infer that while Isocrates contrasted physis and ed to reduce the of the second paideia, Aristides paradoxically identified them. Physis importance principium means either physical or spiritual growth from a starting point. 5 Entretiens Hardt 5 (I960): pp. 39I-425. VOL. 58, PT. I, 1968] GENERAL DISCUSSION 41 by subordinating it, Albinus6 and Numenius7 in- and 122 of the Panathenaic, upon the disappearance creased the importance of the second principium of the Athenians in section I02 and elsewhere, while by withdrawing demiurgic functions from the first in sections I49-I50 the Athenians are perpetually and adding them in a sense to the second principium. appearing and vanishing. For number 3 we may Accordingly when Aristides contemplated the phys- read Attica, the ch6raof section ii. ical world of phenomena, he saw just two principia, Aristides has next in mind the comparison of (I) the paradeigma with its demiurgic power and (2) genesis with procreationin the Timaeus5oc-d: "that the ch6ra,for he probably had no dogmatic commit- which becomes" (= the offspring), "that in which it ments beyond a general or neutral Middle Platonism becomes" (= the mother), and "the model in whose in the direction of Albinus. likeness that which becomes is born" (= the father). Perhaps it would be best to represent the back- From this point of view the city of the Athenians ground of his thought as follows. He recognizes a may be visualized as offspring of the Logos from division into the Intelligible and Visible Worlds. He Mother Attica. Sections 25-30 dwell on Attica as starts with Plato, Timaeus 41, where the greatest mother and nurse. god assigns tasks of creation to the lesser gods, and But the process of procreation is not limited to then 52a: one generation. The offspring in its turn becomes another father.9 Also the number 2 which was an We must agree that there is, first, the unchanging Form, ungenerating and indestructible, which neither eikon of the original number i becomes in turn a receives anything else into itself from elsewhere nor model to be imitated further. Thus the city of the itself enters into anything else anywhere, invisible and Athenians becomes a new (but human) number I otherwise imperceptible; that in fact which noesis has and begets its own offspringfrom another chora,the for its object. Ionia of sections 57-58, which Aristides in the tra- Second is that which bears the same name and is like dition of Theophrastus (vide infra) calls an under- that is is into is Form; sensible; brought existence; lying substrate. With further genesis the Ionians perpetually in motion, coming to be in a certain place imitate their and another and out of and is to be parent beget generation, againvanishing it; apprehended "the children of in another belief TobB 6 your children," ch6ra, by involving perception. pcbvupov6(poi6v the of the Mediterranean 'TE KEiVcpSEvrEpov, receptacle (8EX6oievov) clorr6v,yEvvarr6v, yTrEopri1pvov Basin. The word is the word with aEi, yiyv6opvv TrEgv TriVtI TOr Kai wr&aXvEKETI1e 5EX6o1eVov very TrrOXAXipevov,8?566S pTr' aciOq'aEcoS rrEpitXTirr-rv. which Plato, Timaeus 5od paraphraseschora. Third, there is that which in each case we must Furthermore, Aristides remembers that Plato, distinguish as ch6ra (= country or place), not admitting Timaeus 5oa described his chora as a "mother and destruction, and providing a situation for all things that receiver" (ilTropaKai Crrro86oxv) but insisted that come into being, but itself apprehendedwithout the it was neither earth nor air nor fire nor water and senses by a sort of bastard reasoning, and hardy credible. added a of it as invisible but omnire- translation description (Cornford's reworded.) cipient. Aristides finds his chora, on the contrary, For number I, as reflected in the Panathenaic very visible, but it too is omnirecipient and he can Discourse, we may read perhaps the Logos re- refer to its rroSoxhiKai rrapauevia (section 46). presented by Athena8; for number 2 we may read Above all, Plato's assertion that it is neither earth the city of the Athenians and of the logoi. At least nor air nor fire nor water causes Aristides to assert there is an emphasis upon the name in sections 40 of his ch6ra that it is neither north nor south nor east nor west (section I9), because he needs to 6 H. Dorrie, "Die Frage nach dem Transzendentenim claim land, sea, air, and gleaming aether to per- Mittelplatonismus," Entretiens Hardt 5 (I96o): pp. I98- fection for Attica, and perhaps also because Ari- 241, especially p. 208. De et corr. criticized Plato's refer- 7 E. R. Dodds, "Numenius and Entretiens stotle, gen. 329a Ammonius," ence to the elements. Hardt 5 (I960): pp. I-6i. Particularly happy is his emendation of Numenius, fr. 25 Leemans: 6 SErreposacroroETroiT Trfv If the reader objects to the ambivalence of -rE t8kaV oarroU Kia T6rv K6aClOV,?ird <6> a' (lrreTa codd.) Athens as female but also male, he may find it in Oecop^lTrKO6Acos. accord with beliefs of the In 8 should the syncretistic period. One approach cosmos visualized in the section 62 Aristides likens Athens to the Panathenaic from the cosmos visualized in the Hymn to actually Athena, recently studied in a good article by F. W. Lenz, ambivalent Dionysus whom in his Hymn to Diony- "Der Athenahymnos des Aristeides," Rivista di Cultura sus he praises as male and female. In fact, he has Classica e Medioevale 5 (I963, published in I964): pp. 329- also Aion in mind. 347. Zeus begets Athena out of his own head. Athena is the perfect image of her father. Both in and out of the head 9 It is worth mentioning that Numenius refers to the of Zeus she is the Logos. She causes the other gods to be first principium as the grandfather and to the third prin- functions of the one greatest god Zeus. cipium as the descendant. 42 OLIVER: THE CIVILIZING POWER [TRANS. AMER. PHIL. SOC. To return to the archai, one might say that Hymn to Mary as chlral3and mother of God, down Aristides uses the three principia (&pxai)and makes to the mosaics in the church of the monastery of the the city of the Athenians the second principium, Chora at Constantinople where the Holy Virgin is i.e. the Paradeigma or Ideal Model, to which he, called ch6ra4 and mother of God (representedas the like Albinus and Numenius, assigns demiurgic Logos: see fig. 2).15 functions (in section 57 and passim). Or we may prefer to speak of physis inhabiting Theophrastus, according to a writer of the sixth ch6ra in the Timaeus, and we may certainly claim century after Christ,l0said: (see sections 26-28) that the inhabitants of the Plato appliedhimself also to the phenomena,engaging choraAttica in the Panathenaic Discourse of Aristi- in the investigationof nature(physis); herehe choosesto des represent the anthropeia physis in its purest maketwo principia,the one underlyingas a materialsub- form. Since the PanathenaicDiscourse was recognized stratewhich he calls omnirecipient,the other as a cause as a model encomium by the rhetor Menanderin andmover which he invests with the powerof the god the third century, it is not unlikely that St. Cyril of and of the good. Alexandria, who thought of the Virgin Mary as Aristides was familiar with the language in which representing the anthropeia physis in its purest many students, beginning with Aristotle and Theo- form, drew on a philosophical and rhetorical tradi- phrastus, had tried to explain or reject Plato's views. tion which passed through Aristides himself, not So with this controversy in mind, he isolated two just his Platonizing contemporaries,when Cyril com- principia of a secondary cosmos, the one underlying posed his encomium and called her the little ch8ra as a material substrate, the other a cause in the and mother of God. In one case the Logos, in the persons of logioi anthropoi. In fact the phrase other the logoi, are passed on. "image and standard" (eiK6vaKaI opov)11 applied in Perhaps we may say that while in the Roman section 274 to the city of the Athenians comes very Oration Aristides praised the eros of Rome (a desire close to the phrase "cause and mover" (alriov Kai to beget blessings in others), in the Panathenaic KtvoUv)which Theophrastus used. Discourse he praise the dynamis of the Athenians, We could represent the three primary factors and who are the original logioi anthropoi,and so an archei. the generations of two secondary principia in the The word arche, meaning, as it does, "empire," genesis of the cosmos of human society as follows: "starting-point,"etc. offersrhetorical opportunities. be- Logos - Ch6raAttica The archai of which Aristides speaks gradually come the Athenian Empire of the fifth century and -Chora Ionia Logioi anthr6poi at last in the climax of section 227 the second Logioianthropoi -- ChoraMediterranean Basin arche, the true domain of Athens, the area of the in various reason, litera- third logoi meanings (speech, Logioianthr6poi generation ture, stories that produce noble traditions). But There is a line leading from Plato's description long before he reaches these heights, he draws of the third factor as chdraand mother, through the attention to the words logos and arche by using description of Attica as ch6ra and mother in the them with quite unnecessary and hence significant Panathenaic Discourse of Aelius Aristides, probably insistence in other senses. The word archeoccurs in the Encomium of as chdrion and through Mary 13 mother of the God of Text of Egon Wellesz, The Akathistos Hymn (= Monu- Logos composed by Cyril menta Musicae Alexandria12 the Acathistus Byzantinae, Transcripta, IX, Copenhagen, (A.D. 376-444), through 1957), p. LXXV, XV, line 8: Xaipe, eEoo dXcopflTOU Xcbpa. 10 Simplicius, In Aris. Phys. Libr. Quattuor Pr. Comm., This line occurs in the oldest part of the hymn, and if p. 26, 7-I2 (= Diels, Doxographi Graeci, pp. 484-5): Wellesz, "The Akathistos: A Study in Byzantine Hymno- 6 piVTrot eE6qpaa-ros ... 9pioaiv ... lTTArcov ... TrriScoKEv graphy," Dumbarton Oaks Papers 9-10 (1956): pp. 143-174, aovarr6vKai T-rSo9axvopivoIS &6I.VOSievo TS rr pi (p9IEcSae-toropiaS' is right, the author may well have been, nay, must have v Ai86o Tr&s&pX(s po*AETal'rroletv, Tr6ijv ITrOKEiEVOov&TS Uriv been, Romanos himself in the early sixth century. These 6 rrpoaayopel1t WaV85EXeS,TO 6 bscsTT-rov Kal KIVOiV 6 TrEpl&1T- studies by Wellesz were called to my attention by Pro- rEtTO To Oeou Kal Tri Toi d&yaeo:8U6vvd .E.. fessor Paul A. Underwood. Very interesting are lines I6-17 11 Among the reasons why Aristides calls Athens a horos in Stanza XVII: "Hail thou who dissolvest the word-webs may be the influence of Plato, Timaeus 5Id, where Plato of the Athenians," xaIPE,-rTv 'AOrvaiov T&S TrrOK&SStiaxrrroaa. says, "If only some great horos were to appear clearly 14 'H Xcbpa TOO &X(opfiTou, reflecting Cyril's phrase, r6 defined in a few lines, that would best suit the occasion." XcopiovTOO dXopfiTOU, more than the Akathistos Hymn. 12 Homily XI, Patrol. Gr. LXXVII I032 D: Xaipols, 15 For the mosaics see Paul A. Underwood, The Kariye Mapia, T6 Xcopiov ToO d&XcopprTOV,i TbViOV Voyevf ?E6v A6yov Djami 1 (New York, I966), pp. 40-41,who kindly gave me the Xcopfiacao.Every educated man of the fourth century had at illustration. Harry Bober in a lecture delivered in Decem- least a second-hand acquaintance with Plato and Aelius ber, I964, at the Johns Hopkins University spoke on figures Aristides. St. Cyril may have deliberately substituted similar to that of the Christ Child in the mandorla as rep- ch6rion for ch6ra in order to escape the pagan evocation. resenting the Logos. FIG. I. Philosophy and Its Three Parts. Bibliotheque municipale de Reims, MS. 23, fol. 25.

FIG. 2. The Ch6ra and Mother of the Logos. Byzantine mosaic in the Kariye Djami at Constantinople. Courtesy of Professor Paul A. Underwood. . i r A <

FIG. 3. Philosophy and the Liberal Arts. Miniature in the Hortus Deliciarum of Herrad of Landsberg. VOL. 58, PT. I, I968] GENERAL DISCUSSION 43 the very first sentence and in section 6; after using of the world.l7 In section I72 it is explicitly stated the word logos eight times in sections 2-4 he says, that Athens had the habit of victory and that i T-rOV "Many as in a circle are the starting-points (archai) KpElrTTvcov poTpa, the destiny of those who by which the case (logos) temptingly offers," and the divine appointment are superior, had been granted reader will not forget that the circle represents Aion to her as a special privilege. The destiny (moira) (Plato, Timaeus 37-38), also the divine Logos, the or fortune (tyche)of Athens could save the cities and Alpha and Omega. In section 15 the picture of thus the civilized world. circles within circles has something else as one In XXI Keil I Aristides calls the Roman emperors purpose but connects with the circle of section 6 and "our kings by plan of the gods," oiO'ev yvcb~ pacol- the circles (circuits) of section 244. In section 19 he AETS.The Roman emperor based his legitimacy on says that Attica is located immediately below the divine favor and proved the divine will by victories acropolis of heaven and the archeof Zeus. In section achieved under his command. Whenever a victory 24 he comments, "One beginning (arche) of my occurred,the Roman emperoraccepted the imperial discourse (logos)has returned to another beginning salutation for himself and advertised his own (arche),"where the image of the circle is unmistak- felicity. Men,including the emperorhimself, believed able as in section 32 (end). In sections I46-I47 he in the sign, and in A.D. 69 when Otho suffered plays with the philosophical background of the several far from decisive defeats which left his main word arche, while in sections I40-I41 he plays with force still intact, he saw in them the signs that he the rhetorical background of the old antithesis, did not have the imperial destiny. Experti invicem words-deeds (logoi-erga). sumus ego et fortuna. From a cosmic point of view the Athenians are 3. FIVE ZONES OR BODIES a divinely chosen people, naturally superior (kreit- That them Another series of the civilized tous). through certain blessings reach images compares mankind is the world with a cosmos of five zones or bodies. In the implication of section 62 and of the term center rises the with the as a prostates (patron). In section 49 reference is Acropolis, city "body" made to the all all around it The is here prostasia of men, which Heracles (section I5). Acropolis exercised. This first with a then with a mountain position as unselfish protector of all compared tower, mankind is in then with the central boss of a shield with section 65 attributed to the Athenians. peak, In section the Athenians with five circles. In section 20 Attica is described in I94 are credited behavior as unselfish prostatai in the Corinthian terms which the cosmos in miniature, may suggest and in 212 a or an imitation. Atti- War, section the participle prostantes preliminarydesign, perhaps, means that ca lies in the center of Hellas the they unselfishly protected the Lacedae- (section 15); monians Athenians first established order in Hellas against the dynamis of the Thebans. This (sections too constitutes a with the of the 56 and 57) and even beyond (section 58). The Old parallel position good Roman whom Aristides XXI Keil 8 Dispensation of the Athenians culminates in the emperors, Peace of Callias which drew another circle to be a calls rTOiS rTCv Xcov-rpoo-aTarS, universal prostatai. In XX Keil crown the head of Hellas But all I Aristides, telling the Hellenes that he upon (section I56). had written to the that he these circles, whether they suggest the circularity emperors, says merely of the or the zones of the had written to the prostatai. Logos Cosmos, merely At one time Athenians had a Herculean prefigure the fifth circle of sections 225-227, the played New Athenian of the entire world.16 role as prostataiin the affairsof men, but everything Dispensation connected with the common fortune of mankind declines and now Athens no had 4. ATHENS AND THE EMPERORS (section 168) longer the military strength (section 222). While the The nike theme, which was treated in Chapter Athenian empire of the logoi remained, the Hercu- IV, can be regarded as part of the cosmic theme lean role had passed to others, namely to the Roman because it concerns the freedom and organization emperors. Of course in the theology of imperial power, the 16 is as the of The TrprT'TOVajcpa was currently a subject of keen emperor usually represented delegate debate (see H. D6rrie, Porphyrios' Symmikta Zetemata [= Jupiter,18but Aristides in the Panathenaic invests Zetemata 20, Munich, I959], p. 9) in philosophical circles, but Aristides does not specifically call the fifth zone a fifth 17 J. H. Oliver, Demokratia, the Gods, and the Free World body. Yet Athens is both form and cause. One must not (Baltimore, I960), Ch. V, "The Nike of the Free World." press these images too closely. They are just suggestions 18 Jean Beaujeu, La religion romaine a l'apogde de l'em- and allusions. On the other hand, to ignore them would be pire, I, La politique religieuse des Antonins (Paris, I955), to miss the whole style of Aristides. pp. 59-80. TT' 44 OLIVER: THE CIlVrTTTTT LIlZlN Tr riTT'" , JrUV wh?K s [TRANS.AMER. PHIL. SOC. the city of Athens with a position between Zeus and Theseus and Heracles (section 49) prefigured the the emperor, who is never explicitly mentioned. In cooperation of Roman Athens and the Antonine section 19 Athens is located immediately below the emperors.19 acropolis of heaven and the throne (arche)of Zeus; Phrases suggesting a parallelism between the the models for human life which were deposited in emperors, the junior partners, who guided the the safekeeping of the Athenians are still there, etc. military defense of the oikoumene,and the Atheni- The emperor(s) like Heracles, who labored for ans, the senior partners, who, fiyE6ovs -TrCaitFiaKxa mankind, will be initiated into the Eleusinian aopiaS c(rroT, led the poleis in civilization, are Mysteries. Lucius Verus was just initiated or being noted in the commentaryon sections 57, 226 and 227. initiated, and Marcus Aurelius had probably inti- Many a reader will compare this with the Isocratean mated the interest which producedhis own initiation vision of a better world to be produced for Hellenes and that of Commodus in A.D. 176. Aristides, while by the spirit of an ideal Athens and by the might of never mentioning the emperor(s), attaches impor- Philip the Heraclid. tance to the initiation of Heracles and the Dioscuri (section 258), who were to achieve immortality all three. The Dioscuri remindedthe audience of Marcus 19As Beaujeu, op. cit., pp. 80-87 and 360, does not fail to in the and Dio of Or. Aurelius and Lucius like the Dioscuri of note, Pliny Panegyric Prusa, I, Verus, praised Trajan as Herculean, and also coins of Lucius Verus contemporary Roman coins. The cooperation of reflected the myth of Hercules. PART II

TRANSLATION

1. It is an ancient custom among the Hellenes, worthy of censure, orations have been addressed and, I think, even among the barbarians for the even to the gods, and we at least have not begged to most part, to repay foster-parents with all possible be excused from even these acts of audacity. Second- gratitude. And whom anyone could consider foster- ly, it has hardly escaped me that the subject re- parents prior to you, oh men of Athens, provided he quires work, is difficult to cover, and has many ex- seems to belong in some way to the Hellenes, it is not tensions. Without great and splendid luck it would easy to find, at least in my opinion. For of this be impossible to view all these synoptically, to training which has become customary and common distinguish them individually, and to bring them to us all, anyone would immediately find that it is to complete expression. Many, moreover, are the you especially who are namegivers and providers, professions of those who have discoursed on these if he studies it from the beginning. Hence it can be matters and have borrowed your ears before! We said that for various ones among us there are come after them and have a harder time to discover various foster-fathers, whomever fortune and coin- what we shall avoid than what we shall use. Various cidence might prepare as teachers in each case, but ones have treated various aspects with elegance and that as common foster-parents who are teachers of detail, so that the things that have been left aside all, you are both alone and prior to the very teachers by each of them have actually been covered com- themselves, exactly like those whom the poets call pletely by all of them together. So it happens that fathers of fathers. That alone was enough for good for him who makes the last trial it becomes a double will from all sides to be yours by natural right. contest both separately against each and jointly 2. Not but what everyone knows that the training against all. which I had in mind, the truly pure training that 4. Yes, but what alone has impelled me to this pre-eminently produces a man, the training in dis- discourse is the very fact that because the city is so ciplines and in arts of discourse, had its beginning superior in so many important ways and because in all cases from you. In focusing attention thereon I there is no area which she had failed to render was merely establishing my right to speak concern- fruitful for those who wish to honor her with praise, ing it, for who is so out of touch with these things as no one up to this day ever yet addressed himself to not to know? Accordingly, it is fitting to bring here all phases or mustered the courage to do so. Some the discourse concerning these things and so to who in poetry sing the praises of the city's ancient honor the city with the honor due to her. It has history and of her partnership with the gods do the come about that the other expressions of gratitude best they can with these; others who narrate the are, though just, yet not in keeping with the occasionalwars against Hellenes or Barbarianscover circumstances, while this alone can be called genuine only parts; some recount the story of the civic thanks for the benefaction, the thanks that in a constitution; others in funeral orations have discourse are offered for Discourse, for they not only celebrated some of those who died. But even among establish their right by means of themselves, but these there are those who did not enumerate the bear out the impression that the name of logos for a deeds in the traditional manner but turned aside, discourse was originally derived from the Logos showing themselves, as it seems to me, afraid of which is Reason, because only this kind of thanks is proving unequal to the subject. The fear they con- reasonable. ceived was not, I suppose, unpardonable, but in it 3. But, sirs, you who are now listening to the they fell far short of achieving, in their entirety at words of my discourse and who will be with me for least, an account of the glories belonging to the city. a while, let none of you condemn for rashness or And, in fact, some extol her wisdom, some list her simplicity the whole attempt because we have colonies, others again sing of her openness to all and undertaken so great a trial without putting forward her love of man; and they do so, some by making a pretense inferior to the subject and without this material an ingredient of their compositions on exhibiting fear of the many difficulties which other subjects, some by citing it merely from adhere to the subject. For, above all, if this is memory as they happen to think of it. One might 45 46 OLIVER: THE CIVILIZING POWER [TRANS. AMER. PHIL. SOC. almost say simply that all men in their own inten- then that the nature of the terrain befits the nature tion or within their own power have delivered their of the men and that it is not suitable for the land to measure of homage to the city, not in proportion to belong to others, nor has it belonged to others; it what the city or the circumstances have deserved, will appear that the inhabitants, worthy of nothing but, as if it were a vast ocean which offered no less than this very land, never left it but remained boundaries to the eye, each admires as much as he where they were. Both of these theses can be judged can see. The result has been rather paradoxical: by the spectacle of the present and by the record of there is such a superabundanceof themes in which the past. Those who in each generation administered the city is entitled to honor and glory that, if a man this land brought forth clear and admirable signs of mentions ever so small a part of her share, he will their own justice in every exercise of power. For on not completely fail. It is surely not fair, when this the one hand they displayed, in the forbearance of is the only cause of my boldness and the reason why their behavior and in their courteous association a need arose for the discourse I now deliver, to with others, that which one could well call a love of charge this responsibility of mine with that respon- man and they left to no others an opportunity of sibility which bears the name of blame. appearing equally urbane; while, conversely, in the 5. Then, if among many great and fine advantages badly needed aid they supplied and in the dangers which have to such a degree exalted the city-and they faced they had taken their place as a rampart they are not just many but difficult or impossible to for the Hellenes. enumerate-if one of these had not been the blessing 8. As you survey the country from the land and of her traditions of Discourse, it would not perhaps from the Aegean, her character is as follows. She be proper to run the risk but better to leave the serves as a watchtower for the land of the Hellenes, record of her glory just as it was. But actually, just because she holds the post that comes to her as as she has been a leader in everything else for the first toward the rising sun as she reaches forwardin Hellenes, and, I think, even for mankind in general, a long projection into the sea; and it is quite clear so it is well known that she has been first too in the that, by the powers above, this country has been forms of Discourse. Hence we are not engaged in an made a bulwark of Hellas and that for her alone it undertaking foreign to the scene and purpose; and is natural to have the hegemony of the Hellenes. we have not chosen a path which leads elsewhere, 9. Then she produces, as it were, a symbol too of but one which leads directly to the city and to her her love of man. She advances to a very great Athenians; and we do not fail to maintain the city's distance into the Aegean, calming the waters. She tradition, but we repay some one of the city's gifts mingles with the islands to become one of the most in so far as it is granted to us. charming sights, a continent among islands, further 6. It has been said by many on many occasions out in the water than some of them, first to extend, that it is not easy to find a suitable beginning, but as it were, a welcoming hand to those from the sea it is I alone, I think, who really need this plea. For, and offering them all kinds of anchorages and as it happens, even the beginning involves more than harbors in a circle all around her, moreover with is plainly visible and readily comprehensible, not some shores here and some there on various arms only because oldest of those within memory is this of the sea and of the land and with crossings to the city, but also because many as in a circle are the adjacent islands which are as near as the islands to starting points which the case temptingly offers. It each other. Hence when men sail by Attica and when is, I suppose, impossible to treat them all together, they sail around it and when they traverse it afoot and it is not easy to decide which starting point will and when they are still on the high seas, they can prevail as the beginning for all the others. Various choose their direction, as it were, with the wind and things for various reasons, at least superficially, please themselves. have an apparent claim to be appropriately called 10. On all sides there is variety in the Cycladesand first. Sporades which lie off the coast around Attica as if 7. To begin with, I shall take as a basis that which the sea had deliberately placed them at the city's I assume to be the most advantageous of all and disposal to be her suburbs. They always seem to upon which I think I would make no mistake in form a constellation and their own beauty and per- establishing the whole speech. Right or wrong, the fection of pattern have turned out to be the city's plan is one in which it is possible for all to join. If I beauty and perfection of pattern. A poet might say seem at some points to be conducting the oration that like a monumental entrance serving a palace as if it were about my own city and as if I my- and like stars enclosing the moon, they themselves self participated in her blessings, this will not, gain more than they contribute-from the proxim- I think, bring shame even to you. We shall show ity, I mean. Therefore,one might say that rule over VOL. 58, PT. I, i968] TRANSLATION 47 these isles came properly to this city alone and that mingling. From every extremity as to a device in it was a genuine hegemony over the Hellenic isles. the center of a shield, the signs of Hellas point to The hegemony of the others who moved into the sea this region, and in the circles which encompass her was spurious; they were in a sense supposititious land the environs on all sides are Hellenic, some from heirs who in claiming the islands did not lay hands out of the sea, some from up on the continent, on property of their own ancestors but exploited an surrounding, as is natural, the nation's common irrationality of Fortune to seize it. Which fact soon hearth. drove them out again. 14. To such a degree has she avoided the uncon- 11. While this is the form, this the location which genial atmosphere of barbarism that even on the the country has, it is not easy to say with how much opposite continent she protected herself with an- calm, delight, and comfort the travelers land who other Hellas, her colony, which now stands very far visit her for knowledge or for business, except as removed from the barbarians. It is as if the city one might cite the travelers themselves as evidence. had been appointed to oppose this species as its For, all in all, the soul is cleansed in preparation natural enemy. As a result she has never failed to and becomes exalted and buoyant and exceedingly display in her works her innocent, pure and un- expectant at the sight of Athens, just as at a pre- corrupted spirit, and as a linguistic model for the liminary initiation in sacred rites. It is distinguish- whole Hellenic world she has introduced an unable even to the eye that the light there becomes adulterated, pure and flawless idiom. more than the ordinary atmosphere, for in a deeper 15. Her land has the same position in Hellas that sense Athena, as Homer said, already removes the her city has in the land; it lies in the center of a great mist from the eyes of the visitors while they center, inclining toward the sea, enough to let it are still approaching land. Accordingly, the sights be known to whom the harbors belong. A third are like a happy dream, and you might appear to center, in succession to these, rises like a tower from be executing a joyful dance rather than completing the middle of the city; it is the ancient Polis, now a journey. All kinds of beauty-and what beauty the Acropolis, like a mountain peak, not intended it is!-on each occasion surround the ship on all to be an extremity of the city but for the rest of the sides and guide it cheerfully to Attica. city to be a body, as it were, all around it, where 12. As the landmarks come to the eye, so too the the high point and the center have coincided. This stories which one cannot disbelieve come to mind. beauty already visible throughout is also the final Zoster of Attica! The time has not quite arrived mark of the city's perfect situation. For, as in the to speak about the part of the gods, but there Leto case of a shield where circles fall within circles, loosened her zone and gave the place its name. there is a fifth, fairest of all, which constitutes the Traveling from the tip of Attica ever toward the central boss, if indeed Hellas lies in the middle of East under the guidance of Athena Foresight, she the whole earth, Attica in that of Hellas, in that of lighted upon the islands and put in to Delos and the country the polis, again in that of the polis the now bore her divine children, Artemis and Apollo Polis. who is ancestral to the city. The islands! It was 16. But in leading us here the discussion has led through them that the military expedition which us astray by adhering closely to whatever thoughts first crossed from Asia against the Hellenes ap- arose at each point. We must return again to the proachedto land at Marathon,whither fortunately it country and give her faithfully the honor that is was forced to go by the nature of the terrain, to pay her due, because in describing her character from a well-deserved penalty for the injury to Hellas it the standpoint of land and sea, we tried to avoid intended. in as many ways as we reasonably could both a long 13. Thus, the land, though situated where Hellas account and the omission of those things which it begins, is none the less in the middle of all Hellas. would have been too bad not to mention. Wherever one leaves Attica, the most famous races 17. However, the air overhead, which she has of Hellas are just over the border, and as its own received as her portion, with its temperate climate territory lies before a city, so all Hellas lies before is so exactly right that if it were possible to speak Attica. Therefore, it is she alone who purely rep- in a manner suitable to the subject, it would be resents the Hellenes and to the barbarians remains highly desirable to do so. For she is equally removed most alien. For as different as she is in the nature from all forms of bad weather, and while sharing of her terrain, she is equally removed in the manners in the blessings of every elementary force, she has of her men. There is no intervening river for her to escaped the discomforts which attach to each. It is share with another; there is no border country possible to draw such inferences not only because which, though dividing the land, produces an inter- of the seasonal fruits which here outgrow the seasons 48 OLIVER: THE CIVILIZING POWER [TRANS. AMER. PHIL. SOC. claiming them and continue throughout a great achieving beauty in temples and statues of gods, portion of the whole year, but also because of the so that she might be twice a leader in all this, deviation as with a guideline. because it was here that all these things in the law 18. For in proportion to the distance one gets and custom of human conventions had their be- from the city by movement in this direction or in ginning, and because the material used for these that, he meets with heat or cold in excess of what adornments is material that the city has obtained is desirable. Hence the city is surpassed in this from her own estate. alone, where to surpass is unpleasant and where to 22. Ah, but I do not know what subject to select. be surpassed is more profitable. So great is the It occurs to me to illustrate also section by section plenty of her good fortune that among all colonies what the country has to offer. For instance, not it is her offspring, the cities occupying the Ionia of lowland throughout nor entirely highland, it has the present, who seem to be most temperate in been formed to offer the advantages of each in turn climate, as if the climate were another thing they and has been given variety so that one might had inherited of their family wealth. rightly say that its advantages are those of a com- 19. Accordingly one must not say that this or plete country which preserves, as it were, a faithful that place is in the northern part of the country and image of all the inhabitable world. that other places are in the south, and again in 23. Moreover,there are, it is true, other places one respect to the two other quarters likewise. Yet could mention where sea and land have been yoked without the accessory phrase "of the country" one together in the harbors and cooperate harmoniously, may rule that the regions beyond her on one side and where the fields and mountains wed with the are north and on the other side are south, oh yes! aid of spring and achieve a grace; nevertheless, One may define what lies up or down as east or these things have never happened elsewhere as they west. But she herself, it might be said, truly becom- do here, I think. Here also are the veins of silver to ing a province of Athena and a proper site for the be seen which permeate like moisture all the latter's works and pupils, is, as it were, a meeting mountainous terrain, in order that no part might ground, a kind of common terrain, where all the be useless and that there might be nowhere un- sectors merge, one might almost say, immediately profitable ground in Attica, but the land here below the acropolis of heaven and the realm of unsown might surpass the good land of others. And Zeus. For of all the air the earth around, there is how fitting it was that this means of traveling the none so far removed in its nature from what is road of independence and noble aspirations had earthly and more assimilated to celestial ether. been preparedfor the city! Not only this, but never 20. To this perfection of land, sea, and air, then, damaging streams of everflowing rivers and abun- they arranged Attica, the Artisans who had these dant springs and a harvest of all crops, of which tasks of creation. Upon these blessings, which are the cultivated fruit, here most highly perfected of of such enormous advantage, there follow others, all, is, as everyone knows, fairest of those as it is very easy to illustrate. There are plains which anywhere. have a beautiful grace. Some lie spreading out 24. But this is like praising a banquet for what before the city right from its walls, or rather spread- is only its dessert. But I shall now discuss the ing out from the Acropolis and blending with the country's product and special glory which is most city. Others are strung along the coast of each sea, her own and which in one form presents her whole and in the Mesogaea still others, divided by the contribution. One beginning of my discourse has mountains which contain them like (successive) now returned to another beginning. boundary walls, appear in a form suggesting certain 25. Other countries glory in elephants and lions, inlets of the sea. some in horses and dogs, some in animals which 21. Again there is the cheerful grace of her frighten the children who hear about them. Your mountains. Who could help admiring them, when country glories in the most noble of creatures on they have such an abundance of beauty that they earth, more worthy of mention than the winged themselves beautify the cities? For in her moun- ants of India. For she first produced man, and she tains there lies a seed of grace, the means to express is a first home of man; and what the whole earth is gracefully man's gratitude toward the gods. This, to all terrestrial creaturesis what she has proved to which it is right for her to have since she is herself be to the race of men, a mother who also nurtured a work of gods, the country exhibits among the them all and started them growing as they should, first of her possessions. And so it is through nature an area set apart from every land for men to have that she produces the grace of art. She has in them as their own like the special estates which are set a favor of nature, the material most suitable for apart in sacred precincts. VOL. 58, PT. I, I968] TRANSLATION 49 26. Therefore men she produced were in all re- alone of cities, or among very few, affords them spects superior and have come furthest in develop- justly an unchangeable city hearth. ing excellence, inasmuch as the crop of men was 30. Since there is a flood of topics, each demanding native to her and not alien. It was not after they special attention in my speech, I choose to present had finished a period of wandering, nor when, as next that which comes second in their development in darkness, they were seeking a home through and confirms the previous argument. After pro- every land and over every sea, that they occupied ducing her men, the land trained them and prepared this soil, nor did they do so in violation of the name their sustenance, performing a mother's tasks, and it bore under the guidance of two misfortunes, after she did not neglect them as if they had to have a yielding to those who were stronger than they and stranger for their nurse, but out of the same bosom driving out those who were weaker. On the contrary, she continuously gave the second gifts. like water rising out of springs, their race, itself from 31. And there came here a gathering which was in itself taking its origin, arose from the bosom of the truth a sacred assembly, in behalf of the whole earth, and only in this land do aliens and citizens inhabited world, and all offerings were made in appear clearly distinguished. rivalry as in the presence of spectators. The earth 27. The rest of mankind hold their estates like was eager to produce all, and deities contributing seats which they have occupied in the theater. They provided, some of them plants, others seeds, others do not keep the others away from their land because animals, of which the productiveness was to adorn the land belongs more to them but because they the body of man no less than the animal's own, and preceded the others in taking the land, and they to provide the cover they share, which first the apply the name "aliens" to those who came second animals have for a year and then men for as long without realizing that all are aliens in the same as it lasts. Besides these gifts there were arts and sense, rather that they themselves are first aliens crafts which the gods revealed, introducing the use who differ from the naturalized aliens whom they of fire in some cases, in others without fire. in their turn admit, in that without having been 32. And, in fact, these offerings not only give the judged worthy of citizenship but having forced their city by their number pride in what here both grew way in, they pretended it was their fatherland, and was revealed but present overwhelming cor- using, as in a dearth of weapons, whatever they roboration of our first argument, and make it the saw. You alone have the right to boast of pure clearest thing in the world that man set his foot birth and citizenship. first on this land. And it happens that the same 28. Though these are two distinct titles, each of proofs both excel in number and support each the two has validity for this land on account of other as evidence of the truth. A first generation of the other, as is meet. Some here are subject to the men must first have experienced need, and after designation "aliens" because the others are genuine praying for what they needed, they must have citizens, while the citizens vindicate their title by actually received. Again it was impossible for them having an ancestry unadulterated with aliens from to receive what they needed unless they were dear the beginning. Therefore, it is you alone against to the gods, and to assume that the first deemed whom no one at all could enter, if the phrase is worthy of being created were dear to the gods is permissible, a suit for ejectment from the land, any surely reasonable. Once more the argument returns more than against a man for ejectment from his to a starting-point. mother's property. 33. Again, there were probably two reasons why 29. Moreover,only those naturalized here are not the gods perfected the land's productiveness, first ridiculous, because you who assigned the honor to because of requirement, since the men in this the others by law were all of you citizens of the country, being first as I have said, found themselves country by descent. It could well be that the in need, and second because of the honor which was majority of the others admit spurious sons, being due to the best. When they had thus received the spurious sons themselves, because in the course of gifts from the gods, they so well imitated the donors time they corrupted their original stock by living that they themselves became representatives of the together with the whole world as in a tenement gods to the rest of mankind and first gave proof of house. Periodically the last of all upon moving in having obtained their request according to merit call the house their own. It seems to me that one by making a proper use of what they had. They did could be excused for saying that the rest of mankind not think that they were doing all that was necessary inhabit their cities like camps, having settled down with the treasure if they buried it, but were so far on the sites they had occupied. Only the children removed from conceiving fear lest others do equally of this land have in their city a real city, and she as well as they, that they actually thought there 4 50 OLIVER: THE CIVILIZING POWER [TRANS. AMER. PHIL. SOC. was no better way to show by how much they 38. It is best perhaps to complete an account surpassed the others than if they should be seen first of the city's relations with the gods, and then doing good to all. with this behind us to discourseconcerning Athenian 34. It seems to me that later Heracles, because excellence in general; further on, what things the he made this city a model for his own life, adopted Athenians of each successive period accomplished in favor of all mankind that attitude which has both by themselves and in cooperation with others. placed him among the gods. The clear sign of this 39. I shall go back a little. Not only in the ways I was his friendship for Theseus which entirely mention did the gods honor your land, but also in surpassed not only the ties of association which many other important ways. The most important- they had with others but the ties that any men it were enough perhaps merely to mention it. Of all whatsoever had with each other. Again, in return the cities under the sun this is the only one for which, it was this city which first honored him with divine in attempts to seize the Acropolis as if to rule alone honors and which alone preserved his sons. But the over the city, they contended whom one might al- argument has lifted me like a river in flood and most call the first of the gods. Of equal importance swept me away; it is time to work back to the point with this was the second honor, which the gods from which I strayed. later offered when they allowed those who at that 35. They now sent in a divine mission over the time possessed the country to form a jury and be whole earth today's life-giving resources, a distri- their judges, because they thought a verdict given bution, as it were, of some public fund, for which in a court of his or her own favorites delightful for according to the story they appointed one of the one and supportable for the other in either out- pupils of Demeter. A report prevailed that his come. When both parties had displayed their seals chariot had wings because he went everywhere or symbols, the rush of water and the olive branch, more quickly than hope and for him nothing was Athena won the case and proved the olive branch hard or inaccessible, but as through the mere air, to be a symbol of victory. Poseidon withdrew; he thus he traveled. It seems to me that they were the did not, however, end his loving care. His and her first to confirm the saying with action and so prove subsequent behavior affordedno less evidence of the that favors are in their very nature swift. For in attention and honor which the Athenians enjoyed conferring benefits they anticipated the desires of from both. For she granted to the city superiority those who needed to receive benefits. A reminder in wisdom, while he granted superiority in naval and symbol of that divine mission and of the battles, not only over their opponents but over their benefaction to all were the first fruits which used partners, indeed, I think, beyond any who at any to come here annually from the Hellenes in former time or place have fought and won battles at sea. times-furthermore, the oracles of the god, in But the discussion of these matters comes in a later which he designates the city as mother-city of the section. crops and attests to both facts, that she first had the 40. Upon receiving the support of their ballots, fruits and that the fruits reachedthe others from her. Athena named the city, since it was hers, with the She first of all cities instituted today's games and the name it has, and as her own property she put it into prize as a consequenceof these benefactions,because good condition, amply provided both for peace she had the honor of being entrusted with the gifts. and for war. First she taught her people arts of 36. And indeed it is true that they were, while discourse and a system of laws and showed them a children of gods, also pupils of gods and were an- civic constitution far removed from a government of cestors from whom community life for all men has force. As a result of these advantages all disciplines descended-models who, after such honor as this were discovered, and models on which to pattern came to them first from the gods, bequeath for ways of living entered into view. Next she instructed emulation finer things in general to their descen- them in the use of arms, and it was they whom she dants. Such was their attitude toward the gods who first dressed in the equipment with which we now bestowed the gifts and again that was the way they invest her. Besides, she revealed the worth of dealt with mankind in general. chariots drawn by race horses or by war horses, and 37. With this subject which has ended here we in this land for the first time in human history a have completely finished. The subjects from here complete chariot was yoked with steeds by the on, like forks in a road, lead in two or more direc- attendant of this goddess and with the help of the tions. Whether it is possible, while treating each goddess, and the art of perfect horsemanship was subject in connection with what has been said, to shown to all. treat it in its turn and to preserve the succession 41. In addition, various dances and mystic rites which ties the subjects together is not yet apparent. and festivals came to prevail through visits from VOL. 58, PT. I, I968] TRANSLATION 51 various deities. For the gifts from the gods kept 45. Well then, concerningtheir origin and nurture pace with the honors for the gods, who gave, and and the honor from the gods, and the gifts which received from those to whom they gave, the proper they themselves received and distributed to the share for each side. rest, an account has now been given, inferior per- 42. Not only for the city did gods dispute with haps to what actually happened, but not more in- one another, but here in the city they actually adequate than were the accounts given by our sought adjudications of their disputes with one an- predecessors. Now, when all sorts of topics suggest other; they were thereby drawing the attention of themselves, it is perhaps in keeping to treat sub- all men towards the city from all sides, and like jects of which a partial descriptionhas been included those who teach children by example they were in the discussion that has occurred, namely the deliberately depositing in her keeping precedents extent and quality of the overflowing philanthropy and models of all procedure,in order that, just as it they showed to all, and the way in which they goes well with the pupils when their teachers in all worked as a city for the common good of mankind. subjects are best, so men too might turn out com- Here too I shall go back a little. plete in respect to the development of their potential 46. Just as it did not satisfy the gods to show excellence by following the right models, and in their good will to the city in some single way, so order that the seeds which came to them from gods, those ancient Athenians did not deem it enough to might be the seeds, not only of wheat and barley, impart to mankind the use of grain but continued but also of justice and of civilized life in general. methodically increasing their gift to society, as Poseidon was granted the action concerning his son those who plant a field do more than plant seeds. A against Ares and won it in a court of all the gods; very great benefaction of theirs, very important for the site received therefrom its present name, which the community of Hellas, was the kind and consoling itself was a symbol both of the event that had reception of those from everywhere who were occurred and of justice, some general attestation unfortunate. and guarantee, as it were, to mankind. 47. In brief, there is no branch of the Hellenic 43. For it is not possible to find anything superior race which has not experienced this help from the to the Areopagus, if one were looking for an un- city and has not at times been homeless, but both surpassable example. But just as all the waters and as cities and nations and as individuals too, more exhalations which are mantic rise always from the or less the most distinguished, they have come to her same place, so this locality too is apparently one and taken refuge. It is quite impossible to recall which "sends up," as they say of a mantic source, them all in the first place and then to give an account the clear knowledge, as close as possible to that commensurate with the story, so that not only do I among the gods, of what is just. From all parties the make no list of those who migrated privately but I deference with which it has been honored is so make no list of those who came in groups in the great that those who lose their case are equally as course of disaster. On the other hand, it is possible satisfied as those who have prevailed, while all to narrate cases which among those of antiquity magistrates, councils, and the other organs of were most highly esteemed and especially the case government, and, last but not least, the Demos, of Heracles, inasmuch as it was a precedent for the before the decisions of the court at this place are many later. all mere private citizens in the way they yield. On 48. When Heracles departed from life among men, this one site alone, I suppose, change has not fasten- it was this city which first established today's ed in the case of human institutions. It has been temples and altars, just as previously she had left as an assembly place for the gods and for those honored him at the Mysteries, first of foreigners to who have had the duty since that time, and all, be initiated. From that time on he has continued to consideringit a model of justice, honor it accordingly be and to seem a god. Not only for those considered in awe of the gods. the oldest of the gods did she inaugurate honors, 44. There occurred another trial later, with the outstanding honors at that, beyond all who followed parties differing from each other in status. This too her example, but when the gods admitted the was for the jurors a strange trial, in which an un- strangers, this city did too, living, as she did, in happy man of the house of Pelops stood against the communion with the gods. For as soon as they dread deities who now dwell beside the spot where he were receptive, it came at once to her attention, took refuge and made, as it were, an appeal to the and she revealed it in proclamations to the rest of city in the thought that here, if anywhere, existed the mankind. Accordingly she proved that the Thebans, philanthropy which was not unjust and, obtaining in whose land he was born, had little connection the support of the goddess, rid himself of the furies. with him, likewise any others who as kinsmen had 4* 52 OLIVER: THE CIVILIZING POWER [TRANS. AMER. PHIL. SOC. a claim upon his memory. For she alone saw what experienced, they decided that this city was more he deserved. To him, then, she has given in recogni- secure and more advantageous for them by as tion this free gift, because of which one might justly much as it was more unassailable and really sacred. describe all that Heracles received from the rest of This was the case of those who met disaster at mankind as so many favors of this city. For all the Thebes and were banished together from all Boeo- rest merely followed her example when they accord- tia. This was the case of others, the routed Thessa- ed him his due. lians who took refuge here, and the Tanagraeans 49. When Eurystheus, on the other hand, drove who migrated when they were driven out by men from the Peloponnese the sons of Heracles and who themselves had withdrawn in face of the added another mistake, more important and more Dorians who conquered the Peloponnese. All these terrible, the proclamation that not a single one of refugees made up Ionia. the other cities was to receive them, and made the 52. She acted in the same way toward those from most extreme threats, all the others, though they both shores, both the western and the eastern. For were indignant, found themselves unable to aid. she received with a welcome the latter as well as But this city received them, she alone of all hating the former in their hour of need. Some races now the threats more than she feared them, and the who were quite outside the ranks of Hellas were protection which Heracles provided for all men she fleeing to her for refuge and she took them in, the preserved for his sons, a contribution, as it were, to Dryopians and the Pelasgians for example, traces a fund raised by friends. She had good reason. of whose rescue survive to this very day, for the Heracles she had helped in the greatest part of his names of places named after them attest at the labors by means of Theseus, and she had long same time to their residence and to their rescue. considered him an ally, ever since she had seen him Thus of old she gave herself to all, and she con- thinking her own thoughts. tinuously maintained this attitude as a rule of 50. While the work she now accomplished with conduct. In all the crises of Hellenic history through the sons of Heracles and in their behalf is a story which she passed she kept her gates open a little for which must be told in another part of the speech, those who as a result of wars or even through civil she did indeed look after their interests, and her dissension or through some other chance were going guardianship was so brilliant that their misfortune into exile, for she ever called to them from afar to became an advantage to them. She not only dis- rest assured that no Hellene would be a man with- pelled their feeling that they were orphans, when out a city as long as there remained the city of the she assumed for them the role of their father, but Athenians, but that those in trouble would have a she regarded them as traditionally benefactors of change of home. mankind and honored them accordinglyby granting 53. For instance, when one of the three divisions them four towns to possess of those then existing in the Peloponnese was destroyed, that of the in her land and by initiating in their case a raising Messenians, she alone saved their remnants, for she of children at public expense when the father was a received them and then looked around for places benefactor, not unlike the custom she later adopted where they were to settle. And if today there are of raising children whose fathers had died in war. Messenians, it is because of this city. Again, when And of course she obtained for herself the reward the disaster by Boeotia occurredand the city which which her pains deserved, for she found them had once made her territory available to the worthy of the start she had given them. Hellenes for victory suffered most unexpected and 51. The voyage they made in taking refuge here undeserved destruction, none relieved her with a became a common experience later of all the exiles; memory equal to her service; but while as far as the rather, the majority of the earlier exiles anticipated others were concerned, the breed of Plataea was even the Heraclids in fleeing here. For the city made extinct, this city with her characteristic nobility herself available to all those in need, right from the raised them again from their misfortune by de- start. It seemed to all the Hellenes-and what they creeing Athenian citizenship to replace the Plataean believed was true-that they were moored with and by preserving for the site its commemoration, two anchors, in that as members of separate cities as was meet for her to do who at that time was the they named their own fatherlands of origin, while common protectress of all. Those who had lost their they named this city as a fatherland common to estates there she reimbursed. On another occasion, them all, and to their first home they virtually moreover, when the Thebans were being maltreated assigned second place, while to their later home by the Laconian garrison, she supported the Demos, they gave precedence. For as they thought about it and the exiles lived like Athenians during this correctly on the basis of what they had actually period, until with the help of Athens they were VOL. 58, PT. I, I968] TRANSLATION 53 destined once again to recover their own land. Once displaced the troublemakers at her front door-I again, when the Plataeans were expelled from their mean all the pirates and barbarians-and compelled homes and the Thespiaeans along with them, she them to remove as far as possible from the Hellenic received them and all who belonged to them. And shore and its ports of entry. As a result the islands on another occasion the Thebans in circumstances which curve around her were securely settled, and of the most extreme misfortune, and before the it became possible to take an Aegean cruise through latter the people of the Thracewardregion who had the most civilized waters, in some areas passing fared badly, all who remained of two and thirty groups of two or three cities of one island as on a cities, those from Corinth, Thasos, Byzantium, and mainland. Such were the fine conditions she estab- everywhere else-who could enumerate them all? lished on the sea. For it is not easy, I think, to enumerate even those 57. In addition to these achievements, she coloniz- from the islands alone. ed the islands which lie off the Peloponnese, making 54. She alone, one might almost say, has always the regions of the West her own special concern and been engaged in competition with those changes for holding back the barbarianflood from all directions the worse which are the fortune of all and in an as with barriers. When she had established its pro- effort to turn the disasters of all into benefits for tection on both sides so that Hellas was defended them. And so she has reversed the proverb. She has all around as if with closable harbors, she now shown that she does not keep out of the way of a crossed the sea even to foreign soil and transported friend who has been unfortunate, but that many to Asia the settlers who formed her many great even of those with whom she was previously at colonies. In the thought that the earth was naturally odds she has in their adversity adopted as friends. one and that the lands beyond the confines of She has not regulated her generosity by Fortune Hellas were not distinct, she knit the earth to- associating with them in their prosperity and gether until she established, if it is permissible to disdaining them as soon as they had trouble, but say so, the Asian counterpart facing the old Hellas. has made their occasions of misfortune occasions of In so doing, she increased by a great portion the good fortune, in that she gave her own blessings possessions of the Hellenes and planned for the to the many and made them partners in things safety of all, as time showed, with great foresight. which they never even dreamed of acquiring when Moreover,she thus bestowed upon each of the two they were most prosperous. As a result, each at branches of the Hellenic family a most beautiful every moment of need saw one road of escape, this world of order to live in, not only because their one leading here. And so, being most venerable country was spacious and favorably located, but among the cities of Hellas, more because of the also because she demonstrated how many and how reception she gives to those from everywhere than fine are the blessings of which concord is the cause. because of the precedence she has acquired by age, 58. Since this country, being such as I have said, she is for the nation, as it were, a home and common was an underlying support like a stone foundation hearth. And her loyal service to all she showed not or a living root, the colonies of the Hellenes went only in the forces she herself sent out from herself forth, in fact over every land now. For after they but in the offer of land to those who were taking had been sent out to Ionia and had made good, there refuge with her from outside and in the admission came a yearning upon them, a desire to imitate the of all as a part of herself. pattern set by the mother-city. And so they divided 55. One, then, is this, of the type and importance the land of the Mediterraneanworld among them indicated, a form of benefaction, in keeping with and settled upon it, extending the measure of Hellas those which had first been placed at her disposal to some other mark, as it were, until they had filled (by the gods). Another there is which in the time the whole basin. Even now, at both ends of our of its action comes next and which in importance world there dwell children of your children, for is not inferior. She took as her partner him who is some have moved all the way to Gades from the common exegete of the Hellenes but for her an Massalia, while others have taken possession of ancestral deity, the Pythian Apollo, and then she allotments along the Tanais and Lake Maeotis. led out to all parts of the earth the Hellenic race, Consequently I have to laugh as I hear the many establishing the protection which at the same time other much larger cities of today vying with each was itself an increase for the nation. other in their adornments and priding themselves 56. And so first she cleaned the adjacent sea, on what they think are glories, when I find in my though this I mention first does not seem to be the observation that by your city an orderly whole had first in rank among her achievements. And an eye- been created on land and sea without them for all sore of Hellas, as it were, she took away when she their size and importance. 54 OLIVER: THE CIVILIZING POWER [TRANS. AMER. PHIL. SOC. 59. I wish to go back a little and show in specific still one just might say it was only those who ex- cases the consistency of the policy which the city perienced this fortune whom she aided. But what has followed in respect to the Hellenic world, and she did in the preparation of colonizing expeditions to show that it is impossible to apply a better term was a community gain of the Hellenes, not just a than the one I have just pronounced, consistency. gain of those who went away. For actually the When the children of Heracles needed assistance, Hellenes received the increment of many great it was she alone who provided it and gave them a cities and lands and powers into their community, share in all things, at once outstripping their want as a result of which they became much stronger. with the nobility of her great spirit. On the other Accordingly I maintain that the city has a claim hand, since it was fated for the Peloponnese to be- on the gratitude of the Hellenes more for the come Dorian, she joined the god in effecting their dispatch of expeditions from herself than for the restoration, but when the return of the Heraclids admission of those who begged to be admitted. And had occurred and a revolution took place in the in consequence,it has happened that only the people Peloponnese, again she received the element ejected. here have a good reputation even through their On this occasion the affairs of her previous suppli- contrarities. For the same who are most ancient of ants were secure, while others in turn had changed all the Hellenes count also as youthful Hellenes, old into the latter's garb. but also young as men describe Dionysus. Having 60. After she had already received any and all immigrated from nowhere but having sprung from men and had bestowed gifts of land and a share in the land itself, they received those from everywhere laws and civic life, she determined to use this who needed a city. And again having received men surplus population in the interests of Hellas and to from everywhere. they have also sent men every- employ the many cities which had taken refuge with where, maintaining also here the proper course as her as a nucleus for the foundation of many great these situations arose one after the other. Old but cities abroad. And indeed how could the policies also young. For it is the oldest whose descendants which she adopted for those who placed themselves are likely to be most numerous, and the reception in her hands have been of greater philanthropy and of those who ask for protection devolves upon the distinction than if she first gave them a share in her stronger rather than any others. And again it was own land and citizenship, then helped to prepare in keeping with the original distribution of grain to them for the acquisition of other land and citizen- send out swarms of colonists in all directions and to ship, feeling much the same obligation to welcome settle the land. Was it not undeniably so, especially the needy to her own and to champion them in the when all now had the power to work and to earn land of others, and never failed to do what was the necessities of life more easily because of resour- proper in the crises of both situations? When they ces ? were weak, she relieved them of their fear and raised 63. Next comes that part of the speech for which, them out of the troubles overwhelming them; but I suspect, many have long been waiting, the record when they had later fared better than in adversity, of her deeds in the dangers of war. They are, I fear, then and then only she mustered them and sent even more perilous for the speaker to put into words them forth, appointing leaders for them individu- than the actual labors were for the city when she ally, inasmuch as she herself had become a common was toiling. Still it is necessary to come to grips with leader and protector of them all, and she joined with these also, for two reasons: first, because after hav- them people of her own. ing recalled sufficiently the blessings of her peace 61. One would find these things consistent not and the means by which she formed our way of life, only in what actually was done but even in their it would, I suppose, be meet not to leave unmention- intention. Just as she received and then restored ed either those exploits which she performed in the earlier suppliants, the Heraclids I mentioned, different circumstances, especially when her ex- so she first received and then later led out to a new ploits in war are more numerous than those of all home those who came after them, earning in each the others together, and more important than all of the two cases credit for a double instead of a those we have in the traditions of the others; second- single benefaction. And since the city's concern for ly, because the examination of what the city ac- the Hellenes appears in the way I described from complished in her wars tallies with the account we first to last on all occasions, it resembles a fixed have just finished of her philanthropy toward all. So policy being maintained consistently over a long once again a beginning has come to us out of an uninterrupted period. ending. 62. Again in respect to the reception of exiles, 64. Now one would more or less find that the even if this is undeniably a sign of a love felt for all, colonies also have a place in this part of our argu- VOL. 58, PT. I, I968] TRANSLATION 55 ment. Even they, I suppose, did not come into fear the ruthless violence of those who had deliber- existence without great risks and struggles in which ately committed this outrage nor did they worry as they everywhere prevailed. But I shall go back to they fought for unfortunates, what kind of intentions where I stopped. for their own victims the latter had in case of vic- 65. In truth, it is not only by the special grants tory. Instead, the Athenians by fighting gave to the with which she took care of those who came to her man of conscience the hope that right would prevail for refuge, protected them, and so forth, nor by the over might and they felt the same indignation as if increments with which, in the ways we have said, it had happened to themselves. Thus accepting the she increased the Hellenic world, it is not only in request in defense of the universal law, they gave these ways that the city has displayed to us clear the proper honor to the one side and to the other samples of the excellence and greatness of spirit the punishment that was its due. which mark her dealings with all. Rather, there is 68. And again consider first that for refuge all no risk or trial of strength she hesitated to undergo those in need of aid would, in a manner of speaking, when there was a call. On the contrary, she proved run to this city as fast as their legs could carry them, herself better for her suppliants than the champion and would look to none of the other cities. This it- they wished her to be. self is better than a marble inscription; it is a great 66. Let the incidents with which a little while ago and vivid indication that the city was in the lead we began an examination of her perfect philan- right from the beginning by a wide margin; and it thropy be for us now a starting point of her concern is evidence of two virtues in her-and they are the for others in the trials of courage. How great was noblest-courage and philanthropy-though if you the superiority of might which Eurystheus and the wish, I mean justice instead of philanthropy. All Peloponnesians had, when in defense of the Herac- these have become, as it were, heralds announcing lids she resisted them, and how she reversed the her, and have from the very time of the incidents situation! No city, no hero, no group at all of those themselves proclaimed publicly that none care for among the Hellenes resisted him. This man who had justice more than the Athenians and that none are such an excess of insolence that he included both the better at stopping whatever movements occur out- children of Heracles and the cities in the threats he side the limits of good behavior, but that the other was uttering, threats of what he would do to the cities, being in need of Athens, were mere ciphers in children if they were discovered, and to the cities Hellas, while Athens, like an acropolis rising among if they accepted them, this man she brought to the unprotected districts, was truly the same in her point where he himself did not obtain a burial at performanceas in her intentions, being morestrongly home. Of the power which Eurystheus had unde- fortified than those who honored justice, while servedly enjoyed the city found it possible to make more equitable than those who had power, or rather, the well-deserved end. Perhaps all this outrageous being more exact than those who honored justice, behavior of his came at a good time, for he relied while more powerful than those who on his wealth and accepted trial. This matter was in respect to applying force effectively, so that she adjudicated in Attica, and by saving the suppliants surpasses both types on both scores. she set free all the Peloponnese, which was worse off 69. Let these incidents, chosen from the earliest than the children of Heracles in that the latter had traditions, serve as samples of what I meant by a not been excluded from taking refuge while the combination of courage and philanthropy. But now former had been excluded from giving refuge: the for the spirit they exhibited in defense of their own former, through the city, obtained a freedom from land in the face of aggression on each occasion! fear, while the latter had no way of not doing what Though there is, I suppose, no one unacquainted was ordered. with them, we must include on our speech also these 67. There is another exploit of the city earlier traditions from which we have made brief selections. than these; it occurred in the middle of Boeotia, 70. There were the Amazons, who in their ex- and is typical of all the other exploits of the city, ploits went beyond the limitation of nature. With a work which, as the story is told, the Athenians of these the Athenians engaged in a cavalry battle and that time performedin behalf of the Argives at the destroyed them totally, whereas there was no request of the suppliants but which in the deeper opposition to the Amazons until they reached sense and in the form of the benefaction was ac- Attica. On the contrary, they had already made complished for the good of all the human race. For the continents equal; having started from a fixed when they learned that those who had met mis- point, the Thermodon,they stretched across Asia as fortune beneath the Cadmea had been thrown on far as Lycia and Caria and Pamphylia as in a camp, the ground and left unburied, the Athenians did not across Europe as far as their camp which faced the 56 OLIVER: THE CIVILIZING POWER [TRANS. AMER. PHIL. SOC. city. But then and there all their acquisitions of the Maidens she established sacred offerings and slipped back as when a cable breaks; the empire of a sanctuary and with these honors she pronounced the Amazons had dissolved and their raiding was them worthy of a divine instead of a mortal destiny; finished. So here too the city went to the aid of the in the case of Erechtheus she recognized his title common Nature of the All, and now it has become to a place beside the gods of the Acropolis. incredible that the Amazons ever existed. 74. So much for these samples of the philan- 71. The Thracians too, I imagine, found their thropy which the ancestors displayed toward those disaster quite enough, who still earlier learned a from outside and of their good courage on their own lesson when they had come hither with Eumolpus behalf in times of stress, and again of how the and their partisans among the Hellenes after making notables and the many treated each other! We must plans as if they were trying to cross the sea on in the same manner, as far as space permits, call foot. also the rest of her history to mind, surveying both 72. Here, moreover is a fact worth adding, which the things accomplished in behalf of others and has been neglected by the majority of those who what she endured in defense of her own land, in deliver the customary oration at the state funerals: whatever way may suit the discourse so as not to Not only the zeal and energy of the city for public overstep our time in treating her exploits. As the service have been so great wherever there was need, cases themselves come up, you can as you listen but even privately there have appeared at times of divide them into those that were for the com- disasters certain individuals who were willing to munity of Hellas and those that were for the city make them occasions for public service, and quite alone. logically. For they saw the spirit in which their 75. If the discourse concerned any other city, fatherland associated with the Hellenes, and they it would not be possible to omit exploits which, as thought that they themselves should assume the it is, will have to be omitted; on the contrary it same attitude toward the fatherland, when oppor- would have been enough to mention these exploits tunity called. Consequently, as a result both of the alone, for they are such as a speaker would have public and of the private response the city's whole sought and as many would, if they could, give much generosity is doubled. Which is more important than to have as their own. But in the present situation it the fact that some of the foreignersbecame similarly is equally hard to select the things one must leave disposed toward her. out and to mention worthily those which have won 73. It is said, for example, that Erechtheus during their place, and no one even in a straightforward the war against Eumolpus gave his daughter to the report of the record has ever yet gone through all latter in behalf of the city after an utterance of the the incidents, though concerning this one city all god, and that the mother adorned her and then speakers and writers have said very much indeed, brought her in as if she were sending her on a religi- nay rather, concerning her alone they have said ous embassy. It is said that Leos resolved to do as more almost than about all the other cities. Given Erechtheus and then gave up his daughters, he too, the situation, it is not possible to relate particulars in the famine. It is said that Codrusduring the war in a way to produce an exact understanding; on the against the Dorians and Peloponnesians laid down contrary, we are obliged to leave out most partic- his own life voluntarily in behalf of the country. ulars, in order to make use of the most important. Consequently, even those who do have such stories For who would not have been delighted to present of their own tradition to relate can mention nothing also these, which for others would be enough all by which outdoes the material in your tradition, but themselves ? even when it comes to such deeds the city shows the 76. For instance, when three leagues, the most way by examples which are just as great and even important in Hellas, were attacking the city, the more numerous, and there remains no possibility of one league, the Dorian, passed sentence of banish- surpassing her record either publicly or privately. ment upon itself and went away, but as for the Moreover it has not happened that the city, while other two, the Boeotians in hand to hand fighting defeated by the others in absolutely nothing and were worsted, and on the same day the Euboeans having prevailed over all the enemies I mentioned, in Euboea itself, so great was the city's superiority. yet in gratitude fell behind those in her ranks who But in order that I may not use up my time relating made these sacrifices. On the contrary, it will appear many such cases, I shall omit all the intervening that even over these she has prevailed in benefac- material, and in respect to this very matter I shall tions. For in the case of Codrusshe granted to him take further advantage of the city's magnanimity an office for his children to have, and she honored and turn to the main illustrations of the argument the family both at home and abroad; in the case themselves. For when the affairs of Hellas and of VOL. 58, PT. I, x968] TRANSLATION 57 the Barbarian World were being decided and a said, a reason within himself consisting of his fear small part was fighting against a large part of the and his yearning, he came. That is, he decided not earth and it was a struggle for our survival and, at to try to cross personally, he had in mind to send the same time, a test of our excellence, then it was the nations. that the city prevailed over both races in an un- 79. First, when the heralds were sent on a tour expectedly wonderful manner, inasmuch as it was through Hellas by that King and his successor in found that the one side proved a small addition to quest of earth and water, they would begin with her, while the side that was larger proved inferior this city, and their negotiations would all be ad- by more than it was larger. dressed to her. In the letters to Hellas, and in all the 77. Now it is possible to give credit for the whole frequent orders to the sub-kings nothing but achievement to one of the gods who was eager to Athens was mentioned, as though it were the same make, as it were, a trial of the men who had joined to say Athens as to say Hellas. In fact, it was not his company, and to hold this contest, just as we just a manner of speaking but an actual situation ourselves hold the usual contests. But even so, this in which, if one gained control of the Athenians, he city's excellence made a very great contribution. She had all the cities. All policies that these latter had contributed not only quite within reason but on a to execute or plan concerning their interests as a scale worthy of her future destiny. She was challeng- whole the city would examine, having placed herself ing the Barbarians in order to display both herself in front of the Hellenes right from the start. And and all the Hellenic world, to show what kind she now the war was already taking shape in two was herself and what kind were those whom she quarters from the conflict of attitudes in Persia and represented. In this way she attracted the Hellenes Athens, the one government threatening and not by offering them the wrong principle, and not testing, Athens resisting and prevailing immediately like those who later crossed to Asia, by appealing to in her replies. And so, from both sides came evidence a desire for more than was just, but by resisting the that the war for Hellas was a war between Athenians Barbariansimmediately at that time and demanding and Persians, the Persians trying to seize it, the that they pay the penalty for the enslavement of the Athenians to hinder them. Hellenes on the mainland of Ionia, whom she alone 80. In those days, however, deeds were surpassed had received when they were being ruined through- by words, by which I mean the deeds of others were out all Hellas and whom she alone had established surpassed by words which emanated from you. A on the land they needed. decree better than a trophy won through to ever- 78. As first of the Hellenes to do so up to that lasting memory, when it won a victory at the same time Athenians made the march upcountry to time in word and deed. For in a decision of hands Sardis in a joint expedition and sacked the place and hand to hand fighting it prevailed immediately, before departing, whereas until then the Hellenes not only in the show of hands when it came up for in their admiration placed Sardis in a class with vote as a bill but also when they laid hands on the Babylon and the cities of India. When Darius re- messengers and destroyed them. As for the man ceived this excuse he could not remain still, but set who interpreted the letter, they granted him a about mobilizing the empireand collecting his forces, special hearing and count of hands in order that, and no labor was too much for him. His alleged since he was a Hellene, he might have a distinction intention was retaliation upon the Athenians and in the formality of the trial, but they killed him too Eretrians, for he threw in the Eretrians in order to on the grounds that it was improper to serve the make it credible, I suppose. But in truth there were Barbarians even with his voice. It was actually his two motives: one was a fear and suspicion of the special recommendation which effected his ruin, city which he now conceived, lest she cease to be because they deemed it unpardonable for a man satisfied at all; the other was a yearning and longing from a colony of Athens to act as an interpreter to increase the empire with a glorious addition, that against the interest of Athens and of the Hellenes, of the Hellenic world, and to rule the earth, not for him who was by nature their enemy. And so, within limits of its division, but with rule even over since they hurled into the Cleft those who had been the whole. This was by no means too much for him sent, others had to report the replies to the King, to hope, in view of the numerous nations already and it was not granted to him to obtain his informa- enslaved, which he was ambitious to know by tion from his own envoys. name, whereas to traverse them in a march without 81. The King's excitement was immediately heavy armor was indeed beyond his hope. For all apparent.The fetters which he commanded the sub- at that time followed the Persians to war, inasmuch kings to make ready at once he ordered for a larger as they were unable to live otherwise. Having, as I number than he thought the Athenians to be, so 58 OLIVER: THE CIVILIZING POWER [TRANS. AMER. PHIL. SOC. that none of them might go unfettered, and he town the men over fifty were left behind; the city's indulged his anger as far as he could. Upon the youth went forth. multitudes he enjoined various tasks. 85. At first they cast a shadow over the races in 82. After this the heralds no longer visited those games which offera crown as prize, because the Greece; the fleet which he was already dispatching zeal they displayed was as much more remarkableas would announce itself. He appointed the best of the the prizes for which they contended were more Persians in command and assigned a multitudinous noble. Afterwards they showed themselves even host, which surpassed on strict adherence to what better in the last laps than when they were leaving the narrators individually relate by so much as to their starting gates. constitute the greatest fleet on record. For he did 86. And mark you, when they were halfway on not wish to leave any excuse, either to them or to their march, a wind, as it were, from the sea struck himself, for failing to execute the plans concerning them, a mixed shout of horses, men, and of all the which he was issuing orders. These plans were to rest of the creatures in the baggage for the camp, destroy the city and to carry off to him all the race some of whom had been transported because of use- in the style he had threatened. fulness and others for the sake of a Barbarian's 83. To this degree of anger and preparation the entertainment. And when the Athenians had crossed King was moved. His men, as they sailed, outroared the ridge, they saw those strange and hostile figures the Aegean, deprived of sight those they met, and everywhere they looked. Bronze and iron from afar filled the sea with fugitives. Hence, there was no forbade them to approach, while the enemy were so one in those days who wished to live on an island. contemptuous of the Athenian armament and of While they were still at sea and only a short distance their efforts that, to win, the Barbarians thought it from their destination, they decided to offer first- enough merely to be seen. For they believed that fruits to the King's commands and to sing, as it all would immediately despair and, in the language were, a prelude of the war. And when it was so of prize contests, yield without acquiring the dust decided, they made a landing, imitated a fishing by of a struggle. dragnet from a ship, and were off with their catch 87. This became among mankind the first public of Eretrians. The race of Eretria was thus suddenly trial organizedby a city to match excellence against snatched away, as if abducted by some kind of wealth and to match Hellenic mind against barba- demon , and the King's men moved rian mass and material preparation, a trial decided against their second victim, in the expectation that not by the speciousness of words but by theproof of they would now carry off the Athenians themselves deeds and by the requirement of the moment. For in a raid and take Hellas by storm. For they little they did not let the sight frighten them but used knew what kind of quarry they were after, and they the sight to spur them on, and blenched not at the failed to realize that they were not abiding by the strangeness of the foe who met their eyes but fable, inasmuch as they were pursuing, not the rejoiced as they saw how many were those over animals that fled, but rather those who were them- whom they would show their superiority. In this selves in the habit of pursuing. confidence they thought that they had received 84. Thus the Persians had started forward and from fortune an opportunity, as it were, to surpass when they were moving toward the mainland like all mankind in courage and that it was better for some evil thing or other from the deep, all the them to have this advantage over the great ex- Hellenes except one city, though they had long pedition than to have material things to use without foreseen the invasion which they were then be- stint, and they concluded that they would now be holding, now sat still in utter dismay, each of them "magnificently entertained" by the Barbarians and paralyzed as they looked into the future, by the in a manner worthy of the excellence which was nightmare of the fate of Eretria, and by the thought theirs. For, in fact, steeds, weapons, ships, armlets, that they themselves were as close to ruin as the collars of twisted metal, hunting dogs, and all sorts Persian expedition was to them. But not Athens! of things were gifts of fortune at the disposition of She more resembled a city organizing a religious those who proved superior, and all these things were procession than one equipping herself for a struggle. for victory to transfer. She opened all the shrines and convoked the priests 88. When the individually as well as the of all categories and dispatched missions to the gods generals had said this silently to themselves and in the ancient way, calling upon their aid and plac- expressed it aloud to each other, they began with ing herself in their trust. However, after she had the gods and their native paean, and soon they were first honored the divine, nothing else was left un- advancing at a run as the field through which they done: as guardians of the sanctuaries and of the dashed was unencumbered. They did not give the VOL. 58, PT. i, i968] TRANSLATION 59 Barbarians time to see what was happening, but no of the tests they met in their wars but of all their sooner were their ranks broken than the men were ways of living and habits of thought and purpose, being killed, the horses captured, the ships dragged preaccomplishedto serve as a foundation or model ashore, the goods collected, and the action turned or, in an all-embracing term, as the seed which into a dance of Pan. There was one man now who, produced the Hellenes. If at that time the city had though dead and riddled by them with arrows, yet not so excelled, all would have been lost, persons stood erect and terrified the remnants of the Bar- and deeds and traditions and the things which all barians by seeming to be immortal. As they were of this race naturally consider their own. The many being destroyed, the Barbarians, these men who wonder at the vast number of the Barbarians the had dared the great crimes and were carrying Athenians defeated, but to me it seems that it was triumphal monuments in their ships, seemed to the over all mankind, not just over those against whom Athenians more numerous even than they had pre- they contended that they could be said to have viously. For neither the marsh nor the sea gave prevailed, though one must ask others not to take them a sufficiently good reception, and therefore offense and then must say, prevailed not only by there was for the coward no free space or avenue of becoming the cause of such blessings to all but by escape. Then it was perceived that they were veri- so far surpassing in the glory of their own record tably a disorderly mass and a very great hindrance the glorious record of any others. Hence if not to to each other. A goodly number was badly defeated, have an equal share is equivalent to having been larger than many at first would have dared to made inferior, it is all mankind over whom they resist, so that the streams of blood sufficed to float have prevailed. their ships onto the high sea. 91. Well then, had I stopped after having selected 89. So great did the glory of those men of Athens these matters alone, the argument would, I believe, become, and so great the prestige of their victory, have gone far enough, and nothing further would that they made even the locality a kind of symbol be needed to prove that the city gave of herself of excellence. There is surely no one who upon generously and behaved excellently in respect to hearing the name of Marathonfails to be uplifted in those of the same race. She who was the first to his spirit and to greet with at least as much rever- produce men, the first to discover a means of liveli- ence and joy as he accords to the memory of any hood, who nurtured not only her own offspring but deed elsewhere the deed which takes its name from all mankind, who as first to do so received the many, here. It happenedin fact that Athens was the first of many exiles, individually and in whole groups, and the continental Greeksto run the risk and that she then with proper organization dispatched thousands alone sufficed to win the victory, and that of dangers in all directions, and who again during all the time which were her own she made the rewards common of the battles for survival stood forth as the cham- to all and that she who was the nurse of Hellas did pion of both sections of the Hellenes, those abroad the opposite of what had become customary. For and those in Old Hellas, has surely-even as one the law decrees that all those who have raised their might say of the athletes who make the long run- children have the right to be maintained by them, come the whole way and finished the course. No but this city, in addition to her foster care and to city, therefore, can be allowed to take precedence the gifts she originally gave, assigned to Hellas also over her, when in an assembly of the Hellenes the freedom along with salvation, in the course of risks roll of honor is proclaimed. For ere the others were which were her own, as if she owed it to the Hellenes beginning similar deeds and customs, this city had to keep on helping them in everything and as if she long preceded. had so promised their forebears. Hence it is possible 92. Yet the acts which reveal her true character to say with reason that while for Athens to honor do not let me break off but call to me and lead me Zeus, Patron of Free Men, for the deeds accom- further into her story, all the more so as events in plished is only fitting, it is fitting for the other this part of her story have been examined in a way Greeks to honor Athens, and to consider the Demos to produce a more exact understanding. For, in the of the Athenians as the Patron of Freedom for the events which followed, the city so surpassed the Hellenes. performance of all that she outdid herself by as 90. In the allotment of destiny by race the battle, much as she formerly outdid the others. it seems to me, was joined to the fortune of the city 93. Before anyone gave the first achievements a and belongs to none but the Athenians. For, even if worthy tribute, she laid the second achievements it is a rather enthusiastic way to put it, the battle there, being, as she was, in emulation with herself. became for the Hellenes a mother city and starting After the outrageous attempt at Marathon had point, as it were, of all that happened later, not only occurred and the Barbarians had been driven from 60 OLIVER: THE CIVILIZING POWER [TRANS. AMER. PHIL. SOC. Hellas like a cloud of dust, Darius did not know could bail out water and dig up stones, because they what he would do, but, like one stricken by a god, would still have whatever parts of their bodies were he immediately succumbed to the city and blamed necessary for that work. those responsible for the expedition for having 97. He did not merely threaten such unusual and suggested the Athenians to him, and then he died, outlandish punishments, worse than the worst before he carried out any second evil deed. fears, and stop there, but by his deeds he caused 94. But there was one who went beyond all other these threats to fade from memory, though there kings in his plans and made it impossible for any- was something he could not do-I mean, use the thing afterwards to surprise mankind, Xerxes, son city. What land of the interior or what rocky of Darius. He criticized his father severely as having Atlantic coast did he not shake to its foundations ? made the attempt with insufficient preparation, Of the gulfs known to mankind, those, I mean, and he underrated Athens and the Hellenes in which turn inward from the external sea, which did thinking that they would not confront him any- he leave untaxed? Not that toward Phasis, not the where. The contest in which he contended was a inner Persian Gulf, not the Red Sea, not the Hyr- double contest, to surpass his father and to take canian. For did he not lead them all? Did he not vengeance on Athens with his superiority of might; ransack all the corners of the earth more minutely and in doing what no one else had ever done he than Datis searched the land of Eretria ? Did he not became so overweeningthat he decided to make the issue orders for the expedition at the outer reaches previous expedition look as if it were child's play. of land and sea, gathering his own empire as in a 95. In my opinion it was not just with his father, dragnet ? What unrealistic venture was not then set that Xerxes at that time placed himself in com- in motion ? Or which of the realities was not over- petition, but with the signs from Zeus also and with looked? Or what impossibility did not occur? Did all that men never expected to see or hear, since he not the straits seem to him to differ from rivers only wished to show that the earth of a certainty belong- in so much as they did not permit one to drink from ed to him. For what influx of the sea or what bolt them? The everflowing rivers were brought into of lightning or what tremors of the earth or what quite the same condition as the torrents;rather they descent of mist or of hail, or what unusual stars did were placed in the opposite condition from torrents. he not treat as things of lesser import? Or what Whereas their streams rise when the rainwater terrors on land or at sea did he not minimize to comes from Zeus, under Xerxes all ran short. those who accompanied him? 98. Neither land nor sea was good enough for 96. First it was impossible to hear his threats him. Not only did all elements give way to satisfy without dismay; they carried to the ends of the his demand but he changed them into each other. earth and proclaimed demands for which no ex- Some land had to be made, other land had to be ample could be found but his alone. For he used to destroyed, part of the sea had to withdraw, other claim that he was asking nothing that belonged to parts again had to come together for the King. His others but merely first fruits of land and sea, that new sea lasted as long as it took him to cross, and of all these things he was the lord. There was one Athos has been left in place of an inscription com- way of redeeming the contumacious behavior at memorating the work. It seemed that people were Marathon and of averting its consequences, he moving and changing virtually everything to suit would say, namely, that they yield to him in these his fancy. Camels gleaming with gold and silver things and join the rest of mankind in recognizing went the whole distance, long as it was. If he desired the universal master. Otherwise he would teach shade, there was a golden tree for him as shade. them a fine lesson with the help of the gods of his Consequentlyat night he shone with silver and gold, forefathers. For to gods and Xerxes, he said, this while in the daytime he produced night as often as seemed good for the empire of Xerxes. He would he ordered a volley of arrows. come, he said, bringing everything, more ships than 99. Many of those he led remained in the dark as the Hellenic sea could hold, and with his cavalry to where their present location was. Of the tribes and infantry he would cover every inch of Attica along the line of march there was none large enough and fill the city with the sound of horses; he would not to be hidden. Upon becoming ambitious to burn the sanctuaries and dig up the graves and learn the number of those he led-this too was spare nothing. Besides, he threatened to give them destined to become possible for him-the altogether estates on the Atlantic Ocean which would be no fantastic King was obliged to measure in a certain honor, and to make them construct a land outside way rather than to count the expedition, and having the inhabited earth; he would force them, after they constructed a walled enclosure for a myriad of men, had been mutilated, to pour land into the sea. They he actually numberedthem by taking their measure. VOL. 58, PT. I, I968] TRANSLATION 61 100. While he thus went about disturbing every- the sea and leaving on the land merely her footprint thing, and taking whatever he encountered, all the for Xerxes to behold. Hence he did not find the city tribes, cities, and clans of Europe cowered, and all when he went there; he was not able to obtain it as those in Asia too, and, in their great fear, they he expected, though he had it. Thus he found him- yielded like air in the face of his aggression. Athens, self cornered in an inescapable and exceedingly on the other hand, gave contrasting displays of an- paradoxical situation. Just as Paris, according to other sort. It was impossible to marvel any more at the poets, obtained the phantom of Helen, but Xerxes for his arrogance than at Athens for not could not obtain Helen herself, so did Xerxes have marveling at anything done by him. When the the terrain of the city, but never found the city her- great tumult burst over the entire earth and when self, except, of course, that he found her nicely at the decision between the two continents occurredin Artemisium and Salamis and did not endure the Hellas, Athens resisted, a bulwark and barrier, as sight, which affected him like that of some Gorgon it were, because she had begun at the beginning to in a myth, but in his terror he feared not only for give samples of what she too could do. the rest, but even for his own person, whereas 101. First there were the letters in which the throughout all the previous time he was unaccus- King made trial of Hellas. In these opening skirm- tomed to fear and had passed his life in causing this ishes Athens showed herself superior in pride and to others. so far removed from fright at the assaults of those 103. Before undertaking these arguments, I had strange terrors, that she no longer needed a decree said that both races were conspicuously defeated by for them, but as if one unanimous opinion in respect the city, both the Hellenic race and the Barbarian, to Darius already existed, namely for no one to in that the latter failed in all its aims, while the listen to the Barbarians, she did not even grant former was never even close to her. Again just now them a hearing in the Assembly, but annihilated I said that it was from shame that she brought the the messengers along with their equipment and Hellenes together, not from need. Now one can finery, and so for the right-thinking Greeks she actually see by the events that this remark was became the author of their reply. justified. For to one who examines it on every side 102. Secondly, when it was being announced from she will appear to have so transcendent a recordthat all sides that a mingling of all things was occurring she might properly be called not the first nor even and that of the Hellenes those furthest away would the one chiefly responsible for the freedom of the have an advantage, but that all would be engulfed Hellenic cities, but the sole accomplisher of every- by the war as by a wave, and that when such great thing. First, all would agree that for those so far astonishment at the Barbarian paralyzed Hellas behind in ships, arms, men, money, and all the that you would have thought it was the advance of equipment of war one sole counter-weight was left some god marching with the rest of mankind against and a counter-weightgenuinely Hellenic, the ability Hellas, Athens was no more discouragedand did not to plan well, or they were destined to be ignomini- change her mind concerning the decisions she had ously trampled upon like things that rise only a short taken, nor did she scold Hellas for the reply. No, distance above ground. For not only did the Hellenes she called the Hellenes together for the common not match their adversaries' number, but, if they struggle, because she was ashamed, I think, to show had been given to the King and so increased his herself all alone to the Barbarian, as she did at forces, the differencewould have been unnoticeable. Marathon. For it was not she who placed in others It cannot be denied that when such was the situation her hopes for salvation, but all placed in her the and when all, both wise men and the many too, hopes they entertained for themselves, those at would thus have cast their ballots in the same least who needed equally salvation and freedom. verdict, it was this city which provided the man Both sides had their precedent in the previous who gave the good advice as to what should be done crisis, and she was searching to find a plan by which both concerning themselves and concerning the she would first disconcert the Barbarian. In fact, others, the advice that was destined to save them. she did surpass him by her own miracles. For she 104. Let us re-examinethe result which has follow- packed her people off and changed her residence, ed from this and which in itself offers the proof that and this is the greatest thing of all: with no land applies throughout. No one is so stupid or, when anywhere-for it was all occupied-she retired to the situation is obvious, so contrary, that he will the sea, and in this act of boldness she gave a coun- not agree that at that time the fortunes of the ter-performance more sensational than the canal Hellenes depended on their ships, and that this part through Mount Athos or the bridge over the Strait was an excellent part of their plan. For of those who and superior to these in intelligence, appearing on went forth to Thermopylae and posted themselves 62 OLIVER: THE CIVILIZING POWER [TRANS. AMER. PHIL. SOC. at the approaches some did not wait, as it were, for perienced this, not at the hands of enemies, but at an advancing cloud to reach them, but ignobly their own, suffered an expulsion from their homes wrecked the plan when they were "forced" to flee in order to conquer. They suffered, not in defeat and to save themselves separately as individuals at the hands of the opponents; rather what to the while the dangers were still in the future. So unlike rest of mankind seems to be the ultimate among the Battle of Marathon was their imitation! The the misfortunes which occur in wars, this they turn- others who were left could not equal the achieve- ed into a virtue and deprived Xerxes of his hopes as ment of the men who fought at Marathon,but they far as they were concerned,having proved that, even stayed just in order to obey rather than to accom- if he occupied the land ten thousand times, even if plish anything, and they were overwhelmed and he searched the homes, even if he pulled all the killed, after having brought honor to Hellas by their statues from their bases, he would none the more noble death and having put on a great spectacle. destroy the dignity of Athens or take from them For it was only a spectacle, whereas the Persians, the pride of being Athenians. No, endless was the whom all now received, went on through like a task at which he failed, like that of those condemned torrent. in Hades! 105. Now this is an indication of two things: on 107. Well then, who among the Hellenes or, for land it was shown that the city or what those men that matter, who among men will appear, to one of hers had accomplished on the previous occasion who examines closely, to have a manliness more was not to be matched by any of the Hellenes, glorious, a courage more illustrious? They moved rather not to be matched even by all of them to- out of their land in order not to submit to slavery gether, and their chances at sea were all that were either on land or on sea, having decided that the left to the Hellenes. Further, when this was so retention of their belongings was the beginning of clear that it left no one the possibility of two slavery and having regarded the loss of what they opinions, the city distinguished herself to such a had as a starting point for future blessings. They degree in naval affairs that we would have blushed saved these, they gave up their own country. Be- for the rest of Hellas. For, first in the number of sides, their courage before the dangers and for the triremes, the city achieved so brilliant a superiority dangers was so great and one might almost say, so that if one were to isolate the quality and strength unthinking, or, to speak in a deeper sense, so well of the Athenian contingent for comparison with the thought out, their courage in the danger of the amount of shipping pooled together, one might struggle itself was so conspicuous, that one can say think that the city's ships were those of the whole they conquered by themselves alone. For it was coalition, and that the ships of the whole coalition they who caused the turn. belonged to some one city among the Hellenes. 108. I wish to go back a little further and make a Accordingly, if some god had asked the Hellenes at statement in justice to the naval battle. All the other that time, supposing it were neither necessary nor speakers extol the numbers of her ships and the possible for all the ships to fight, whether they courageous spirit if the city and her daring deed, would prefer to have those of all the others or those but I, even if it seems a curious thing to say, claim of the Athenians alone, they would have replied that they have all omitted one point no less worthy that no choice existed, but that the only possibility of observation and admiration than any of the left was for the Athenians to fight for all. aforesaid, one which now I myself shall bring into 106. And suppose the god himself again asked view, unashamed of the truth. I hold that when- them a question. "Do you not admit that in the ever, because of embarrassment, a speaker omits Athenians you have greater confidence about your this in good will toward the city, it is much as if he future than in yourselves?" There would be no omitted the battle itself in good will toward the denial, I suspect. For compared with what the city. For they achieved both victories in the most Athenians contributed to the coalition it was obvious of all ways. The men of that time were resi- nothing, not even a fraction; rather, the contribu- dents of Athens from far back and now recovered it tion from the others became a fraction of the city's with a still more glorious title. They conquered own. Then again the optimism and daring which the their foes with weapons and with fairness their Athenians contributed were so great that their friends. For when they were providing such a immense superiority in ships was but a small part. courageous spirit in behalf of the common safety, They are the only ones of all mankind who endured were making so great a contribution for the use of leaving their own land in order not to look on, while all, and were themselves everything, and when the the land of all the rest suffered an enforced depop- fortunes of Greece depended on the city, and when ulation. They are the only ones who, having ex- all the others, as in a storm, were taking refuge with VOL. 58, PT. i, i968] TRANSLATION 63 the strength of the Athenians and were mooring greater benefits than you will deprive yourselves." themselves on the excellence and felicity of the If indeed they had also added-here I do not latter, and when, as I have said, the others them- mention the leader who was so superior to all the selves would not deny that this was the case, the rest that he as one man was worth all the rest, he Athenians showed such forbearance and greatness who alone expounded like a prophet which were of spirit that they were in the lead in yielding to the right places and times and what were the secrets others the titular leadership and did not contend for of the King and what the future would be-but if it at all, not even the most sluggish in temper- they had added to the challenge only this, "If, after ament, whether directly or through the mouths of all, you have decided otherwise, then another will others, advanced a claim, and did not utter or come give us rule over you gladly, and will add Median to the point of uttering a word and in general, as money and presents. Take into consideration which far as these questions were concerned, they were of these situations you prefer and then choose." seen to resemble the voiceless. Surely in a deeper 112. Would they have spoken words which failed sense this finally proves full wisdom to reside in them to conform with justice or words such as one in the and shows them as the best of all men, both as a grip of the attendant circumstances could ignore, if nation and individually, and by any test. For if at this had been the language they were using ? Surely that time they had become angry at such stupidity not, for with the sea remaining the only possibility, and had therefore stood out of the way or had they were supplying so many ships of their own and entered into rivalry, what means of salvation, or were themselves the chief hope and in a position to what good hope remainedfor the others, or what ship tip the scale of salvation and were alone champions of any contingent large or small would still have been of the cause worthy of the name and had placed available to the Hellenes for their needs ? themselves forward as defenders of all, not only in 109. Bear with me, in Heaven's name, that I may the role of leaders but as ancestors too, and had spend a little more time on the subject so that one virtually from themselves the force of which they may see their true character and all that I mean were creating the leadership. They would have been more clearly. If they themselves at that time had justified even if all things were kept in common with asked the Hellenes for the hegemony, telling them no one taking precedence over anyone else, all con- that if they were defeated in the naval battle, they tributing on an equal basis, the captains resembling would not have the right to choose the hegemony each other in their natural gifts, the spirit that of a they desired and the Barbarian would not arrange friendly group's loan, but it were necessary to make for them the chance of talking concerningthose who an examination and to appoint on the basis of their would exercise the hegemony among them, but they record some to act as leaders. Did not the Athenians would have to follow him in his train ignominiously shine forth among all like stars, or did they not rise and become slaves and be dragged up country, above all in the votes to which they were entitled perhaps not even have a place in his train, but be on the basis of their record, not just by virtue of put away in whatever manner appealed to him and their knowledge? depart from the world together with their cults, 113. And yet this latter standard is, I think, the their arms and their laws, telling them: ultimate in justice in such matters. For surely it was 110. "We, foreseeing this, have transferred the unjust that while in the case of single triremes the entire city to the triremes, and if it is necessary to captains would exercise for them these limited have dared the greatest risks, the ordinary things commands after a selection on the basis of skill, in which all men in common naturally consider their the case of the overall command it was not consider- own have been relinquished by us for your sake, or ed necessary for those who were best at this to if it is necessary to be at such a point of preparation assume the leadership for all, but even this claim that life in defeat is unlivable, we have reached this seemed to them small! But when a coalition had point of view. For us alone it is imperative to win. been gathered together and it was necessary to Hence, you may have some need of victory, but this have some definite leaders in charge of the war is the point to which our affairs have advanced, and against the Barbarian, surely this one point was if one ought to look at the material contribution, we both clear and alone sufficient, was it not, that those constitute two-thirds of the whole coalition, all by should now have the hegemony who alone in behalf ourselves, while these people have a twentieth of of all risked the battle against the former expedition the strength that comes from us." of these same Barbarians? Though they were shar- 111. If they said this and imposed conditions: ing the same resources with the members of the "If you accept, do so on these terms. If you do not coalition, they were contributing more in the way accept, consider that you will not deprive us of of their own, winning thereby a victory over all. 64 OLIVER: THE CIVILIZING POWER [TRANS. AMER. PHIL. SOC. Yes, over all the Hellenes, and the credit they were safety. Like those who teach children by example, gaining would be proportionatelyless, if having won they wished to make the Lacedaemonians more the freedom of all, they were to assume the crown courageous. And for this reason they educated them of hegemony over those merely who were present. in order that they might be encouragedand that the 114. From another point of view-suppose no one things which they themselves had done might be opposed them in regard to this, but all withdrew on imitated. This they did also by means of the de- both sides, the Athenian attitude was surely to be crees. Surely they did not, as in the case of the title admired for greatness of spirit. They everywhere and place of honor on the wing, cede to others neglected what concerned themselves, and though anywhere the leadership in action. How could they ? they had undertaken so much in the previous war Rather, the one group were leaders in name, the and again in the present war were giving of them- other group were leaders in performance,and their selves beyond the nature of men, they demanded role was made all the finer for them by the fact that nothing more. If they in anger had abandoned they possessed the leadership of the leaders them- Hellas when the Hellenes were not going to give selves. For all that did not meet with the approval them their attention, what was there to prevent of a certain man of Athens was invalid, so that the that Hellas which has never been deprived of ad- admiral of the Lacedaemonians commanded the miration even among the Barbarians

5 66 OLIVER: THE CIVILIZING POWER [TRANS. AMER. PHIL. SOC. to be done, in that they placed themselves opposite all he did, it seems, was to wax indignant with some whoever constituted the spearhead of the enemy of his warriorsand to give honor to others. But when fleet, and they were the first to rout and destroy he saw the sea boiling with blood and foam and all various ships in various places in all kinds of actions full of corpses and wreckage, and others in a and presented the rest with the task of pursuing stronger position to inspire fear in his men and in instead of fighting. himself, then appalled and convinced that the city 125. Hence it seems to me that the Hellenes won was a worker of miracles, he sang a different note. that naval battle in much the same way as they He turned and went the same way back, not, how- would have won at Marathonif they had been there ever, with the same bearing because his one goal and shared in the victory, for at Salamis the city now was to reach the bridge of rafts. did what was necessary by herself and the rest 128. Thus, altogether the city saved the entire enjoyed the results. Then it was the whole fight for Hellenic world and in the judgment of all she was which the Lacedaemonians arrived one day too shown to be a unique watchtower for the Hellenes late; now, on the day of that naval battle, it was and, I think, for the rest of the civilized world. only the turning point for which the partnerswere What do I mean by the judgment of all? I refer to too late. The city had made such a difference that those for whom previously she had been the sole one might reasonably have said that the Hellenes victor at Marathon, to those in whose opinion she rightly owed gratitude to her not only for their later so surpassed the rest of the coalition, to those freedom and the prizes which resulted from the in whose opinion, she by herself constituted for both naval battle, but even for the victory itself. For expeditions a main objective in the war, to those this also no less than any other gain, they took to who at Thermopylaewere faring badly without the themselves, it appears, and shared jointly in her city, to those who at Artemisium were victorious noble offering. through the aid of the city, to the oracles of the 126. On that occasion every shore had been strewn God, some of which declared she was the gift of with wrecks, all the straits had been blocked, and Athena, others that the Hellenes would be destroyed the journey out of Greece toward the continent of if the Athenians sided with the Barbarians.Accord- Asia brought the King dreadful sights in very ill ingly, on the basis of what the Hellenes did not accord with what he had known in a life of luxury. suffer, and on the basis of what they were about to It is worth mentioning also the finishing touch to suffer, this city alone, both because of the things she the disasters which befell the Barbarians. For, in did and the things she did not do, wins the recogni- fact, the bywork has been made to look no less tion of the whole Hellenic world. Besides this, more- humiliating than the results of the main work. over, she wins it because of the general she con- What then was it ? Three areas the Barbarians held tributed, because of the number of her triremes, at first, the continent, the sea, the island before because she was the first to engage in naval battles, Salamis, in order that the Hellenes might be more because she found the right places to make a stand, perfectly enclosed than by a net. It seems that it because she kept the Hellenes in line, because she constitutes a great disaster and an outrage against was the first to win a victory and over the largest the law of the Medes if any of those who dared to part of their naval force too, because she destroyed war against the King escapes. So to deal with who- the greatest number, because of the visions from ever were cast ashore from the wreckageof the naval Eleusis, because of the "bywork" on Psyttalia, battle, the supreme authorities of the expedition because of the judgment implied by her enemies. For while the former assigned to the occupied the island, standing by for ready victims city the first prize for prowess and bade her exercise as they thought. But when their ships failed in the hegemony in the present situation, the King of the first encounters and the victory lay with the latter fled away. Thus, both from gods and from Hellenes and the attempt had been frustrated, one men, both from friend and from foe are the votes man of Athens, a volunteer, assumed the risk, and which have been given to the city. Now these re- taking those of the Athenians who were on Salamis, wards are hers for two reasons, first because of what namely the men over fifty, he crossed to the island the city as a community carried out so famously, and slew all this group of Persians. secondly because of what she accomplishedthrough 127. Xerxes had taken his seat upon the mainland, her general. having adorned himself as if he were conducting 129. To return to the narrative, thus stood the some contest or other or as if he were some arbiter affairs of the King, but Mardonius remained, and from heaven to judge the events, thinking that the he was desperate and deadly because he knew that fear he inspired would be enough for his men; and he himself had been partly responsible for the ex- VOL. 58, PT. I, I968] TRANSLATION 67 pedition. Since his fate would be the same, he re- due to his status as proxenos, they did not even so solved after having done some- send him back absolutely free from fear, but only if thing bold. He received from the King the best of he were across the border before sundown, and they the infantry and with this he settled down to a siege. warned him in the future rather to give the Athen- Yet even then the Hellenes found no need of help ians a different kind of proxeny service, because elsewhere, but like any other task that remained the another embassy like that would cost him his life. city accomplished this too and completed the series Along with this, an escort conducted him through as those who string leaves or flowers together com- the country, both lest anyone lay hands upon him plete their wreath. and lest he talk with anyone. This reply in my 130. The others pride themselves on their partici- opinion is no less worthy of admiration than the pation in the battle, absolutely all who attended, sea fight at Salamis and the trophies, and it shows and at that without coming anywhere near the a no less noble ambition to be of service in those citizens of Athens, either in the size of their army who gave it and in him who persuaded them. There or in their zeal. But our city again, long before this they had to use also arms and triremes and tools; battle, won a truly private victory of her own over here they used merely what they in themselves had, Mardoniusand the King, a victory such as became namely intelligence and language. only the Athenians. For when the whole Hellenic 133. Who, then, are nobler contestants in the trial world looked to her and by both sides it had been of excellence, or who among those who have ever clearly discerned where the real strength lay-I contended displayed excellence with greater staying mean both by the Hellenes and by the Barbarians- power? They were assailed with gold, silver, and it gave the King and Mardoniusan idea, which one iron, but to these metals and to all assaults they may call both sensible and foolish. On the one hand were invincible throughout, and all weapons they it would clearly have been the best of all, if it had proved just as useless to the King as if these metals succeeded, but on the other, it was more than any were still hidden in the earth, for they honored other plan impossible. poverty instead of wealth, dangers instead of 131. What was this plan? They resolved to move security, justice instead of the King's enormous the city to their own side and to leave the Hellenic gifts. cause stripped of Athens. For they not only knew 134. And while toward the promises of the King the past but they saw the present being guided by they had so hostile and unyielding an attitude, in the Athenians. In addition to this the oracles from respect to offers of the Hellenes, if accompanied by Delphi, it is said, were specifically testifying that pleas from necessity, it cannot be said that they if the Athenians joined the Barbarians, the affairs gave in or prolonged the audience beyond a word. of Hellas would be ruined. So it seemed to the King On the contrary, when the Lacedaemonians came good to buy off the fear they inspired and to take to them full of fear and were opposing the requests the profit they represented into calculation and to of the King's embassy with entreaties of their own make trial of the city. He actually sent out heralds and were promising to take care of the women and with a message quite the opposite of their former children and old men for the Athenians as long as words. On the former occasion he was demanding the war lasted, the Athenians did not accept. Rather earth and water; this time, instead, he was offering they pardoned them, for they thought the Lacedae- them. Not in the same measure, but, on the one monians good men in their fear, but in their offers hand, with restitution of their city and of all their they were still inexperienced with Athens. In fact, territory and, on the other, with the addition of the they showed their greatness of spirit no less in re- rest of Hellas as an estate by royal grant. Apart straining their anger than in rejecting the offers. from this there was an offer of more wealth than Naturally disposed to do good, they felt that they existed among the Hellenes and a guaranteedstatus themselves owed a reward to those who benefited as friends and allies. By this he gave evidence both the Hellenic world, but that they themselves ought that they were the only ones he feared and that in not to receive from others a reward for their ex- them alone, if they were persuaded, he had more cellence and that it ought not to be for selfish reasons confidence than in all he had of his own. Such then that they cherished those who placed themselves was the burden of the embassy. in their trust any more than it ought to be for selfish 132. As a herald came Alexander king of Macedon. reasons that they cherished their children and The Athenians were so far from being impressed by parents, but that even if it cost them much, they the offer or from thinking, even if he were offering ought to preserve them, as was reasonable for those all that he possessed, that it was worthy of them, to do who in their intentions were ready to act as in that while they treated his ambassador with respect behalf of their own families. 5* 68 OLIVER: THE CIVILIZING POWER [TRANS. AMER. PHIL. SOC. 135. This very impressive performance,significant much so. Finally, some of the Barbarianswere hold- for an appraisal of excellence, shone forth in those ing Boeotia in a different way from before, namely, days of war which came between the sea fight at by lying on it; others, disarmed and disorderly as Salamis and the Battle of Plataea. As in the cases after a shipwreck, prizing night more than day, I previously described, so again in this case it was reduced from many to a few, and many in groups of the King and the Hellenes jointly who made the a few, slunk away with many memories of their ideal apparent, as they kept applying to the Athen- proud expedition and of the Athenians in mind. ians alone out of all Greece, he calling upon them 138. With these things settled thus, all the rest of through Mardonius with these proposals, the Hel- the Hellenes, as soon as they had recovered their lenes begging them throughthe Lacedaemoniansnot breath, were delighted that they had come through to do these things. For the fact that both sides, each a greater storm than they would ever have expected pulling against the other, were inviting the Athe- to survive. They crowned the city, treated her with nians to join them constitutes an obvious endorse- admiration, consideredmean whatever citation they ment and a clear sign of belief from both sides that could give her, so far were they from thinking them- they knew the Athenians were better than they and selves able to do anything that was worthy of her. their opponents by no mean margin. Though such But she-it was then especially that she showed were the hopes they had conceived at the start, they the abundance of her virtue and ability. For she admired the Athenians even more when they left. accomplished so much at the head of affairs that For with the one side the Athenians would have no even more outside Hellas she showed the Barbarians dealings, but the other side they received favorably who it was that had done these things to them in- when they themselves were in a position of great side Hellas and from whom they had judged escape superiority. Accordingly it happened, as might have a fortunate thing at their departure. been expected, that the Athenians added their just 139. Well, I see the speech is becoming long, and endorsement of themselves, and so three witnesses after such subjects have been treated, it is not easy in succession were on record, their enemies, their for the speaker himself either to say anything more allies, and they themselves by virtue of having been which will give pleasure or to find an audience in in reality like themselves in all situations. a mood to take pleasure in anything further. For it 136. Having gathered the Hellenes, who now could is as when another enters the ring after a champion follow them in greater force, there they were at of established fame. However, I undertook these Plataea. To describe the strength of the armies or words, these stories, less to entertain than to show the battle array of the Barbariansas their army was the city's worth in all its aspects. Hence, I am more posted throughout Boeotia or what took place concernedlest I do injustice by letting the plan drop before the battle is a time-consuming operation not than cause discomfort by continuing to speak. arriving at what we seek to uncover. But again an 140. Then quite apart from what the words and amazing testimonial to the city occurred from both stories symbolically reveal, one must rememberthat sides during the battle. For the Lacedaemoniansre- we are not at all obliged to limit the Panathenaic linquished to the Athenians the position opposite Festival itself to one day, but if it is necessary to the Persians, as if it had been destined by some increase the number of days, this too has been left natural necessity that the Persians be defeated by free for the sake of a beautiful order and dignity. the Athenians. But again Mardonius withdrew, Accordingly, the number of words is not out of choosing the Lacedaemoniansinstead, in the thought season either, at a time which is such a season for that the noble death of the Lacedaemonians was deeds. Of course we acknowledge for the athletic more expedient than the noble victory of the contest, and it applies still more to the effort in- Athenians, for this was what he had found in the spired by the Muses, that the trial is not limited battles against them which served him as precedents. once for all but ends and begins over again virtually 137. As boxers do, they contended first for posi- every day and need not be complete on any one day tion. They were ready to engage the Persians, were even in the classes of events, so that what outlasts ready to engage any men, they were available for the present meeting has by no means passed beyond everything, surpassing the Persians in excellence, the whole season of this festival. the Hellenes in excellence and numbers. They 141. Or considerthis. It was the lawgivers who ex- decided the battle when they distinguished them- tended the meetings; especially, by Zeus, in the selves preeminently by destroying the leaders of the name itself they gave it, "the sacred month," they enemy cavalry. And when need of a siege arose, the went beyond the duration with an addition of more others were dependent upon the Athenians to such time, in order that we might associate with each a degree that one might be ashamed to mention how other for a very long period. If we, instead of using VOL. 58, PT. x, i968] TRANSLATION 69 it, were to find fault with this extra time, it would be having become simultaneously in public monuments, very odd indeed. Just as we are not irritated by the in reputation and in adornment both more beautiful gymnastic games, coming upon them day after day, and larger. but think that we are getting more in the bargain 144. But I have fallen into these observations as we enjoy the spectacle before us on each occasion, which lay in the path of my speech, unwillingly, as so it is logical to feel this way also about words, it were, rather than with premeditation. For I especially when they are an integral part of the pressed on, with my eyes not on them, but with a festival. At any rate you will not find them stale, desire to show that if association with gods in pro- as you come upon those left over in each case, or less cessions and religious gatherings is an excellent ex- worth attending than the previous words. But in perience for men, both most profitable in itself and order that I may not make it longer than necessary supreme as a pleasure, you could rightly attribute with these same apologies, I shall now turn to the it to this one city that this practice too flowered at next subjects and continue. that time to such a degree for the Hellenes, first in 142. When Hellas recovered control of itself and the very fact that they truly established honors for all-ships, cavalry, infantry, sub-kings and the the gods-it is the gods whom we all requite as, of King-had departed, first there were festal assemb- course, authors of our blessings, but both gods and lies and religious processions for the gods such as men were responsible for the results, and as far as have never occurred, as far as anyone remembers, it was up to men at that time this city appears either before or since, in their Greece which was chiefly so-secondly because she so surpassed the free. It was no law which brought them together, Hellenes not only in the dedications themselves but no fixed event in the calendar; on the contrary, it in the graceful thank-offerings, for these tokens of stemmed from the situation itself that individually her piety symbolize her full beauty and growth. and by cities they rejoiced and put on garlands and 145. However, she did not think it enough to be thanked the gods with testimonials for the present grateful to the gods for what had occurred and to happiness. For one thing, an altar of Zeus, Patron seek nothing further, nor did she think it enough to of Free Men, was erected on the battlefield itself, sit idly by her trophies as if she lacked full confi- both as a thank-offeringto the god and as a memor- dence in herself, but she judged the present means ial to those who had achieved the deeds there, con- as an approach to the future and entered into com- stituting a general appeal to all the Hellenes to petition with herself, taking a noble decision in maintain concord among themselves and thus to accord with the occasion. For in this second period despise the Barbarians. For another, the common she deemed it right to carry on with the second task. sanctuary of the Hellenes at Delphi was adornedwith And this was to start a counter-offensiveagainst the its noble and becoming epigrams. And the cities former assailants and so transfer the fear and gained not only the glory that comes from a display danger to their own country. of excellence but also that which comes from a 146. In those operations it was the form and display of fine installations, because the wealth of structure of the war which were particularly ad- the Barbarians was distributed to those who had mirable. For there are two different kinds of war: bested them. in one kind one originates the action, while in the 143. And, here too of course it will again appear other kind one wards it off; with the one kind justice that the city excelled. In this activity she excelled is not associated, in the other kind the additional as much as in the achievements of the war itself. factor of compulsion leaves less room for the play For one thing, she adorned the Acropolis with its of a noble ambition, because judgment is a thing memorials of the deeds, and beside the beauty of naturally distinct from compulsion. Yet he who does nature placed as a rival the beauty in treasures of right under compulsion is better, I think, than the art, so that the whole Acropolis stood out as a one who transgresses voluntarily. However, he is sacred dedication, or rather as an object of worship. not quite the moving spirit of the whole. In the For another, she paid, partly at home, partly particular case of the former war, while the Bar- abroad, all the rest of the honors due to the gods, barians were disqualified because of the foul, the and thereby bested every Greek power. The town Hellenes observed the rules. Hence the Hellenes had itself, enlarging also its circle in accord with the marked up a victory, but that was all. dignity of its public monuments, passed beyond its 147. So the city invented what might be called a ancient limits in every direction. In brief, while this third kind of war, one in which they themselves, city alone became through its excellence a deserted exercising the freedom of first movers, but the city, she alone was built up again by excellence and justice of defenders, took the offensive against occupied more than the sites previously deserted, their former assailants. In her own behalf and in 70 OLIVER: THE CIVILIZING POWER [TRANS. AMER. PHIL. SOC. that of the rest of the Hellenes she planned to show departed, unable to keep up, as it were, with wing- the Barbarians that it was not in their power to borne leaders. In exactly the same way those of the come at any time and make the Hellenes good other Hellenes who had at first sailed out with them fighters, and that not by an accident of compulsion became dizzy and departed, but the Athenians, had their successes been achieved by the Hellenes. having the Hellenes from Asia whom the King had On the contrary, she wanted the Barbarians to come leading against Hellas and against those think themselves in trouble because they were other Hellenes, used them and they were enough. originators of war. "Now that the initiative has 151. As a means of war against the King the come around to the side of justice, you will soon Athenians had the King's own possessions. For in know well what kind of men you have stirred." fact havens and walls and camps and everything 148. Because of this I claim that as a display of were waiting for them, and arms and ships became justice and of true courage the second task per- theirs. They left no area unacquainted with their formed by the city was-lest I say anything offen- excellence, as they fought naval battles with sive-no less clear than the former. In coming to Phoenicians, Cilicians and Cyprians together in the this task she assumed that there was no security middle of the Egyptian Sea and captured many and salvation for the Hellenes if she checked them fleets, and as they risked battles on land against the and kept them at home or if either she did nothing whole Persian Empire combined, destroying and through them or they did nothing in their own capturing, not a number of individuals, but groups behalf, but if they could drive the Barbarians away of nations. And now, in fact, two trophies arose for as far as possible from Hellas, in that case she one day, when a naval battle was matched by a thought there would be an excellent and unimpaired land battle. To such a turn of fortune did the King tranquility for all. She calculated rightly and saw come that the Athenians rendered his empire and the situation as it really was. For it is more or less the sites more famous by their victories; certainly true that only those enjoy unimpaired tranquility Eurymedon enjoys its greatest fame through them. who prove that they are not at all obliged to lie 152. As they proved, it is not necessary to cross quiet. the ferry-crossingson a pontoon bridge bound with 149. This then was the city's reasoning, which flaxen cables or to contend with the highest moun- took into view all that one could call finest in human tains as something more noble, but when men excel society. In this way they made up their minds what in courage and intelligence they prevail everywhere to propose as necessary first, or what as necessary with the noblest means of all, I think, and with at the end. Having done so, they won the outstand- means that are purely their own because these alone ing victory at Mycale, they searched the coasts of belong permanently to those who have them. The the European side for any of the aggressors who other means are not private; they are there, you might still be hiding there, and they drove some might almost say, for anyone to use, gifts of from the Strymon, others from Sestos, others from fortune, and if you will, of excellence, because, Byzantium. They visited every corner as in a often available even to the inferiorat the start, they ritual cleansing and, no less frequently than those are fairly secure only for the superior. who sail as traders, they came to anchor. They 153. Thus the Athenians exposed the whole emulated the fabled journey on which Triptolemus empire for what it was, and shook it to its founda- passed through the air. He went around doing good tions. Those who belonged to the Persian world felt to all in common; they went around chastising those a sudden contempt; the city made all courageous from whom it was necessary to exact a penalty, in by her example. They came so far, the former in the belief that it was profitable to the human race their contempt, the latter in the courage she in- as a whole to subject those who committed outrage spired, that the Libyans by Pharos rebelled, the and were inhumanly overweening to condign Egyptians defected with them, and the King, though punishment. seeming to do as he liked with them in other re- 150. Having so resolved, they were at one and spects, lost of Egypt no small part, the marsh land. the same time sailing around Asia Minor, then Before this he had already captured all Egypt suddenly up the navigable rivers; suddenly they twice, but the advent of the triremes from Athens would arrive within earshot, then suddenly be was like a bolt from the blue. seen. They put on a marvelous display, a Pyrrhic 154. Alone among men who organized a city, the dance, which was, in truth, a dance of war. They Athenians used their own land as if it belonged to sprang forth so frequently and eagerly in their others, while the land of others they considered as conduct of affairs, that the Lacedaemonians, really their own but held by others with defective though they went along in the first actions, later title. They lived like guardians and like guardians VOL. 58, PT. I, I968] TRANSLATION 71 who did not have a settled mode of life and did not in their land; such again was the peace she made. patrol some one locality either, rather you must call By both she showed that she had gone out, not in them patrolling protectors of Hellenic interests in the pursuit of wealth and delighting in a profit, but every land. They chose for enemies not the weakest in the search for just one thing, a secure freedom but those best able to hold up a spear. For two for the Hellenes from the Barbarians. And yet what thoughts prompted them, (I) that the Hellenes had nobler crowning act of peace or war could anyone come very close to knowing from experience all the name, either with Hellenes or with Barbarians,than extreme punishments which had entered into a the one with which the city at that time closed her plan and actual preparation of the Barbarians, and conduct of affairs? These last, which were so great against which it was necessary to give aid in no and fine, she carried through, of course, in spite of small degree, (2) the future security of Hellas, until much opposition from the Hellenes and while all the King learned that in raising war against the were, in a sense, pulling against her; the Lacedae- city he was doing much the same as if he had monians were alienated, the Boeotians were fighting picked up wood in a struggle against a great ad- against her on land, against her on the sea the vancing fire. Aeginetans whom one thing kept from being first 155. For he was escaping no torment, but was in naval affairs, the city with her great victory. being consumed by his own wood and he perceived Besides this, the Corinthians were provoked on that he had the country as a barrier to his own account of the Megariansand were waging war both safety; and as he proceeded on his way he came on land and on sea; the Epidaurians and Sicyo- to believe the third choice better than the first nians were found on the side of the Corinthians;the choice, or rather, more necessary. At first he had Naxians, Thasians, and Carystians were taking desired to acquire Hellas and the rest of Europe, ill-advised decisions concerning the naval alliance; but he gradually perceived that he had his heart the Phocians were calling to her; the Lacedaemo- set on impossibilities. His second aim was to keep nians were calling to her. There was a remarkable the empire he already had, but the city did not round of troubles throughout Hellas so that, if to permit him this. Well, now to his safety he attached these problems alone she had been equal, and if we greater importance, and, yielding to the city, he were able to mention merely the achievements made once and for all his great withdrawal by land which occurredat that time in her Hellenic policies, and sea, not just enough to back water, as the and if the dazzling successes of her policy in respect phrase goes, or to make a strategic retirement on to the Medes did not enter into account at all, there land; rather he relinquished all the lower part of would still be enough material to recount for ages. Asia Minor, whole regions of ten thousand stades, 158. Therefore, the city outstandingly deserves in total extent no less than a great empire, so that to be congratulated, not only on her strength, but not only the islands with the Hellenes of all branches also on her greatness of spirit. For consider that thereon were free, but also the Hellenes who dwelt when the Hellenes were at war with her and in on his mainland were furtheraway fromhis dominion rivalry, she never relaxed her vigilance in behalf of and rule than those who dwelt in Old Hellas had the Hellenes, but, in behalf of the common interests, previously been. Yes, he used to hold the region as continuously fought the King on every land and far as the Peneius. But what am I saying? That is sea! How stupendous was the greatness of spirit not the really amazing part! He used to hold all to which one must attribute this! Besides, the fact the region as far as Attica, until he met the men of that she was torn in so many directions and achieved Attica on the sea. So far beyond Delphi had he all aims as if each had been her only aim gives reason gone, navel of the earth and of Hellas. to admire the courage of her resolve and the per- 156. But as a result of all the battles in which the fection of her preparation. city's expeditionary forces engaged he was reduced 159. I mean, she so managed her affairs against to the point where he actually agreed no longer to the Barbarians,as if she were on a complete vacation sail within two limits, namely the Chelidoneae to from everything in Greece, but at the same time the south, the Blue Rocks to the north, and to those of the Hellenes who were giving trouble had keep away from the Aegean equally at all points no better opportunity to exploit the occasion. These for five hundred stades, so that this circle represent- too she met and in such a way that she had to ed another crown upon the head of Hellas, and the count off the events in batches of five or more, like Hellenes established their watch from the very land certain other things that cannot well be counted of the King. one by one. A victory, for instance, the Athenians 157. Such then was the war the city waged against won over the Peloponnesians in a naval battle the Barbarians, the war on her own soil and that off Cecryphalia,a victory over the Aeginetans before 72 OLIVER: THE CIVILIZING POWER [TRANS. AMER. PHIL. SOC. Aegina, and over the Peloponnesiansa second time. 163. Is this all we can say about those men of For the Megariansthey built walls down to the sea, Athens? We should, if it were, be stripping them of and they protected their freedom at the same time many mighty accomplishments.They sailed around as their land. They won a victory over the Corin- the Peloponnese, not on patrols of a blockade of the thians in defense of the Megarians,and before twelve ordinary type but in such a way as to dominate the days had passed, they won another victory as the advantageous sections of the country and to win Corinthianswere ignobly stealing the trophy. victories over their opponents with little labor, as 160. Actually, I have not yet shown the greatness one general after another did. And they crossed to of these last achievements, but you shall hear, the opposite continent where all they encountered even if I am pressed for time. The additional factor gave way before them. Again, when the Lacedae- will make it clear. The additional factor is that the monians had gone to Phocis, the Crisaean Gulf was expeditionary forces were absent from the city. The closed at once, and the Athenians went to the one force was engaged in the help which the Egyp- boundaries to meet them. Apart from this, they tians had asked, more ships almost than all the stood above Megara at Geraneia, so that the Lace- navies together among the Hellenes of that time. daemonians were unable to do what they would The other blockaded Aegina. It was, in fact, precise- need to do but, stranded in Boeotia, were at a loss ly this latter circumstance which more than any- how to get safely home. So completely had the city thing else gave their opponents the courage for the outmaneuvered them and hemmed them in. attack on Megara, for they thought that they 164. Finally, they joined battle at Tanagra of themselves had a vacation from the Athenians to Boeotia, and when both sides had proved worthy use for the task. If, after all, they won less than the of their boldness, the Lacedaemonians in this one victory they most wanted, at least they would encounter seemed to have obtained an advantage. break up another siege, that of Aegina. For Aegina How can I put it becomingly, when I hesitate to was the only place from which they would now come. say that they were not destroyed? For, in fact, 161. However, the Athenians made the sly trick this was a decisive moment-for the Athenians to look absurd when they eluded it to such a degree close the passage, or for the Lacedaemonians to that their men beforeAegina were no more disturbed come safely home. And I am afraid that what this at that time than those in Egypt who had heard engagement alone has had as a token of victory is nothing at all about it. Instead, the remnant left at the flight, because, except to many who had so home because of its age, namely, the very old and decided even previously, the sequel showed which the very young, took the field and brought aid to had been superior both at the moment of the battle Megara, and in two successive battles they showed and in all the situations. For there are three parties themselves superior to the finest age group of the who had testified forthwith that the victory be- Corinthians and Peloponnesians, so that the Co- longed to the Athenians, to wit, the Athenians, the rinthians and Peloponnesians now conceded it un- Lacedaemonians, the Boeotians. The Lacedaemo- equivocally and had nothing to say further, not nians were delighted when they got away; the even that they had inflicted these present whippings Athenians advanced right after the battle; the in addition without just cause. Boeotians did not stand their ground, but, defeated 162. In fact, it seems to me that because one of at Oenophyta, they yielded, and with them the the gods was well disposed and took an active Phocians and Locrians in a single victory. And so interest in the city, this was contrived like the from these the city exacted this penalty in return second episode in a play. For if the Corinthiansand for the help they had given to the Barbariansduring Peloponnesians had gone away for good after they the common perils of Hellas. had been defeated once, they would perhaps have 165. It is worth while mentioning another deed had some argument later, but the fact that they of hers, since this too proclaims powerfully the kind were reproached by their own people, and under of men she had, or makes it clear to the eye from these reproaches went out to fight again, and in yet greater distance. After the earthquake which setting up a counter-trophy suffered a greater occurred in Laconia, the dwellers around about disaster than the former one, caused the Athenians were threatening the Lacedaemonians and truly it to set their seal upon the victory, so that the action was as if everything of the old order in the Pelopon- seems to have been decided less by fortune than nese had been shaken in an earthquake; but no on the basis of superiority, both then and previously. sooner did the Lacedaemonians appeal than the At any rate, the third trial they never attempted, Athenian Demos arrived in arms, bold with its own even though they themselves force the contestants courage, fearful concerning their salvation as if it at the Isthmian Games to go on with a third trial. were its own. This both liberated the Lacedae- VOL. 58, PT. i, 1968] TRANSLATION 73 monians from the terrors of the moment and enabled 168. Thus the Hellenes had made a great advance. them to exact punishment again. There was tranquility up to a certain point and the 166. It is, then, not so much the city's exploits cities enjoyed the happiness at their disposal; but, or her acts of daring which are to be acclaimed, as after all, in the common fortune of mankind which the character of her deeds; the character of deeds changes everything, the Hellenes and the city had shows more accurately than a trophy what they a share. The Hellenes were not eternally grateful for were who have performed them. The expedition the blessings they had received but came to resent in defense of the Milesians, the naval battles at the unprecedented scale of the enterprises. With Samos, the curbing of the Euboean Revolt, and those for whom she had undertaken everything, the many other events, it is quite permissible for us to city came into conflict showing in two ways that she ignore. But in the end, having subdued all, the city did not want it so. She both restrained them while made a lasting peace. It is that peace which is worth their revolt was still incipient and kept asking that recalling, for she did not settle with the Hellenes their differencesbe settled by discussions, and when, in the same way as with the Barbarians, but after being forced to fight, she had won, she made changed. From the Barbarians she took away all no further demand, but released those who had the down country and the sea within the limits I contended with her for the hegemony, and she led have mentioned; to the Hellenes, on the other hand, them out of detention with no less joy than she had she restored the lands of which she had assumed originally put them in upon obtaining their surren- the government during the war-Megara, Troezen, der. Actually what use could anyone make of these Pegae, all the Achaean coast. Thereby it is clear that prisoners? she made her peace while predominant. For she 169. I am ashamed of the battles in which they accepted absolutely nothing in return, but pro- were captured. In shame I pass over the naval duced in one and the same token an indication of fights at Naupactus which the Athenians won by two things, both of her superiority in the war and no small margin against a much larger number, as of her innate goodness, deeming that against the if they had gone out for a prize that chanced their Barbarians she must fight to the limit of her ability, way; and other battles in the Thraceward region; but against the Hellenes merely to a position of and how they saved Corcyra; and those deeds at superiority. Ambracia, which were the greatest Hellenic cam- 167. Having in this way carried through the paigns of that time, besides being deeds performed struggle against the Barbarians, again in this way in a noble spirit, not for any mercenaryreason; and having carried through that against the Hellenes, especially the battles at the famous site of Pylos such was the peace she made with the former, such which were both naval battles fought off shore, and was the peace she made with the latter, having land battles, fought later on the island; and while proved herself superior to both, together and this was still going on, the driving of other Lace- separately. What is more, she alone of all cities, daemonians out of Cythera, and trophies won over with risks exclusively her own, provided the ad- the Corinthians, and many other subjects which vantage in which the whole nation shared; and she rival these for mention and admiration. alone as a result of the common benefits acquired 170. The time suitable for these subjects does the hegemony and changed the institution. For she not extend indefinitely; rather restraint seems to obtained the leadership not by means with which me of greater felicity. Besides, as we have indicated, she had enslaved the cities, but by ways with which we set out, not to narrate the city's achievements she had made them free. Hence, the same years in a work which without interpretation collects all brought to the Hellenes the gain of freedom and to the data, for in that case the discourse would go on the city the gain of her leadership. For they were and on into the next festal assembly four years the only ones who acquired rule over willing hence, but to mention of the city's exploits in her followers, and among republics this republic alone wars the best known and, on the other hand, to omit won out to be single archon, as it were, chosen from nothing, as far as possible, of the blessings which all, one who had coerced the Barbarians with arms, the city enjoys. We reach these goals, not by re- who had persuaded kinsmen-no, not persuaded, cording particulars thoughout but by omitting no but been persuaded by them to rule, with her rule form of praise. a symbol of justice, and not injustice. If one must 171. In the judgment of the deity these misfor- make distinctions and so express it, she alone of tunes were not enough for Hellas, but in addition cities, against the will of the Barbarians and at the cities had to be overwhelmedon land and at sea the request of the Hellenes, obtained the leader- and, while some enemies must come upon them ship. from overseas, Hellenes also had to sail out into 74 OLIVER: THE CIVILIZING POWER [TRANS. AMER. PHIL. SOC. alien waters to disaster. Who among the Hellenes fortune, while new enemies came upon them from or who among the Barbarianscould name others who Sicily. Almost all their allies of both islands and did as much then as the men from this city, who felt mainland defected, and practically all became obliged to go to sea in defense of the freedom of the enemies, and so their encirclement was completed Leontines, who deemed it good to run risks in de- from all sides. Moreover, an unexpected stupidity fense of that of Segesta, who had in mind to cross occurred: they who had been saved from the King over against the Carthaginians in repayment for by the city's deeds now invoked his aid against the Carthaginian attacks upon the Hellenes in Sicily city. He of course acceded very willingly and shared and who filled triremes and freighters as if sending in the war by contributions of men, ships, gold, forth an expedition from all Hellas? everything. What base on land or sea did he not 172. As for the battles, she was in the habit of offer for the war? There was no one who, as a winning them always, and it was the city's fortune mere onlooker from outside, would not have ex- to be superiorin most situations, a destiny that had pected the city now at last to be taken by storm and been granted to her people like a special privilege plundered, since she was involved in so universal a of their own. So there is less reason for us to be war with Barbarians and Hellenes. But the Athen- astonished at her infantry ians at once reversed the situation, as if all these battles and cavalry engagements. But that she factors were operating in their favor and not against nonetheless fought on when affairs went against her them, or as if their enemies were maneuvering for is more astonishing. Gone were the hoplites and their advantage. cavalry, whose match in number and quality was 174. But the greatest thing of all is this. The con- not to be found. Gone, in addition, such a quantity stitution had been unlawfully changed for them and of ships, weapons, supplies, skilled workmen and some had been deprived of their rights at home. allies, what one might almost call the whole colo- They had no place on which to stand except Samos, nizing expedition which had migrated to a new site, as in the time of the peril from the Mede they had as if Sicily were only then being settled. The Acro- only Salamis. But though it was in a differentway, polis had been emptied of almost ten thousand this generation too acted like the men of that time talents; on the other hand, the Lacedaemonians, and, for the most part, abandoned the city. Then Boeotians and the rest were no longer making their this generation too reestablished affairs at home, incursions from the Peloponnese but from Deceleia conquered their enemies abroad, marked out the in the heart of Attica. No less a number of her slave Hellespont with trophies, pursuing various enemies labor had left her than would probably amount to in various directions, as if they were practicing a whole nation, and there was immunity for any among themselves rather than fighting naval battles who wished to desert. Yet with such a war surround- against those whom they met on each occasion. That ing her, the city displayed such reserves of endur- is all I have to say about the story, which, as I took ance, of strength, of ambition, as to send forth an- into consideration, has been told before by another. other expedition equal to the former, with generals 175. Finally at Cyzicus they encountered the of matching quality, and as to think herself able to Lacedaemonians together with their men from lay siege, out there, to the Lacedaemonians and Hellas, and Pharnabazus with the Barbarians from their allies. With what merely human spirit can Asia. They captured their ships, all but those they one compare these acts? Whose non-prosperity can destroyed. As Pharnabazus was trying to repair one more admire ? the disaster by bringingup his cavalry against them, 173. And when the great disaster occurred-for the Athenians, some on foot after engaging cavalry, I shall certainly not cover it with silence, but some on shipboard, prevailed over all and every- emphasize it, because this too seems to me to show thing together, navy, cavalry, archers from Sicily, the city even greater-she met the rest of her the men from the Peloponnese, the financial support responsibilities as if she had received all of Sicily of the King, the hopes of the Lacedaemonians.The as a resource. I mean, she did not resemble a city war was now fruitless for their opponents, and truly stripped of power, but one that had just acquired it was as if everything had been lost as the result of more. No speaker could do justice to the calm self- some shipwreck. Accordingly, the city, though restraint and routine of life which they imposed overwhelmedby civil dissension, at that time never upon themselves deliberately in order not to permit even thought of peace, while the others, starting anything disgraceful. All the Hellenes took up from so many great advantages, when stricken, positions around them, and the enemies they al- immediately fled to the refuge of peace. ready had, then for the first time, conceived hope 176. Now on each occasion I have found fault and were spurred on by the spectacle of changing with those who criticize the city of the Lacedaemo- VOL. 58, PT. I, I968] TRANSLATION 75 nians and think it right to do so in defense of your of lightning. And so in combat with their enemies city. While they offend the Lacedaemonians, they they made this enormous change from the state of do not, as they think, honor you. On the contrary, siege. The greatest thing of all is that they saved a even if I say something that must surprise you, to man who alone sufficed to destroy the Lacedae- me they seem to do the opposite of what they wish. monian domination. For they elevate the Lacedaemonians more than 179. As all after their defeat at sea were once they praise you, and I think that they have more more seeking peace, so it might be said that not thanks from the Lacedaemoniansfor their evil words only had the city then long been accustomed to than from you for their good words. It is no insult defeat those who actually participated in the for Sparta to be ranked after this city; on the other contests, but she even frightened off the others and hand, they do not honor you by proving your won over all. For another thing, it will appear that superiority, but by the very comparison are seen to when she had carried off the greatest victories of know you ill. Hence it is not at all unlikely that all time, she then bore disasters in a way that you more than the Lacedaemonians find it un- would make one admire the city's courage in ad- pleasant when these arguments are used. versity more than the deeds of those who had 177. Not but what this is the place to compare the prevailed. Hence I for one am impelled to say that cities. Since I have reached this part of my oration, her victory in prosperity has been striking, her we must perhaps meet this obligation too, in order victory in adversity no less so, if it is true, as indeed to show by how much the city is superior, not only it is, that no one has ever carried his disasters in a in the separate events, but also in the whole. It will comparablefashion. appear that the Lacedaemonians, deprived of three 180. Not to be disputed, then, are two proofs of hundred men, did not hold out but gave way imme- her victory in her successes, quite apart from what diately, which brings the city of Athens greater had been performed against her opponents them- credit than victory in the battle. For in the battle selves. What she achieved by herself in some of the she showed herself superior to her immediate things that were done without help from others is opponents, while in the circumstances where the so extraordinary that it cannot be unknown; in re- rest gave up, she showed herself superiorto just about spect to what she achieved when they formed a all, as when everyone of the contestants declines coalition, all are found to be inferior by comparison. to meet the champion in the games. Conversely, Again in her hour of trouble she has risen above her it will appear that when she later suffered the conquerors, for they have been shown yielding to terrible disaster in Sicily, not only did she not lose Fortune, but she resisting. Therefore, both the her morale and run gratefully to peace for refuge, victories are hers: she wins by no small margin and but so impressed her enemies that, if anyone could prevails over the cities similarly, both where she have persuaded the city to be at peace, they would succeeded and where she failed. have been glad to see it. 181. From another standpoint, she by herself has 178. Again, when the Athenians heard that at times prevailed over leagues and city states Conon was under siege at Mytilene, they did not simultaneously whereas no one has prevailed over become panic-stricken, but sailed along the Arginu- her, no one who did not come with numerous allies. sae with ships, more than anyone would have Whereas, by herself, she had been compelled to guessed, yet fewer than those of their opponents, fight against all together who were making or in- and faced the entire fleet of their enemies, as if citing attacks, the majority of her enemies have someone else kept supplying them with triremes, faced merely a part of her force, while of her total while they kept making their efforts with the man- strength, either rarely or never did anyone make power of Caria and not with their own persons. trial. Hence, the city of the Athenians has indeed And they gave no thought either to the number of won many victories on many occasions, while, on those arrayed against them or to the fame of Calli- the other hand, it is as if she herself were uncon- cratidas, either to a holding of islands or to the querable. loss of Fortune who, one might almost say, had 182. The most important point of all is that no already been alienated. Not because of a storm one conquered her because no one subdued her were they defeated; they did not let that discourage mind; on the contrary, all such reverses have be- them for the rest of the war, but if it suffices, as it come in each case unsuccessful issues of a mere does indeed, to look at what happened on the sea, campaign. On the other hand, she has at the mo- they routed the Lacedaemonians and prevailed ment of her victories enslaved the minds of her over all the Peloponnesians; their triremes they opponents; she caused Xerxes to long for an escape captured in part, in part they sank them like a bolt from his commitments, and she bent the Lacedae- 76 OLIVER: THE CIVILIZING POWER [TRANS. AMER. PHIL. SOC. monians, those of them who merely heard no less Hence it was impossible, once the civil discord had than those who when present at the battles had been abolished in this way, to distinguish which was failed therein. the faction of the subversives to be cursed and 183. One will recognize that the situation in the which the side of the patriots to be prayed for. cases of these two cities is not the same or even While the city fell ill by the nature of all mankind, similar, either in the grandeur of their achievements she was cured by her own nature, so that even this, or in the acts of daring or absolutely in anything her civil discord, brought her envy rather than which can be cited. The Lacedaemonians, having disaster. met with misfortune at Leuctra, did not recover, 187. This much more I wish to say about those but in their case something as final as human death men: in their boldness they surpassed not only the occurred. They were too proud to make peace with Lacedaemonians, but almost those heroes at Mar- the Thebans, as they thought yielding to any city athon who were their ancestors. The latter, though but that of the Athenians was beneath their dignity. numerically much inferior to their opponents, still But, having joined company with the rest of the did constitute a complete force and took courage Peloponnesians, they were less in a position to save therefrom,while these men, when they seized Phyle, others than in need of others to save them, and were all together only a little more numerous than indeed this city gave the very greatest aid and the total of the very tyrants against whom they prevented them from being carried off in one fell were struggling. The heroes at Marathon, when the swoop, as by the gust of some hurricane or cyclone. city was flourishing, conquered foreign barbarians, 184. When this city was cheated in the naval while the heroes of Phyle, when the city had fared battle at the Hellespont and stripped of her ships otherwise, defeated Lacedaemonianswho had ruled and of her walls, and when she subsequently suffered over the Hellenes, and they defeated those men of civil dissension within herself, and the Lacedae- their own from the town. Having defeated the monians were restraining themselves nowhere, she, enemy by courage, they conqueredtheir own kin by through one man, deprived them of the rule of the equity. sea and assumed the leadership in Hellenic affairs, 188. Not only by bravery at the time of their as if she were only now coming to them from the battles but by good planning after their successful Median War. deeds, by both these means they recovered their 185. Further, not only did she support the losses city so completely that, if one wished to give less of her wars more nobly than others their prosperity, than a complete account, it would be possible to but she so handled her troubles at home as to be a suppress the misfortune which occurred during the model of self-restraint for all mankind, and no one, war, so in keeping with their previous deeds were even later, could invent anything better than was those they not only resolved but executed after- done by those Athenians. She displayed it in the wards. And yet if the Lacedaemonians were so change of the Constitution of the Four Hundred, inferior to her when she had been stripped of every- which she quietly abolished, and in the War against thing, how great is the margin, must one think, by the Thirty, which did not at all become a war which this city surpassed them ordinarily? against more than the Thirty after them. 189. But none of the things they did was more 186. I say in this connection that no men have worthy of mention and respect than the following. produced clearer proof of self-restraint and daring The Lacedaemonians were calling upon the Demos simultaneously than those who, numbering only a for payment of what they had loaned to the Thirty. little more than fifty, first made plans together Since the Thirty had entered into an agreement, against the empire of the Lacedaemonians, which the whole Demos together paid the debt in order extended over land and sea, and against the faction that it might in reality render contracts inviolable. in the city itself, and who faced the risks of war in Again, how the Lacedaemonians dealt with each the thought that they had to live in freedom or else other we could not say, for they kept it hidden, but not see the sun made witness of their abasement. our city, as she disposed her affairs in this way, did They struggled against the faction from the town so in the view of many witnesses and so became a and drew up against the Lacedaemonians and ob- model for the others. At least later, when the Argive tained the Piraeus and became to mankind an ex- people were sick with dissension she cured them by ample of hope in adversity. After they had already act and word. For having sent an embassy to them come together as the Demos, they reached the point and remindedthem of her own behavior, she effected of shaking hands and making speeches more or less a reconciliation. to the effect that they would wage their wars, each 190. Further, they alone of all appear to have side in behalf of the other, not in its own behalf. conducted similarly both their own public affairs VOL. 58, PT. I, I968] TRANSLATION 77 and the common public affairs of the Hellenes. They with childish dreams. She had at once retrieved her thought it necessary not only to save the Hellenes losses, whereas he no longer administered the affairs from their enemies, but also to reconcile them when of the Hellenes, but merely was one of the crowd. they were sick with dissension, and showed them- 194. Not long afterwards the city obtained a selves better than expectation both against the dignified Hellenic revenge on the Corinthians,when outside enemies and against the difficulties at home. they too turned to the city for help. From the record 191. It is a fact that those who had come from else- everyone would have inferred that no matter what where and as a much younger race to people who harm she did them she would never acknowledge were autochthonous and older, Abydos. They so much ex- from these same comparisons that one may best see ceeded success as even to reconcile the kings of the gratitude men think they are storing up for Thrace. And when that unexpected act of wicked- themselves in the city: it is not stupendous and a ness in connection with the Cadmea occurred, they contest should not be made deliberately in efforts alone of the Hellenes lived up to the commitment of this sort. Hence if there is anyone who thinks assumed in the disgraceful peace and preserved the that these are unusable for us too, our discussion true honor and justice of the Hellenes by taking the has been more or less in this very hope; and apart field against the Lacedaemonians. from these the arguments have been made without 208. This war and this peace! Which of the two abuse and as the need occurred. Hence, the reasons must one say is more important in a discussion of why I kept avoiding comparisonsare those by which the city? The Athenians were the last of the I was finally led to use them, for it was impossible Hellenes to accept this peace and they did not do so otherwise to carry out my design. until they recognized that they would have to fight 205. It appears to me that the Lacedaemonians not only the Lacedaemoniansand at the same time in respect to this city have fared like the Homeric the King and Seuthes and Dionysius and the Teucer in respect to Ajax. For he too, braving Peloponnesians. For this they were prepared. But danger in front of the others, retires to Ajax and they would have to fight their own allies too. They distinguishes himself through him and is over- had been so betrayed. Even under these conditions shadowed in the same way; likewise the Lacedae- they did not persist in all their votes, but con- monians, preeminent among the Hellenes, and demned those at any rate who had persuaded them, fighting for them in their needs, are children by because they deemed it contrary to their own nature comparison with this city. By way of illustration: and sacrilegious, in the presence of the trophies, to greatest of what they have to show as their ac- permit any of the Hellenes to remain subject to the complishments are those in which they have worked King. together with this city. In fact, they failed in what 209. After those whose names under the circum- they did separately, while in what they did with the stances I avoid mentioning actually entered into help of those from this city, they had a most Thebes in violation of this peace, the Athenians not brilliant success. Thus, it is through this city that only as first of the Hellenes, but even as the only they both distinguish themselves and are over- Hellenes, acted vigorously, laying hold of affairs shadowed again. as if seizing a windfall. And it was not just one type 206. Nevertheless, I have gone so far, as I was of benefaction they displayed; rather there was no carried away unintentionally into these subjects, type of benefaction they omitted. On the one hand, that I, for my part, would wish that even the they received the exiles and contrived for them the trophies I am about to relate as dedicated from plot which succeeded and showed them beforehand time to time came to the city from others and that as if assigning among them parts in a drama. On it were not necessary continually to add to the the other hand, they granted to them a tax-free many examples the comment "from the Lacedae- status, and citizenship, and a sharing in all privi- monians." But as it is, the situation imposes this leges, just as to those who had moved from Corinth method so that the comment will be made not for and Thasos and Byzantium. Next when need for the sake of the parallel examination, but in order military aid arose, they marched out in almost a not to pass the achievements by altogether. For complete levy as if they were going to participate there are those too, which I discarded. Apparently, in a procession and not in the dangers of war; they something more than the ordinary course is needed. imitated their former expedition but actually rose 207. Well then, they won a victory at Lechaeum to new heights in their spirit. For on that previous and destroyed almost all the host. They seized the occasion they went out without having an alliance forts at Corinth and expelled the Lacedaemonians with the Thebans, whereas at this time, though the who were stationed therein and they tore down the Thebans had removed the inscriptions concerning walls. They entered Arcadia and penetrated as far the alliance, they nevertheless did not let the folly as Laconia. They enclosed them in Phlius and of the latter influence them in the Thebans' hour erected a trophy over those who came out to fight, of need, and did not turn their anger against those and again over the Mantineansand further over the who righteously were facing danger rather than Sicyonians in the plain and over their allies. They against unrighteous aggressors. Thus splendid were sailed along the coast as far as Byzantium and the plans they followed, fitting was the conclusion made all the Thraceward region their own; they they placed upon them. For it was not a close 80 OLIVER: THE CIVILIZING POWER [TRANS. AMER. PHIL. SOC. victory which they won nor such as merely to consider superhuman. It was possible for them to frighten the Lacedaemonians. On the contrary, have the Lacedaemoniansin their following on land under a safe-conduct they expelled the garrison and sea or to sit idly by as the Lacedaemonianswere and the harmosts and restored the city to its original hurled headlong, with allies, perioeci, slaves, all in position. revolt. Instead they received them on equal terms. 210. While this contest they endured for the When the mighty host of the Thebans advanced to- freedom of the Thebans, the next was for the very ward Lacedaemon and the rest of the Peloponnese salvation of the latter. For when the Lacedae- like a blazing fire, they alone of Hellenes or Bar- monians, enraged at what had happened, had barians stood forth and stopped it. As a result, all mobilized every ally for the attack, the Athenians so respected Athens that they appointed the city as opposed them in defense of Thebes, appointing meeting place of the whole Alliance. against the Lacedaemoniansgenerals more frighten- 213. Now I wonder where those who bring up ing than Agesilaus and his staff whom the Lacedae- against the city the stories of Melosand Scione have monians placed in line, and becoming throughout been all their lives. Is this all they ever heard of saviors of that city. One who composes an account what has been done by the high-principled, con- of this period finds all sorts of deeds. I am surround- sistently behaved city of the Athenians? Or would ed by them. It is not only not easy to narrate them not they have shared the wish of the Athenians and all; it is not easy to give an orderly account of all wished their own fatherlands to have as much ? If the exploits of even one general. What shall I leave they deny it, let them show the record on which out, which of them should I mention? The naval they pride themselves instead. Since they could not victory at Naxos? An immense achievement! Or escape the same choice if some god were offering it the struggles around Corcyra? Or the efforts made to them, let them cease trying their hand at argu- in the Thracewardregion in behalf of the Hellenes ments which are greater than those they would use there? Or those in Acarnania? Or those anywhere? in their own case. Again, is it the city or the con- 211. Or let me put all this aside and narrate the tingent results which they denounce? If they following. It is the most important thing I have denouncethe city, they apparentlyunderstand noth- and most amazing and alone worthy of the Athen- ing of the most important things; rather those by ians. Let me narrate what happened when the which the city is recognizedhave escaped them. But Thebans, having defeated the Lacedaemonians at if they criticize the results, considering them Leuctra, were planning to annihilate them and the apparently not in conformity with the general Lacedaemonians suddenly found their affairs in intentions of the city, they criticize in such a way such a state that they needed either a god or this that on the grounds on which they denigrate the city, some god to hold his protecting hand over them city's action they laud the city itself. For wicked- or the Athenians to enter voluntarily into the ness both in city and in individual is shown when inheritance of the dangers besetting them. In fact, either it or he has only a reprehensible record or right at the beginning, a herald, garlanded as in a when one proves the evil to be more or greater than case of good tidings, had arrived from Thebes. Soon the good. If such is the case, let this be stated also. the whole Peloponnese came with an offer to become But when you find fault with one or two things in followers and with an invitation to hegemony, the course of a complete examination, without provided Sparta were destroyed; and in case the realizing it you praise by what you let pass, especi- city did not accept, they threatened to join the ally if it is not at all an individual whom you are Thebans. The Athenians, on the other hand, upon judging but a city, and at that the oldest among the the tidings from the herald, wept as if they had Hellenic cities, which has a record of very many heard the news of some disaster of their own; and policies wherethe results were just as they should be. as if he had come from the Barbarians, they sent 214. But if it is necessary to reply concerning him back greatly cheated of his expectation. They these points too, I shall not state how those who chose for themselves, instead of the willing alliance came to power afterwards dealt with these same of the Peloponnesians and the friendship of the troubles, for I, for my part, have no intention of victors, the cause of the deserted Lacedaemonians, hurting any of the Hellenes-on the contrary, the not reviving the memory of what they themselves discourse is an offering to the race of the Hellenes had suffered,but conceiving the thought that it was from my store, a gift to all of them in common-and in their own power to cancel the penalty which the to show that others have of course perpetratedmore Lacedaemonians would suffer, if neglected. serious and more terrible deeds is not a defense of 212. It is particularlythis which must be admired the city, but rather a confession appealing for as worthy of their nature, and which one must pardon. I do not need to defend her in that way. VOL. 58, PT. i, I968] TRANSLATION 81 215. On the contrary, I think that the people who let us allow the critics who so wish their hard words. bring up such arguments have completely mistaken But if it appears that the Republic did these things the necessary nature of affairs and are living, as it to ingrates who apostasized and provoked it out- were, outside our world. For how could anyone rageously and to outright enemies, which side right- credit them with reasoning about the realities of fully is to blame ? In my opinion, those who made the situation in a pertinent manner, or grant that these actions necessary. I believe that the aforesaid they can discuss rule, when they have failed to were carried away because they had, as it were, an understand this first, the nature of rule ? All rule is assurance in which they placed their trust as they presumably rule by the superior, and against the went astray, not that they would in the end prevail very law of equality. Otherwise, how is it fair or over the city, but that even if they were defeated, just either to collect tribute from another's land or they would suffer no great harm, inasmuch as the to make laws for those who do not request it at all, Athenians were by nature saviors. or to judge their suits or to impose commands upon 219. Undoubtedly so. For instance what city can them or to go to war or to acquire alien property ? surpass the decree which the Athenians adopted Absolutely none of this arises from equality. concerning Mytilene when they changed their 216. Hence, if one quibbles about rights and original plan? What they decided on the first day prefers to be sophistical rather than to allow for the was the result of the sudden turn and of the injuries necessary nature of affairs, he will soon just cancel they had sustained; what they decided in the all positions of rule and power on the grounds that change of plan on the second day was the deed of all such are by decree of the superior. Next from the city alone, and the trireme immediately over- sheer cleverness he will ascend right up to the gods took the trireme. in his examination, saying that not even these ad- 220. It astonishes me that, whereas in the case dress men on a basis of equality but have preferred of individuals all accept the plea that a good deed to be superior. But this, I think, is the talk of men militates in a defendant's favor, in the case of the with the outlook of a secluded corner who have seen city those fine critics do not look at her deeds to see the stars but have never seen the sun which takes the variety and number of good deeds by which away from the other lights their brilliance. she stands excused. When we do not denounce the 217. If it is necessary that every government and sun and moon for the harm they do but admire every superior authority have such advantages, and them for the benefits they produce, shall we judge this is what rulership ordains, namely, not to sub- the city on the basis of her collisions with some few ? mit to trial on an equal basis with the followers, Shall we not judge her rather on the basis of the then let a critic depart victorious, if he proves that cooperation she has given to all and from the among either the Hellenic powers or the barbarian standpoint of the world as a whole? I think that kingdoms it is possible to find any state whatsoever not to do so would be as if one denounced the gods using the vice of encroachment less than the for the bolts of lightning and the claps of thunder Republic of the Athenians. For it will appear that and for an earthquake, without having troubled to the Republic of the Athenians in what it planned examine their ubiquitous and universal benefac- in a superior manner had used an habitual attitude tions! Well, the city expelled the Scionaeans, yes, of one man, its best, whereas in the policies which but she saved the Hellenes both all together and some criticize, it did not err in the manner natural individually and did so on thousands of occasions. to mankind, but followed the necessity of rule, and I should like to ask those who readily find them- while it had been appointed ruler in the beginning selves good enough to make such charges, whom, because of ability, because of a generous leniency they claim, she drove out like the Thebans whose it willingly gave up the fear that rulership inspires expulsion she prevented, or whose walls she tore and so has more or less brought the charges upon down like the walls she built for the Corinthians,or itself by its own accord. For having shown itself whom she annihilated like the Lacedaemoniansand very unselfish and moderate toward all and in a way the cities which stood by them that she preserved having made them sharers in its constitution rather in many noble deeds of long ago and lastly in the than restraining them by a law of absolute author- cavalry action around Mantinea, finest of the ity, it had the same experience as the good among Hellenic and, I think, even of all known cavalry masters. From some it received no thanks for its actions. fairness, but if it brought any compulsion to bear, 221. An achievement, which is, as it were, a it was thought to be openly using violence. crowning achievement of those times, gave to all 218. Again, if the Republic of the Athenians is the city did both previously and now the impress of shown to have done these things to loyal followers, a distinct character. Dionysius, the tyrant of 6 82 OLIVER: THE CIVILIZING POWER [TRANS. AMER. PHIL. SOC. Sicily and ruler also of many Greek cities in Italy, and their land, though they had deprived her of her was planning to attack Hellas, worn out by her long own; others whom Philip had conqueredshe released wars. He had for a long while courted the Barbarians under a treaty, namely, the Euboeans again, the who dwelt near the Hellenes and was calling in the Byzantines, the Perinthians, the Chersonites, the King of the Persians. When the plot was already Chalcidians on the opposite shore to her own, simmering, two Athenian generals checked the thousands of others. In return for these Hellenic attempt. One captured, men and all, the ships that exploits the Hellenes, in the way they erect a statue were approaching from Sicily; the other defeated of an individual, should have honored a city, and the Lacedaemoniansnear Leucas and made the sea if so, the city of the Athenians alone deserved a his own. statue, yes, one to be honored as an image where 222. For she alone of cities did not bring in a the spirit of Hellas would delight to reside, an ob- tyrant, was not impressed by wealth; for security, ject of worship to all Hellenes jointly. For what the for pleasures she did not exchange her righteous- prytaneum is to the city, this the city has been in ness, but as having been born to live for all, she kept their emergencies,to all the Hellenes jointly, having herself so. And in consequence all who conceived a provided the subjects, ever more noble, of trophies desire for dominion over Hellenes always found and epigrams. themselves at war with the city. In fact, as regards 224. Moreover, a deed performed, yes, without the rest of the Hellenes, some Philip ignored and danger but which shows as well as anything what with promises and gifts he persuaded others to the excellence of the Athenians really was escaped collaborate with him, but with this city he re- us in the preceding arguments, but perhaps it is mained at war right from the beginning, as if ful- better to give it its due now. An agreement had filling some inevitable law of nature. As long as her been made by them with the Lacedaemonians to strength lasted, she used to destroy the aggressors, annihilate, if they defeated the Barbarians, those while for the others she became another fatherland; who had Medized. Yet when the dangers passed, like a mother in defense of her brood, she fought for they forgot their hatred, and as the Lacedaemonians all; it was she alone who preserved the posture of had rushed to do what had been decreed, they the true Hellas and overshadowed the then pre- stopped them, for they saw by how many cities vailing disasters. When her affairs declined, nothing Hellas was about to be decreased. Hence, the city stood in Philip's way; rather, it became apparent always contributed, not only to the common inter- that the victories of this city were actually victories ests of the Hellenic race, but even to the interests of of the Hellenes and that the reverses of this city those who originally offended both against her and were reverses of all the Hellenes. They did not against the Hellenes, and whatever victories she abandon her leadership for Philip until the city won she won precisely in behalf of all. adopted the peace. 225. Enough about this! There are things which 223. I have much to say concerning later events, no one up to the present has recalled in the public too, of strange battles, wonderful acts of daring, eulogies, as far at least as we know. I shall not stop superhuman acts of endurance, but I see that there before I mention these. In fact it seems to me like is no longer time. This much only shall I add before an offense against the divine order for one adorning I finish with the discussion of these topics. The city your deeds with the art of words to pass by the has waged four distinct kinds of wars: the private memory of your part in the very development of the wars of her own, wars in defense of the community art of words. For this and no other is "the bloodless of Hellas, wars in defense of those who one after trophy." You, alone of men, have raised a bloodless the other appealed to her, and among these very trophy, not over Boeotians or Lacedaemonians or ones who appealed to her were some by whom she Corinthians either, but over all those of the same had been injured and against whom she had griev- race. I say this, not as one might name Hellenes, ances of yore. Well, then, I assert that this type of contrasting them with barbarians-but over the war by itself takes precedence over all the Hellenic common family of Mankind. And you have carried exploits together since those whom the city saved off a victory, honorable and great throughout all after they had acted foolishly toward her out- time, not on a par with the disputed Battle of Tana- number those she rememberedfor favors they had gra nor even, by Zeus, with the enormous victory done for her. I have in mind the occasions when she at Marathon, but in truth the victory becoming to saved the Thebans from the Lacedaemonians, the man and a perpetual one that we can call without Corinthians from the Thebans, the Euboeans from impiety "child of Zeus." For all the cities and all the Thebans-occasions on which she gave proof of a the races of men have turned toward you and your double virtue. For some she protected their cities way of life and your language. VOL. 58, PT. i, I968] TRANSLATION 83 226. It is not through garrisons of occupation that 228. And in consequence every poetic form deriv- the power of the city remains firm, but because all ed from you is excellent and most fully developed, have chosen your ways deliberately and are, so far not only all that represents stateliness but all that as possible, adopting the city as their mother, represents grace. And if one must recall the poetry praying to have both their children and themselves of Homer, the city has a share even in this noble acquire a share in the good life at your side. The offering, not only through her colony, his city, but Pillars of Heracles do not limit this power, nor is it because the languageclearly came from here. More- bounded by the hills of Libya or by either Bosporus over, there are all the discourses which are best or by the Gates of Syria and Cilicia, but over the among you in all the categories, and those which whole earth by some divine fortune there comes a men from your environment composed; and it is yearning for your wisdom and your way of life, and more or less true that they who have won laurels in this one idiom all have ordained to be the common any field among the Hellenes, have all prevailed by language of the human race. And so through you means of the power of the Athenians. the whole civilized world has become united by a 229. And even as to this engagement of ours, if common tongue, and one will find that even the in any respect-now is a time for gods who are Heniochi, both the herdsmen and those who live propitious-if in any respect this also traces its off the sea, and all nations not only in cities but on ancestry back to you, it is not possible to charge the the countryside lay hold of the language that comes words of my discourse with a usurpation of rights from you, clinging to it and trying their powers, here. For as if she had foreseen from the beginning just as one will find those unable to swim keep a how much this city would rise above all the others hold on the land. in her accomplishments, Nature equipped her 227. I claim that this especially, oh Lacedae- worthily with the arts of discourse so that the city monians and all ye Hellenes, is the testimonial with herself might be adorned by her own blessings, and which you and the first among you are every day up if any of the others had need, she might be able to to the present still attesting her victory. The Hel- give them this gift along with the others. lenes have abandoned their ancestral idioms and 230. Formerly you used to save those of the would be ashamed to speak the old dialects among Hellenes who took refuge with you. Now it is themselves in the presence of witnesses; all have actually all men and all races whom with the fairest come to this tongue of yours, men of Athens, con- of benefactions you sustain, making yourselves sidering it, as they do, a standard of culture. I call leaders in all education and wisdom and purifying this the great dominion of the Athenians, not two all men everywhere. For because of the initiation hundred or more triremes, not Ionia, nor the Helles- of the Eleusinian festival you have by the visiting pont, nor the Thraceward region, which have pilgrims been called expounders of the sacred rites changed rulers ten thousand times. The superiority and introducers to mysteries, while throughout all of these modes of speech compared with all others time to all men you have stood as teachers and existed at the beginning and appeared still more expounders of the sacred contributions for the clearly with the passage of time, so that not only common benefit. In return for these things you do these modes so flourish after all the others have attract all with the incantations which become you, more or less failed, but one could say that all the moving them not with a spell, but with the finest of idioms of the others, not only of the Barbarians but enchantments, Discourse, precisely the gift which even of the Hellenes, resembled the words of in- the gods gave to man alone, and which is worth all articulate infants in comparison with the tongue in the other gifts. your country. Whether one hears only two or three 231. Accordingly, while individuals would, I words or, as it were, gaily enjoys himself to the full, think, esteem after their own the other cities which for the rest of his life the taste for all other idioms they honor, in the case of the city of the Athenians is already lost; only this tongue, suitable for all the situation is reversed and all would deny that festal gatherings, all assemblies and council halls, they honored your city after their own, thinking suffices for all occasions and places, and is equally that this city was truly their own in first place, and appropriate. Two qualities, which one might almost no one would take it ill. For just as it is a fixed say, are the first, it alone possesses. I mean state- custom to honor the gods before one's parents as liness and grace. Why certainly! For in the all being common ancestors and benefactors of all, so around test of effort, speed, and strength who with it is in accord with piety to honor the common another tongue would be able to compete on a fatherland of the human race before one's own. nearly equal basis and not indeed go away defeated 232. It is furthermoreright to mention the subject like a mere boy against a man, to put it gently? of the reverence she receives, how much of it there 84 OLIVER: THE CIVILIZING POWER [TRANS. AMER. PHIL. SOC. both is and has been for this city, from all people and world, and has so fared that one could not wish for at all times, on every occasion. She was deemed her the old circumstances instead of the present. worthy of the first honors not only when Hellas was 235. How great a superabundance of titles to prospering, but even amid the loss of prosperity fame the city holds from her entire past could be there is no city which has become equal to her. For realized if one were to distribute her titles and give while Philip, having had good fortune in the Battle them to various cities and countries-in the case of of Chaeronea,immediately occupied the city of the all the titles, this would perhaps not be possible, or Thebans, he did not suffer himself even to look rather it would be clearly impossible, but at least upon the city of the Athenians immediately, but as many as lent themselves-to distribute them stayed in the countryside because of reverence for and then to stage an oratorical contest like those of what is superior. I need not mention the courteous poets or choruses. For, I think, it can be no easy attention which Alexander always paid to her. The task to select the city which wins over all. For ex- present empire of land and sea, which, I pray, may ample, if one city were to preen herself that she last forever, recognizes the Athenians as teachers first gave birth to the human race, another that she and foster-parents. Not only does it treat Athens first produced the crops of agriculture, another that accordingly, but the honors so abound that while she gave to very many a share therein, some other the city fares differently now in that she is not so that she invented laws, another festivals, another busy with administrative chores, her happiness in that she was once and for all located in the fairest general is almost identical with her happiness in the parts of the land and sea, another that she rejoiced days when she held the command of Greece,because in the blessings of wisdom, while another listed her of revenues and precedence and the deference from exploits in the wars, another the numbers of Hel- all. lenes she received in their troubles, another the 233. It is an absolutely supreme mark of divine colonies she sent forth, another whichever of the favor that when the affairs of Hellas were in flower, titles of Athens one might give to this city, in this she continually prevailed over both Hellenes and way, I claim, it might best become clear with how Barbarians, while those who alone seemed to many titles of superiority the city has surpassed the surpass her fared in later times so much less honor- others. In short, Athens alone has enough for all ably and less fortunately. In the case of some their Hellas to divide. And, furthermore, just as she so cities are ruined, while all the rest are governed by greatly surpasses by the combination of all her the law of the ruling power and are subject to titles, so she in each individual title rejoices again taxation and to the other obligatory contributions. in many proofs which lead to the same conclu- She, on the other hand, was not so badly humiliated sion. nor for so long a time, as she has from then up to 236. For example, in the anecdotes concerning this day been honored not only above those who the gods two things are at once of the first import- once seemed to surpass her but even above all. For ance, her honor from the gods and her zeal for the no one preens himself on being from Pella or Aegae, gods. Here again, consider the honor from the gods. while there is no Hellene who would not give much Should one prize more highly the sojourns among to have been born an Athenian rather than a you with which they honored the community or the citizen of his original city. Not only do individuals nurture with which they fostered those in office in their hearts, but even cities, revere Athens. Some like their very own children? Or the trials they which were truly founded from here and with men arranged? And again among the trials, should one of yours would rather say that they are descended prize more highly the cases where they stood trial from you than acquire the same power you had; against one another for the city or those mixed others gather around seeking some way to attach trials of heroes and gods transferred to the city themselves to you. before a jury of gods? 234. Again, history records five empires, and may 237. Again in the case of the gifts, it is just as their number not increase. In the time of the oldest hard to pick out the most important. Let one city of these, the Assyrian, occurred the first deeds of contend with another also concerning these, one the city's history, and the anecdotes about the gods having the crops of Demeter, another those of fall in this period. In the time of the second occurred Dionysus, the latter being those not only from the the rise of the city. The third she completely defeat- vine, but also from the cultivated trees in general. ed. In the fourth, she alone held out and came off Let the third recount the gift of Athena, this too best of all. In the time of the empire now estab- being double. Are not the honors from the gods lished, which is in all respects the best and greatest, enough for distribution to many cities for each to she holds the place of honor in the whole Hellenic pride itself on having the very best ? VOL. 58, PT. I, I968] TRANSLATION 85 238. Again, the acts of devotion toward the gods: 242. And furthermore shall we make the award on the one hand, the temples, on the other, the on the number of her trophies or on the importance annual sacrifices and processions. Of these some of her achievements? Or how shall we define the have arisen among you first, while others are still merit? Thus, she wins through each and all in today carried out among you in an unsurpassable many ways. In fact, she has fought many, many manner. Since those who once partake of the superlatively great contests in behalf of the noblest ineffable mysteries fare, it seems, better after the ideals, and many noble trophies have been erected end of life, who would not say that the mysteries as by Athens and very many and very noble and one title suffice to balance against all? superior in all ways are the traditions of this city. 239. But her intercourse with mankind has left I shall add that she has producedmilitary and naval ungranted what manner of benefaction? It has commanders of the greatest wisdom, keenness, and produced all kinds: in the first place, the sharing justice, and in greater number than have all the of the gift of crops; next the second sharing of a other Hellenes together. gift, that of the mysteries; thirdly, the protection 243. To sum it up, men obtain a fullness of life in wars; fourthly, the aid ever given to all through in three ways, by the good supply of necessities, by wisdom, both for the individual families of the the noble fruits of culture, by preparation for war. cities and for their communities. Furthermore, in The first is common to both peace and war-for the case of wisdom itself should we select the laws, there are two situations-the second a relaxation since those the majority still use are yours, or the in time of peace, the third enables them to defend traditional forms of discourse? And of the tradition- what they have. Of these, accordingly, let whatever al forms of discourse, whether those of oratory or one wishes be most important. Let these be granted those of dialectic, whether those of poetry, or the to three cities as their titles to fame, one each to other style of composition, and if you will, what each one. Well then, I assert that against which- form of poetry? For in whatever you may name ever of those cities one judges this city, the victory as first or last, the first prize belongs to this belongs to this city. For she will appear to have city. produced all three and to have progressed furthest 240. Examine now the subject of her wars: on in all. So she wins with any judges and besides in all the one hand, her private struggles, on the other, areas. Hence one could not hesitate to say that she those in behalf of all the rest, again her achieve- ought to be proclaimedamong the Hellenes the first ments on her own soil, and again, those on foreign and second and third, as they do in the chariot soil, Hellenic as well as Barbarian. And will you races. Fair enough, since it was Athens, not Sicily, select her courage or her philanthropy exhibited in which originated the chariot! these same wars ? For as in one stream all divisions 244. Well, such is the case with these advantages. you may make flow together again and coalesce, so But again consider her size and her architecture in the wars in the service of her suppliants and the general. Who could find words worthy of her whole blessings of her wisdom flow together again into felicity and the great repute of the Athenians? On the theme of her benefactions, while her own the one hand, the very circuit of the town is largest quarrels and those in behalf of her suppliants flow of the cities in Hellas, fairest of those anywhere! together into the theme of her wars. And I do not count the walls which once stretched 241. Again, in the case of the wars, in behalf of to the sea, altogether a day's journey in length, and themselves or the wars in behalf of others, must one near the sea other circuits, counterparts of the walls choose the naval battles or the infantry battles or around the city. But the demes can surely be in- the cavalry battles or the battles against the walls spected, some of which have been made more noble of fortifications? For in all these respects the city in appearance than the cities in other lands, and was very strong. And if you will, what was the most the rivalry of all their beauty can be seen, that important among her battles on the sea, or what from nature and that from art, that in town and among those on the mainland? But here, certainly, that out in the country. let three battles be recognized as records with 245. Of the natural advantages there is here air which she has surpassed, if not herself, at least all superior to the ordinary, and such harbors that the others indisputably: the infantry battle at each of them alone is worth many ordinary harbors. Marathon, the naval battle at Salamis-as cavalry Moreover, there is the position of the Acropolis it- battle I am at a loss what to choose, but that at self and the charm of a fresh breeze, as it were, Mantinea will do. I stop here, for no one has ever which strikes one everywhere. This too is worth even questioned her supremacy in battles against noting among these same advantages: that other fortifications. cities, whatever kind of sky they may have, are 86 OLIVER: THE CIVILIZING POWER [TRANS. AMER. PHIL. SOC. usually surpassed by their own rural areas, while, are the Lacedaemoniansin respect to war, but so is with the air of all Attica being as good and pure the city of the Athenians, while in the second as it is, best and purest is that above the city. One test, a noble ambition to take risks for others, honors would recognize her by the way the air above her are awarded to the Athenians. The birth of deities head gleams, as it were, from afar. gives Thebes grace and honor. Of these deities, 246. And such are the advantages from nature, however, one revealed his gift in Attica, the other though I did not begin to list all she has. But the Athenians proclaimed a god as first of the again-among the advantages from art what Hellenes to do so, quite apart from the adventures should one assume to be most important or what which Theseus shared with him. All recall the mention first? For here temples are the largest and strength of the Thebans at the end. Well, this city most beautiful of those anywhere. And as for was responsible for it. And when resistance was statues, quite apart from those which dropped from necessary, Athens did not hesitate. One would have heaven, there are the best works, both ancient and reason to praise the Corinthians for justice. How- modern, of the best art. Besides, there are veritable ever, this city has not merely willed justice, but has treasuries of books such as appear nowhere else on continuously been making just awards to others. earth and constitute indeed a native, home-grown 249. Most famous of all are the games in Greece; glory of Athens. And as there should be with again of these oldest are the Panathenaea, and if today's opportunity and way of life, there are baths, you wish, the Eleusinia. Then it is the gift of the athletic grounds, and gymnasia overpowering in city which permits the staging of all these games. their magnificence and luxury. Hence, if one were I say "the gift of the city" because the gift from to deprive the city of her heroic figures of legend Athena is indeed the city's. The Samothracians like Erichthonius and Cecrops, her myths, the pride themselves on their sacred rites, and these stories about her part in the gift of crops, her are the most famous of all, except the Eleusinian trophies both on land and sea, her literature, her rites. Well yes, Delos is dedicated to the gods. But men, all that through which she has passed in the Delos belongs to this city. And to think that the course of endless time, and would look at her as at open road to Delphi is an achievement of this city, the cities of today which are so proud of themselves, that the sacred embassy, the Pythaid, is an ances- she has enough to win on the basis of what meets tral custom of the Athenians alone! What reason the eye alone. for all this could one offer except the will of the gods 247. Again some things she has had, other things who wish that everywhere Athens have first rank she does have. And she has neither been stripped and that this city, as it were, have a hand in all the of the record of the pre-eminence she used to have noble enterprises? nor again has she been left out of the present 250. Moreover,among the cities of Asia there are felicity, in case one likes to have this too recalled, those who pride themselves on the size of their but alone among cities she wins over the ancient temples, others on the architecture of their baths with the ancient, over the modern with the modern, which are provided in excess of the need. This city and if you wish, over the ancient with the modern, has even these things to an unsurpassable degree, over the modern with the ancient-with her own, just as a recently founded city might. And best of I mean, over that of others. all! It is you who possess the temples and the 248. One will see her superiority also from the theaters for the display of distinction which the following illustrations. All who have even a little others particularly desire to show the world by something in common with the city pose as better means of statues. There are wonderful statues, and than the rest of the Hellenes. She falls behind in no among these the one which you have on the Acro- distinction which any at all pride themselves on polis wins first place. The primacy in sculpture is having, yet she has no rival sharing throughout in yours quite apart from the fact that also the most her own titles to fame. For instance, the Argives beautiful statues anywhere in a certain sense belong claim to be very old among the Hellenes. Then so to this city. For of all the most gifted, as it seems, is the city of the Athenians. And the antiquities of she is a home and she is leader in all wisdom and the Argives are not at all in a class with those of art, so that she excels not only in her sculpture but the Athenians nor would any impartial judge say in her sculptors too. so. The Arcadians were autochthonous, yes, after 251. Again, I must not omit this either: of seven the Athenians, and in the second tests they are men who became famous for wisdom, one has come surpassed with the discovery and gift of the crops. from this city, and of two excellent lawgivers one It is quite clear from the fact that the Hellenes was this same man. Furthermore, to two men of bring their first fruits here but not there. Very good yore, a vote of confidence has been given by the VOL. 58, PT. I, I968] TRANSLATION 87 gods as we have heard, namely to Lycurgus the The Cretans were waging war on one another, and Lacedaemonian and to Socrates from your own she effected a conciliation. midst. Hence, the city shares in the pride in the 256. Moreover, piety, forbearance, self-respect! common things and the pride in the finest things, Who could cite a finer example of these qualities and there is nothing of renown to which the name than this ? When the Corinthianshad voted not to of Athens is not applied. receive at their festal assembly the festal delegation 252. Furthermore, if one could ask which of the from here but had even through an embassy for- courts among the Hellenes was most honored and bidden the city to send one, the Athenians equipped revered, all would name the court of the Areopagus. both their delegates and their hoplites and dis- "And who adopted customs of the greatest patched them together; but when the latter reached community spirit and concern for those in need?" Eleusis, the Corinthians arrived with a peace offer, "The city of the Athenians," both Athenians and and the Athenians, sending their delegation on, non-Athenians alike would have to say if they led the hoplites back. wished to tell the truth. 257. Ah yes, Eleusis. Of the mysteries, some have 253. To submit complete proofs of all this would been revered as ancient, others as indispensable, be a long task and take a long time, but here are still others as familiar to very many. By any test, three customs which you alone of men instituted: however, the Eleusinian Mysteries come out first. that of pronouncing each year at their graves a In fact, concerning the others it is not our duty to funeral oration in praise of the men themselves who speak, but you alone of the Hellenes every year put died in defense of the city, that of supporting their on a festival inferior to no quadriennialfestival and children at public expense until maturity, and of receive in the Eleusinion more than others receive then sending them back to their paternal estates in their whole city. Indeed all on each occasion with a complete suit of armor, that of supporting contend with the past to make the current festival the economically weak among the citizens at public the greatest on recordin multitude of human beings. expense. Hence, honoring both strength and weak- 258. Ah yes, human beings! But Heracles and the ness, you have taught the proper respect in each Dioscuri! All presumably hold that these at least case. are gods. Well it was while they were consorting 254. Moreover, whence have come decrees either with men that the city revealed the sacred rites to more brilliant or more generous? They have been these, first of strangers. Hence she is clearly the one mentioned in the foregoing discussion and I pass who sanctified these heroes to whom we now offer them by, but let one of them serve me as a sample sacred rites. for the whole argument in connection therewith, 259. Again, in respect to contests! This one city namely, the decree passed against Arthmius of even today celebrates more games than all the rest. Zeleia. When in the service of the King, he carried One might almost say that all festivals are either gold to the Peloponnese, they passed a decree among you alone or from you. In fact at least one declaring him an enemy of the Athenian people and of three things has occurred: in some cases the depriving him and his family of their rights and festival began with you; in others it is best performed privileges. Surely all the decrees of the others to- among you; here in still others it has the most gether are inferior to this one decree of the Athen- events. ians. 260. Moreover,there are some poor souls who, not 255. Embassies, moreover, were most frequent. having any immediately usable asset of their own Very many were those she received, very many to show or any field of accomplishment to mention those she sent out. And this is important if it is or anything in which to take a legitimate pride, go accepted without arguments as applying to every back to Homeric times and dispute about some situation; if it is not so accepted, it becomes more hero's distinction without adducing, even so, any important as you add the specification. For in- common deed of their own but associating them- stance, very many were those she dispatched in selves with one man's fame. The Phthiotes and behalf of her petitioners from time to time. Then all Pylians and Ithacans, for instance, like some who, the embassies she carried through on each occasion poor in land of their own, deem themselves among that she was persuading the Hellenes jointly not to the rich because of one man. But this city, while keep warring upon each other or when she was she does not need to go back for that reason to consoling those in need! One must make omissions Homeric times, is not deprived even of that satis- because the embassies were numerous, but here I faction. On the contrary, the common poet of the shall recall just two of them. The Argives were Hellenes says in the catalogue of ships and cities engaged in civil dissensions, and she stopped them. that the commander of the Athenians reached the 88 OLIVER: THE CIVILIZING POWER [TRANS. AMER. PHIL. SOC. highest perfection in the "marshalling of chariots which has arisen among you: it is democracy in its and of shield-bearingmen." And what gives greater purest form and of all the most important. And value to the compliment and makes it so neat is finally, everyone who has looked into the Council this: the others whom he praises as best in respect of the Areopagus would say, I think, that it is not to their physical condition or even in some other possible to find a nobler ideal of aristocracy or one respect, if it so happens, he praises as best of the which better preserves the name. Achaeans or as best of such and such. In one case, 263. Thus all types of constitution have taken at any rate, he says best "of men and steeds who their start from here. For as if the city were drafting followed the sons of Atreus," and on another formulas to serve mankind, for each group to occasion he says that "of those who were then at choose what suited its own inclinations and customs, Ilion" he was supreme in archery. And his Nestor so she discovered all types and presented them in refers to some of the brilliant figures of his own public, aiding mankind everywhere, which is the time, "For I once consorted with even better men same intention she had had, according to our inter- than you," and straightway counts many such, here pretation, with regard to the crops and in many again with a qualification that they were similar other different activities. to each other and that no one of them was visibly 264. There is a fact even more important and superior. But in making mention of Menestheus,the more conclusive. It will appear that the kings poet has used no such qualifications, but concisely, themselves were to a higher degree than all the without these remarks, he says at once, "His peer others pleased with her equality of rights and has not yet arisen on the earth." Among the things privileges and especially, I believe, became in their that occurred a little earlier than these he narrates sentiments of one mind with the Many, and that concerning Erechtheus that the goddess nurtured the People, wherever they find, in case they do, him, the Earth herself bore him. Therefore, it is someone superior to the Many, voluntarily make perhaps not at all unnatural that in proclaiming him their chief and use him as a perpetual ruler but those whom he has selected as definitely best in keep the same reward also for the Few, in case they each respect, he makes a differencewhen he praises perceive that a few are better than the others but one of those born in this country. He proclaims the rivals among themselves. Likewise it will appear others with a qualification either of time or of race, that the Councilis ever looking for ways to strength- but when he praises as best one of those born in en the People, having never made a separate this country, he praises him once and for all as best reckoning of its own interest but judging that it of all those born anywhere on the earth. Finally, was a noble advantage and one consistent with its when he makes two of the Achaeans best in respect dignity to preside over the Many salutarily with to the deeds of war, Salamis of course supplies one good repute. of the ethnics by which he identifies them. 265. Hence no wonder the city can be famous 261. Of course one impressive thing that they say beyond all the others not only in respect to each about the constitution of the Lacedaemonians is form of constitution but even in respect to the that the god originally ordained their laws for them. mixture of constitutions. For just as, on the one But this same god obviously made for our city its hand, this whole universe, I think, came together divisions into tribes and clans, when he appointed from four elements as the ancient tale says, but, on for each the proper sacrifices to offer, exactly as he the other hand, each of these itself partakes, by its determinedfor them, kings and archons and practic- natural development, also of the rest, while sepa- ally the whole constitution. Hence the god would rately each kind of element has received its name be lawgiver of this city no less than of theirs. by its excess, so also in respect to the constitutions, 262. I wish in a few words to remind you of her even if they happen to be as distinct as possible, it constitution, as far as I am able. For in fact all is right for them in some way or other to partake of praise it, yet almost no one has searchingly detected each other, if we really are going to behold a king- all that lies in it. I call it both simple and not ship that is upright and just or a government of the simple. For to make a distinction as far back as Few, likewise of the Many, that is upright and just. possible, there are three constitutions and which- 266. One would understand if he were to study ever one a man prefers he assigns to this city. the kingships which have arisen in this city against Kingships she has obviously been using right from those which have arisen anywhere else either in the beginning, a goodly number of generations, Hellas or on barbarian soil, again the democracy kingships not only of the Erechtheidae, but even which has arisen at Athens against the democracies of those who later were deemed worthy. Again of the others, and finally the Council of the Areo- democracy! Every child knows the democracy pagus against the sovereign and guiding bodies any- VOL. 58, PT. i, I968] TRANSLATION 89 where else. For if we ought to leave the others aside tested. And in consequence both in the struggles of and speak of democracy alone, all who have shared war and in the discharge of duties they acted in this form will appear in their designs and appe- reasonably throughout; they would not go about tites to have been much more reckless and out- their public tasks with an interest that was half- rageous but in the dignity and splendor of their hearted or even less, but all in the same way vied achievement not to have come anywhere near the with each other in zeal to the best of their ability. men from this city. Common the fatherland for which they fought and 267. Again there is the following which this city toiled, and in common the battles, and no arrange- was the first to teach: not to give one's vote to ment for one group merely to run the risks and for wealth nor to be impressed by it either. She never the other group to be masters in case of conquest. exalted those who were superior merely because of From these roots accordingly flowered concord and their estates but she deemed that only protection mutual trust throughout the city. If a disagreement from injury on that account was due them from anywhere were actually to arise, without much her; nor did she ever in any way assign less to those difficulty they would come to a mutual under- who were superiorin virtue while inferior in wealth; standing, and for courage, if anywhere it might be she, who knew that of household slaves one con- needed, there was nothing to compare with them. siders as best not the richest but the most loyal, To me it seems that not even five-game champions considered it, I presume, disgraceful that the worth who win all the events prevail to such a degree in of those who claim to be free should be defined in the overall test. terms of wealth instead of each man being con- 271. On what occasions would any speaker not be sidered such as he personally is. And in consequence better off in remembering the city? On military she alone of cities did not transpose the rule and expeditions? And where would he get nobler ex- make the third by natural right the first by law, amples? Or by using which stories of courage nor has she ever been seen behaving like some of would he produce a better exhortation? Well, at those who claim to be philosophers, whom one can the festal assemblies? But she herself is leader in see speaking in this way about these matters but these. Well, at the political assemblies and in the in action ever bowing and yielding to whoever they management of city affairs? And what people in feel are economically stronger. But she is seen its history combines more keenness and gentleness conducting to high office and trusting and deeming or what popular leaders in history are more worthy worthy of all honor, not those from the highest of admiration? Well, in the training in Discourse census classes but those who are most suitable in and other knowledge? No, even now it is here that respect to their characters, in the opinion that he they all congregate, and by the good fortune of the who would win in respect to virtue wins in the over- city the generations of the lovers of knowledge all reckoning. She showed these qualities not least have not died without it being constantly necessary at the time she reached her greatest strength. for those anywhere on earth who mention the forms 268. For while among the famous men at Athens of Discourse to mention the Athenians at the same in those days some were rich beyond the first houses time, and they would never cast the image from of Hellas, but others as poor as could be, she chose their souls, where they see the forms as in a mirror. for the presidency of Hellenic interests one of the 272. And in consequencefor all mankind the name latter. And in consequence he achieved glory by his and the soil of this city is greatly revered, because assessments, the city by her decisions. all think that nothing else is one and the same. In 269. While there are many things that one could fact, both commoners and kings have honored her, say about the constitution, many remarks actually in neither case with some small tokens but in such have been anticipated and time is being subtracted, a way that they themselves rejoiced in the unpre- and it is not absolutely necessary to mention them. cedented character of the honors they were showing. But one point I shall add and then finish the dis- 273. Unmistakable also is the good will shown by cussion of this topic too. the gods themselves and the supporting vote even 270. The best group and the group in power have through the common mantis and exegete who is coincided here, and while the posts of honor are ancestral to the city, as they invite her to offer in allowed only to the most suitable, to live their behalf of the Hellenes the sacrifices before the time lives is in the highest degree the common right of of tillage and as they name her mother-city of the all. This is surely a mark, is it not, of a truly free crops, nay more, deem her worthy to wear a crown, city and constitution? Though it is possible to live her crown of victory, throughout her life. "An eagle here as one wishes, honor and power are not for among the clouds" the gods call her in comparison those who want them but for those who have been with other cities. 90 OLIVER: THE CIVILIZING POWER [TRANS. AMER. PHIL. SOC. 274. To this alone among cities, as it seems, two Athenians are victorious, the victory lies with you. incongruousthings have happened. Both very many It is impossible for all to be best among all. But as and very fine are the tributes spoken by men con- when a chief magistrate is eminent, the city sharesin cerning this city, and yet no city has received less. his fame, so when the leading city is being honored For she has been admired above all others, yet has with the honors that are her due, all share in the heard no song of praise worthy of her. Yes, formerly pride. I believe it causes the Athenians themselves I used to rejoice to hear the city called "the hall of no shame either, if anyone worships their Acropolis. wisdom," and "the hearth of Hellas," and "the Therefore, you too must think the city a kind of pillar of Hellas" and by all such lyrical terms. Now, acropolis or crown of Hellas and of your race, on the other hand, it seems to me that all these ex- honoring her by act and by word and sharing in her pressions fall too short, but if ever a city were to be glory, but you must not think that you yourselves addressed as "legate of gods" or as "kin" thereof are being deprived. or as "image of the virtue and standard of the power 276. It is finished; we too have wrought a work in human nature," this city, I think, would have of art, the reasoned discourse of our logos instead deserved the acclamation. of the peplos, an adornment for the spectacle of the 275. Because of these things, oh men of Hellas, Panathenaea. To give it a grace is for her, the very it is reasonable not to feel either envy or shame in goddess of both the Logos which is Reason and the yielding to the city, but actually to take pride in city. magnifying her with all one's power. For when the PART III

COMMENTARY

1. "Foster-parents," TpoqcpaS.In the sermo pub- "Fathers of fathers." Tyrtaeus apud Strabo VI 3, licus of contemporary Greek, this word meant a 3 (C. 280), aiXprriTaiwra-rTpcov fpE?T-rpcov rraTppEs. benefactor who gave grain; Louis Robert, Hellen- Artabanus in Herodotus VII 5I, 2 implies that the ica 7 (I949): ch. VII, cites inscriptions, coins, and Athenians are fathers of the fathers of the Ionians, Dio of Prusa XLVIII (ed. von Arnim, 2: p. 90), when he calls the Athenians "the fathers." The and other references may be found by consulting opposite phrase "children's children" occurred in the Bull. ep. 1960: p. 438. In early Greek poetry the oath at Plataea according to Diodorus IX the word meant someone other than the actual I0, 2. parent, someone who raised and taught a child. "Good will from all." Demosthenes XVIII 94 An appreciation of the importance of foster-parents says that Athens has earned the good will from all. in early times is offered by L. Gernet, "Fosterage For other examples see J. de Romilly, "Eunoia in et legende," Melanges Glotz (Paris, I932), pp. 385- Isocrates or the Political Importance of Creating 395. The Athenians, as the audience will hear, gave Good Will," JHS 78, (I958): pp. 92-IOI. mankind both grain and paideia. Marcus Aurelius 2. "The truly pure training that pre-eminently uses tropheusfor magistriand educator(Farquharson, produces a man, the training in disciplines and in P. 437). arts of discourse," Tpopiqs ... TTiSEv pa"cOaaicKai "Belonging in some way to the Hellenes." Con- X6yoiS. The usual Greek word for education and trast Demosthenes IX 31, "Philip belonging in no training was paideia, which H. I. Marrou, Histoire way to the Hellenes." Aristides means "by descent de l'educationdans l'antiquite (2nd ed., Paris, I950), or perhaps even by education" (cf. Isocrates IV 50). p. 299 explains as the treatment which one should See Aristides, The Rhodian Oration beginning ... apply to a child and which the Romans translated "to those in general who belong to the Hellenes." as humanitasbecause it was designed to produce an "Namegivers and providers," CrrovvJiouSKai rropi- adult man. Aulus Gellius XIII 17, I says that those crTaS.The phrase constitutes a pair of synonyms who use the word humanitas correctly apply it to such as Demosthenes often used for emphasis, e.g. paideia and that it is called humanitas because the IV 33, -raciia Kai rroplacrai.In his own Panathenaic urge to train himself in this knowledge has been Isocrates (XII IOI) called the Lacedaemonians given to man alone. Albinus, Epitome (ed. Louis) &pXrlyoiKai la8ocu strikingly absent from Greek place names, but the boundary walls,"'rTv Trv6' Evpetvoyaia TroS OpEra Etruscans, from whom the Romans learned the art TOIS 7TEptiXO1ucvcorTTEp a\XoiS 6pfolS 8ietIrlPEvcov. of centuriation, apparently avoided them. Reiske pointed out that &a7Xoiwas suspect. The "Province of Athena and a proper site," fdiiv passage perhaps reflects Parmenides on the visible rTis'AOrlvas... Kai TrrrOVoiIKov. This is a reminis- world, and a source of the account by Aetius of cence or correction of Plato, Critias I09C about what Parmenides means (A 37): Kai TO TrrepiXov68 Athena and Hephaestus receiving Attica as their lot: Traaas (all zones) TEiXOUSSfiKqV aoepEOV UOTrapXEtv. If OUTCrojiav appco Afi tv TrfvSE TTrVXCbpav ErPIXIaTOV there is a connection between v Tri pecoyaia (Aris- cbSOiKEcaV Kcai Trp6aOopov aperTj Kali ppovioCal ITEpU- tides) and ?v ocpc (Parmenides), between ?rEpi?- KUiav.Contrast Herodotus VII 53, 2: roTse0oTai oo Xouclv (Aristides) and 'rrEpixov(Aetius), then per- TTEpoi6ayfiv XA6oyXaai. haps there is a connection between the suspect "The acropolis of heaven (oCipavou) and the realm a7Xoti (Aristides) and ETraXXlXiouS(Parmenides), of Zeus" (-rTvTOU Ai6S &pXfiv).The seat of the gods perhaps the corrupt a&Xoisshould be emended to is the sky according to Hesiod, Theogony 128, &XX<(EraXArXX)oior )ots. The plains bracketed by Jacoby but certainly ancient if not (rreSia)are like successive zones, and the phrase Hesiodic. Zeus like a Mycenaean king had his throne WcrrEp ... 6piots may well have been suggested not on an acropolis. The word &pXfl establishes a link only by the ?TraXXiXousof Parmenides but by the with the empire of Athens in section 227 and else- phrase TriXOUS8iKriv of Aetius' source. This passage where and with the idea of principia. and the next phrase ("in a scheme suggesting "Celestial ether." Compare section 245. An ex- certain inlets of the sea") seem to have been imit- cellent discussion of ether by W. K. C. Guthrie, The ated by Leonardo Bruni in his LaudatioFlorentinae Greeks and their Gods (London, Methuen, I950), Urbis (Baron, The Crisis, p. 517): "regiones quasi pp. 207-216 begins as follows: circulos quosdam ad invicem clausas ac circum- fusas." The confusion of Aetius and the of The Greek word which most to meaning approaches nearly Parmenides have been studied L. Par- the English "heaven," with all its associations, is not by Taran, menides Univ. ch. "The ouranos but aither. A Greek of any period would agree (Princeton Press, I965), III, that it was in the aither, if anywhere, that the gods World of Appearance." For opia as walls see Hesy- dwelt, and that the aither itself was divine, the epithet chius and Thucydides VI 74 (cited in GEL, s.v.). In with which Prometheus addresses it in one of the best- section 22 Attica is called a faithful image of all the known passages of Greekliterature. In ordinary parlance inhabitable world (oikoumene). the aer belongs, as much as the earth itself, to the region 21. "Seed ... nature ... statues." Reiske ex- of and It is the sub- corruption and decay mortality. plains: "Semen pietatis erga deos aut gratiae apud the air that we mist, lunary atmosphere, breathe, fog, deos videtur auctor appellare templa deorum cloud, even darkness-all these can be represented by marmore e montibus exciso structa. nam a com- the word aer. The root of on the other meaning aither, memoratione montium delabitur ad The hand, is "blazing." templa." backgroundmay be inferredfrom Cicero,De Finibus 20. "To this perfection of land, sea, and air, then, V 15, 43: Est enim natura sic generatavis hominis, they arranged Attica, the Artisans who had these ut ad omnemvirtutem percipiendam facta videatur,ob tasks of creation," yfiS pVv6ST Kai 0aXaTrrrs Kaci &apcov eamque causam parvi virtutum simulacris, quarum elS TroIUr'EeEaav TrV 'ATrTIKiVols TauCra?TTpErE 8rlit- in se habent semina, sine doctrina moventur;sunt oupyois. The gods EeEaav also in Plato, Critias enim prima elementanaturae, quibus auctis virtutis Iogd. Herodotus II 52 derives the word theoi (gods) quasi germenefficitur. And in IV 7, i8 Cicero uses from tithemi (arrange):'Oes S6Irpoccov6opacav c7pEas the same metaphor, seminibus a natura datis, in aTrr TOv TrotITOU OTI KOClCp EVTrrESTa wrraVTaTTp6cy- speaking of the beginnings of virtues. Here Cicero laTCraKai TracaS vouas EIXOv.In the Timaeus Plato is thought to have derived his material from Anti- applies the word demiourgosto the chief god only, ochus of Ascalon. The language and images of but the chief god assigns the details of creation to Middle Platonist discussions are reapplied to the the lesser gods (Tim. 4I). In a Panathenaic oration beginnings of Athens. Athena and Poseidon cannot be represented as Others produce through art the grace of nature; lesser gods, and the use of the word demiourgoisas Attica produces through nature the grace of art. On a plural aesthetically effaces the distinction be- the antithesis natura-gratia(which are here paradox- 7 98 OLIVER: THE CIVILIZING POWER [TRANS. AMER. PHIL. SOC. ically identified) see E. N. Kantorowicz, Harvard through concord and valor in the source (Ephorus?) Theol. Rev. 45 (1952): pp. 253-277. On the antithe- of Diodorus VII 14, 2-4 on what the Pythia said to sis physis-nomos see F. Heinimann, Nomos und Lycurgus. In coupling independence (eleutheria) Physis (= SchweizerischeBeitrage zur Altertumsw. and megalopsychia Aristides may reflect their 1 [I945]). The unseeded land of Xenophon's Vect. opposites aneleutheria and smikrologia in Plato's I, 4-5 paradoxically becomes the land producing discussion of the megaloprepeiaof a philosopher.But the seed of grace. Instead of the dXapicrrovonr?pp(a) more than the megalopsychiaof philosophers this is of orators (Euripides, Hecuba 254-255) Aristides the megalopsychia of Isocrates and Demosthenes sees a orreppa'r s XaplTos. (Gauthier, pp. 21-36, La magnanimit6 des politi- 22. "I do not know what subject to select." So ques). also Isocrates, Helen 29. "Of which the cultivated fruit, here most highly "What the country has to offer": T-rv trr1TrrlE6- perfected of all, is, as everyone knows, fairest TrTa, its goodness for this and that purpose. Cf. of those anywhere," Jbv 6 rravrcovi1pEpcrTaTros Ev- Herodotus I, IIo. raiO' <6> (correxi, ivraOaacodd.) TCOvTravraXoO Kid- "Not lowland throughout nor entirely highland." AlTroSwirEppcoTaTaS(correxi, ipcoTarar aut VOL. 58, PT. I, I968] COMMENTARY 99 ipoTrraS codd.) 5rl KEivaSvoEidovTras elvac. The "Your country glories in the most noble of change here postulated in the text of Herodotus was creatures on earth, more worthy of mention than easy because every reader naturally thought of the the winged ants of India. For she first produced man, sacred olives of Athena commemorated by Sopho- and she is a first home of man." For the parallel see cles, Oedipusat Colonus694-706, etc. Plato, Menexe- Plato, Menexenus 237d: ntts 238a, who says that Attica first fV?yKEVTOV TCOV In that time when the whole earth was sending up -Tupov Kai KpiltoV Kapw6ov,c Ki&'to-ra Kai apiorra and producing all sorts of beings, both beasts and TpE9rTai TO avOpcoTElov yEvoS, does not call the plants, our land appeared barren of wild beasts and grain itself the fairest crop, and he continues: clean. Of the living creatures it selected and bore man. pETar TOUTOEcaiXou yvEcatv, rr6vov apcoyfiv, d&VTKEVThis creature surpasses all other living creatures by TrosEKyovois. Aristides a new application to intelligence, and it alone practices morality and worship gives of the praise suggested by Plato. With 1i'pEpcbaToS gods. rTEpliqavcocompare Plutarch, Pericles 15, 3: &Scopo- See also Isocrates, Areopagiticus 74. For the con- TroroJuTrrEpavos. trast see FGrHist III B 565 F I on the beasts of 24. "One beginning of my discourse has returned Samos, and Herodotus III 102-112, especially to another beginning, apxh 8sE po TOU X6oyou I02-IO5 on the winged ants of India. The words KoaTEXiXueevEiS dpXTlv Tlva 9rTpav. "Heracli- "She first produced man" seem to be a reminiscence tus," HomericQuestions 47, 6 says of the circle that of the melic poet cited by Hippolytus Refut. omn. what was taken for an end could equally well be- haeres. v 17, I34 Duncker-Scheidewin, v 7, 2, p. 79 come a beginning. In section 6 Aristides says that Wendland: "Earth, say the Hellenes, first sent up "the logos (= speech) shows as in a circle many man, producing for herself a fair gift because she archai," by which he means "beginnings," "points wished to mother ... a civilized and godloving of departure," but hints at philosophical or theolog- creature" (cited by D. M. Page, Poetae melici graeci ical debates concerning archai (= principia or first 995). things). Here also in section 24 he hints at principia "An area set apart from every land for men to and at the circularity of Becoming in Plato, Timae- have as their own like the special estates which are us 49c, and at the circularity of the Logos. E. F. set apart in sacred precincts," Xc&p6oTiS avepcorrcov Osborne, The Philosophy of Clementof Alexandria i8loS EK raoTrisyls 'Enpril'voS, coarep oi TCOVTrEEVCV (Cambridge,I957) says that for Clement the Logos opot. The Panathenaea, which commemorated the (the second principium) was the Son of God, and synoecism of the twelve cities of Attica into one he cites (p. 43): "All things come from Him: for state by Theseus, reminded the orator of the He is the circle of all the powers rolled into one and Panionia, the common festival of the twelve cities united" (Strom. IV 56). Again because He is the of Ionia. The Panionia were celebrated at the circle, "the Logos is called the Alpha and Omega. Panionion, which had been set apart to be a precinct In Him alone the end becomes the beginning and belonging to all the Ionians and which Herodotus I ends again at the original beginning without any 148 calls a XcoposiEp6o, Kotivi, EapaiprjpEvos. Aristi- gaps" (Strom. IV I57). Those who will object that des likewise has in mind the Funeral Oration of it is far-fetched to attribute such deliberate evoca- Pericles (Thucyd. II 38): "Again we have provided tions to Aelius Aristides underrate the complexity the mind with many relaxations from toil, not only of the orations of Aristides. One may compare the by celebrating games and sacrifices throughout the meaning of Athena in Plato, Cratylus407b. year (as also others do), but in a special way i8iai {S} 25. "Some in horses and dogs." A reads rrrotKicl or ii<(co)s with beautiful architecture, the daily K6VEs,while other mss. read iTrTrotKuVES. Since we sight of which drives away boredom. On account should emend to inrrToKuvotherwise, it is easier of the city's greatness all things from every land to accept the reading of A. Herodotus III Io6 says (EKTraornS yfS) come in here, and it happens that that the extremities of the inhabitable world have the good things from the rest of mankind are no obtained for their portion the finest things just as less ours to enjoy than the good things we obtain Hellas has obtained the best blended seasons; then from here." Pericles said that the blessings of the he says that India has the largest quadrupeds and rest of mankind belonged to Athens, but Aristides winged creatures except for horses: "these are says that Attica belongs to the rest of mankind. surpassed by the Median horses called Nesaean Later Ammianus Marcellinus XVII 4, I3 was to say horses." In VII 40, 3 Herodotus says, "Horses are Romae ... id est, in templo mundi totius. The word called Nesaean for this reason: in the Median coun- horos is here used as in the old Attic phrase "the try there is a great plain which has the name Nesaeon. horoi of the Pelasgians"; the usage is discussed in This plain produces the great horses." the author's article "Horoi," GRBS 4 (I963): pp. 7* 100 OLIVER: THE CIVILIZING POWER [TRANS. AMER. PHIL. SOC. 200-210. The comparison of Attica with a horos same land which was their mother and their father- and an cpopnfi-T'ris qpaeog (a mother who started land." Isocrates, Panegyricus 24 says that the men growing in the right way) constitutes a word Athenians did not occupy the land after driving link with section 274, where Aristides calls the city out others. of the Athenians 5ri crecoST-rS a&vpcowTria EIK6va 27. In referring, however contemptuously, to a Kai opov, where, characteristically, horoshas a very claim based on prior occupancy Aristides alludes to different meaning. Aristotle's distinction between the Stoic argument known from Cicero, De officiis I an sitos Tor6rroand a KOivoSTorroS and even Plato, 7, 21: aut vetere occupatione ut qui quondam in vacua Timaeus 52a-b may have influenced this passage. venerunt,a passage ending in a reference to the ius Attica is an 6los X&poS for the race of man, but a humanaesocietatis. KOlVIlWraTrpis for all men. In section 19 Attica from a "You alone have the right to boast of pure birth different point of view is called Kotv6v-rva c Xpov. and citizenship" (KaOap&veOyvetav TEKal TrolaTElrav). 26. "Men she produced ... have come furthest The ErOyvsiaof Athens-the word not only means in developing excellence." In Plato's Laws I 642c good birth but retains an old implication of super- the Spartan Megillussays to the Athenian Stranger: iority-was a topic of the funeral orations: Plato, To this day, I love the soundof your dialect,and am Menexenus 237a, 'T^rVEOyIveta aTCrrovwrrporTOV EyKCO- persuadedof the truth of the currentsaying that when t&lcojtgEv.Demosthenes LX 4, 'H yap eOyiveia TcoV&E an Athenianis a good man, he is exceptionallygood. It TCOVdvSpo~v ( i 'XrirowTouXp6vov iTap& wrrclt is only at Athens that goodnessis an unconstrained, dvepcbwrots avcopoX6oyrrai. Hypereides, Epitaph. spontaneousgrowth, a genuine"gift of God"in the full 5, f1 KOIv yivactS a[OTr6X]JOcmv oiaciv &cvuTrppATrrov sense of the words(Taylor's translation). TrlvErOyvElav ?XEI. In the fragmentary Erechtheus of Thucydides II 40, 4 and similar passages in other Euripides, Erechtheus says first that the Athenians funeral orations are not really parallel. are autochthonous while other cities are founded "The crop of men was native to her." See the like a transposition of pieces in a game of draughts, passage cited from Plato, Menexenus 237d in the some brought in from one place, others from an- commentary on section 25. other, and secondly that only at Athens are men "Wandering." What Cicero, De re pub. I 25, 40 citizens in more than name. calls the erraticavita of primitive man is probably 28. "An ancestry unadulterated with aliens from not pertinent. The comment may well reflect what the beginning." This point is stressed by Isocrates, a "Hellene" said of the Holy Family to which the Panegyricus 24, Plato, Menexenus 237b and De- Christian community traced back its origin. As mosthenes LX 4. cited by Origen128, Celsussaid that MaryTrravcojivn "It is you alone against whom no one could enter drTIpcoSoa6OTIov ?yEvvFoE 'r6v 'Ilaoiv. ... a suit for ejectment from the land, any more "Nor when, as in darkness, (cwcrrrEprl CoKTrouS) than against a man for ejectment from his mother's they were seeking a home through every land and property." Plato, Menexenus 237e compares Attica over every sea." The metaphor dCorrEphr1 oxKOTOU with a real mother by contrast with a woman who may be understood by comparison with Minucius is merely passing off a supposititious child. The Felix 8: latebrosaet lucifuga natio (the Christians). children of Attica were genuine, not spurious, nor "In violation of the name it bore," Plaaa&pEvoiT'ri (see Demosthenes LX 4) even adopted. Suit for frrcowuCiav. Isocrates, Panegyricus 24 describes ejectment (SiKrl o*XArlS)could be brought against the Athenians as "being autochthonous and having a supposititious heir. It was originally an action the right to call their city with the same names as based on ejectment so that the plaintiff might be they called their nearest and dearest" (-r&v6vopd&- allowed to enforce his claim by way of self-help. rTCOVTOlS CXaTOTSTro0SolTrEp OiKElOT&'TOUS?Tr V Orr6tv See E. Rabel, "A'iKnrEoiArl und Verwandtes," 9XoVT-r 'TrpocsaE1'ETv),namely nurse and fatherland Zeitschriftder Savigny-Stiftungfiir Rechtsgeschichte, and mother. Roman. Abt., 36 (I9I5): pp. 340-390; H. J. Wolff, "After yielding to those who were stronger than Traditio 4 (1946): pp. 51-52 (== Wolff, Beitrdge ..., they." Thucydides I 2, speaking of migrations, says 36-38). The contrast between genuine and spurious that each group leaves its own country under heirs may be found also in Demosthenes IX 30-3I, pressure from still larger groups. who says that whatever injustice they may have "Driving out those who were weaker." Lysias II done, the Athenians and Lacedaemonians were at 17 says that the Athenians "were not, like most, a least genuine Hellenes, but that Philip may be conglomeration of men collected from everywhere compared with a supposititious heir. The ancient who drove out others and settled upon the alien antithesis genuine-spurious concerned not only land, but being autochthonous, they possessed the family property but the religious basis for rule over VOL. 58, PT. x, I968] COMMENTARY 101 the whole community: there were disputes over domination of some component section. The first genuine and spurious kings before citizenship arose settlements of the Greeks in Egypt were "camps" as the kratos was transferred to Demos. (Herodotus, II I54). In Plato's Republic 420aI 29. "Only those naturalized here are not ridicu- Adeimantus says that the ideal city resembles lous." Aristides may have received or wooed Athen- a camp; for Aristides all cities resemble camps ex- ian citizenship. A grant of citizenship by almost any cept Athens, his ideal city. city was like an honorary degree, but Athenian "The children of this land." The reading of TU citizenship, accepted by the king Philopappus, the should be preferred as an echo of Plato, Menexenus future emperor Hadrian, the emperor Commodus, 239d2, oi TrioCETTrS Xc.bpaS EKyOVOt. and many Greek and Roman notables, conferred 30. "I choose to present next that which comes recognition of a very special worth. It is quite second in their development" (rb6rTi poraEl 8E' rEpov). possible that, from the reign of Hadrian on, the Plato, Menexenus 237a: "It seems to me necessary, prestige of honorary grants from other Greek cities inasmuch as they have grown into good men, so had declined sharply. In general see A. Billheimer, also to praise them KaTraqpcaiv" (i.e. in a manner Naturalization in Athenian Law and Practice, Diss. which traces their development). Plato, Menexenus Princeton, I922; 0. W. Reinmuth, "The Ephebate 237c-d continues, "It is very right indeed to honor and Citizenship in Attica," TAPA 79 (I948): pp. first their mother ... a second praise of her would 211-231. rightly be that she," etc. "In the course of time they corrupted their "Performing a mother's tasks, and she did not original stock by living together with the whole neglect them as if they had to have a stranger for world as in a tenement house." The tenement house their nurse (craTrrepaXXo'rpiaS "rms TrpopoOU 8Sre0wvras), or multiple dwelling, ovvoiKia, was especially in but out of the same bosom she continuously gave classical times the characteristic dwelling of the the second gifts." In this passage inspired by Plato, non-citizens, who could not of course own land. Menexenus 237b-c and e, Attica is described in The reader may consult M. I. Finley, Studies in terms suitable for Ge or Tellus (cf. J. M. C. Toynbee, Land and Credit in Ancient Athens (Rutgers Univ. The Hadrianic School [Cambridge, 1934], pp. I40- Press, I95I), pp. 64f. and 255f. with references to 143 with illustrations of Tellus nursing her babies). the ancient literature. Multiple dwellings abounded Plato, Menexenus 237e says: in the Piraeus. Aristides found his in inspiration Every mother produces a food suitable for her off- Menexenus where a subtle contrast Plato, 245d, spring. By this it is clear whether a woman has truly between crvotKoUiaI and OiKoupEVoccurs: ou yap born issue or not. It is clear that she has not done so but TTiXoiresoU6E Kav6pot o58E AIyyuwrroirT Kai Aavavoi is passing off a supposititious child, if she does not have o86 &XAXotwiroXooi pUr?aEpv p3appapotiOVSr, v6cp sources of nourishment for her baby. In this respect our 86 "EXArivE,ovvooIKOUOv niTv, &WA'acrroi "EAATrvEs,land and mother certainly furnishes evidence that she has birth to human For she alone at that OU teioopappapol oiKOUpiEV, 0eEV KaOapOV TO paiOS given beings. and human the of wheat EVTrTT-rKE'ri TToi6X "ST &odroTpias vpUoacoS.. The time, first, produced food, crop and which the human race is best and most attitude, however, is not Philo, barley, by only pagan. Legat. because she herself had Philo 2: excellently nourished, really 30.200 (cited by Wolfson, pp. 366f.) says: born this creature. There is a called one of the most city Jamnia, popu- H. critica in Aelii Aristidis lous cities in Judea, which is inhabited by a promiscuous Holleck, Conjectanea multitude, the greatest number of whom are Jews; but Panathenaicum (Breslau, 1874), pp. 7-8, when he there are also some persons of other tribes from the proposed emendation (i-rTpuvtafor &Ao-rpica5),was neighboring nations who have mischievously made their impressed by Menexenus 237b, but Aristides usually way in, who are in a manner metics among the original varies the wording. Lysias II 17 says the Athenians native citizens (aOi0yEvcal),and who do them a great "were not, like most, a conglomeration of men deal of and cause them a deal of as injury great trouble, collected from everywhere who drove out others are some of the they constantly undoing (rrapacxAovrEs) and settled upon the alien land (-r'v aX&orpiav)but, ancestral national customs of the Jews. being autochthonous, they possessed the same land "The rest of mankind inhabit their cities like which was both their mother (pJ-rETpa)and father- camps, having settled down on the sites they had land." Isocrates, Panegyricus 25 says, "For us occupied," oi plEv&aiAol ras wr6oeiS OIKoUCIVbCrrwEp alone of the Hellenes is it proper to call the same orTpcoTr6oTEa,ols KaTrAIapov uPIEvavTrES.The Athenian land, 'nurse, fatherland, and mother."' For Attica Stranger in Plato's Laws IV 7I3a criticizes cities as mother and nurse see Euripides, Heraclidae without mixed constitutions as not being polities 826-827, Plato, Menexenus 237c2 ('rfs -rEKouOrTlsKca but settlements (wTroAcovoiKKcreIS) enslaved to the 0peyaorlS Kai 0uro6aSEcpvrls),Demosthenes LX 5, 102 OLIVER: THE CIVILIZING POWER [TRANS. AMER. PHIL. SOC. and Isocrates IV 25. The terms mother and nurse "They were dear to the gods," OEoiAEiTsovras. are used by Plato, Timaeus 49-52 of the factor Plato, Menexenus 237c says that the country was through which the visible cosmos comes into being. dear to the gods oaocaaOeoplris. Isocrates, Panegy- For Philo of Alexandria Wisdom is the "mother and ricus 29 says they were not only dear to the gods nurse of the All" (cf.H. A. Wolfson, Philo [Harvard but lovers of humanity. University Press, I947] 1: pp. 266-268, who cites 33. "They so well imitated the donors that they Ebr. 8, 3I). Cicero, Pro Flacco 26 uses the phrase themselves became representatives of the gods to the parens et altrix. According to the Suda, s.v. Koupo- rest of mankind" (actrroiroTs aAolis avOpcblroisdvrl Tp6pOs,Erichthonius, who organizedthe precursorof TCOVOVco KrorraTrlaav).This may perhaps be called the Panathenaic Festival, ordered that with every recurrentimage of the eikon. sacrifice to Athena a preliminarysacrifice be offered "If they buried" (the treasure). Compare the to Ge Kourotrophos.Compare also the phrase yaia parable of the talents, Matthew 25: i8. Iaoca. "So far from conceiving fear lest others do equally 31. "Animals, of which the productiveness was well." Plato, Menexenus 238a: "She did not be- to adorn the body of man no less than the animal's grudge all the others this crop but distributed it to own, and to provide the cover they share." Philo, them." Isocrates, Panegyricus 29: "The city did De aeternitatemundi 66-67, in denouncing the folly not begrudge it to the others but of what she re- of myths concerning earth-born men, says that ceived she gave to all." Earth would have had to producemilk and clothing. 34. "Heracles." Isocrates, Philippus 33 says that "Arts and crafts," T-rvas. As in the Hymn to Athens was partly responsible for the immortality Athena, so here Aristides divides the technai into of Heracles. On Athenian primacy in the recognition two classes accordingto whether or not they involve of Heracles see the commentary on section 48 infra. the use of fire. In Plato, Gorgias450c (with Dodds' Aristides now turns to Athenian love of the whole commentary) Socrates divides the technai into two of mankind. Heracles, the Dorian hero, represented classes according to whether or not they involve the chief protector of man in Greek mythology. logos. Aristides does not pass over Heracles in silence but 32. "These offerings not only give the city by captures him for Athens by substituting a partner- their number pride in what here both grew and was ship of Theseus and Heracles for Heracles alone. In revealed, but present overwhelming corroboration fact Aristides reverses the usual argument that of our first argument (TmEKripiawraFPE?ykOe TOU wrpcb- Theseus made Heracles his model (so Plutarch, rou A6you) and make it the clearest thing in the Theseus 6). On Theseus see Hans Herter, "Theseus world that man set his foot first on this land." der Ionier," Rh. Mus. 85 (I936): pp. I77-239, and Plato, Menexenus 237e-238a, after stating that "Theseus der Athener," Rh. Mus. 88 (I939): pp. Attica produced man, says a great corroborationof 244-326. The partnership is one inspired by the this argument (vuya 86 TaKi'plovTroOrcp T-r XAyc) spirit of Athens, which the prose poet reads from a is that this land first produced human food. sign. "A first generation of men must first have ex- "But ... it is time to work back." For this way perienced need, and after praying for what they of breaking off after a digression see Demosthenes needed, they must have actually received,"TrpcbTouS XVIII 211. The latter too begins a sentence with PVvyap qpvrTaS?6?I TrpCbTTOUSKal 8ErlefvaC , 8Erl0iVraS X&AAyap and finishes it with braveX0elvo0iv 6irt6ev 8i rTOVKal TvEiTv. Compare the sentence struct- ikPTqvPoo?Xouat. ure of Herodotus V 44, TroS 65 KporcoviriTas TrEpl- 35. "Some public fund," ecoplKo'rTiOS. The BEoaSYEVOpiVOU 8Erleqfiva Acoptios a9pia Tilcopiqat theoric fund of the fourth century was a dole to the KaI TUXEvr 8mOvrTaS. Isocrates Panegyricus 32 asks poor. See J. J. Buchanan, Theorika: A Study of Tivas oiv XPl vIA&ovvo,ifLE?v f 8capeav,rapa T-CO Monetary Distribution to the Athenian Citizenry OEoVXapETiv fq [TroOUvrraacCrroivs Evru)(v. On the during the Fifth and Fourth Centuries(Diss. Prince- SiBaKoxaAooSXpEla and primitive man see Diodorus ton, 1954), pp. 48ff. 18, 9 with commentaryof K. Reinhardt, "Hekataios "Pupil of Demeter." Triptolemus is the greatest von Abdera und Demokrit," Hermes47 (I9I2): pp. of positive benefactors. In addition to the standard 492-5I3, and G. Pfligersdorffer, "A6yios und die articles on Triptolemussee for his mission Ch. Dugas, Xoyitoa&vpcorlTo bei Demokrit," Wiener Studien "La mission de Triptoleme dans l'imagerie athdn- 61-62 (1943-1947, published in I948): pp. 5-49, ienne," Mdlangesd'archeologie et d'histoire62 (I950): especially pp. 21-27. Aristides speaks as if he be- pp. 7-31, who lists 112 representations of Triptole- lieved not in a Hesiodic Golden Age but in the idea mus on Athenian pottery of the sixth to fourth of progress. centuries and gives some good photographs; Ch. VOL. 58, PT. I, I968] COMMENTARY 103 Picard, "La Patere d'Aquileia et 1'Eleusinisme a "In attempts to seize the Acropolis as if to rule Rome aux debuts de l'epoque imperial," Antiquite alone over the city," Kac-raAaitpavoualTT-v dcKp6rroXAv classique 20 (1951): pp. 351-381; A. Delatte, "Le cOa'rrrpEIrri iovapXia. The word IovapXia usually papyrus d'Antinoopolis relatif aux mysteres," means "tyranny." The wording is patterned on Bulletin de l'Academie Royale de Belgique, Classes Thucydides I 126, 5 (concerning Cylon): KaTcrAapE des lettres et des sciences morales et politiques, T-rvaKp6Tro7Xv cos 7Ti TupavviSl. 5e ser., 38 (I953): pp. I94-208, a propos of P. "Poseidon ... did not end his loving care." This Antinoopolis I8; M. P. Nilsson, "Royal Mysteries corrects the version about Poseidon's anger (Apollo- in Egypt," Harvard Theological Review 50 (I957): dorus III 14). pp. 65-66. 40. "Upon receiving the support of their ballots "The Graces and favors are swift," ras Xaplrra Athena named the city, since it was hers, with the TaXEiaSElvai. Holleck, Coniectanea, pp. 8-io, would name it has, and as her own property she put it capitalize XaplTasand has rightly cited the phrase into good condition," Aapouvca 6 'ras Tyiqpousfi 08ES bis dat qui cito dat. Seneca, De Beneficiis II i tells TTrVETrCvvupiav Tri TroAE6iX 8cocnv CoS auTfs KiKaiT KEa- us how to bestow a benefit: "Let us give in the KeuaaaTOcos KTrflaicauTvrS. See Apollodorus III 14 same way as we would like to receive, but above all who says, "Athena called the city Athens after her- things, what we do, let us do gladly, speedily, and self." The surface meaning is, I think, as I have without any doubting" (ante omnia libenter, cito, translated it, but there is another meaning or sug- sine ulla dubitatione),cited along with many other gestion, playful of course, namely that Athena ob- pagan and Christian passages by E. Bruck, "Ethics tained Athens in the manner of a republican chief vs. Law: St. Paul, the Fathers of the Church and magistrate and thus like a republican chief magi- the 'Cheerful Giver' in Roman Law," Traditio 2 strate became the city's eponymous official and (I944): pp. 97-I2I. proceeded to display the kingly art of the true 36. "Ancestors from whom community life for statesman or of the genuine king. To the particular all men has descended." For this way of looking on formula that she treated the city as her own posses- forms of life as being "descended" from men, sion, Aristides has been led by Plato, Timaels 23d, compare Plato, Symposium 209 where the laws of "Athena received your city," and by Isocrates, Solon and Lycurgus are called their children. Plato, Letterto Nicocles I9, where Isocrates bids Nicocles Menexenus 24od-e says that the men who fought to administer the city cooarEpTOV TraTrpcov oTKov at Marathon are fathers not only of our bodies but railS pE KCaraoCKEUaClSXaiTrpcos Kai paCCOKXl?KCS,TaTS 6E of that freedom which we and all on this continent TrpaCEMV,KTA. The wording that Aristides chooses enjoy. here and reflects is important because Athens, the 37. "The subjects from here on, like forks in a eikon, will imitate the gods, and this section touches road, lead in two or more directions." Isocrates, a theme or note which reappears in sections I42-I43. Helen I-I5 denounces those who praise trivial sub- A reader who wishes to explore possible connections jects like the bumblebee or salt. He says (Helen iI) with a "naming by predominance" may consult that for such compositions there is only one road, Fondation Hardt, Entretiens 5 (1957): pp. 105-I57. easy to find, to learn and to imitate, but if you take The contrast lies in section I9, where Aristides a subject which is known to all and where belief denies the predominance of north, south, east, or exists, there are many forms and opportunities west in Attica. According to the scholiast on Vergil, which are hard to learn. This is a more difficult GeorgicsI 2 f., Neptune and Minervawere contend- composition by as much as it requires more work ing for the right to give his or her name to Athens to compose a serious oration than to compose a and that Neptune gave the horse; but to line i8 the joke. scholiast says that Neptune produced water in the 39. The contest of Athena and Poseidon was rep- contest for the right to name Athens. Right names resented on the west pediment of the Parthenon. are those given by gods according to some (Plato, See also J. M. B. Toynbee, Roman Medallions (= Cratylus 39gd). Compare section 122, "Athena's Numismatic Studies 5 [New York, I944]), pp. 216- men," with commentary. For the present tense of 218 and the references there given to illustrations the verb s1iSocav, a praesens pro perfecto, see in other works. Apollodorus III I4, i cites the trial Schwyzer-Debrunner, Griechische Grammatik 2 as held among the Twelve Gods, but Varro, quoted (I950): pp. 274-275. by St. Augustine, De Civitate Dei XVIII 9, knew "First she taught her people arts of discourse and the version that they were tried among the Athen- a system of laws and showed them a civic con- ians. See also Plato, Menexenus 237c without stitution far removed from a government of force," mention of names. wTpCTroVT EvAv yous TE Kail v6opcovT-ract KTaSEra6aaa 104 OLIVER: THE CIVILIZING POWER [TRANS. AMER. PHIL. SOC. KaiITrroArEdav 68vacrrTiaS rrlXAayVpvrlv.On discourse infers that hoplite equipment was adopted at (logous)see section 2 and commentary.The tradition- Sparta in the first quarter of the seventh century al date for the first Athenian archon (eponymous) and somewhat later elsewhere. The evidence, there- is 752/I B.C. Aristotle, Ath. Pol. 41, carries the first fore, does not support Aristides at all, but it does civic constitution all the way back to Theseus, but not quite disprove his claim for Athens of priority in even Aristotle and the Atthis (of Androtion) never hoplite equipment, except that a claim for priority pretendedthat the KcaTaroracalof Ion was a TroAWTira.in everything is being made without evidence. For In section 235 Aristides seems to date this establish- the colonial custom of contributing a panoply of ment of the civic constitution to a time which armor at the Great Panathenaea of Athens see In- could have been for him the time of Theseus. Aris- schriften von Priene 5 and M. N. Tod, GHI 44 tides, however, attributes to Athena what Euripi- (Brea). Plato, Menexenus 238b attributes instruction des and the Atthis attribute to Theseus without in the use of arms not to Athena alone but to gods. claiming that Theseus was a manifestation of the Herodotus IV I89 attributes the dress and aegis of power of Athena. Lysias II I8 makes the same Athena to the Libyans. contrast between dynasteia and polity when he "And in this land for the first time in human says: "They first and alone in that period, drove history a complete chariot was yoked with steeds out the local institutions of arbitrary rule and by the attendant of this goddess and with the help established a republic" (rrpCTro6 Kca ipiovoi (v of the goddess, and the art of perfect horsemanship ~KEiVcpTr Xp6vcp i ... He was named Erichthonius first descended from him (Cimon?) upon the ma- and when he grewup, he made this inventionand won gistrates of Athens." admirationthereby when he appearedat the festival "Modelson which to of entered (dycovtorirlyEvo6iEvo). He celebratedthe Panathenaea, pattern ways living the chariot. into view," 3icov TrapacSBiyIacaerfiTAeEv. Pericles driving in Thucydides II 41 called Athens the school of On Erichthonius as the first to yoke steeds to a Hellas, and in section 274 Aristides will emphasize chariot see also Hyginus, AstronomicaII 13: that Athens was the eikon or visible model of every- Heniochus. Hunc nos Latine dicimus for man. fr. i lines Aurigam thing proper Solon, Diehl, 43ff., nomineErichthonium, ut Eratosthenesmonstrat quem missed the opportunity of attributing the invention Iuppiter cum vidisset primum inter homines equos of all the bioi to Athena's activity at Athens, quadrigisiunxisse admiratusest ingeniumhominis, ad though Athena's importance in the festivals of Solisinventa accessisse, quod is princepsquadrigis inter various professions at Athens certainly suggested deos est usus. sed Erichthoniuset quadrigas,ut ante it. See Wilamowitz Hermes 15 (I88o): pp. 515f., diximus, et sacrificia Minervae,et templum in arce F. Leo, Die griechisch-romischeBiographie (Leipzig, Atheniensium primus instituit ... Alii ... dixerunt Erichthonium ... adulescentiae ludos 190I), pp. 95-99. primo tempore "It was whom she first dressed in the MinervaePanathenaea fecisse, et ipsum quadrigiscu- they equip- factis intersidera dicitur collocatus. ment with which we now invest her." The claim of currisse,pro quibus priority in hoplite equipment is made for the Most famous is Vergil, GeorgicsIII II3-4: "Primus Athenians also in the Hymn to Athena, but with Erichthoniuscursus et quattuor ausus iungere equos, the explanation "first in Europe." Section 26I rapidusque rotis insistere victor." Philargyrius on contains a suggestive reference to gene which were Georgics III 113: "Erichthonius: Varro in qui quadri di leva in the old hoplite army. For the so- Admirabiliuminscribitur Erichthoniumait primum called hoplite revolution see H. L. Lorimer, "The equos quattuor iunxisse ludis qui Panathenaea Hoplite Phalanx with special referenceto the Poems appellantur." Harpocration s.v. nlavaOivata cites of Archilochus and Tyrtaeus," The Annual of the Hellenicus and Androtion for the establishment of British School at Athens 42 (1947): pp. 76-I38, who the Panathenaea by Erichthonius. On the Marmor VOL. 58, PT. I, I968] COMMENTARY 105 Parium also it is stated Erichthonius harnessed a 43. "Just as all the waters and exhalations which chariot at the first Panathenaea and showed them are mantic rise always from the same place," coSarEp how to hold the contest (FGrHist239 A io). For the T-a i6o-ra o:aa pavTrKa KatiTrrveWcaTra aUir6oOv avicXai. word -rrapE8possee the Hellenistic inscription of The correction in L has cvicXEiabove the line, and Magnesia ad Maeandrum (SIG3 695 = F. Soko- this reading was adopted by Canter. Reiske wrote lowski, Lois sacreesde l'Asie Mineure, No. 33), line "Probo Canteri &vioXEt,exhalant, efflant, sublime 26, and the inscription of Roman date at Mytilene emittunt, quemadmodumfontium quotquotsunt fati- (IG XII 2, 484 = Schwyzer, Dial. gr. ex. 628), lines dici auras de semetipsi eructant."Jebb and Dindorf 8-II cited with other examples in the Bulletin returned to iaXruEl,but in support of the reading or epigraphique I952, No. I55. On Athena and the art correction aviCXEiStrabo XVII p. 814 may be of horsemanship see N. Yalouris, "Athena als cited: Trpoo-rpaycpSE86S TOUT'roI6 KaAAXXtovril,'OT Herrin der Pferde," Mus. Helv. 7 (I950): pp. I9-IOI, Troi 'ATrrocovoS TO iv BpayXicais pavT-rEov EKXEAO1- especially 58-61. 16TOTOS,? OTOV TO iepov Virr TCrv BpayTX6SvV cUEcU- All of section 40 should be compared with rl-rTO ETi Ep0ou TrEpcaicarvTcov, EK?XOlT0oTiaS SE Kai T5iS Aristides' Hymn to Athena, in which Athena appears Kp vrlS, TO-rE TE KplvrIKpai avacrXOI pavTlea wroA?0a as patroness of both infantry and cavalry and which oi MiArXoicovWrrpEo'pstS Ko0i.ralev EiSMepiv TrEpiTTS offers other points of agreement. See also F. W. EK Ai6S yevEcaecoS TOU 'AAe&avSpou.Mantic waters Lenz, "Der Athenahymnos des Aristides," Rivista existed at Branchidae, mantic exhalations at di Cultura Classica e Medioevale 5 (1963): pp. 329-347. Delphi. 41. "Gave, and received ..., the proper share for "From all parties the deference with which it has each side." This prefiguresthe proper organization been honored is so great," Kai -rocTrOTCrTETiIrlTail and cooperation of human society. Trap TrarvrcovTC) CuVYKEXCoprlK6rTI.W. Dindorf (De- 42. "Not only for the city did gods dispute with mosthenes 6 [1849]: p. 783) in his commentary on one another, but here in the city they actually Demosthenes, Against Midias 59, cites not only sought adjudications of their disputes with one this passage, but Aristides as of Jebb I, p. 183, 7, another." Plato, Menexenus237c: "The contest and lTpoESpias Kai TOU Trrapa TravTrcovavYKEXCoprlK6roT5, judging of the gods who contended concerning her and as of Jebb I, p. 519, 9,1 TrapaTrCV lyEio6vcov aiS6os (Attica) bear witness in support of our argument." Kai 91Xcavepcorria Kai TO CVYKEXCooprK6S,and Pseudo- "Is this, you mean, the Athens to seek out which Aristides as of Jebb II, p. 151, I, Tr6rE TroiVV avUTO the gods left heaven? Is this the ballot urn they TTpooCeTTiov'OAU?Orriov TOCrOUTOV r V TO a-UyK EXCOppl- chose when they assigned the realms?" (Hasne dei, KOS.In all these passages, Sandys thinks, Aristides dices, caelo petiere relicto? I Regnaquepartitis haec is imitating Demosthenes, Against Midias 59, fuit una deis?) asks the stranger in Seneca's rTOCOUTOVTrTS EUCE3PEia(s Ev EKa'acp T uisS &v ov i8oi TO Epigram V 3-4, ed. Prato, with the emendation and ovyKEX)ooplK6s, "we can see the pious spirit of for- commentary of Hans Herter, "Athen im Bilde der bearance so strong in each of you." The word is six R6merzeit: Zu einem Epigramm Senecas," Serta hundred years old, but the rational deference which philologica Aenipontana, Innsbrucker Beitrdge zur Aristides means is the obsequium of the second Kulturwissenschaft 7-8 (I96I): pp. 347-358). century after Christ. For obsequiumsee R. Syme, "Seeds ... of justice." The semina iustitiae of Tacitus (Oxford, I958) 1: p. 28. Cicero,De Finibus go back apparently to Antiochus "Those who lose their case are equally as satisfied of Ascalon, and belong to the favorite concepts of as those who have prevailed." This praise is applied Middle Platonism. They are discussed by Carl An- by Pseudo-Aristides, EiS PaocaiEa,p. I04 Dindorf dresen, "Justin und der mittlere Platonismus," = XXXV Keil 19, to the decisions of the emperor. Zeitschr. fiir die neutestamentlicheWissenschaft 44 Lycurgus, Against Leocrates12 says the Areopagus (1952/53): pp. I57-I95, especially pp. I69-I78. so far surpasses all the other courts that even those "A court of all the gods." For the Twelve Gods as who lose their case admit the decision is just. jurors see 0. Weinreich, "Zwolfg6tter"in Roscher's "A model of justice." Its reputation for justice Lexikon, especially col. 834. The chief ancient refer- might be supported by Aeschines I 92 and by the ences to the trial of Ares for the killing of Halir- Areopagiticusof Isocrates. rhothius are Apollodorus III 14, 2; Pausanias I 2I, 44. "The philanthropy which was not unjust." 7 and 28, 5. Comparesection 236. Students of the word philanthropia, notably S. "The site received therefrom its present name." Tromp de Ruiter, "De vocis quae est 9(plavepowria The MarmorParium, FGrHist 239 A 4: q)' oi 8iKrl significatione atque usu," Mnemosyne 59 (I932): 'Aivvroai EYyEvETro 'ApEi Kai FToaoEi6viVrrErp 'AXtppo0iou pp. 27I-306 and H. Martin, "The Concept of TOv ToaE5c18CvoS, Kai 6 TO-rOSrKXiWerl "ApEloS TrayoS, KTX. Philanthropia in Plutarch's Lives," AJP 82 (I96I): 106 OLIVER: THE CIVILIZING POWER [TRANS. AMER. PHIL. SOC. pp. I64-I75, start with Aeschylus, Prometheus "Cometo her and taken refuge." Xenophon, Hell. Bound. Martin (p. i66) has already compared the VI 5, 45 makes Procles of Phlius say: "For my part, philanthropiaof the ancient Athenians (incidentally men of Athens, I have hitherto on hearsay admired extolled by Plutarch, Cimon IO, 6-7) with that of and envied this great state, whither, I was told, Prometheus, but the differencelies therein that the every one who was wronged or stood in terror of philanthropy of Prometheus was unjust. So was the aught needed only to betake himself and he would enormous philanthropia of Xerxes in section I33. obtain assistance. Today I no longer hear, I am Aristides reflects Panaetius (Cicero,De Of. I xiv). present myself and see these famous citizens of "Rid himself of the Furies." The trial of Orestes Lacedaemon here, and by their side their trustiest is the famous subject of Aeschylus, Eumenides. See friends, who have come to you and ask you in their particularly G. Hafner, ludicium Orestis (= II3. day of need to give them help" (Dakyns' trans- Winkelmannsprogram,Berlin, 1958); also A. Cam- lation). bitoglu and A. D. Trendall, Apulian Red-figured 48. "It was this city which first established to- Vase Painters of the Plain Style (= Archaeological day's temples and altars" (for Heracles). So also in Institute of America, Monograph 10, I962), pp. the Hymn to Heracles, XL Keil ii. According to 16-17, on the bell-krater in Berlin (8). Diodorus IV 39 the Athenians were the first of all to 45. "The philanthropy they showed to all, and honor Heracleswith sacrificesas a god. In Euripides, the way in which they worked as a city for the Heracles 1323-1337, Theseus invites the hero to common good" (esi Tr KoIVOvETroXAiTrEavro). This Athens with a promise of temples and sacrifices, is the theme which Aristides in section 2 calls Triv when he dies. Pausanias I 32, 4 says that the Mara- Kolvo6TTraKai TpiCavepcoTriav. thonians claim to have been the first of the Hellenes 46. "Continuedmethodically increasing their gift to recognize Heracles officially as a god. to society ... a very great benefaction of theirs, "Just as previously she had honored him at the very important for the development of society," Mysteries, first of foreigners" (to be admitted). See 669 wTrpoilEaoavavOovrTs TE V tiAoT-riTav,coarrtp oi ra the speech of Callias in Xenophon, Hell. VI 3, 6. orEpplaTa, PeyiorrT 6 Kai1 KOIVOTrrTTITroyV EOEpyEacicv, "He has continued to be and to seem a god." KTrA.Demosthenes III 26 spoke of increasing the Arrian, Anabasis V 26, 5 represents Alexander as commonwealth (TOKOIVOV aviEtv), likewise Xeno- saying that Heracles "reached so great a height of phon, Hell. I 4, 13. The metaphor is from working glory as from being a man to become a god, or to the soil to increase growth, but it also implies the seem to become one" (yEvoOai fl 8OKEIV). public spirit of a philotimia in the concrete sense, "When the gods admitted the strangers, this city that is, a benefaction not to an individual but to a did too, living as she did in communion with the community. gods," d&XaaKal TOis brrivqXuasan-rrl E-rTaT-rOv &Acov "The kind and consoling reception of those from OEcOVEVEKptVEv, Co00rp ov'proAXT?EvUOpjpVTOIS EOwiS. everywhere who were unfortunate," 1rT-CV Troav- For the participlesee ch. V and MarcusAurelius X i. raX6oev uTcruxoOvvrcoviurroSox Kal rrapaouieia. On the deification of a mortal by action of the gods The word *rro6ox suggested to any educated man see U. Wilcken, Sitzungsb. Berlin 1938: pp.3I3f. the third factor of Plato, Timaeus 48e-55c, the Communion with the gods suggests the role of factor which is described as a kind receiver like a intermediaries.Athens is the syndesmosof the world. nurse, crTIrjlSElval yevEaEcos irrro8ox)v aOCriv olov "She has given in recognition this free gift," 'TiOirlv (49a5-6), and which is said to receive all, TalrrT v &rTo6S6cbKEiTr^V Xc&ptv. In Euripides, Herac- 8bXE'rai-r y&p aei r&aTrravra (5ob8). This shows how les I336f. Theseus had said, X6&plvao.... r.Tlv6' &wT- Aristides understood the above-cited comparison &bcyco. with a nurse; at the first move the nurse kindly "For all the rest merely followed her example." receivesthe new-borninfant and stops it from crying. Diodorus IV 39 says that Athens here gave an ex- 47. "Both cities and nations," KalTrortS Kal gevrl. ample first to all Hellenes and afterwards to all men These are not necessarily mutually exclusive. The throughout the civilized world. phrase in the fourth century B.C. indicated all the 49. "Most extreme threats." So also Diodorus IV states of the Hellenic world (IG IV2 i, 68); in the 57, 3. Christian Period it meant all the communities of the "This city received them, she alone of all," i TrroA6X Roman Empire (Roman Oration 3I). Dio of Prusa 6E Crrre6iSarop6OV -rT v Trarvrcov. In the debate with XXXVIII ii (von Arnim) speaks of demoi and the Tegeates before the Battle of Plataea the Athen- ethne,while Constantius II (AJP 83 [I962]: p. 248) ians say: 'HpaKAEiSas... rTOrUOSrsp6OrEpoV E eAauvo- both speaks of populi and nationes and contrasts tivovs vr6-rroavrcov 'EAAivcov ... ,oOVvotIinro6&- communities with individuals. pIvoi T'iv E*puaos 3ppltvKaTEi,OoEv (Herodotus IX VOL. 58, PT. i, I968] COMMENTARY 107 27, 2). Diodorus IV 57, 4 says: pO6vo TCV aXXcov (I944): pp. 201-237. In reply to a recent attempt 'AOrvcaotSita T-rv EpvUTOvaCTroTs ETrEiKEiav TrpocaEE- to bring the date of settlement far down see Carl cavrroTro0s 'HpaKAiSas. See also Apollodorus II 8, the Roebuck, "The Economic Development of Ionia," Heraclidae of Euripides, and the speech of Procles Class. Phil. 48 (I953): pp. 9-I6. See also Roebuck, of Phlius in Xenophon, Hell. VI 5, 49. But compare Ionian Trade and Colonization(New York, I959). Diodorus XIV 6, 2 on the Argives receiving the With sections 51-52 compare Bruni, Laudatio, Athenian exiles despite the Spartan threats in the passage cited above, p. xx, n. 3. 404-403. 52. "The Dryopians and the Pelasgians, traces of "Protection," TrpoarTaciav.See also Hymn to whose rescue survive to this day, for the names of Heracles, XL Keil I4. places named after them attest ... to their residence "Heracles" and "Theseus." See B. B. Shefton, and to their rescue." The Pelargikon is expressly "Heraklesand Theseus on a Red-figuredLouterion," mentioned by Herodotus V 64; Thucydides II 17; Hesperia 31 (I962): pp. 330-368 for archaeological IG I2 76 - Tod 74, line 55; Aristophanes, Birds material and Hans Herter, "Theseus der Athener," 832; Ath. Pol. 19. Moreover. Herodotus VI I37-I40 Rh. Mus. 88 (I939): pp. 244-326 for literary refer- mentions Pelasgians in Athens and cites a story from ences. Hecataeus which connects the Pelasgians with the 50. "Granted them four towns." Diodorus IV old Pelargikon around the Acropolis. The place 57, 4 says Tricorythus, one of the so-called Tetra- name which recalls the Dryopians may have been polis. the sanctuary of Artemis Kolainis (Pausanias I 3I, 5 "A raising of children at public expense when the and IV 34, 5). father was a benefactor." Examples are the cases of "Thus of old ... for those who as a result of wars Harmodius and Aristogeiton (IG I2 77 = AJP 75 or even through civil dissension or through some [I954]: p. I72) and Cephisodorus in a decree of other chance were going into exile," OUTrco8' EK I96/5 B.C. (Hesperia 5 [I936]: p. 422, line 35). For TraCXaou... TOTS?K TCOV WTroATo Cov1 KarTaorTacv {I the custom see Plato, Menexenus 249a; Thucyd. II KaT' aAXXrvrtva (pevyouvciTurxTv. Thucydides I 2, 6: F 46; Isocrates, On the Peace 82; Aeschines III I53- oi TrroAEpp aoraa'i Err'TTOVTreSa ... Kai TroAi'Tai I54, 204; Hyperides, Epitaph., peroration; Aristotle, yiyv6oEvoi EuOus&T6o rraXaiouo.When Aristides bor- Politics II 8, 5 (I268a); Diogenes Laertius I 55. rows from an older writer, he paraphrasesand does 51. "Moored with two anchors." This is what not copy. Solon said of the Athenians according to Plutarch, 53. "If today there are Messenians, it is because Solon 19, on which see Felix Stahelin, "Der solo- of this city." See Isocrates, Phil. 34. nische Rat der Vierhundert," Hermes 68 (I933): "Plataea ... Athenian citizenship to replace the pp. 343-345. The metaphor occurs again in section Plataean." See Thucydides III 55, 3 (rroXITrias pE?T- io8. Aristides interprets the famous phrase in quite XaPEV), Demosthenes LIX 104-106 (pETE'8oTeTrfi a new sense. WToAXiTiaS),Lysias XXIII 2, Isocrates, Panathenaic "Those who met disaster at Thebes." The Seven 94, and G. Mathieu, "La Reorganisation du corps against Thebes. civique athenien a la fin du Ve siecle," REG 40 "Tanagraeans." Herodotus V 57 and 6I on the (I927): pp. 65-II6, who points out with reference Tanagraean origin of the genos of the Gephyraeans. to the Plataic of Isocrates that it was not full "All these refugees made up Ionia." This is a citizenship. E. Kirsten, RE 20 (I950) coll. 2308f., reference to the version, perhaps launched in the describes them as citizens de iure, privileged metics time of Pisistratus (see commentary to section 5), de facto. publicized by Pherecydes and certainly not con- "Once again when the Plataeans were expelled tradicted by Thucydides I, that Athens was the from their homes and the Thespiaeans along with metropolis of the cities of the Ionian coast, a version them." Xenophon, Hell. VI 3, i and the speech of which explained older legends connecting the cities Callias in Xenophon, Hell. VI 3, 5. with other parts of Greece by assuming that the "People of the Thraceward region ... two and founders had first taken refuge in Athens before thirty cities," Demosthenes IX 26. going out on one great expedition (certainly untrue) "Corinth, Thasos, Byzantium," Demosthenes, to colonize Ionia. The tradition is discussed partic- Against Leptines 59, with the discussion by J. ularly by U. von Wilamowitz-Moellendorff,"Qber Pouilloux, Recherchessur l'histoire et les cultes de die Ionische Wanderung," Sitzungsb. Berlin 1906: Thasos 1 (= Etudes Thasiennes 3 I954): pp. I93- pp. 59-79 (= Kleine Schriften 5 I: pp. I52-I76), 204. and later but not better, Th. Lenschau, "Die Griin- 54. "Proverb."Hear Alcibiades in Thucyd. VI I6, dung Ioniens und der Bund am Panionien," Klio 36 4. CompareAristides XX Keil I8. 108 OLIVER: THE CIVILIZING POWER [TRANS. AMER. PHIL. SOC. Athens as Pronoia against Tyche. See Sophocles, the Corinthians later (Thucyd. I I3, 5). Plutarch, Oed. Rex. 977 (&vepco-rroSca T'a -r T5r)(Tx KporaTr Theseus7 mentions that Heraclescleaned the pirates rrpovotaS' oa-rivo08Ev6oS cacxfs); the prooem of Dio- out of land and sea. Aristides, however, has in mind dorus Siculus; Plutarch, Pericles 4, 6. Athena chiefly Isocrates XII 43, who says that the Cyclades Pronoia has been mentioned in section 12, while after the time of Minos were occupied by Carians Tyche will reappear in section I58. Demetrius of and that the Athenians drove them out and settled Phalerum wrote a work on Tyche, fTEpiTXTns. the needy Hellenes there without taking anything Demosthenes XVIII 253-254 contrasts the good for themselves. One of the aims of international Tyche of Athens with the cruel Tyche of all the cooperation in the fourth century B.C. was the others, and in XVIII 178 he contrasts the desper- clean sea (I.G. IV2, i, 68, line 38). ation of Thebes with the foresight of Athens. "Eye-sore of Hellas." The famous phrase (Plut- Plutarch, Timoleon 19, I contrasts pronoia and arch, Pericles 8; Aristotle, Rhet. I4IIa I5) about aretewith tyche. Artabanos in Herodotus VII 10 6 2 Aegina, "the eye-sore of the Piraeus," is adapted to contrasts tyche and bouleuma.The contrast of divine another and better situation. Pronoia and Tyche may be found in the Middle 57. When Philo, Leg. ad Gaium, 21, 147 calls Platonists, Maximus of Tyre (Or. 5, 4) and Atticus Augustus 6 Triv CEV'EA&Saa 'EAacalr roAcaT5 rrapau- (in Eusebius, Praep. Ev. XV 4) as G. Soury, iocas, Trlv86 pa&ppapovEV TOl d&vayKatOTaTotISTrIl a- Aperfus de philosophie religieuse chez Maxime de Col &apEXXrlvicaS,he was, I think, reapplying to Tyr, These, Paris, I942, 24-32 and C. Andresen, Augustus the praise of Alexander in an encomium Logos und Nomos (Berlin, 1955), p. 273 have noted. of Alexandria. Aristides may well have the same "One road." Bacchylides fr. ii (Snell): p[ia ppo- encomium of Alexandria in mind. roicriv ECTV?ErTUvXxia 6865. See O. Becker, "Das Bild "She colonized the islands which lie off the des Weges," Hermes, Einzelschriften, 4 (I957). Peloponnese, making the regions of the West her "Most venerable among the cities of Hellas," a own special concern (otKIovupivrlv) and holding back reflectionof Solon fr. 4 (Diehl), "the oldest of Ionian the barbarian flood from all directions as with states." Aristides of course surpasses Solon in the barriers" (Trpopo6ois).Compare Isocrates, Philip- extent of the compliment. pus 122, Trp6oTOUS p3cppappovs ... lTpopaX7orOai. For 55. "Him who is common exegete of the Hellenes the phrase "making the regions of the West her own but for her an ancestral deity, the Pythian Apollo." special concern" Herodotus IV I48 may be compar- Compare Plato, Repuzblic,IV, 427c: ov0i xprlaon6oa ed, where Theras is said to have sailed with col- ErlnyTrTi&aX' V1-rC TwTarpiCp oiCros yap 8firrou 6 onists to an island in orderto join with the islanders 06ESTrEpi Ta -rTlaxra wrraClVavepcbTrols TraTpitoS rlyrl- in a synoecism, oiuSai8coseAXv caOiTros&?A& K6pTa TrS V pcactp rfiS y Eris i rTOo6ciopa0 Kaomejpvos~i*- OIKIltievEVOs. The three islands, Cephallenia, yETral.For Apollo as exegete and mantis see Aeschy- Zacynthus, and Ithaca, are here claimed as Athenian lus, Eumenides,595 (Murray).In a speech delivered colonies, because they formed in the historiafabula- at Cyzicus Aelius Aristides (Or. XXVII Keil, 5) ris the realm of the Attic hero Cephalus(see Rapp's plays on the phrase "exegete and mantis" by calling article in Roscher's Lexikon 2 [I894] coll. Io94f.). Apollo oiKlarfisKcai laprvus. Cephalus participated in the famous expedition or Teleboans and received as a I even of those who dwell against the Taphians Many one, believe, among his share these one of which afterwards the has alreadyheard of the oraclecon- islands, Hyperboreans, owed its name to him. From on cerningCyzicus and of Him who confirmedits happiness Cephalus, too, for the city, namely Him, who is exegete to all other Ithaca the family of Laertes was said to be descend- cities but to this city actuallyfounder. For He founded ed. The ancient "claim" of Athens to Cephallenia the othercities throughthe oecistswhom He dispatched gave Hadrian an excuse to hand over the island and to each destination,but He himselfwithout intermedi- its revenues to Athens (Dio Cassius 69, i6, 2). ary has becomeoecist for this city. So Cyzicusis indeed Furthermore, Herodotus VIII 62, 2 makes The- and blessed, in that it began from such a beginning mistocles "to Siris in Italy, which is still ours traces its back to such an oecistand say history confirmer. from of old." Compare Herodotus I 4, 4 on the Against the oracle of Apollo exegete and mantis for Persians making Asia their own. For a city as oiKTac all other cities is set the oracle of Apollo oecist and of the emperor see L. Robert, Hellenica II (I946) martys for Cyzicus. I45f. The emperor Claudius, whose maternal 56. "She cleaned the adjacent sea" with reference grandfather was Mark Antony and whose brother shortly thereafter to the barbarian and piratical was Germanicus,writes to Alexandria, iav TroiTrcO element. Minos presumably cleaned the pirates out TrrorxTavrT &P9OTEpoi (Jews and Alexandrians) of the sea, Thucydides I 4 conjectures, and so did IJ-rTaxrrpa6rrlros Kaci liXaveOpowiacSTfis Trp6o &XAXiXous VOL. 58, PT. I, I968] COMMENTARY 109

Lfjv EX?ArflT?rE,Kaci -yco rrp6volav TTrS'rr6ocoS Troilco- by W. Jaeger, Early Christianityand GreekPaideia pil TilVr avo-raTcoxKaecaIrEp xK wrpoy6vcov OiKEiacS ipi (Harvard Univ. Press, I96I), pp. I3-I4 and 113-II4. vTrapXoucrlj (CPJ I53). Other references to a city 58. "An underlying support," rTTOKEI,IpV7S.C. J. as oikeia of the emperors are cited by A. M. Wood- Classen, Sprachliche Deutung als Triebkraftplato- ward, Numismatic Chronicle, ser. VII, 3 (1963), p. 6. nischen und sokratischenPhilosophierens (= Zete- A Late Roman inscription, ILS 1265 in honor of mata 22, Munich, I959), ch. V. "Die Umdeutungen Amnicius Probus, reads: Veneti atque Histri pecul- von VTrro6EaiSund SaipfpEclS."The Hellenes according iares eius patrono praestantissimo. See also the to Aristides had an arche (beginning) and a real speech of Agelaus of Naupactus in Polybius V 104, 5. base; the Christians according to Celsus had no real "In the thought that the earth was naturally one base (cf. Carl Andresen, Logos und Nomos [Berlin, and that the lands beyond the confines of Hellas I955], Part II). were not distinct, she knit the earth together," "Like a stone foundation or a living root," coarrep auvaTTourovaTriv yfiv cos piav oiacIv Tri ICat Kaci-ra KpiTyriSoso piLris.Pindar, fr. 194 Snell, says, KEKp6- errEpavTTjS 'EA?axos ou KEXCopicypva.cThe passage re- TrlTai XpuvoaoKprrlTi iEpaialv aoiBcai. "Root" is a flects the Stoic argument about three types of reflection of a famous phrase of Pindar, Pyth. IV unity as we have it from Sextus Empiricus, Adv. I5, who calls Cyrene "a root of cities." But the Math. IX 78 = SVF II 1013, with differentiation comparison with Ge, rra&vrcovE'8oS &cpayES aoiiE (He- between those EKcuvaITTropVCcov and those EKStEo- siod, Theog. 117), enters also. The word KprlrTiSand -rcrcov and with the conception of a cosmos held the idea of "root" are combined in the opening together like a plant by an inner physis (cf. Karl sentence of Clement's Paedagogus.Plotinus III 3, 7 Reinhardt, Poseidonios [Munich, I92I], pp. 345- (Henry-Schwyzer)compares an archewith a root. 347). Athens, unifying the world, carries out the "For after they had been sent out to Ionia and design of the Demiurge(s). In certain cosmological had made good, there came a yearning upon them theories man was created to bind together the two to imitate the pattern set by the mother-city," Trot parts of the universe, the Intelligible and the yap WTrEppEieTo'K priKpaTo cai Epcos Epi7TrWTE1tpjiiio''C-aa Visible (see U. Wickert, Studien zum Pauluskom- Oal -rTv pi-rTp6oroXAv.Isocrates, Panegyricus 35-36 mentarTheodors von Mopsuestia (- Zeitschr.neutest. says that Athenian leaders became military com- Wiss. Beiheft 27, I962), p. 18. manders of colonizing expeditions and succeeded in "The Asian counterpart," Tro 'rri TfiS 'Acias a&vri- conquering the barbarians (KpraTrilav-rsTro0S pap- wrrpcopov,Ei olov Tr'eirEiT, 'EAAXXSiri traXaia. Compare Pa3pous),and for those who later wanted to found Euripides, Medea 210: 'EAXXS'eiSav-rTiropov. For colonies, they made it easy "to imitate (pilpiacaeial) the colonization of Asia see J. M. Cook, Cambridge our city." Plotinus III 3, 7, comparingan archewith Ancient History, rev. ed., 2 (I96I): ch. XXXVIII. a root, speaks of it producing eidola of itself. G. "Each of the two branches," aP9poT?pcpTCr yEVEt. Pfligersdorffer, "A6ylo5 und die A6yioi avOpco-rrot Asia and Italy, as Reiske recognized by comparison bei Demokrit," Wiener Studien 61-62 (1943-1947): with the phrase "at both ends of the earth" in pp. 21-27, discusses the notion that civilization arose section 58. Pausanias I 29, 5 says that the Athenians through imitation of logioi anthropoi. led with Iolaus a first expedition to Sardinia, and "Extending the measure of Hellas to some other then the Athenians sent a second expedition to mark, as it were, until they had filled the whole Ionia. (Mediterranean) basin," cEKTEvov-rEScos 6Ao "Concord."Hans Kramer, Quid valeat 6povoia in Ti pTrpov Tori S 'EAX68os ECOASETrf11ipoCoacv oTrav TO litteris graecis (Diss., G6ttingen, I915), has collected 6EX6OPEvov.Instead of cbaorrior cbaoTr'manuscripts a wealth of material from classical literature and read C;a)crep,which would have been a familiar com- inscriptions; on p. 44 he says that the orators of the bination. By itself it was a plausible reading, but in fourth century used it to mean "concordiamomnium the context it makes no sense. The correct reading gentium Graecarum adversus hostes externos se is suggested by the Middle Platonist Albinus, convertentium." The Concord of the Hellenes, a Epitome (ed. Louis) IV 8: p. I56 Hermann: slogan also of the second century after Christ, is avcaqppovTr Erri Tas spuaiKaSEVVOias dCS CE 'i"iETpa rtvva commemorated on coins of Asia (references in D. cbpioauva,KpiVOpEV. It is significant that Albinus, Magie, Roman Rule in Asia Minor [Princeton Univ. Epitome IX, calls the Idea a metron. The word Press, I950], pp. 638-639 and I499-I50I) and in 8EX6oEvovsuggests a receptacle like a basin, and the priesthoods of Old Greece (Hesperia 10 [1941]: p. 71; Greek expansion is presently defined by Gades and IG II2 3623; IG VII 25Io and 3426). On the history Lake Maeotis as the furthest limits. Aristides is of homonoia (Concord) see further R. Andreotti, thinking in terms which go back to the receptacle Historia 5 (I956): pp. 282-302, and the works cited and cosmos of the Timaeus 49-50 and passim. 110 OLIVER: THE CIVILIZING POWER [TRANS. AMER. PHIL. SOC. "At both ends of the earth there dwell children of means a nobility in helping others to bear bad for- your children, for some have moved all the way to tune. See R. A. Gauthier, Magnanimite:l'ideal de la Gades from Massalia." There is no reference to a grandeur dans la philosophie paienne et dans la Greek community at Gades (= Cadiz) in the rest of theologiechretienne (Paris, I95I). our extant sources, but in the Roman Period many 60. "Bestowed gifts of land and a share in laws Greeks settled in all the coastal towns of Spain, so and civic life," PE-raSoioaaXcbpas Kal v6ocov Kai -rro?l- there is nothing surprisingin the presence of Greeks TEraS.In Herodotus V 57, Thucydides I 26, and in Spain's foremost commercial city. Aristides does Plutarch, Solon 24, a share in civic life may imply not pretend that the community dates from the days lands and laws. The tricolon is rhetorical. of the Phocaean thalassocracy. It is a community "To use this surplus population in the interest of which may date from any period after 206 B.C.when Hellas," rmepT-riS 'EXA8aos Xpfioial T-r Tr?EovrKTri- Gades joined the Romans. It is, however, interesting IraTi.For XpfiaOatcompare Herodotus II Io8 where that the Greek community of Gades is visualized as Sesostris "used"the people whom he captured to of Massaliote rather than Italiote, Sicilian or East- construct canals, etc. ern origin. The question arises whether this inter- "Of greater philanthropy and distinction," (ptiav- esting comment goes back to an earlier literary epcOT-rrEpov ... Xaiprrpo6rpov. For the distinction of source. Asclepiades of Myrlea or Posidonius or Athenian policy see the third speech of Pericles in someone else may have inspired this comment. Did Thucydides II 64, 5. Aristides here with his sweep from Gades to the "She ... never failed to do what was proper in Tanais and Lake Maeotis reply to the proud state- the crises of both situations," Kai -r&rrprrovra &ca- ment of Augustus, Res Gestae 26, that he had TEpoiSTrot KatpoTSiTfiprlaEv. Her actions were guided pacified the provinces from Gades to the mouth of not by passion but by reason (logos). Contrast the the Elbe? Or was Augustus replying to a Greek specious arguments (prophaseis alogous) of those predecessor of Aristides? For the expression whose behavior was guided not by reason but by "childrenof your children" compare Herodotus VII passions, whom Polybius III 15, 9 calls "those who ga where Mardonius says of the Greeks "we hold disregard that which is proper because they are their children after having subdued them, namely prepossessed by passion" (oi Sia TraSrrpoEyKaOlmivaS those who have settled in our continent and are acOTOIS6ptUas 6Xtycopo0ivTrsTO Ka6c1KovroS). See called Ionians and Aeolians and Dorians." T. also Gorgias, Epitaph, fr. 6 Diels-Kranz, TOCrOV Pekary, Mitteilungendes DeutschenArchdologischen volUilovTrrEsEIOTaTOV Kaia KOI6TaTOVV6pov, rO8ov iv Instituts in Istanbul 15 (I965): p. I22, publishes an TC tovrn Kai AEyEI Kal aIYCaV. inscription of the time of Commodus, wherein "Then and then only she mustered them and sent Miletusis describedas mother of cities in many parts them forth, appointing leaders for them individu- of the oikoumene. ally, inasmuch as she herself had become a common "Allotments along the Tanais and Lake Maeotis." leader and protector of them all, and she joined See M. Rostovtzeff, "South Russia in the Prehistoric with them people of her own," oOrrcosfi8r 61e- and Classical Period," AHR 26 (I92I): pp. 203-224 K6O(7atKal WTpoT7rWI.Trev,lyEp?6vaS TE? 'a&orois qptorra- and H. Bengtson, Gr. Geschichte2(Munich, I960), aa, CSrorEpacrrh oaunrrcvTrcovfiyecva Kal9OXaa lyFy6- p. 95f. Strabo VII 4, 5 (= C. 3I0) mentions the VEI KOtVi,Kai EtbuvOiKoOEV Twapal[Eyvaca. Isocrates emporium of Tanais. Panegyricus 35 said that the Athenians sent out to "I have to laugh." Herodotus IV 36, 2. the cities leaders (fiyeovaS) who took those most "The many other much larger cities of today." in need of a livelihood and who, having become their Rome, Alexandria, Antioch, Carthage come im- military commanders and having conquered with mediately to mind. them the barbarians, founded many cities on each 59. "Consistency" (ouvvXeia)suggests fi0os which continent. Whereas Isocrates uses the story of the the ancients derived from e0oS(see commentary on colonization of Ionia for a propagandistic purpose, the consistently behaved city of the Athenians in i.e., he praises the Panhellenism of the Athenians section 213), but also the sameness of the soul (cf. to encourage the Hellenes to unite around Athens Ph. Merlan, From Platonism to Neoplatonism [The for the invasion of Asia Minor, Aristides praises the Hague, 1953], ch. II). On consistency see also foresight, the philanthropiaand brilliant success of section 6I. the Athenians in order to show at the end that the "Nobility of her great spirit," peuyaAoyuXia,here Athenians are, as it were, an image of the gods. seems to mean something different from Pseudo- Aristides may reflect also the version of Thucydides Aristotle's definition of megalopsychiaas the ability I 2, 6 on the colonization of Ionia as having two to bear good fortune and bad fortune well. It stages (migration to Attica and emigration) and as VOL. 58, PT. I, I968] COMMENTARY 111 having a double origin, partly non-Athenian and Cyrene (IX) says &AX'aO'rS &yilpaos | Ai&v 6 TraXal- partly Athenian. Isocrates says nothing about yevril, I vo cov a&ia Kal y?pcov. Herodotus II I45 Athenian emigrants. Nor does Isocrates explain the points out that Dionysus was the youngest of the leaders (iyEP6oves),which E. Buchner in his com- gods, in saying that among the Hellenes Heracles, mentary (Historia, Einzelschrift 2 [I958]: p. 49) Dionysus and Pan were consideredyoungest, where- thinks are a transference to Athens of what Thucy- as among the Egyptians Dionysus alone of these dides I 4 says about the thalassocracy of Minos. It three was thought to belong to a youngest generis true that Isocrates goes on to say they colonized ation. The influence of Plato's Symposium on the all the islands, and that Thucydides attributes to Hymn to Dionysus has been noted also by Wilfried the sons of Minos the colonization of some of the Uerschels, Der Dionysoshymnos des Ailios Aristeides Cyclades. It might be more exact to say that Iso- (Diss. Bonn, I962), pp. 8if. and 113f., n. 246, who crates exaggerated the historia fabularis of the says that in Symposium I78c Phaedrus calls Diony- colonization of the Ionian islands in the West and sus "oldest," and that Agathon "in Entgegnung auf of Ionia in the East by adding the Thucydidean die Phaidrosrede" calls him "youngest of gods." account of the colonization of the Cyclades by Uerschelsleaves the question open whether Aristides Minos and his sons, or rather that Isocrates selected called Dionysus "oldest" on purely hymnodic the most suitable legends with or without borrowing grounds or because of Plato's Symposium.Uerschels the word 'yEo6ovEsfrom Thucydides' account of an hits the nail on the head by saying that the age of unsuitable legend. Dionysus is part of the androgynousgod's ambiva- 61. "Consistent," ouvvxfV. The consistency of lence accordingto Aristides. Smyrna too became old Athenian policy is extolled by Isocrates XII I96- and young (Aristides XX Keil I9). See also Fr. I98. The consistency of Achaean policy toward the Matz, "AtovuaiaKi TeAXE',"r Abhandlungen Mainz, Hellenes is extolled by Polybius II 42. The con- I963, Nr. 5, pp. I420-I427, with references to sistency (cauvEXela)of Athenian policy appears in Nilsson and others. section 59, also in section 60 on their unfailing habit "Maintainingalso here the proper course as these of doing the right thing. See the commentary on situations arose one after the other," acjblovrEsKaV section 213, where Athens will be called fa KTr' 'OoS TOiTOISTO 'rpoafiKov ?EEfTS.The comment reflects a Trr67As. desire to show that the Athenians are truly Athena's "The city's concern for the Hellenes," i rf'roescoSTS men. According to one etymology (see Democritus irrrp -rCv 'EAXivcov irp6voia. Those interested in of Abdera, 68 B 2 Diels-Kranz) Athena was called the deliberate coloring with philosophical terms Tritogeneiabecause the name impliedgood planning, may compare the pronoia or providentia of God, perfect speech, and ability to do just the right thing particularly the E'rroupaviosOE6S, the second god, of in every situation. Other reflections of the last Albinus. occur in sections 60 and 253. In Thucydides I 43, 4 62. "Oldbut also young as men describeDionysus." the Corinthians appeal to the Athenians to do The manuscripts read KacOrrEpTOv Al6vuvov ypa- -Ta rrpooiKKovra. Demosthenes VI 8 says the Athen- pouonlv,and the scholiast too had this text. Further- ians recognize TrravO'& TrpoOriKEiahead of time. more, at the end of the Hymn to Dionysus (XLI "Old but also young. For it is the oldest whose Keil) the orator calls Dionysus "oldest of the gods descendants are likely to be most numerous," Kai and youngest." F. W. Lenz, "Der Dionysoshymnos yTp TCOV TrpEoaprTaT-rV iTriwT-rovTElval TOvS arro- des Aristeides," Rivista di cultura classica e medioe- yovous EiKOS.This is the kind of argument used by vale 3 (I96I): pp. 153-166 (= Aristidesstudien 8) Thucydides VI 55 to prove that Hippias was the shows that in Aristides' Hymn to Dionysus there oldest of the sons of Pisistratus: TraTESsyap auctr are echoes of Agathon's speech in Plato's Symposium pO6vvwpaivovTai TCOVvyvrlaicov ?a6s8EApvyEvopEvot ... (so also A. Hug, Leben und Werke des Redners ElKos yap iv TOY TrrpEopUcTaTov TTpcoTovyqifai. The Aristeides [Diss. Freiburg in Switzerland, I912], particles Kaiyap indicate that Aristides is adding a p. 55), and he argues that Aristides has transferred second explanation of the phrase "old but also to Dionysus what Agathon said of Eros. It could, young. however, be the other way around: Agathon has "And the reception of those who ask for protection transferred to Eros what another has said about devolves upon the stronger rather than any others," Dionysus, while Aristides in the Hymn to Dionysus Kai p&AXov rTIVCOV OXAAov Kai rTO5XE?aea TOroS 60o- gives the patronage of paideia back to Dionysus, pEvoug T-rV KpEITTrvooVE?CT. In R, above the word with, of course, allusions to the Symposium, where KpEtrTTOvovthe scholiast has written iaXuporEpcov, Agathon called Eros the youngest but not the which catches the surface meaning perfectly as a oldest of the gods. It is Aion of whom Synesius of synonym for "younger." The orator varies the 112 OLIVER: THE CIVILIZING POWER [TRANS. AMER. PHIL. SOC. terms: "oldest" is a rather precise superlative; GEL. s.v. TrEpietil III 2b. The hybris of Eurystheus KpElTTrr6oov,which suggests superiority of several is mentioned by Isocrates, Philippus 34. sorts (including the divine), is an ambiguous com- "This man himself," TrorroV... aro6v. Holleck, parative and leaves the audience with the surprise ConiectaneaI3f. was right in shifting the comma to of two meanings. Dindorf and other editors have so a position before -roUrrovand in identifying TroUrov punctuated as to assign the phrase Kai IaiNov 1 with Eurystheus. ItvCOv&XXcov wrongly to the preceding clause, while "Relied on his wealth,"Tros y)ap rrrtpxouvaiapprl- Canter omitted the phrase in his translation. Com- craS.Not power, but the wealth or resources on pare Sallust Bel. Jug. XIV I6, vos implorarem,patres which tyrannical power rested and by which venal conscripti, quibus pro magnitudine imperi ius et jurors could be corrupted. For wealth as a basis of iniurias omnis curaeesse decet. the tyrant's power, see Aeschylus, Ag. 1638 and 63. "Her deeds in the dangers of war," al pera Trcov Fraenkel's commentary. KIV8uvcovrrpalEts. That this was indeed a favorite The background is the Heracleidaeof Euripides, theme at Athens is attested by the sarcasm of but the story is also one of those selected by Procles Tacitus, Annals II 53 on the visit of Germanicus of Phlius (speech in Xenophon, Hell. VI 5, 47), and to Athens in A.D. i8: excepereGraeci quaesitissimis it occurs in the funeral orations and Isocrates, honoribus,vetera suorumfacta dictaquepraeferentes, Paneg. 54-60, Panath. I94 ('rraeev &trpoaiKEv quo plus dignitatis adulatio haberet.For the role of aOTcT),also Herodotus IX 27. praxeis see W. Siegfried, Studien zur geschichtlichen 67. This exploit, mentioned by Herodotus IX 27, Anschauungdes Polybios (Diss. Leipzig, I928), pp. Procles of Phlius (in Xenophon, Hell. VI 5, 46), and 33-57, and of course Xenophon's Agesilaus. Diodorus IV 65, 9 ("the Athenians who excelled all 65. "Clearsamples of the excellence and greatness others in goodness"), was the proud theme of the of spirit which mark her dealings with all," TriSEIS Suppliants of Euripides and of the lost Eleusinians IrrTlasTapETriS K}al vEycaXovuxia5 :vapyi 8EiyCIaTa. of Aeschylus. It constituted a traditional theme of Diodorus XV 63, 2 (doubtless from Ephorus) men- funeral orations among which Lysias II 7-10 offers tions the demos of the Athenians as great-spirited a good example. Isocrates, Panegyric 54-60 men- and generousto all, pieycNA6yuXoscovKal (piX&vpcorros. tions it and says that Adrastus asked the city to aid 66. "A little while ago we began an examination rTaTKas the made in section 29 between the civic life of Athe- first member, the second member ?Tri rTO platcrati nians and the mere camps of the rest of mankind. 5vvaTrcorTpavls TrS, ------This is the first big conflict between the truly civi- would approximate the right rhythm in a phrase lized and the camping raiders, between Greek city of fifteen syllables and six words. and barbarian empire. Secondly Aristides is making 69. "We must include ... also these traditions." a playful reference to early ideas of geography. The It must be shown formally that the Athenians have later geographersscorned the quadrant maps of the a (pre-eminent) place among the old, wise, and early historians with rivers as dividing lines and inspired ethne, whose legends reflect an ancient with the continents equal in size: see J. L. Myres, nomos and are among the spiritual treasures of the Herodotus,Father of History (Oxford, I953), ch. III, past. The point of view is well described by Carl "The World of Herodotus." Geographerswho make Andresen, Logosund Nomos, Die Polemik des Kelsos Asia equal to Europe are derided by Herodotus IV wider das Christentum(= Arbeiten zur Kirchenge- 36, 2, who, moreover,in IV 38 and 39 uses the words schichte 30, Berlin, I955). Celsus attacked Christi- KarTaTEivoucOand twice TrapaTETaralin reference to anity as a world without Logos and Nomos. maps. Strabo I 2, 28 cites from Ephorus (F 30 70. "Amazons." For Athenian funeral orations Jacoby), who, Strabo says, asserted 6TOTCO AelOo- (e.g., Plato, Menexenus 239b) and for other orations rTTrVE0voS rrapraTrivEv&vrr'a& varoAW&vXEItEpIVCVv P?Xp in praise of Athens (e.g. Isocrates XII 68-70) or of BvaUCov<(XEipUptvvov>). The Ethiopians of Ephorus Theseus, the defeat of the Amazons was an import- were supposed to extend right across Asia and ant illustration of the excellence of the Athenians. Africa on the southern side of the map, whereas the Also for non-Athenians the Amazons were an old Amazons are represented as extending across Asia theme, which received a new interest after the and Europe to a certain parallel. Also the words historians of Alexander's expedition discovered EiltcbKEcavand 6picbjievacin Aristides carry an echo. them again. In addition to the older studies see now In Herodotus II 33-34 the rivers Nile and Danube W. W. Tarn, Alexander the Great (Cambridge1948) were supposed to extend right across Africa and 2; pp. 328f., and Dietrich von Bothmer, Amazonsin Europe on opposite sides: they start from the same GreekArt (Oxford Monographs on Classical Philo- limits (EK-TrV 'ICcov iErpcov 6oparcai)and equal each logy, I957). Aristides gives a new interpretation to other (Eitaouo'ai). The rivers start from the same the old theme of the Amazons vs. nature; nature line and equal each other flowing through two equal is at first the nature of woman but at the end un- continents, but the Amazons, who start from the expectedly the koine physis, a philosophical term same river and reach the same line, make two much used particularly by Stoics. unequal con inents unnaturally equal. Finally it "They had already made the continents equal; may do no harm to explain that Aristides separates having started from a fixed point, the Thermodon, the names of Lycia and Pamphylia with that of they stretched across Asia as far as Lycia and Caria Caria, not because of a weakness in geography but 114 OLIVER: THE CIVILIZING POWER [TRANS. AMER. PHIL. SOC. in order to avoid a stylistically false evocation of "The Maidens"were worshippedat the Leokorion. the name of a Roman province. He is also reflecting See particularly FGrHist IIIb 325 Phanodemos F 8 Ephorus (FGrHist II 70, 114) and Strabo XII 3, 2i, with commentary. For Leos' daughters see also who mention Mysia, Caria and Lydia for the Ama- Diodorus XVII 15, 2 where Phocion recalls their zons. example of death for the fatherland. "The empire of the Amazons had dissolved and 74. "Those for the community of Hellas and those their raiding was finished," IEXX-rAUTo'AliaoLaiv fi for the city alone," T-r Tr KOIVXKCai Tra itia. For this 'E&PX) Kai 6 p6los. Some went out on raids use of the latter adjective see A. W. Gomme, A abroad while others stayed at home and ruled, but Historical Commentaryon Thucydides1: p. 4I4. For after their defeat no raider survived as such and the thought see Isocrates IV 52. those who stayed at home were overthrown ((v)oUvrnvTri] 'EAxaSa as selves irresistible because of their numbers and the emended by A. Wilhelm, AiyuTrTIaK&,I [= Sit- allies of Athens thought themselves superior to her zungsb. Wien 224, I, I946] 27). in fine quality but Athens prevailed over both, "A very great contribution," oOK a)XIO-roVpepos. ap&poTrpcovKpaTcriav-rE, cs cKxaTpcovTrpoCfiK. He- CompareHerodotus I I46, oOiKXTaXiioTrrl oTpa. rodotus VII I39, 5 implies that Athens was the "She was challenging (Klvoiuaa)the Barbarians." small addition which tipped the scales in favor of Athens, stirring them up, is playfully representedas Hellas, but Aristides with an argument borrowed KIV1CaEcoSPXfi, and is compared with the god to from Thucydides I 73-74, where the Athenians whom one could "give credit for the whole achieve- claim to have supplied two-thirds of the fleet ment" (see above). Is this not the theme of Athens against Xerxes, inverts the famous metaphor and the eikon? makes Hellas the small addition to Athens. The "The wrong principle," &SIKovTIrv &apXjv.Hero- phrase "small addition" occurs also in Demosthenes dotus V 97 describes the dispatch of twenty Athe- II 14 but in another connection. See also Aristides nian ships on this occasion as an &pX)nKaK-ov. There XLII Dindorf p. 783. is probablya play here on the word &pxil,which 77. "Now it is possible to give credit for the whole meant also the first Athenian empire, which the achievement to one of the gods," e"eCrtpiv oi0vKax allies alleged was unjust. eryv'rva alToaaaoeal To0Irrovs Epyou, as in fact "Appealing to a desire for more than was just," Isocrates IV 84 (eEcovrtva) had done. The variation SPC- TOi0 1TrAEToVOS.Compare Herodotus V 32, pcoTra lies in the word ai-rtaaacoal. Treating the war as a oX)(v 'Tis 'E?Aa8os ruipavvosyevEcreat. The vice of blessing Aristides gives a new meaning to the encroachment (-rrAeovE{ia)was a common charge. terminology in which the Schuldfrage was often 78. "Sardis." Herodotus V 97-103. debated. The cause (atria) of each great war of the "When Darius received this excuse," Xaca3dv86 past was much discussed by Herodotus and others. -ra*rrrvrrp6oacnav. Plato, Menexenus240a, rrpocpaat- Herodotus II 120, 5 advanced the opinion that the L6pEvo5.LOIEVOS. Trojan War was caused by a deity (Satloviou) who "He could not remain still." Xerxes in Herodotus wished to show that great crimes are visited with VII 8a says, "We have never yet become quiet since great punishments from the gods. Aristides adapts we took the hegemony from the Medes." for the case of the Persian Wars the cause which Darius' "alleged intention (irp6oxr'Xa)was re- Herodotus, the historian of the Persian Wars, gives taliation upon the Athenians and the Eretrians." In for the case of the Trojan War. Instead of a divinely Thucydides VI 35, 6 Hermocrates says that the planned exhibition of total destruction for great expedition of Datis went ostensibly against Athens, crimes Aristides will present an exhibition of total mrl-rI 6v6OaTI-cos Er' 'AOlvas 'Et, and he implies victory for great excellence. In so adapting for the that it really went against Hellas. Plutarch, Aristi- greater glory of Athens a Herodotean argument des 5 says that Datis went ostensibly (X6ycp)to Aristides expands the reference to a deity with a punish the Athenians but really (Epycp)to subdue phrase probably suggested by Plato, Phaedrus the Hellenes. Herodotus VII 138 says that Xerxes' 246e-247c on the procession of the souls in eleven alleged intention (oivopa) was an expedition against companies under the supreme command of Zeus and Athens and Sparta; in Herodotus VII I57, the the subordinate command of ten other deities of the messengers of the Hellenes say that Xerxes' alleged Twelve Gods (Hestia remaining at home). A Greek intention (Trp6oarxja)is an expedition against audience listening to Aristides, would naturally Athens, but in VI 44 it is said that Mardonius' recall the old hellenioi (or eleutherioi)theoi, particul- alleged intention (rrp6oorXpa)was against Eretria arly Zeus and Athena. See for instance my discussion and Athens, and in VI 94: a&pa5E P3ouv6jOevoS 6 Aa- Demokratia,the Gods, and the Free World, ch. I and PEiOSTaTcSrs5 EX)6'vos T'TSTrpoQpactos Ka'TraoTp<(pEOIat IV. The god was making "a trial of those who had rijs 'EX?aSoSTro;s i 66vSroasaciTc y?fv TEKali V6cop. joined his company," Kpi'iv Tlva ... rTCv09' arr6v Aristides alludes to statements of Herodotus, or 8* 116 OLIVER: THE CIVILIZING POWER [TRANS. AMER. PHIL. SOC. rather he tacitly replaces them with another state- around the phrase EvXEp ov vopcp(unaccented in a ment in the same vein but with a different inter- famous passage of Aeschines I 5 and in Heraclides, pretation. If Herodotus had really meant to praise Pol. 8 [FHG II 214]), but characteristicallyhe gives Athens, he could have said something like this. it a quite new application. For the praise of thought, "Lest she cease to be satisfied at all," i &paaoOsiv speech and hands see Cicero, De Nat. Deorum II &aroXpfjv r&icboi,.Compare Herodotus I 66, Kac 86i I47-I5I with Pease's commentary. For Athena as api oCnkrt &riXpa 'fiCavXv &yv, on the Lace- the intelligence of hands see F. Buffi6re, Les mythes daemonians. d'Homere et la pensee grecque (Paris, 1956), p. 280. "His yearning and longing to increase the The story of the interpreter (untrue if Herodotus empire." Though Diodorus X I9, 5 contains some- VII 32 is right) comes from Plutarch, Themistocles thing very similar, Beecke, p. II is right in pointing, 6, 2, or Plutarch's source. The irony is a labored not to Ephorus, but to Plato, Menexenus I39c-I40a imitation of passages like Thucydides I, I33, lTpo- and the rhetorical tradition as the source. Trileetir1 8' iv YocpTrot05 woXhois TrV SiaK6OV'covU oOaveiv 79. The heralds' tour. Herodotus VI 48 and VII in a quite different situation. Compare Christian I3I-I33 mentions only the tour of the heralds of Habicht, "Falsche Urkundenzur GeschichteAthens Darius. Diodorus XI 2, 3 and Plutarch, Themisto- im Zeitalter der Perserkriege," Hermes 89 (I96I): cles 6 mention the heralds of Xerxes. HerodotusVII pp. I-35. 32 says that the heralds of Xerxes did not go to "They hurled into the Cleft those who had been Athens or Sparta. sent." Herodotus VII 133 reports this and that the "It was not just a manner of speaking but an Spartans threw the other heralds into a well. Not actual situation in which, if one gained control until section 131 does Aristides use the word of the Athenians, he had all the cities," TrroaSEXEIV "heralds," which here would reveal an act of -rS r6TdAEts.Hermocrates in Thucydides VI 33, 2 impiety. says that the Athenians were coming primarily "Others had to report (&vayyETAai).... It was against Syracuse well realizing that if they obtained not granted (bcys?vaOai)to him to obtain informa- Syracuse, they would easily have all the rest. The tion from his own envoys." Herodotus I 78, 2 uses argument of Hermocrates against Athenian im- similarlanguage of a differentsituation: oOKSy?V'ETro perialism is here as in Isocrates IV 68 (cf. Lysias KpoiacpdrrayyEiRat. Nicolaus the Syracusan in a II 21) turned into an argument in defense of Athen- speech asking mercy for the Athenian captives ian imperialism.In HerodotusVII 209,4 Demaratus (Diodorus XIII 21, 3) says, "From the vast arma- tells Xerxes that if he conquers the Spartans, no ment no ship, no man returned so that there surviv- other ethnos will resist him. ed not even the messenger to report to (the Athen- "Her replies." This is praise of Athenian "speech" ians) their disaster" (6o-rS lxri 'r6v tyyAoivTra to be followed by praise of Athenian "hands." aOcroTs-riv avu(ipopavTrrpliAXipefvat). 80. "For in a decision of hands and hand-to-hand The story of the heralds reappearsin the oration fighting it prevailed immediately, not only in the On the Four and has been discussed by A. Haas, show of hands when it came up for a vote as a bill Quibusfontibus Aelius Aristides in componendade- but also when they laid hands on the messengers clamationequae inscribiturTTp6s TA6&rcova arrrp rcov and destroyed them," 'OeOs yap tv XEplv(cor- i-L t&povusus sit, (Diss., Greifswald,1884), pp. 2If. rexi, XEpotvcodd.) KOploviv, o0 T-rXEporoviq pOvov, 81. "The fetters which he commanded the sub- &S vopos (unaccented), XAWacKQI Tcraj iapOepai TOro kings to make ready at once he ordered for a larger eyy,Aous. The phrase ?v XEpoivwould make no number than he thought the Athenians to be." The sense, but ThucydidesV 3, 2 EJeOSEv XEpai and 0o,io fetters are implied (as Beecke, Die historischenAn- aOrriKa?v XEpoivare two of the many parallels that gaben ..., p. 12 notes) by Herodotus VI 94, who could be cited in support of my emendation. Word says that the King sent Datis and Artaphrenes to play is usually quite untranslatable; I have had to enslave the Athenians and Eretrians and to bring render the succinctly ambiguous phrase (v Xepaiv them into his sight, rather than by Plato, Menexenus twice to cover both meanings. The key to the 240c. passage is a play on the word vojos, both v6pos in 82. "After this the heralds no longer visited the sense of a law passed by show of hands and Greece."This is contradicted by Herodotus VII 32, XEipcovvo6os, which means "a lynching." The latter who records that Xerxes sent heralds everywhere phrase is not correctly accented or explained in the except to Athens and Lacedaemon in order to Greek-English Lexicon; it may be studied in the demand earth and water. article of A. Wilhelm, Glotta 24 (I936): pp. I33-I44. "The fleet ... would announce itself," aOrO&yyeov Aristides imitates the play on words revolving ... T6v ar6Xov. Herodotus I 79, 2 says that VOL. 58, PT. I, I968] COMMENTARY 117 Cyrus came announcing himself to Croesus, aOUT- Herodotus VII 187 mentions "kitchen women and a6yyEos Kpoiacp EXr1X5OEE. concubines and eunuchs," also beasts of burden and "The greatest fleet on record." Herodotus VII 20, Indian hunting dogs. Moreover,Herodotus I 17, in 2 says this of the expedition assembled by Darius describing a barbarian (Lydian) army, uses the and Xerxes. words o'rTpaTEVETO65 iTrt oavpiyycov Tr Kai TrrrKTi- 83. "Madea landing, imitated a fishing by dragnet Scov Kai aCAou yUvaiKTriourE Kaci &vprl(ou. That is, from a ship, and were off with their catch of Ere- they marched accompanied by music of flute, lyre, trians," 'EpETrpiSEtrIpa3xv-r5 'XOVrTO (povTES, aayll- and oboe of high and deep note (so How and Wells, vilv Trva pullTcraxev6voivauTiKrv. The Athenian in though Aulus Gellius I ii understood Herodotus as Plato's Laws III 698 says: "The troops of Datis referring to female and male musicians). As a joined hands and so swept the whole territory as contemporary of Aristides, Aulus Gellius is worth with a net." Not so in Herodotus. citing: "Alyattes autem, rex terrae Lydiae, more "As if abducted by some kind of demon ."The manuscripts read cooTTrEpiTrap' aAAov faceret, ut Herodotus in historiis tradit, concinentes TtVOS T-OV KpeITTOvcov apTraceEv (or avapTraoe0v), habuit fistulatores et fidicines, atque feminas etiam which Canter translated "tanquam ab aliquo malo tibicinas in exercitu atque in procinctu habuit, genio fuissent abacti," but since Trapain dependence lascivientiumdelicias conviviorum." upon ap-raaoevcannot have this meaning (ab), we 87. "Excellence against wealth and ... mass." emend to corrEp EK rrapaxou rTvOSa&vapTraatoev, a So with more restraint Plato, Menexenus 240d6. play on the phrase TrapaAoSo-rpaoT6 (= navy). For "Steeds, weapons, ships, armlets, collars of the structure compare cOcrrEpK 0EoUTrrAiTYEiS in twisted metal, hunting dogs." For this kind of section 93. For the background see Hans Herter, enumeration compare Demosthenes XVIII 299: "B6se Damonen im frfihgriechischenVolksglauben," "weapons, cities, strategic areas, harbors, ships, Rheinisches Jahrbuch fiir Volkskunde 1 (I950): pp. steeds." For armlets and collars of twisted metal see II2-I43 with literature there cited; F. De Ruyt, Herodotus, especially IX 80 on the Persian wealth "Demoni nell'arte greca," Atti della Pontificia Ac- collected at Plataea, but also III 20 on the gifts of cademia di Archeologia (Serie III), Rendiconti 33 Cambyses to the king of the Ethiopians. For the (I960-I961): pp. 93-IO6. importance which the Persians attached to hunting 84. "Like some evil thing or other from the deep." dogs see Herodotus I I92, 4 (with Rawlinson's The manuscript reading coaTrEp &aoou TIVOSTOU discussion). Large numbers of these valuable dogs TrrEXOyoUSKCKOU is protected by Demosthenes IX 29: are said to have accompanied the army of Xerxes CoTrEpTrEpio8os f KCTaPoAXhTVrupETOvU q a&Tou T-lvO (Herodotus VII 187). KaKou.Otherwise one might be tempted to read "Gifts of fortune" are mentioned also in section something like Baicpovosinstead of &a7ourtlvOS. 152 (see commentary). "All the Hellenes except one city ... now sat 88. "There was one man now who, though dead still in utter dismay ... but not Athens." This is and riddled by them with arrows, yet stood erect," based upon what the Athenian Stranger says in etc. The corpse of Callimachus according to the Plato's Laws III 698d-e. Aristides correctsPlato who story told in Polemon's pair of orations on Cynegirus speaks of fear in the Athenians. The one city which and Callimachus. See also Anth. Pal. XVI 6, cited was not paralyzed by fear was, alas, that of the by a scholiast. Beecke p. i6 thinks that Aristides Lacedaemonians according to the Athenian Stran- describes the scene in the Painted Porch at Athens. ger. "Triumphal monuments in their ships." Beecke "Calling upon the aid (of the gods) and placing points to the tradition represented by the epigrams herself in their trust." Contrast Herodotus VI 105- to Nemesis, AP XVI 221, 222 and 263. io6, who speaks of an appeal to human allies. 89. "As much ... as ... any deed elsewhere," Aristides exploits the victory as evidence in support coarrep&7Ao Ti: cf. Thucydides I 142, 9 and VI I8, 6. of the ancient Hellenic religion. The phrase occurs in a different sense in section i8; 85. The speed of the Athenians in going out to and it occurs also in sections 125 and I29. Marathonis emphasized by Lysias II 23 and 26 and "While for Athens to honor Zeus, Patron of Free especially by Isocrates IV 87. Men, for the deeds accomplishedis only fitting, it is 86. "All the rest of the creatures in the baggage fitting for the other Greeksto honor Athens, and to for the camp (-rTv a?Xcov ?Rhegion et Zancle (- Bibliotheque des 139 with its praise of Athens and its reference to coles Fran9aises d'Athenes et de Rome, I89 compulsions. Herodotus never mentions the military [Paris, 1958]), pp. 273-277. On Xerxes pursuing a purpose of the stand at Thermopylae, because it is phantom one may compare the warning of Arta- the spirit and the legend rather than the practical banus in Herodotus VII 49, 4, TO&wrp6o'co &xi KiArT- result which interest him. Also the famous epigram, ToiJevos.TOpIVOS. "Oh stranger, report to the Lacedaemonians that "Feared ... for his own person." Herodotus VII we lie here obedient to their commands,"emphasizes 57 implies that Xerxes will be "runningfor his life." the heroic discipline. It was a unique display of 103. "Before undertaking these arguments, I had "excellence," not the fierce bravery of barbarians said that both races were conspicuously defeated by but the calm acceptance of death for an ideal. the city," above in section 76. Although Herodotus and the Greeks of that period "Again just now," in section 102. were more deeply moved by the superb display of "She might properly be called not the first nor Hellenic excellence, it does not follow that the even the one chiefly responsible for the freedom of sacrifice served no practical purpose. Indeed, it the Hellenic cities, but the sole accomplisher of probably made possible the escape of the fleet everything." Contrast Thucydides VI 83, 2, who before the Persians reached the Euripus, but this, makes Euphemus say, "We do not use fine words even if he had realized it, would not have served to the effect that we alone destroyed the Barbarian the purpose of Aristides. and so deserve to rule or that we ran risks for the "Save themselves separately as individuals." This freedom of these (Hellenes) rather than for that of idioteia contrasts with Athenian koinotes,but similar all including ourselves." language occurs in Diodorus XI 9 and in Justin II "They were destined to be ignominiouslytrampled II, 5. upon," xpfivat &TdrrlcoSCovNra0fivai. Aeschines III "Overwhelmed," KCaTaxccocrvTes: Herodotus VII 164 says that accordingto Demosthenes since Darius 225. III had come to the coast, Alexander was going to "Like a torrent." Diomedes is compared with a be trampled upon (avnrOTa-rfleoaeai). According to torrent in Iliad V 87-88. Philip is compared with a Herodotus VII I73, 3 the Macedonian advised the torrent by Demosthenes XVIII I53. Greeks not to await Xerxes at Tempe and be 105. "The Athenian contingent." The greatest trampled upon (KacTraTrrameval). number of ships is one of the three claims made by "Wise men and the Many too." Aristotle, Nicom. the Athenians in Thucydides I 74. Eth. I 4 (Io95a) says "The Many and the charientes," "Accordingly,if some god had asked," o-rr'el TIS the latter being the wise men (sophoi). Cicero, Phil. Ecovf prEro... rrarEIpov... V8aro &v, KTr. This I 29: laus recte factorum magnorumque in rem and the first sentence of section IO6may have been publicam fama meritorum; quae cum optimi cuius- inspired by the style of Isocrates VII 93, cOrr' EilTI que tur etiam multitudinis testimonio comproba- fCl&s pcoT-ricEVEl SeOaipEe'&v, KTA. tur. Also Tusc. Disp. III 2, 3. 106. "Theoptimism and daring(EOvux[iav Kai r6XA- "All ... would thus have cast their ballots in the itav) which the Athenians contributed" correspond same verdict," rravrrcov&v rTaOT Ka Taorr6 ylgpi- to the wrpoeiviua&OKVOr&Tr which was one of the Lopvcov {fI eenvcov }. Reading with ReiskeKoraTralrr6 three claims made by the Athenians in Thucydides for Ka'r'acrT and deleting with Reiske the probable I 74, i and which was paraphrased in 74, 2 as gloss i eOEpvcov,we regardthe participle 4rrltoplovcov TrpoeuCiaTroAi -roAIirlporTaTl. as standing for a present optative and as having the "They ... endured leaving their own land." For meaning which Aristotle, Ath. Pol. 68iand 69 gives the paradox see Demosthenes XVIII 204. to it in his description of Athenian dicasteries. They 107. "The retention of their belongings was the would have so voted, one after the other, if they had beginning of slavery." Aristides reappliesto another been asked. situation what Pericles said in Thucydides I I4I, I "It was this city who provided the man who gave and 143, 5. VOL. 58, PT. I, I968] COMMENTARY 121 108. "They conquered their foes with weapons "Life in defeat is unlivable." Compare Demos- and with fairness their friends." In reference to the thenes XVIII 205: "They did not ask even to live same Battle of Salamis Lycurgus, Against Leocrates unless it would be possible to do so in freedom." 70, says: "Alone they prevailed over both sides, not "Two-thirds of the whole coalition." The claim only over the enemy but over their allies, in a proper that the Athenians contributed two-thirds begins, way over each, that is, by benefiting the one group not with Aeschylus or Herodotus, but, as far as our and by conquering the other group in battle." evidence reaches, with the Athenian orator in Herodotus VIII 2-3 is much more restrained. See Thucydides I, 74, 6, who says "nearly two-thirds." also Isocrates IV 72. Demosthenes XVIII 238 says that out of a total of "Mooring themselves on the excellence and 300 ships, 200 were Athenian. Isocrates II I07 says felicity" of the Athenians. The image of the two that the Athenians had twice as many triremes as anchors of the Athenians goes back, to judge from the others put together. See Beecke p. 32 on how Plutarch, Solon 19, to a lost poem in which Solon the panegyrists of Athens arrived at this claim. referredto the two councils (see F. Stahelin, Hermes "A twentieth of the strength that comes from 68 (1933): pp. 343-345). It was the Athenians who us." Aristides borrows an argument from the according to Solon were moored on two anchors. speech of Epaminondas to the Thebans (Diodorus The same image occurs in section 5I. XV 78). "Yielding ... did not contend," cuyXcopi-aPcIT'lV 111. "Imposed conditions" like Gelon in Herod- ... qyE?oviav, Kai ,pi a(scripsi, & and Vices I25oa). Beecke, pp. 26f. says that the codd.) K&voi vcoOp6orarotTrilV q(Oiv eITwovKav vrrp parallel passage in Aristides, On the Four (II 232, aTcorv ETEpol. The Lacedaemonians were statuarii 3ff.) shows that Plutarch, Themistocles14, 3 is the milites (po6vIol orXirrai) who stood firm, but for source. naval warfare the sluggishness which the Corin- "Another will give us rule over you gladly." thians accused in the famous speech of Thucydides Compare Demosthenes XVIII 202, who refers to I 69-7I was a great disadvantage. three cases, the Thebans, the Lacedaemonians 109. "If they ... had asked the Hellenes for the earlier, and the king of the Persians. hegemony." Aristides recalls Herodotus VII 158- 112. "The sea remaining the only possibility." 162 on Gelon's demand that he be given the hege- Everything in the war depended upon the ships, as mony, but recalls primarilythe statement in Herod- Themistocles told Eurybiades in Herodotus VIII 62. otus VIII 3 (before the Battle of Artemisium). See "Not only in the role of leaders but as ancestors also the speech of Agelaus of Naupactus in Polybius too." Compare section 90 and commentary, also V I04, II. section I, but especially section 36 where the Athe- In sections o19-IIo Aristides corrects the rhe- nians are called "ancestors from whom community torical faults of Herodotus VIII I-5. He does so by life for all men has descended" and are said to shifting the treatment of Athenian willingness to do "bequeath for emulation finer things in general." without the leadership at sea to the occasion of the "A friendly group's loan," Epavos,J. Vondeling, Battle of Salamis where it was even more noble. Eranos, Diss., Groningen, I96I, describes the in- He does so also by stressing the virtue of Athens, stitution. whereas Herodotus expatiated, infelicitously from "Like stars." It is unnecessary to read any but a rhetorical standpoint, on bribes. The speech of the surface meaning; yet the stars are guides for Themistocles in Herodotus VIII 5, 2 shows the men. Gregoryof Nyssa, On Virginity (ed. Cavernos), statesman's cleverness and unscrupulousness; the p. 339, Io-I3 calls the spiritual man a Kavcbvand speech which Aristides says the Athenians could cKoiros for our life KaetaTrEpTrol Ku3EpviTajisot have, but did not deliver, illustrates the wisdom and d&EtpavEiS-rTv &orEpcov. conscientiousness of the Athenians. 113. "The ultimate in justice." The general back- 110. "The ordinary things which all men in com- ground is that of Plato's Republic, especially VI mon naturally consider their own,"-r& KOIVa TTrS 488-489 on the pilot. &vepcoTrEiasqpucEcos. The phrase fi &vepcoTrEiapuacls "Hegemony." CompareIsocrates IV 21 and 99. occurs again in section 274. The phrase T-r KolvoaTrS 114. "What was there to prevent that Hellas (puaEcosoccurs in a different sense in section 90. which has never been deprived of admiration even 122 OLIVER: THE CIVILIZING POWER [TRANS. AMER. PHIL. SOC. among the Barbarians Knot only from being stripped E. F. Osborn, The Philosophy of Clement of Alexan- of it then> but from not surviving today even as a dria (Cambridge, 1957), ch. 3, "The Logos," and, concept ?" -ri i v 'v v'acp <-roOTOT' oi po6vov&q)at- on -"demonstrations" of unseen realities, Th. Came- pEerivat> -rij oiiS' 'v -rois cappa'pots CarErajTEi rES lot, Foi et gnose: Introduction d l'itude de la connais- 'E7Xa8oS-r 0OeavpaLEaoait &K' ov'8'6'vopa viiv ?EIrrEa- sance mystique chez Clement d'Alexandrie (= Ltudes oat. Reiske noted the loss of TOvimmediately after de theologie et d'histoire et de la spiritualit6 3 pEacp,but the omission is surely more extensive. The I945), pp. 60-64. See also the apodeiktike' historia adverb vOivsuggests the loss of a preceding -rO'TE, (= apodeictic narrative) of Polybius II 37, 3 and while the phrase &?X o0i8(0) suggests the loss of a 42, 2 with Walbank's commentary. Walbank de- preceding phrase o*i povov, which is suggested also scribes apodeictic narrative as "supported by full by a possible reflection in the imitative Pseudo- reasons tracing cause and effect." This was the Aristides, Or. XXXV Keil 35, roVT-ro76O 6vopaA E1'Trr- particular strength of Posidonius, to whom Strabo Tat p6vov -roi y'vous. In Odyssey IV 7IO Penelope II io2 refers as TC-parO8ElKTtr(cp Kial Wt?Xocr69cp. The asks i 'va pry8' 6vot' aOrroi Ev a&vpcbTrotoiat?&rniyrat; "demonstrations" are those of sections 9og-ii8. Florus I 6, ii: laborat annalium fides, ut Veios fuisse Demosthenes XVIII 211 breaks off in this way with credamtis. a sentence beginning ~a?Udya'p and finishing with 115. "The foresight of the Athenians." For the words 'rravEAeETvoijv &Trr6OEvEv 3riv IotAoi.tai. Athena Pronoia see section 12. 120. "This examination of phenomena and study 116. "To save both the present and the absent." of hidden causes," Trlv iSE'Taatv Tav-rTIvKal arTrov8ilv. For the Athenians as saviors see sections 53' 54' 89, What Dionysius of Halicarnassus, Letter to Porpeius 123, 218 and 230. 7 admired in Theopompus (FGrHist II5 T 20) was: 117. "Educated them," fryov EiS-rT -rrp6aOeEv,To KaOe'gx'aohv -rrpat-~vp' p6vov -rTaTaVEpa T0o15 a play on the word &ycil by which the famous rro?Xoi-6psv Kala vi yEav, EEv h' i8E-ratlEtVKal T'asa5paVEIS Spartan system of education was known. alT-rias-rTcv Trpa8C'ov Kal TCovrrpaa&v-rcov avTras Kai Tra "The leadership of the leaders themselves." A ,rr&OITfl5s yvXTixS & i.t# frta TroS 'rroXWoT5EI8Evat, Kcal reminiscence of a famous phrase "leaders of leaders" ravrra iKKaAv1-rrTrEv-rTa livoriptia TTls TE 8oKo5ia1as which Thucydides V 66, 3-4 used of Spartan kings &(pE-TijKali TrjS a&yvoovpE'vrjsKiaKias. Josephus, Ant. is reapplied here to Athenians, as in the Roman mIud.VIII 56 says "Let us not, dressing the historia Oration 88 to the Roman government. Beecke with persuasive charms to beguile and please, avoid compares Diodorus XI 12, 4-5. the exetasis" (examination of what lies beneath the 118. "Athens was host to all their congresses surface). and gatherings:" an interpretation of Herodotus "Talking trivialities," VI.KpoXoyTo-eat.In the VII I39, 5: ol 'ErrEy8ipavTe5. Panegyric at Cyzicus (XXVII Keil 44) Aristides "Common ball of council," KotvOvPoVXwTijptov. applies the phrase ptKpokoyEToeatTrr8ppt TCOv iaTac-raov Plutarch, Cimon Io, 7 says that Cimon appointed to the petty rivalries of cities in his time. On tIKpo- his house as a common hall (-rrpv-ravEiov&mrro&iLa 7oyia (== minutiloquium) see J. H. Waszink, com- xowv0v)for his fellow-citizens. See also section 274 mentary to Tertullian, De Anima 6, 7. Aristotle, and commentary. Metaphysics 995a8-Io: Ka'1 o'l It'v -TravTa&KptI3AS, 119. "But the importance we attach to the demon- ToIS i Xvwerrei-rTo &Kpti- i' 8ta -rot 8(,6v'vaaaaJvvEi- strations of an unseen reality and the fact that one PEIV f Sta TT?vItKpAoyiav. argument leads to another," 'A7X'a yap Tl'rrepE "Men who have looked at each case through exact ras dTrOSBItEISa'rrov8' iaIa A'yos X6ycp -rrapa8ts6oi*. understanding," ol St' dcXip6EfasE.Kaa-ra gopaK=TES. In Iamblichus, De vita pythagorica (ed. Deubner) 82 a discussion of the eternal forms, the medium and describes the philosophy course of the akousmatikoi the temporary ~acrra Plato, Timaeus 52c5-6 says as "lessons without demonstrations and argument" Trcp,8SE' 6v-rcAS 6irn PorjO's6 8i' &lpttEIas&ATr&I"s ?o6yos. (aKxovaptaTa ava-rr6EtKTrca xcai &vEv?iyov o-rt ov-rcos The above cited passage from Aristotle Metaphysics rrpaicrrov), and in 147 he uses the phrase VtTv E81 995a shows that St' &xKpti8k1Simplies "making con- -rht&?'OeSa-nrov8iiv, "his zeal for the Truth." Em- nections." Pseudo-Heraclitus, Homeric Questions (ed. pedocles B I7 (Diels-Kranz) line 2, ?M6yov?o6yov Buffiere) 6, 5: -rTv 0Tn0?XE?lpgvqTv 'v rTOSETrEOaV igoXETa1v'cov,"drawing one argument from another." &?-estav&iptp&s 8taept'laas, and 7, I: "Apollodorus, Aristotle, Meta ph. io63b io, Trraso6yoS Ka'ai 7r&-aaa orr6- a brilliant interpreter of any historia (= surface gttS, "all reasoning and demonstration." The story), has given, in a way to achieve an exact apodeixis (demonstration) meant the scientific proof understanding, the demonstration concerning these of the Aristotelian syllogism rather than the rhetor- matters" (1hKPIj3CoTIat8' TrEp'tTOroTCVroiTTov 6& Katl ical proof of the Aristotelian enthymeme. Compare 'A-rro?ao8ApcP,imEpi -rracrav io-ropiav a&v8pi8EtvBE ). VOL. 58, PT. i, I968] COMMENTARY 123

"A struggle in finding the words which is almost (cf. 31 [I962]: pp. 3IO-315), Christian Habicht, as great as that which those men of yore sustained "Falsche Urkunden zur Geschichte Athens im Zeit- in performing the deeds." Aeschines III 241 says: alter der Perserkriege," Hermes 89 (I96I): pp. 1-35, "If Ctesiphon will have the nerve to invite Demos- and others (see the Bull. ep.). For our passage the thenes into your court to speak and the latter will most important parallel is probably Plutarch, Them. come up and laud himself, the hearing of what you Io, 4-5 (cf. Herodotus VIII 40-4I and Thucydides I have suffered becomes more grievous than the 73), but see infra, commentary on the reference to sufferings themselves (-rCOv pycov). Demosthenes presbytai in section 126. XVIII I60 replies: "It is disgraceful if when I have "Tokens of all that one might call greatest in undergone the real labors (-ra?pya) in your behalf, man," TrraVTcovocr TIS ElTrol pEylora KQT' &vOpOrTrous you will be unable to endure even the words there- ... acrOpoXa. Aristides reworks, restricts and of." reapplies the encomiastic theme of Isocrates XIV "Hence we cannot afford to leave any area un- 58 on the land of Plataea "in which very great signs worked and unexamined," oOS6v o0v apyov ou0' ave- of excellence (pjiyilo-a crlETa TS'riapETfs) have been -rEaorov EiKoS TrapaATxrEiv.Plato, Phaedrus 235 B: left, of your own and of those who shared the "the outstanding feature of the discourse is just struggle with you." The five virtues of Athens are this, that it has not overlooked any important piety (EV'ao3Eia),endurance (KxaprEpia), prudence aspect of the subject, so making it impossible for ((ppovril), philanthropy ((ptavepcoTrria),and great- anyone else to outdo what he has said with a fuller ness of spirit (ipyaXotWuxia).These virtues, separate- or more satisfactory oration (Hackforth's trans- ly and in pairs, are illustrated again and again in the lation). oration. In Euripides, frag. 284 there are five "Zeal to uncover hidden causes in the petty sub- cardinal virtues, namely EOyAcocacia,courage, wis- jects," erriTroiS puKpols rTrouSil. The orator uses the dom, justice, moderation. In the list of Athenian word a third time and varies the meaning again. virtues given by Aristides philanthropy ((pitavepco- For the thought see Aristotle, RhetoricIII 7, 2 and Tria)and greatness of spirit (piEyaXAouXiya)are some- compare Isocrates, Helen 5. thing more than justice and moderation which they 121. The section ends with a paradox. For the displace. The four tests in the SoKIpaCioapT)rl6pcov in Medizerswhose cities were not burned, the Persian fourth-century Athens, according to Aeschines I army was a flood which engulfed them willy nilly. 28-32, were piety first, endurance second, modera- In using the expressions "poured in" (EicaEXEovro)tion, and prudence. and "flowing around" (TrrEpippovTros)Aristides has "The things that were dearest." This and other in mind the metaphor of Aeschylus, Seven Against comments resemble what Polybius II 6i, 8-II says Thebes 64, Kupa XEpaaTovorpacroi. For the Greeks in praise of the Megalopolitans,who gave up their who would not submit the Persian army was an own city in defense of the Achaeans. advancing conflagration (xiInov 7rOp). The participle "Philanthropy, because they endured this in ?Tri6v may be paralleled in Herodotus VII I45, behalf of the salvation of the others." Mere justice, 6Etivv E't1i6VrrV6poicos Trraea"EA.Xi. Comparison the cardinal virtue replaced in the case of Athens of an army with a blazing fire ((pAoy6S)occurs in by philanthropy, would not have required this section 214. Comparison of war with a flood (Kipa) altruism. occurs in section I02. "And in the idealism of a great spirit, ... among 122. "Athena's men." Plato, Phaedrits 246e and all mankind who is comparable to those who gave 252C-253c describes the souls as traveling in eleven up their estates and property in defense of free- companies each headed by a god to whom the souls dom?" Megalopsychiahere clearly appears as the seek to assimilate themselves. Athena is the founder ability to rise entirely above merely practical con- of Athens (section 40) and a city takes its true siderations and to make a choice on the basis of character from its founder as one may see from honor alone. Compare Aristotle, Eudemian Ethics Julian who in the Misopogon347A (Hertlein p. 447) 1233a, 'Trei o0v rrEpi T'rp1S atpeaiv Kai XpTcnv Kai T-rV attributes the character of the Antiochenes to aXAcov ayaecov TCOVEriVTipV apio-rri EaTrisi6Elat1i5 Antiochus and in Epistle 51 Hertlein (p. 556) = pEyaXoh0vuia Kai ou TrEpi T-r XpTlo'tia, ... Epistle III Bidez (p. I70) conflates the Alexandrians "Loyal obedience to their commanders, the with Alexander. discipline that all honor in telling the story," KaiTrqJ "Decree." The tradition about the decree of OTrOTraVTCov Ev TroS X6Oyois TPloPEvrTJS roIS apXouaiv Themistocles has been studied in the light of new EOTrEleEiaS.Pericles in Thucyd. II 37, 3 extols evidence by M. Jameson, "A Decree of Themistocles Athenians for obedience to those men who on each from Troizen," Hesperia 29 (I960): pp. 198-224 occasion are in command, and to the laws. 124 OLIVER: THE CIVILIZING POWER [TRANS. AMER. PHIL. SOC. 123. "Packed up and left," &rrooaKxuaoiEvo1. 126. "Bywork," -rrapEpyov.Something aside from CompareDemosthenes IX 61. the main task. Contrast Plato, Timaeus 38d-e: 6 "The Hellenes as far as Attica." For this type of XoyoS Tr&pepyoS ov Tr70ov &v epyov Jv EVEKaAyETrat phrase see Ad. Wilhelm, Attische Urkunden I (= TrapaCXot,and Euripides, Hercules Furens I340 rwa- Sitzungsb. Wien 165, 6, I9II), pp. Io-II. pEpya kp.OvKIaKcV. The bywork of Nitocris parti- "When someone dared to say that they had to cularly impressed Herodotus I I86. submit, they killed him at once, while their wives "It constitutes a great disaster and an outrage attacked his wife and killed her too." The stoning of against the law of the Medes if any of those who Cyrsilus and his wife is reported by Demosthenes dared to war against the King escapes." Isocrates, XVIII 204. The story is analyzed by Christian Euagoras 63. Habicht, "Falsche Urkunden zur GeschichteAthens "Taking those of the Athenians who were on im Zeitalter der Perserkriege," Hermes 89 (I96I): Salamis, namely the men over fifty," AapcbOv-TOi pp. 21-23. ovras aUTrCvev EcxaAatvi TOOiSTrrpEoaipraS. The Athe- 124. "Placed compulsions about them." Aristides nian fighting men were divided, of course, into transfers to the Athenians what Herodotus VIII izniores (Pi-vrFts) and seniores (lTpeapcTCat).The 75-76 relates about Themistocles personally. line is drawn between them at the age of fifty or "Except for as far as the triremes reached," forty-five (cf. A. W. Gomme, A Historical Comment- rrap' oaov ai TrptirpEisEwreTXov. In Thucyd. VII 62, 4 ary on Thucydides2 [Oxford, I956] pp. 37f.). Now Nicias said the Syracusan land was hostile except where did Aristides get the information that the for as far as the infantry reached, TrTArvOCaov &v 6 Athenian presbytaior older soldiers were on Salamis, 'rel6Tosfipv ?wrTExl). since it is not mentioned by Herodotusor Thucydides "As in a sea of waves," ccTrrEpEv acixrrr Kal KU- or in the extant orations of Attic orators? M. Jame- paai. The advancing Trojans are comparedwith the son, "A Decree of Themistocles from Troizen," waves of a stormy sea in Iliad XIII 795-80I. The Hesperia 29 (I960): pp. 202 and 214, suggests that phrase KXSbcovaTroXEhicov occurs in Euripides, I.T. the decree of Themistocles, which according to 316. For the metaphors here suggested compare D. Demosthenes XIX 303 Aeschines had read out to van Nes, Die maritime Bildersprachedes Aischylos the Athenians, was available to Aristides in an (Groningen, I963), pp. 30-6I on sea and waves. Atthis or in a copy of Craterus, Trq(pitop,-cov "Thanksto foresight on the part of a general,they Euvaycoyn,or in a text of Aeschines,but the answer had prepared in advance whatever was destined to is difficult, as Chr. Habicht, Hermes 89 (I96I): pp. injure the King." See Herodotus VIII I9-22. 1-35, shows. "Placed themselves opposite" (the Phoenicians). 127. Fear of Xerxes for his own person: Aeschines Beecke, p. 35 with reference to Diodorus XI I8, 6 III I32. and I9, says that Aristides here has the version of 128. CompareThucydides I 74, the speech of the Ephorus in mind. Athenians in the assembly at Sparta. For the 125. "One day too late." As Beecke, p. 15 re- emphasis on the oecumene compare G. Pugliese cognized, the source is Plato, Laws III 698e. Carratelli, "Europa ed Asia nella storia del mondo "Partners," aoVTrEETiS.He means "allies," but the antico," La Parola del Passato 40 (1955): pp. I-I9. Greek for "allies" etymologically would emphasize "Oracles."Compare Herodotus VIII 14I. "fighting." Hence, Aristides ironically substitutes a "Visions from Eleusis." HerodotusVIII 65 and 84. word used at Athens for those who were banded to- 129. "Since his fate would be the same, (Mardo- gether in orderto create a fleet, with no etymological nius) resolved after having ' reference to actual fighting. done something bold," TrfiS ac0rfS Pvfio-<>()at "No less than any other gain," cocrrEp&A?o T-. (povfoaKal codd.) T-r,X5S?yvco rt Kal Tro7iiraas. The This phrase recurs in sections I8, 89, and I29. See passage is based on Herodotus VIII Ioo, i, but Thucydides I I8, 2 with Gomme's commentary. there is something wrong in the text. Reiske guessed "Shared jointly in her noble offering," -TjSi lo- that a word like Treipaoe0ahad fallen out after TiniaS KOtiv ETacaX6voTS.The source of Diodorus XI Tro,icas5. To us, on the other hand, the trouble II, 5 gave credit for the victory to Sparta; Aristides seems to lie in the words povis Kal, which look like replies. The noble ambition (

Trlva i laeOtriarTOs i eE4acaTos, 6 PTI Kp(pu9v av 'Tr Tcr)V Athenians, oi ToaiTla' oiKovuPevTsI 'EArlvi8os yiis TroXEiiCAoviSc6V cXPEXTrE?irI. Tcov5E(the Heraclidae) Trpouicrrloavp6voi, and when 192. "Boys and girls in the flower of their youth," Eurysthenes sneers (Heraclidae Io36-7) TrotOUrcov oi Ev TflKia.TrTi In the Charmides I54b Plato has evcov I rpo-orriT-E.In Josephus BJ II 207 the new Socrates say that he is nothing but a blank rule emperor Claudius announces that he will be a when it comes to judging those who are handsome: TrpocaTrras,not a -rTpavvos. For the Athenians as "It is roughly so that all those in the flower of their rrpoorrat of the Hellenes see also Lysias II 57, youth seem to me handsome." Isocrates IV I03. For the Rhodians as prostatai of 193. "Absolutely unique," 'va ... Kai TrpCTroV. those who sailed the sea compare Polybius IV 47, I. For similar phrases see L. Robert, Etudesepigraphi- 195. "The notorious peace." For the King's Peace ques et philologiques(= Bibliotheque de l'Ecole des of 386 see H. Bengtson, Die Vertrdge der griechisch- Hautes Etudes 272 [I938)]: pp. I08-II2. romischen Welt (Munich, I962), No. 242. Isocrates "War ... in defense of the Thebans." In both in many places (e.g. IV 176 and I79), denounces the section 193 and section I94 Aristides vies with peace and so does Demosthenes. Demosthenes XVIII 96, who recalls that the Athen- 197. "In the kind of peace what a difference." ians nobly "went out to Haliartus and again a few Demosthenes XV 29 compares the Peace of Callias days later to Corinth," without bearing a grudge (Bengtson, Vertriage ... No. I52) and the King's against the Thebans and Corinthians in their hour Peace (Bengtson, Vertrage ... No. 242). of need. They went to Haliartus in the autumn of 198. "The city did no harm to the Lacedae- 395 B.c. and to Corinth in the summer of 394 B.C., monians." The source is Plato, Menexenus 242cd. but Xenophon, Hell. III 5 and IV 3 did not exploit It is true that the Athenians did not slaughter the the incidents for the glory of Athens. Comparealso Lacedaemonians captured on Sphacteria but cer- Isocrates Philippus 43. tainly not because it was enough to have prevailed "Though this city had not found more bitter with excellence. Thucydides IV 41, i gives the enemies." So also Isocrates, Philippus 43 in telling main reason, namely to use them for bargaining the story. purposes. The philanthr6pia which Aristides implies "Reminders." Whereas Demosthenes XVIII 68 in the case of Athens was an encomiastic theme of says that the Athenians had to fight because of the Xenophon's Agesilaus for the praise of a Spartan virropvrwiaTa(reminders of their ancestors' ex- king, a theme incidentally absent in the Hellenica: cellence), Aristides says that valiant Athenians did see H. R. Breitenbach, Historiographische Anschau- fight despite the ivronivriara(reminders of past ungsformen Xenophons (Diss. Basel, I950), ch. III, disasters). "Panhellenismus und Philanthropie." "Childish dreams." For the contrast between "By guile in the naval battle" of Aegospotami. reality and dream (6vap-uTrap)see the passages cited See Xenophon, Hellenica II I, I5-32 for the story. by E. Hermann, Nachr. Gesell.Wiss. Gottingen1918: "Even so they did not imitate (the lesson which pp. 284-286; H. Frisk, Eranos 48 (I950): pp. 131- Athens gave in virtue), so far were they from being I35: and J. H. Oliver in the commentary to the able to originate it." Isocrates XII ioi speaks of the Roman Oration 69. Lacedaemonians as originators and teachers of 194. For the war at Corinth see commentary on wickedness and of the Athenians as pupils who have I93. been deceived. Isocrates XIV i8 "Thebans who were "Showing by their behavior that in waging war so far from imitating your gentleness that," etc. they acted in defense of others and were not doing 199. "Megara, Nisaea, Troezen, Achaia, Pegae." anything for themselves privately," Epycp 8EiavTrE See section i66 and commentary. OT- TO TcOVr TpooraTcOV TroAXEiJO0tV, ovX ac'TroTSliax 200. In Thucydides IV 17, 4 the Lacedaemonians, -T TrpaTTOVTEs.Demosthenes IX 23 says: Kairot rrpo- calling upon the Athenians to restore the prisoners TO'rrat pEV VjPEiS PISOpinKOVTr'ETTr Kai Tpia Trcv 'EARl- taken at Pylos, warned the Athenians not to act VCov EyEVEoCE, TrpooTcTrat 6? TplaKOVe' EVOS 60ovra like those who have a sudden stroke of luck and AaEumeneia in Phrygia, the subject of a masterly "Again is it the city or the contingent results interpretationby L. Robert, Hellenica 11-12 (I960): which they denounce ?" T-rIroiwv rr6-rpovTrfS rT6oecoS pp. 414-439, commemorates a certain Gaius who i TrCV pavTp&avrcov KaTtlyopoUCiv. This passage is had little wealth but practice in composing verses, based primarily on Demosthenes XVIII I92-I95, from which he helped his friends cS 8ivapIS loi, whereDemosthenes in an entirely differentsituation because the prosperity of others brought joy to his defends himself against the charge that he was re- heart. The Christianinscription constitutes a parallel sponsible for the avupjdvTaand where he emphasizes for Aristides' use of the word philotimia as an ex- the intention (rrpoaipEals)as the really important penditure of talent (instead of money) to bring consideration.Aristides is probably the first to apply strength, joy, or comfort to others. In one sense the the argument of Demosthenes to the case of the discourse is dedicated to Athena, in another sense Melians and Scionaeans. One might compare this to the race of the Hellenes. P. Veyne, "Les honneurs passage with Origen'sexplanation of the blameless- posthumes de Flavia Domitilla," Latomus21 (I962): ness of God in creating the creature who by free pp. 49-98, especially pp. 5I -nd 65-67, discusses will became the devil (Comm. in Ioann. II 13 [IV dedications inscribed rTOS0eois iKa! T-rl rrO6Ai (IG VII p. 69, i8f.]: Kle' o yap 8iaCpoX6soTaIv OVK ac-ri 0Eo 572) or to various gods "and the Demos." IG VII SritoupyTrla 6E aoUpipPllKeslapo6Acp devai, yevnrTOS 2234, cited by Veyne, bears the inscription: rivE COv,o18evoS KTI-roOV6oros wrapg TOUOeov0U iov, Oeoi epaao-rcv Kiri Tr -TrwOEITrOV vaov 'Ap-rip8l IcoTeip? crrtIKrio,ria. Note Origen'suse of the word OrvpiprJTlKE).XK*ACXI EKXaCIKOS EK TCOV 6icoiV &VEOriKE.In section i "If they denounce the city, they apparently Aristides addresses the public as "men of Athens," understand nothing of the most important things," but in section 275 his audience has become "men o6v, couE, s OKe, TCV pyio-rcov -rrmo-racra.The most of Hellas." important things are what Demosthenes XVIII I93 "To show that others have ... perpetrated ... calls the Koax Kaitrfis rr6XcoS&ata Trp&ylpa-ra. De- more terrible deeds is not a defense (drrroXoyia)... mosthenes furthermoreclaims to have done every- but rather a confession appealing for pardon" thing possible KOrr'&vOpc&irrvov Aoyiti6v. However, (61oXioyia oaX&ovei oavyyvcodnrvKaTrcapEyocaa). In VOL. 58, PT. I, 1968] COMMENTARY 139 defense of Athens Isocrates, Panath. 70 and 89 for the actual massacre of all the Athenians and the attributed still greater crimes to Sparta, but Isoc- enslavement of their women and children, Xeno- rates did supply a more positive inspiration for this phon Hell. II 2, 19 says that the Lacedaemonians passage in the Busiris 36-47, especially 44-45, saved them (cf. Isocrates, On the Peace 78 and Io5). ETrei-rv yE X6yov, Ov auviypayaS, 'OUK rro7oyioav The cavalry action by Mantinea in 362 B.C. was vrrEpBovaipitos &a' opoXAoyiavTCOV ErriKaAoupJivcov described by Xenophon, Hell. VII 5, I6-I7 and ... oi yap aTroTXiet acTrrv TCOVai-rTcv dAY'&Tropai- depicted by Euphranor in the Stoa of Zeus at VEtS,CoS Kai TCOVa?Acov TlVE5T-r'ra TarErTrerotlKaal, P(a- Athens. eUIo-rT'rrv rTSai pappraVOvUCIvevpia(Kco< KaTaOpUyl V. 221. "One captured, men and all, the ships that 216-217. "The necessary nature of affairs," -rT were approachingfrom Sicily." Xenophon, Hell. VI rTC)vTpaypaTrov (puac, a phrase used by Hippias 2, 35 says that "the ships from Syracuse were all rather fatuously in Plato's Protagoras 337d. The captured, men and all," by Iphicrates. physis of affairs was for the Athenians of Thucy- "The other defeated the Lacedaemonians near didean speeches the necessity of a situation (e.g. V Leucas (ErriAEUK&aS) and made the sea his own" I05, 2, &TrrO9(OecoS avayKaiaCs(cf. Diodorus IX IO, 3, (6t' aio Troi orrloraaEvoS).Diodorus XV 36, 5 says o'rrrT-CV Trpaypi6crcov avayKaLo6iEvo0). On Greek the- (Timotheus) rTaSiTrTo-ras TCOVTTEpi TOSJ TOTTOUJS KEi- ories of the nature of rule see J. de Romilly, Thucy- vovs I5lEOTTOIolCTapEVoS,wT6oEcov vauioIaXia ?ViKT)aE dide et l'imperialismeathenien (Paris, I947), p. 250- TroUSAaKE65ajioviouS Trrpi AEUKVa81. 259 and the references there cited. 222. "She alone ... did not bring in a tyrant." 217. "Encroachment."Athens, as Thucydides IV This is not the charge actually made against Athens 21, 2, IV 4I, 4 and VI 24, 4 says, did reveal the in the Letter of Philip 7, which has come down as spirit of encroachment, but the encroachment of XII among the orations of Demosthenes. Aristides is Athens seemed less after the Spartan hegemony thinking of Dionysius, Jason and Philip himself. founded by Lysander (Xenophon, Hell. VI, 3, 7, "For the others she became another fatherland." Diodorus XIV 33 and especially Isocrates IV iio- Aeschines III 134 called Athens the common refuge 132). of the Hellenes. "The fear that rulership inspires," rTOTfS apPX)iS "She alone preserved the posture of the true 686otK6s.For the participle 6SE8oKoscompare Thucy- Hellas," po6vrl6 -TOa(Toippoov T-rS 'EXAxSos stETrprlc?E. dides I 36. The Athenians who spoke at the Congress The posture of the true Hellas was courage in at Sparta in Thucydides I 75-77 emphasized fear defense of freedom. The metaphor is drawn from the as the chief reason why they advanced their empire, tradition of sculpture and painting, but Demosthe- admitted that justice had nothing to do with the nes LX 23 had said of those who fell at Chaeronea matter, and claimed that they were less unfair to that the freedom of all Hellas was preserved in the their followers than anyone else. hearts of these men and that their cpETri'was a "It received no thanks for its fairness." Compare breath of life within the old Hellas. Compare the Thucydides I 77. Hymn to Athena of Aristides II p. I5 Dindorf, 218. "Apostasized," &rrooTavraS.The word means where Athena in occupying as her own the KE?Opaas also "rebelled,"but the passage ending with a refer- of cities, i.e. their capitolia, is said to have been ence to the Athenians as "saviors" carries a religious preserving the symbolonof her birth (from the head overtone. of Zeus). Athena in the posture which really sym- "Saviors." Comparesections 53, 54, 89, ii6, 123 bolized the meaning of her birth (cf. Plato, Cratylus and 230. 407b) could be seen in representations of the 219. Thucydides III 2-50 for the facts but not for Capitoline Triad on coins, pediment, and reliefs, the absurd exculpation. The memory of their in- where Minervatouches her head with her right hand juries made them angry and the crisis or sudden and looks at Jupiter. This so very republican judg- turn of affairs gave them an opportunity for revenge. ment of Aristides deserves to be noticed as part of Thucydides III 36, 2 says that their first decision the civic tradition even in the second century after was made under the influence of anger. Christ. For anyone interpreting the history of 220. For the preponderance of benefits over in- Athens the fundamental cleavage between the view juries see the speech of Euphemus in Thucydides VI of Isocrates and the view of Demosthenes had to be 87, 3, where, however, the tone is defiant and the faced. Was the struggle against Philip, as Demos- point is not driven home or, shall we say, labored. thenes saw it, a struggle of civic life against enslave- The Thebans and the Corinthians and the Lace- ment by a despot, of a republic against a tyrant ? daemonianswere the chief Greekcities who destroyed Or was a beneficent leadership by a despot possible, the power of Athens. While the two former called as Isocrates XII implied ? Aristides and the Hellenes 140 OLIVER: THE CIVILIZING POWER [TRANS. AMER. PHIL. SOC. now side with Demosthenes. Compare section i86 to Plutarch, Themistocles20, Themistocles stopped and rememberthat in the Roman Oration he visual- the Lacedaemonians, and, in so doing, mentioned ized the empire as a league of republics. Hellas and the numberof cities, but Aelius Aristides, 223. "In return for these Hellenic exploits the adhering closely to what in Plutarch's account Hellenes, in the way they erect a statue of an in- actually happened, deviates in respect to motivation dividual, should have honored a city, and if so, the and purpose from Plutarch's interpretation. Xeno- city of the Athenians alone deserved a statue, yes, phon, Hell. VI 3, 20 represents the Lacedaemonians one to be honored as an image where the spirit of in 369 B.C. as appealing to the Athenians on the Hellas would delight to reside, an object of worship grounds that when the allies had defeated Athens to all Hellenes &ve' J)v iEXpfiv ConrrEpi6cb- and the Thebans wished to the Athenians, jointly," ' expel TOv 'r6TEcos EKova TrolirlCaaclOc, TirA5 vaicov they (the Lacedaemonians) had prevented them. rTpoo'iKE i6vrl KaiTi l lpav oT$arepicyaXpa KOIVOVTrS 225. "The child of Zeus" was Athena Nike in 'EAaX&os.Isocrates IX 57 speaks of the eikones of Euripides, Ion I529, but Helen the ideal in Isocrates men who performed Hellenic deeds being erected X 53. The phrase is from Hector's wish, Iliad XIII beside the agalmaof Zeus, and in IX 73 he contrasts 825, and here representsthe best and most desirable eikonesof bodies with eikonesof deeds. In Aeschylus, victory. Eumenides920 the chorus calls Athens an agalmaof "For all the cities and all the races of men have the Hellenic daimones,by which they mean a place turned toward you and your way of life and your where the gods and spirits of Hellas delighted to language." Pope Leo I, Sermo 82, i (PL LIV 422- reside. Himerius (Or. V 30) calls Athens a&Ko6E6v 423) says of the religious hegemony of the Romans: PETr'ovpavov EvSicxiTarTa.On the word agalma,which Isti sunt qui te ad hanc gloriamprovexerunt, ut gens occurs also in section I43, see F. M. Cornford,Plato's sancta, populus electus, civitas sacerdotaliset regia, Cosmology (London, 1937), pp. 99-I02. It usually per sacrambeati Petri sedemcaput orbisefecta, latius means cult statue, and as such, the word is con- praesideresreligione divina quamdominatione terrena. trasted in section 143 with dedications, and here 226. "The power of the city," fi 8uvaisiisTrS rr6- with ordinary portraits (eikones).The agalma, how- A?coS.This is exactly the phrase of the Funeral ever, is at the same time an eikon, and so this Oration in Thucydides II 41, 2, with which Pericles passage constitutes a bridge leading to section 274. proves the greatness of Athens. In the Periclean Statues of cities did exist: see P. Veyne, Latomus21 oration of Thucydides II the dynamis of the city, (I962): pp. 70f. The divine spirit resides, however, assured by garrisonsin the other cities, is the gpycov in an imago vera, a living image, as Agrippina said: a&?ieaa that remains when you strip away the non in effigies mutas divinum spiritum transfusum: X6ycov Ev-rp rrap6vri K6jOro0and really look at it. se imaginemveram, caelesti sanguine ortam(Tacitus, The Thucydidean gpycova&XiSqla was the hard core Annals IV 52, 4). of real achievements when you stripped away the 224. "An agreementhad been made by them with words of those who like poets aimed at giving a the Lacedaemonians." Herodotus VII 132, 2 refers, momentary pleasure with fine language that exag- not to the Athenians and Lacedaemonians, but to gerated. But Aristides, when he says "the dynamis "those who had assumed a war against the Barbar- of the city," does not mean the erga as Pericles did, ians," as swearing an oath, but Plutarch, Themistoc- but the very opposite, the logoi. When you strip les 20 suggests that the Lacedaemonians had away the erga of the so-called Athenian Empire and sponsored it. come to the hard core of the city's power, you find "To annihilate ... those who had Medized," it is the power of the city's logoi. This then is the aVE?,ETvTOiS InSioaavrcas. Herodotus VII 132, 2 climax for which the repetition of the word logos in says TouTrous(sc. those who had given themselves to sections 2 and 3 first prepareda mood or a question, the Mede) 8EKa-TEUcatTCr v AEXpoitaiOeC. How and which the paradoxonof section 8o and certain other Wells, without citing the interpretation of Aelius comments were supposed to continue. Aristides, argue well that "SEKa'rOEuiacannot mean "One will find that even the Heniochi, both the merely to exact a tithe from" but that "the meaning herdsmen and those who live off the sea, and all is surely the total destruction of the cities." See nations not only in cities but on the countryside further H. W. Parke, "Consecration to Apollo," lay hold of the language that comes from you, Hermathena 72 (I948): pp. 82-114, who interprets clinging to it and trying their powers, just as one 8sKaOrEuivhere and in the apocryphal oath of will find those unable to swim keep a hold on the Plataea as meaning "ritual destruction." land," 16ois8' &vKaci TroS 'Hvi6Xovs, Kai -roiS vopuaS "They stopped them, for they saw by how many Kai Tros rro TiS Oacatr s icovTras,Kai -rravra oaa cities Hellas was about to be decreased." According eovrlKai Kara wrrr6oESKai KaraoXcbpas TrfS Trap'ivpCv VOL. 58, PT. i, I968] COMMENTARY 141

Euxine Aristides has noted the cheerfulness and grace and Lake Maeotis? These peoples who formerly ((pcaSpoTTrrraKaiXaplv) of the mountains of Attica. recognized no master, not even one from their own "Why certainly," &?Aax ilv ... YE. This is more ranks, are now in subjection to three thousand or less the usage which Denniston, The GreekPart- soldiers, while forty battleships bring peace to that icles, p. 346, classifies as dc&Xxvltv 5, to mark the once unnavigated and savage sea" (Thackeray's transition from a statement to the calling of evidence translation). The Heniochi, located between Trape- in support of it. zus and Georgia, stand for the barbarians at the "A mere boy against a man." Heraclitus, fr. 79 northeastern limit of the Greco-Roman world. In Diels-Kranz. Tacitus, Annals XIII 37, 4 the "Insochi," who are 228. "And in consequence every poetic form described as gens ante alias socia Romanis and who derived from you is excellent and most fully devel- in A.D. 58 invaded the avia Armeniae, are not the oped, not only all that represents stateliness but all Moschi, but as O. B. Caspari, Classical Review 25 that represents grace," Kai yap TroITrraa rroirlats (I9II): p. I07 saw, the Heniochi. The meeting of ri Trap' utcov apiTorr Kai 'rEXEco-rTrri,Kcxi O6ar oaEv6- Trajan and Anchialus, king of the Heniochi, is TTrTOS Kali 6Crq Xcapicov wTpOETTrlKEV.The word mentioned by Dio Cassius LXVIII 19, 2. while the semnotesmay mean either "stateliness" or "dignity," palaces of Anchialus are located by Appian, Periplus and Aristides doubtless remembered Isocrates, Ponti Eutxini 7, 3. On the genuineness of this latter Panath. 242, to the effect that the arrogance of the work see A. G. Roos, "De Arriani periplo Ponti Spartans partook of dignity (aEinv6'TrlTroSErT??XEV) Euxini," Mnemosyne 54 (I926): pp. IOI-II7. For and that such men seemed more high-minded than the two branches of the Heniochi, namely those on those who stood for equality ('ro\sS TriS iac6rOTOS 142 OLIVER: THE CIVILIZING POWER [TRANS. AMER. PHIL. SOC. TrpoEoTcoras).That is, the phrase TroS Tijs oIa6TrTroSserious and light verse occurs in Eunapius, Lives, TrpoEowTcTas, with which Isocrates implied the p. 491 Boissonade, where Eunapius says of the Athenians, may have suggested to Aristides the sophist Prohaeresius, Troiqiv -rE SarrraaavKai ANXoS variation oarl oaElvo6TrosKai 6orl XapiTcovr poo-rrl- SiaKTlca KCaiwrotl'Ecos5 oCov lrrcaivo0alXaprTES, which KEV, who thus attributes semnotesto the Athenians perhaps means "he cultivated every kind of poetry, and also charites, a collective word which in one especially lyric poetry and light verse." To return to sense constitutes the antithesis of arrogance. The Aristides, the word TrpoeorrlKevfor "represent" is two words semnotes and charites are also good notable, because Herodotus, Plato, and Aristotle literary terms. Plato, epigram I4 (Diehl I, p. 90) use another verb, Il1iico, which has a different reads: "The Graces (Charites)eager to obtain some nuance. The word wpootrriKevwas used in the same precinct which would not fail found it in the soul sense by the Dionysiac Artists, the actors, as one of Aristophanes."Hence, the poetry of Aristophanes sees from the reply of Memmiusin I46 B.C.,IG VII exemplified grace. However, there is no sharp con- 2413f., improved by G. Klaffenbach, Symbolae ad trast between comedy and semnotes, because the historiam collegiorumartificum Bacchiorum (Diss., Vita Aristophanis i credits Aristophanes with Berlin, I914), p. 26: ovyXcopco 0iuv EVEKEvTOU Aio- developing comedy into something more useful and voovU Ka[i TAOV6AMcov Qe]GOv Kaci TOU TiTrISEUjalTOSoO more serious (chresim6teronkai semnoteron).Plato, rrpoeariKa'rE(a list of privileges follows) Kaecoa Laws VII 815-816 divides choral dancing (and TrpoeKOAEirT.Polybius XII 8, 6 speaks of "a true singing) into the good which representssemnotes and representative of history" (rrpocrrdTT iorropiaS the bad which represents phaulotes.Aristotle, Poet- Aietv6S). ics I448b describes poetry as having, after Homer, "And if one must recall the poetry of Homer." diverged in two directions accordingto the character Pericles in Thucyd. II 41, 4 said that Athens did not of the writers: "The more serious representednoble need a Homer. acts and the acts of men who are noble, but the less "His city," Smyrna (Reiske) is an Athenian ambitious writers representedthe acts of men with- colony also for Lucian, Imag. 15, who praises the out particular moral worth" (ol pv yap aCElv6orpoI Attic charis of the language of Panthea, the lady T-r KOaX&ptCpouvTro rrpaeis Kal'r&i TC V ToioTVcoV,ol from Smyrna. See also Aristides XVII Keil 5. 65 ErrEXo-repol rTa T&oVpacOAcov). The one path, "Discourses,"Aoyoi. These include here dialogues, semnotes,leads in its full development to tragedy orations, histories, and other prose works. according to Aristotle. Hence, Aristides probably "Men from your environment," oi Trap' ipcov. has tragedy in mind when he says "all that re- ComparePericles in Thucyd. II 41, , Trap'ficov. In presents stateliness" whether or not he had Aris- section 251 Aristides says CcoiKpri1rTi rap' COIJV. totle's Poetics in mind. But in the reference to "Power." Compare again Thucydides II 41, 2. charites(= facetiae, elegantia,urbanitas) he is not, I 229. "If in any respect this also traces its ancestry think, personally correctingAristotle for a criticism back to you," e168 6i TI ... KaciTOTrr' els OSas &vcai- which did less than justice to comedy; rather he has pEt.The comparison of a speech or logos with an Panaetius, On Duty in mind, if indeed Panaetius lies offspringoccurs in Plato, Phaedrus278a-b. Compare behind Cicero'sremark (De Of. I I04): Duplex om- also Diotima's speech in the Symposium 209. nino est iocandi genus, unum illiberale, petulans, 230. "Making yourselves leaders in all education flagitiosum, obscenum, alterum elegans, urbanum, and wisdom and purifying all men everywhere," ingeniosum,facetum. Quo genere non modo Plautus fyeI6vels TOaiSEiaSKaOi aopioas rcrr&oTl5yEvoU6evot Kai nosteret Atticorumantiqua comoedia, sed etiam philo- rrvTraSarrarcvTacxo KaeaipovreS. Plato, Phaedo II4C sophorumSocraticorum libri referti sunt. The second speaks of those who have cleansed themselves with kind of jest, the elegant, urbane and witty, philosophy. The language of Aristides alluded is that which superior works of comedy, irony, and cautiously to the Mysteries, which began with satire exemplify, although in view of the complexity katharsia and proceeded with didaskalia or in- of the philosophical and rhetorical tradition you struction. dare not assume that it was Panaetius himself whose "Teachers and expounders of the sacred contri- criticism Aristides immediately recalled. Horace too butions for the common benefit," T-rCv6is T6O oov traced wit back to the Attic Old Comedy: Sermones Eclapopcov iepcov ryiyrlTai Kai 68i68&caXol.Plutarch, I 4 beginning Eupolis atque Cratinus Aristophanes- Theseus 25 (ed. Ziegler): E7raTrpiS6asS6 ... v6pOco que poetae, on which one may now consult the ex- i8SacKo&AovuSeval Koci 6(cCov Kcaii EpCv rliTyrT(S. cellent article of W. J. N. Rudd, "Libertas and "You attract all with the incantations (rrcpScaIs), Facetus," Mnemosyne, ser. IV, 10 (I957): pp. 3I9- which become you, moving them not with a spell, 336. A later reflection of the division of poetry into but with the finest of enchantments (papCpKcov), VOL. 58, PT. 1, I968] COMMENTARY 143

Discourse (-rco6Ayc), precisely the gift which the The others "fared in later times ... less fortun- gods gave to man alone." The Charmidesof Plato ately." Demosthenes XVIII 65 points out that the provides the background of the enchantment or other Greeks in the end fared worse than Athens. medicine. The gift which the gods gave to man Aristides points out that even the Macedonians alone appears in Plato, Menexenus 237d: "Man, a (and Alexandrians) in the end fared worse than creature who both surpasses all the others in intelli- Athens. gence (ovvEoae)and who alone practices justice and "The rest ... subject to taxation" in contrast to the worship of gods." It is Isocrates IV 48 who calls Athens which was a civitas libera. the logos the gift which the gods gave to man alone. "Pella or Aegae." Compare Demosthenes XVIII Consult H. Fuchs, "Zu den Annalen des Ennius," 68. Museum Helveticum 12 (1955): pp. 201-205, who "Some which were truly founded from here ... points to the early Stoic distinction between the would rather say they are descended fromyou than," logos of men and the bia of beasts, and to Hesiod, etc. An inscription, Didyma II 164, mentions as a Works 279 who said that justice was given to men title of Miletus "enjoying the dignity of the noble alone. See also F. Solmsen, "The Gift of Speech in Attic origin" (see L. Robert, Centennial Volume of Homer and Hesiod," TAPA 85 (1954): pp. I-I5. the AmericanNumismatic Society [New York, I958], Aulus Gellius XIII 17, I says that those who use p. 582, n. 7, and Bull. ep. I96I, 582). Inschriftenvon the word huimanitascorrectly apply it to paideia Priene 5 (shortly before 326/5 B.C.,) calls for the and that it is called humanitasbecause the urge to dispatch of a suit of armorto the Great Panathenaea train himself in this knowledgeis given to man alone at Athens in memory of the original kinship and among all living creatures. Maximus of Tyre, Or. VI friendship. 4a: A6yos 86 avepcorrov tiSov. Aristotle, Politics 234. On the first four empires see J. W. Swain, z253a9-io: Aoyov E p6vov &vOpco-roSXEI TVr Lcjxov. "The Theory of the Four Empires; Opposition 232. "Philip, having had good fortune in the History under the Roman Empire," Cl. Phil. 35 Battle of Chaeronea ... did not suffer himself even (I940): pp. I-2I. For the fifth see Aristides, Roman to look upon the city of the Athenians immediately" Oration 9I. On all five see also A. A. T. Ehrhardt, (Ei?u0i). Demosthenes XVIII I8 notes the good Politische Metaphysik von Solon bis Augustin (Tiu- fortune which the Thebans had in the Battle of bingen, I959) 1: pp. 253-255. Leuctra. Reiske deleted the word Ee'us, which "In the time of the ... Assyrian occurred the occurs in the preceding phrase also. The only evi- first deeds of the city's history and the anecdotes of dence that Philip ever came to Athens is in the Vita the gods." See especially Robert Drews, "Assyria Hadriani where Hadrian is said to have been initiat- in ClassicalUniversal Histories," Historia 14 (I965): ed exemplo Philippi (see W. den Boer, "Religion pp. I29-I42. and Literature in Hadrian's Policy," Mnemosyne, "Second": empire of the Medes. ser. IV, 8 (I955): pp. 128f.), though J. H. Oliver, "Third": empire of the Persians. Gnomon 32 (I960): pp. 503 argued, perhaps mis- "Fourth": empire of the Macedonians. takenly, that this was an error for Philpi. In "She alone held out and came off best of all." any case the adverb may be defensible even if CompareDemosthenes XVIII 254 and 65. Philip never came to Athens. "One could not wish for her the old circumstances "The city fares differently now inasmuch as," instead of the present." Contrast Aeschines III 178. rTpcor5 T'w6TrsTrparrTEl Tr& vuv OCov ... pIKpoU6EIv 235. The catalogue of the things on which other TrcapaTrrr7Xla ... 7Tr' KxEivcV -v V Kaipcv. Stylis- cities pride themselves is stylistically close to the tically similar to Isocrates, Philippus 5I, 'ApyEiovs catalogue of beauties in works of art as given by ... wrrapanrrlaccoi... prrpT&rovraS... roaoGTrov6i Lucian, Imagines. Aristides proves the perfect Sltaippouaov OCOv KETVOI... Co0T' oXiyouy ETv, KrX. felicity of Athens; Lucian praises the perfect beauty "The deference from all," TO TrraparTavTcrov ovy- of Panthea. KEXCOpr1K6Tos.See the note on the similar phrase in "She first produced the crops of agriculture ... section 43. gave to very many a share therein." Plato, Menexe- 233. "It is an absolutely supreme mark of divine nus 237e and Demosthenes LX 5 say that the crops favor," 6 68 r&avrcov0EovliorraT'rov' 6-rE V yap .... were first produced in Attica. Nicolaus the Syra- Stylistically similar to Isocrates, Philippus 52: 6 &e cusan says of the Athenians (Diodorus XIII 26, 3 rrvTrcovSEv6oraTov o6'rav yap .... As for divine perhaps from Ephorus): "These men are the first favor see Plato, RepublicX 613a and other passages who imparted to the Hellenes a knowledge of food on the 6ogoicooSOECo, where it is stated that the good from agriculture." See also Ch. II above, the man is never neglectedby the gods. Amphictyonic Decree lines 15-16. 144 OLIVER: THE CIVILIZING POWER [TRANS. AMER. PHIL. SOC. "She invented laws." Nicolaus the Syracusan 239. "The sharing of the gift of crops." The text of the Athenians XIII 26, "These has been transmitted in a to five con- says (Diodorus 3): way' produce men invented laws, through which humanity ex- secutive short syllables, f TOv Kap1TcovpTraSoai changed a wild and unjust life for a civilized living hTrrira. The transposition pETarooitsT-rc Kcaprrov together in justice." See also line 15 of the Amphic- eliminates this defect alien to the style of Aristides tyonic Decree. See also Lysias II I8-19, where and perhaps better suits the series of phrases which demokratiaimplies the rule of law. increase in length. 236. "Sojourns among you," particularly that of "The laws, since what the majority still use Demeter in the Hymn to Demeter,and that of Diony- are yours." Of course a common Greek law tended sus with Icarius (e.g. in Apollodorus III I4, 7). to grow especially at the time of the First Athenian "The nurture with which they fostered those in Confederacywith its notable development of com- office like their own children." Erechtheus was merce, and, since the Athenians were dominant, they nurtured by Athena according to Iliad II 547-548, imposed certain forms and developed others. On the and Triptolemus was the pupil of Demeter. common Greek law see L. Mitteis, Reichsrechtund On the trials before a jury of gods see 0. Wein- Volksrechtin den istlichen Provinzen des romischen reich in Roscher's Lexikon 5 (I937), s.v. "Zwolf- Kaiserreichs (Leipzig, 1891); U. E. Paoli, "L'auto- gotter," coll. 833-835, with references to Apollodo- nomia del diritto commercialenella Greciaclassica," rus III 179-180 and others, also H. Herter, Serta Rivista del diritto commercialee del diritto generale philologica Aenipontana (= Innsbrucker Beitrdge delle obbligazioni 33 (I935): pp. 36-54. One may zur Kulturwissenschaft,7-8, I96I), p. 349. compare the laws of Alexandria where the influence "Trial against one another." Athena against of Athenian law is quite remarkable. On this see Poseidon in Apollodorus III, I79. particularly Graeca Halensis, Dikaiomata ... (Ber- "Mixed trials of heroes and gods transferred lin, I913); also R. Taubenschlag, The Law of Greco- to the city before a jury of gods." This refers to the Roman Egypt in the Light of the Papyri ... (2nd ed., trial of Orestes (Aeschylus, Eumenides) and to the Warsaw, I955). On Athenian law in addition to the trial of Ares for the killing of Halirrothios (Apollo- older works of Beauchet and Lipsius see H. J. dorus III, i80). See also Demosthenes, XXIII, 66. Wolff, "Die Grundlagendes griechischenEherechts," 237. "The gift of Athena, this too being double." Tijdschrift voor Rechtsgeshiedenis 20 (I952): pp. I- The olive, of course, and perhaps wisdom as one 29, and Beitrdgezur RechtsgeschichteAltgriechenlands scholion has it, or the sum total of the logoi. ... (Weimar, 1961), pp. 155-242, a study of mar- 238. "While others are still today carried out riage law and family organization in ancientAthens, among you in an unsurpassable manner." The two originally published in English in Traditio2 (I944): most brilliant festivals of Roman Athens were the pp. 43 ff. Above all, the Romans could be said to use Mysteries and the Panathenaic Festival. The Sacred Athenian laws because Roman Law starts tradition- Gerusia instituted around A.D. 176 under the ally with the Twelve Tables drawn up after study of sponsorship of Marcus Aurelius may have been Greek or Athenian laws, as Dionysius of Halicar- founded in order to support the Panathenaic Festi- nassus X 57 and especially Livy III 33, 5 (Athenas val (see Oliver, Historia 7 [1958]: pp. 476f.). The ierant) report. institution of the panegyriarch may have been "The first prize belongs to this city." In rhetoric established to permit an especially brilliant cele- either Demosthenes or Isocrates would gain the first bration of the Mysteries every four years (see Hes- prize; in dialectic, Plato; in one form of poetry, peria 27: p. 42, n. 8), and in general the festival is Aeschylus or Sophocles, in the other, Aristophanes; known to have been supported by an endowment and in "the other (= prose) type of composition" (Hesperia 21 [1952]: pp. 38I-399). Thucydides would gain the first prize. Note the "Those who once partake of the ineffable myster- cautious phrase which avoids the word historia. ies fare, it seems, better after the end of life," TrdS6' Some like Aristotle, Poetics I45Ib, would exclude appi'Touv TE'XErTa,jv Troi5 pETraaoo'xo Kal pI?Ta TThv Thucydides from simple historia. The work of TOOp3iou T"rXFE.T v pE'-riTco Ta Tp6paTrayiyvEaOea SoKl. Thucydides was neither dialectic nor historia but In the Homeric Hymn to Demeter it is said, "Blessed something similar to both. is he ... who has seen these mysteries" and then 241. "Mantinea." The courage of the Athenian contrasts the end of life for the uninitiate who has cavalry at Mantinea in 362 B.C. is enthusiasti- no part, 'S S' &drEXnsiEpcov s T-r'&tpopos, oCrroe'6oiot cally recorded by Xenophon, Hell. VII 5, i6-17: cov i alxav EX1i90poIEv6os wEp Orr6l6opcp fiEp6EvTI (lines ivraOea Bi' roTrcov ai -rfTv &pE-rfvTriS oOK av aya- 481-482). See P. Boyance, "Sur les Mysteresd'Ileu- aOeirl; ot KCairTor -rrAesiovaS6pcovtrs rToIs Tro6epJiouS, sis," REG 75 (1962): pp. 474-480. KTlx. VOL. 58, PT. i,I, I968] COMMENTARY 145 "Battles against fortifications." For the Athenian Athenian authors represented alien plumage. Apart reputationfor battles against fortificationssee Herod- from the new Library of Hadrian and Library of otus IX 70, I-2 and IX I02, 3, and especially Flavius Pantaenus there were old libraries in all the Thucydides I I02, 2 (T'ElXOpaXEivE66Kouv SuvaToi philosophical schools and in some sanctuaries, and elvac) with Gomme's note. the Library of Ptolemy. 243. "Men obtain a fullness of life in three ways." "As there should be with today's opportunity The three ways in which human society flourishes and way of life," ola 86f ris rwapovcirseouvoias Kal should be compared with the three ways the life of SitalriS. For the meaning of eouvoia (power to an individual is supported according to Cicero, De realize potentialities) compare the Roman Oration Nat. Deorlum II 134, cum tribus rebus animantium 97, EiS 85 K6OCTIOVKai wrcraS EjppocOvasrC TETpaTrTai vita teneatur,cibo, potione, spiritu. The ideas of both (sc. 1) oiKouJEvrl) o'v Eovaica. Reiske translates, may have come from Posidonius. See Plutarch, "qualia nimirum sunt ea, quae agendi libertatem et Pericles I6. 7. vitae rationem, qua nunc utimur, decent." "First, and second, and third." Euripides as "Baths, athletic grounds and gymnasia." See J. cited by Plutarch, Alcibiades II, 3. Compare C. M. Travlos, o7XEo6o00iiKfi'EttS ItsTCOV 'AOrivcov (Athens, Bowra, "Euripides' Epinician for Alcibiades," I960), pp. 93-I24, and in general J. Delorme, Historia 9 (I960): pp. 68-79. Contrast the Delphic Gymnasicn ... and R. Ginouves, Balaneutike ... Oracle about the men of Aegium or, in other ver- (= Bibl. Ath. Rome I90 [I960], and 200 [I962]). sions, Megara; Parke and Wormell, "The Delphic 247. "Over the ancient with the modern, over the Oracle (Oxford, I956), Response No. I, OUTr'ev X6oyc modern with the ancient," Tra lEv TraXataTroi Kat- OvT eV aplI6Kco. voTs,-8ra Kaiva TrolsTracaiolT. For the juxtaposition 244. "The very circuit." The Themistoclean Wall of old and new see Isocrates IV 8: T'a Tre rrwaXnaa enclosed only part of the area occupied by Roman KaiVCoS8sIEXsiv Kci TEpi TrCV VECoorTiyEYEV?iivcOV Athens, which extended out beyond the old line in &p)(aicoSEiTrrTv. directions away from the sea. Hadrian added a large 248. "The Argives" accordingto Pausanias I 14, 2 section but no wall. See U. Kahrstedt, "Die Stadt were the chief rivals of the Athenians in gifts from Athen in der Kaiserzeit," Mitteilungendes Deutschen the gods. Archdologischen Instituts 3 (1950): pp. 51-67, and "The Arcadians were autochthonous." Herodotus John Travlos, 1no-EoSo1Ko 'EXllSI TrOV 'AOrlvCAv VIII 73; Pausanias V I. (Athens I960), pp. 93-I24. "While in the second test, a noble ambition to "The walls which once stretched to the sea." The take risks for others, honors are awarded to the Long Walls are mentioned by Thucydides I Io7 and Athenians," Kai T-r ye 86erepa EKEiVOIS?v 9Agora, polities. The simple polities are as Isocrates, Panath. cited by Aeschines, Against Ctesiphon I85 and by 132 says, three in number, namely oligarchy, Plutarch, Cimon 7, 6 says of Menestheus that democracy, and monarchy. The word oligarchy had Homer called him an "outstanding marshaller of unfortunate connotations; Aristides replaces it with battle." aristocracy. The not simple polity is the mixed con- "The best 'of men and steeds who followed the stitution. Isocrates, Panath. devotes sections 127- sons of Atreus."' In citing Iliad II 554, Aristides I50 to the subject of constitutions. imitates the speech of the Athenian ambassador to "Kingships ... not only of the Erechtheidae, but Gelon in Herodotus VII I6I, 3. even of those who later were deemed worthy." This "Finally, when he makes two of the Achaeans best is merely a paraphrase of Plato, Menexenus 238d: in respect to the deeds of war, Salamis of course PaaolAfS 1:v yap &si ltiv Eifiv-o'rroi 68 -rOTT Xv EK supplies one of the ethnics by which he identifies y?vovu, ToTi 8i aolperof. 10* 148 OLIVER: THE CIVILIZING POWER [TRANS. AMER. PHIL. SOC. 263. For the three constitutions see J. de Romilly, thing permanent. That is, water may be vaporized "Le Classement des constitutions jusqu'h Aristote," or solidified, etc. Aristides has already, I think, re- REG 72 (I959): pp. 81-99. For the mixture see K. flected Timaeus49 in the striking passage of section von Fritz, The Theory of the Mixed Constitutionin 19. Antiquity (Columbia Univ. Press, I954). 267. "This city was the first to teach not to give 264. "The kings ... pleased with her equality of one's vote to wealth nor to be impressed by it rights and privileges." The whole section is wordedto either." The philosophers, Socrates and Plato, so contrast with what Aristotle, Politics II I270b23-26 taught, but it is an attitude for which the Athenian said about Sparta. The Spartan kings were satisfied Stranger in Plato's Laws III 696a, particularly only because of their own privileged position. praises the Spartans. In Epistle VIII 355a-b Plato "Someone superior to the Many." This seems a advised: "First of all, men of Syracuse, accept such reminiscence of the position occupied by Pericles, laws as you see clearly will not turn your thoughts a statement vague enough to include Herodes and desires to money-getting and riches. There are Atticus. three things, soul and body and money. Put in the "The same reward also for the Few." The back- place of highest honor the excellence of the soul; ground is that of oligarchic theory of the Classical put next, that of the body, subject, however, to Period, but vague enough to include the enemies of that of the soul; and in the third and last place put Herodes Atticus. the honor paid to money, making it a slave to the "TheCouncil is ever looking for ways to strength- body and to the soul" (Post's translation). See also en the People," ofP ouA TOvSqilov orrcoSpeitco Ka- Plato, Laws IX 87oa-b. -rTacrio03cKOlrouoC' &di. The Council,here mentioned, "She alone of cities did not transpose the rule is not the CleistheneanCouncil of the Five Hundred, and make the third by natural right (

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5Reiske, cos ARTU.
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TCOV&KpCOV TrpoStiaIaVTCov KaaooS EXEITO7S IrixoUIIV, 39 pIKpoV E a&va?XlogcaroU' y&p p6vov ols ?TwTTovETi[Xl- OUTC0 K&KEIVOtTXEktOI T-lV ylyVOpEV1]V apET11V cTro- 169D cav oi $soi T'lv yfiv ipTv, &XXaKai TroXAoiTaA&Xois paTLV,ols Xpflv ETwOIEVOI,Ka[i p1.iOVOV TCOVTrrIpcA)v Kai psya&Xot,psyijorcp 6E, 6 Kai O6vovEiTrETv loYoS E lpKSEI KpicA9v E1] Ta oPrrEppaTa auToTi, AAX"aKai b5KatooivtnS Trrpi yap o6vr1STauTirl TGOvviq' iicXp rrw6AXcovptlaav Kai T7rS tiArlS aITacylls 8laiTaTrI TE Kai 1TrOITEiaS EK Kai KaTOAakpaP&vOvuI Tr1V aKprro1TOIv 500rsEp rTTi sECoVaOiroTS 81ir Ta CTrrEppaTa. Kai XayXaVEtl To0EC1lov povapXi[a oXE?6v bo5 ElsTrEVoi 'TrpCTOI TCOV SEeCV. "ApEl T-rv Lrrrp TOVw1rat86 Kai VIKCEV aTraaCtTOtS TaVThr,sSE TrS TITriS OU)X ~ITTCOTrV 8EUTvpav ?wTrei- SEoTS Kai TT'V ETrTOvuilav 6 TO6rrOSXappaVE1 T iV avTro, w-rrlTpeaVTrEssKaO-aTai Kai KptTaiS aUTOTS aCT-lv TOU TE avJIpa&VTOSaiJpoXov Kai StKaioo'0vr TOTSTOTE Tl V Xcbpav ?XOUoTI,vopiCJaVT?S X&apEV Kai aoTrrep&aAo TI papTU-ptov Kai TriC-TIVEiS cXVSpc')TruS. 171D KOOpov E1T' ap9p6Tppa EV ToTS rwalstKOiS KptlSValI. ou yap ?TVTV ip APEIOEpTOV"ApElov T&ov O V E8pETv,E8 43 9(aVVTrcV 8?TCA -rCv V p6wOcv EKaTEpcos.8V, TOi Tr po- TrS UTrrppoX'nv rlrToir. &?A' oarep Ta uSaTa oca Siou Kali TOi OSaKXo0,VIKOt pv 'ASrva Kaca KaTOi'K-a pavTIrrKaKai TVEuOpaTa aOlTOSEV i0XEI, OUTCo0SKai vuocI TOV SaX7ov viKrlS e?vait cyvnpo?ov, Too0EI8cov 6S OOiTOS6 X)()poS c)aTrEp aVEvatl SOKSTT OTV -rTOi SKaiou Ur?-XcbprlaE8pIv, ou pnV KaTEAUCrETOV pcorTa. T-rS 58 yv0coav EVapyrT Kai TTSs Trapa TOIS $Eo0S coS SUVaTO- rrap' acpOTE?pCv oTwrovuSrTE Kai TTIPTf OUKEAXrTTXo yyvUTaCT00. Kai TOCaOUTC)TETiprlTat TTapa raVTOcv a.tEaTa Ta EUTEpa' rq pEv yap aooi,a VIKaV EScoKET7r TC)CruyKEXCOp)pKOTt, co0S' ol p1EV lTTcbCEVOI crTEpyov- 'T6AsI, 06 8 Tai vaSV axiaiS oU poi6vovTOvS aVTraycA- Criv O1oiOS TOIS KEKpaTrKOCT'IV,apXai 6E arracati Kai vcrrtaS VIKav, &X?a Kai TOS TCOVacTCoAV PETaX)(OVTaS, oCVESpta Ta TE &aXXaKai TO pEyi-rTOV6 S?IoS WraVTES olpaal 6E Kai ols oAcos a&ycovs Kai vTKat VaUT-rKai yeyo- isicITai Trpos TaS EV TOUTCO Ty TO-c6TSr Kas EiaiV vaacv. &AX' 6 pEv TrEpi TOrTCOVEK86XE-Tat XAyos E1KOVTES.Kai pETapO3h TOU XCopiou TOUTOVUp16V 172D 40 avTiKa. Aap3ouaa S6 Tra5 'I9(OUS Q'l SOS TTIVETCOVV- Sri aXE(6v oO)( qrlaTo, ola 81 Ta- a&vspcb-rva, a&X' ipav TTr T-rr6oE6i6coav cb5EauTrqS oValn Kal KaTe- C)rrrEp aycvlcnTTlplOV TOtETS$05 a&vETail Kcai ols E aKEU(caaaTOc 5 KTIKpaaCIUTaS, SiapKi TrpoSEiprivrlV T8 EKEiVOU KaSljKEI KalitTraVT1 S TwapaSE8tya StKatOaOVvnr Kai Tr6XEPOV,TCTpCTOV pEV ?AyoUS TE Kai vOpcov Tra&t vopiLoVTES OUTCo T-rjaitV aiSoi T-rV sECAV. T-rpa 6i 44 KaTaeicoaaca Kai TrOAITmiaVBSvaotriaS dTrtrlXcay- yiyVETal KpiaoSiJYTpOV plrKTn TroS (CaycVlrcTaTS, SEia 170D v TravTa Kai TCV Eevrlv.aq&' paSTlpaTa eipESri picov 6S Kai aUCTri TO-S SiKaCTacTS,'iYV 'ayCVilETai TTE- TrapaSeiylaTa EoiiSX.ev. aCt9iS 8 O7rAcovT XpC0iv XomTri6v avi'p 5uoCTUJXcoVTrp'S TXS vvv TrpocoiKoUS t6iagaoo'a Kcai Ko'0ri0ocr.aoa TrpCbTOUS C Vuv 'fe7S TCp TrOTCrpSEaS CTaEVVaS,Kap KaaUyV K Si OUS corTEp ' EKEiV1rVo.XIpCaTI, ?TtI iTrrwcov &PIlAAlXTnrpicov Kai 9pEaC1VEiS TV TTwOlV, CS EVTaOSa ElTTEp TWOUrTiV roA6|oiaTrljpicov Epr1vev 6XrPaTa' Kai [EiOyvvuCv {v SiKaiav ptXaavSpcoTriavoOicav, Kait TUXCOVT-rS .SEo TriS6 T'r y) r Tpc ros SpdwcoTrc 6 TroYr8eT &ov0 TCOVpOiavicov Tnra'c1aTTETaI. TrapESpos &pupaT- ItoV Cav -r7i eCOKai pa{ive1 TraCTl nEpi IlpV 56 yEVOVS Kai Tpo9pfS Kai T-lS ?K SEVC 45 41 TflV T-EXiav iTrntlKnv. rri 6? TOTOIS-XopETai K'ai T8??- TiriTS Kai TCOV ScopEov, &S ao-roi TE EOpoVTo Kai rTOS Tai Kai rravrlyuPEIs 6TrrKpaTTr1av &aalt 81' aXAcov &XAols EVuElpaV,Eip-rTal, TCOV1JEV Trpay1aTCO- v tac0o S9ECTV rl6TlniaS. TaCi yap Tipais TOWV$SoV ilKOXOVUe1 fiTTov, o0x froTTV 5E 1 TroISTrpO T1iCOV.VUV 5E TraVTO- T-a copa 6i6vrTcv Kai Xaipao3v6orcovK TOV acTcV Sarrcov ETrtOVTCV aK6xOUvsv CaC0o EC0T1i EYEItV Jv 42 rTa EwTrtpa6ovra &KaT-pOIS.OU pO6VV i5TrpS6 p TjS p1poS EyyEyparTat TOIS EipTr1iEVoIS,OO.1 TlVi Kai oOa 173D Tri TrTpiouvCia T7rS lpavSpcowTria ElSElTCravTaCS ?XPi- 38 ouTrcoAR, OUTC-rTU. ErTI E a v ARTU. caVTro Kai OTTCOES TO' KOIVOVETrOXITEv.CaVTO. aVE1i Si 46 39 uliv U, qiuv ARTN. Trre?eiSavroART, &wcrrE6i- avTroU. ou povov ART, pihpo6vov U. X6yoS 6K5SXe?Tat 43 &via)oi Canter et Reiske, iaXUEtARU, iaoXEiT. transposuit R. oUrcoS ART, OUT0CU. EIKOVTrSARU, 1qKOVTErT, K6VTrES 40 EpOiir ATUR2, TrUpO1riR. Post TrapaSeiypaTa Reiske. rTOTOU -TOUXcopiou transposuit U. addiderunt Tr&avraTR2. TroXEprlorTpico)A. 44 ATmpaSil TUR2, -TEpaSi AR. yivETai TU. 4I TaiS yap IaT4paiTCOV e8Ov transposuit T. 45 EvyypaTrrTa R, EVy?ypairrat AT. T-ri 1q oiC 42 KaOXoSEXEi TU, )X1l]AR. Pn'ip6vov TCOVTrupCOV omiserunt ARU, addidit R2 et in margine U2. ATU, povcov R. etrl Ta orrppacrra acrroTS omisit T. 46 &drrxpnrlv T. ava6eiacoeal ARTU2, EvSEiaae0a cap3poXovTUR2, ovCupi6ovAR. U. oU6E ?KE1VOIU. VOL. 58, PT. I, I968] TEXT AND APPARATUS 157
KdVTaU$jSaaCOTrEp pIKp6V. yap TOIS SEOTS OUK &aTI- TroS EKE1VOUwrlaioV CorTTEPTiva Epavou 9(Opv 5ieacb- XprlcE 5t' EVOSTIVOS Tp6ov-OU TTlV EUvolav &va8EidacS9ac CaOTo EiK6TCos.Kai yap E?KiVCOTCOV 'rrXEiOTCOV Si Tr Tr6oEI, OUTCOSOU' EKEIVOlTOI T1VO TO KOiVCOOiaV OTi?aCOScOVVTE-rrI'ITTrro, Kai "rrdAal KOIVCOV6ViyEV, 176D ToTi dvSpCvbprolSEKpivav oEapKeTV,&A' 6o5C nrpoiEcrav d()' oC TaUTra ECOpa yiyvboCKovTra aUTv-rlK1ai a p?V 50 a0OVTESTES Vv (pOTpTiaV, CoTrrEpo0 Ta C7Tr?pIaTa. KaTEipyaacaTO p1T' aCTcov Kai U7Ip aUTCOVEV ETEpa pEyi(orl E Kal KOlVOTaTiT TCOV EVEpyElICKV 1r TCV TCOV AOycov Ka9iK1El?5 ,.Aaool 1.Epi51- TrV 5' o0vV TravTaX6OSEV 6UCaTUXOUVTCX)ouoTroSOX Kai TroapaOpuia. E?rrTpOT'rfvOUTCO apwp&v auTvv ?WOtTlOfaTo coo-' 47 ou yap EC-TIyEvoS oV8EV TTS 'EA?aSoS, cbS EwrTSEiTTEV, aUTOi5 TfTValv uppopav XAuVoTEAfXqia.ou yap ThV 6p- O6-riSYE T-r-rr6S XES 7TrEipCaTOVECTIV, 00o6 a&OKOVETUi qaviavISrlAov p6vov Ka(TraTTarlEV,aVTi TOU TraTpOS Katipcv, &A.Xa Ka0i wr6kEIS Kai ?9vrI PETEX'lXUV,EVEiS aUTOiT yEvoPEvrT, aAAd Kai cs TraTp6oEV EuEpyETra aOTflv Kai KaTaTrCEpEuyE,Kai KOT' Cvpa C)XE?8OVoi TCOVavSpcoTrcov OUTCOSETij11TCE, TETTapasS 1iEV oucao yvcoplJoTacTOi, wcv rravT-rcv pEV adrlXOavov Kai vEo9EaSa TrOAE6S TCOV TOTE oiKoU011vVCOV EV Tr Xcbp, IvrlpovEUoa'l TrpcopTovKai T1-S gVlpTis TOvS Aoyous T-rpcbTOuSS SpEyaopa 5r11oo'ia, TraTrpS EiJEpyETrou OCVUp?TpOUSoaro68OUva, pTirOTI TCOV18i1a Ayo pIiETa- Tri5oas, Co0'TTEpoUS UoTEpov TCOVEV TCA Trro0ep?cT?A?EU- aOTavTCOvKaTra aUpq)opas, adhA' ov58 TCOVKOIVT* & ' TTrloavrcovTpE(EIV EVO6C1aE.Kai pEVTOIKai TraTTpOpEta icrri TCO)VTrcaAalCov Ev-TIpOTCaTaKai Coa'TrEpcPXI TrpETrOVTraEKopicaTO TEaUT-r- TCrV yap uTrtrpyypVcov 48 Troi rroA.oTSA 1SirnyEo.Sa, 'HpaK?Aous adtrrEA6vTOS a&iou05E?pEV. 5' EKEiVCOV656S rTO8Epo KOIV T-rravrTCov51 174D a&vSpcT-rrcovf1 pEv wTrois Kai vECoS Kai PCpoi05 OcrTEpovTC-V EKlTr-TOVTCO)VEy'VETO, p:ahxXoV56 ETri iSpOE?Tal TTpcT-rl, KaIaTTEpoKai Trpoa$EV TOIS pu1Tcrl- TroXAoiSTOiS TpOTTEp KaKVO aKEVUOlK (Tuyov. &TOaWOyap piois ETi1larlE TrpCATOV EVCOV.Kai s5aTEXeTSTi 9EC0 C) V 'rr6lTr5isauTTlv TrapE?oETOi5 EVXPEI? KOIVTIVE0U,9jS E Kai SOK8(V E? EKEiVOV.OU yap O6VOVTOUS TrrpECPUTd- apXTS, Kai TrrvTE?sETrri uoiV 6p1pEV E5oavoi0 "EAXXrVES TOUS apa TCOV sECov1'pfE Tipav, Kai TaUrTa SiaT(spV- d&riSri VOpiamVTEr,iiS1ia '?V EKaoTroT-rV apXaiav, - 'TCOSKa(i iTEp rTaVTaS TOS daKroXouSioTavTasr, aTMA KOIVhV5' &7'raVTESTOUTIV 'rpoo'oVOpaloVTE? rraTrpiSa, Kai TOVSJTrrqXuSaS a0Th pETC TCEV XAAXCv E&V EVE- Kai TTlV pEv iTrpOT-rpav5Ev-rEpav, TTrV 6E Uo-rEpav 175 D KPIVEV,cAirTEp CuITp7roXTEUOPEVnrTOIS SEOi5' aga yap TrrpoT-pavadyovTES Tri SUVdpE1.TOcOUTCp yap p3EpaO- EKETVOiTE E?EXOVTO Kai TaUITfV O0K EXAXEiStE,&XV rTpav TaOTrlv aUTOis EIVal KaiXuC(ITEAEo-rpav, 6oc' EriyEiTO TOIS CAAotls avS.pcTr0olS Kai aVEKIipUTTEV, paXA&ov avdacoTOV Kai coS darlcos5 iEpav Kai pETa Tri5 177D co)-rE drT?9rV?ETOVS TE OrEpaious oAiyov Tri q(pae iTEiPOS eyvcocrav, opScoS POVuAEV6EVOI,TOUTO 1EV oi wrpoclrKOVTraS aUTrco, KaTr TaUT-a 6 Kai T-OUS CXAouS TrEpi OelPPa drTUXTCaaVTESK(ai TrCrlS Tri BotcoriOa otrTcri cnpTEC-TIVc5O OiKEioIS EKEiVOVU pVlPTrl5. p6vrl yap O(VVEK'r?ao6VTES,TOrrTO 65? eTT-raCA)VOiTa TIT TpOa- E?85 TiVCoVi'v &i0os. aUOTCZpIEV 5A TOauTTv darTO8eSCbK? TrO61VO0 Kai Tavaypaicov oi i?ETaTaoVT?Es,AcopI?CV Tr'V Xapiv, t6' f'v Kai oacov Trapc TCOV&AACOv ETU1XEV n?XoTrovviCoOU KpaTCTalOVTCOV,UTrO TCV EitaVTCOV 'HpaKXS d'Wao'ras Tfi5 WT6ECOSXaPlTOaS SKaOiCOsav T1S aVacTaVTrE5'OTrol 'Uo'av 5' 'Icovia TWaVTES.TO 8' aO-T 52 AEyoi TrauTrlv yap d(TraVTErSIinrcaa1pEVO Ta 6iKala TTpOsTOUs drTr' &p(OTEpcov TCOrvatyloiaZv ETroiraE?, 49 ruvcopoX6yrlctav. EUpuova9cos 8' EAaoavTros pEV EK TOU 9 ?'crTrEpiou Kai TOU ?Ecou. Kai yap Kai TOuTOUS lEXo0TroVVi'cOU TO0S 7raiTaS a-rTOv, Trpoa.9Vros 6S KCK?IEVOUSEV TaiS aVayKa1is UTT?E aTO. E?OTI6' & Kal ET?pav ayvco)iouvrlv ETI pEEico Kai Se1VOTEpav, TO TrraTaTrTOaVE KK?XCOprlKOTa VUV YEVri TCV EAXivcov p16rlS TCOVCAACOv Tro6EcOvVpTIr6?EiaV 6?XEoy9al TrpoKrl- KarTaO?UyovTa Ei aUrTTiv&v?Aap?V, coaTrrp ApuolTra puJCai, Kai T-a EoaXcaTa aTrEfiCArOavT,O oi i?V aXAOI TrlVTES EXE6TAiaiZov, 3POTS?9EV8 OUK ?IXOV' q Tr6AiS5? 50 Kai UTrT?pauTcov omiserunt AR, addidit R2. UTTE8EcaT po6vrl TCOVTTavTcov, plcrlcaac&a piAAov rdaS povov Reiske, j6vrlv ARTU. corr?Ep o0U5UorTEpov daTrEAaS f (Ipopr9?Tlao , Kai Tniv Trpoo-roiaov, )v UA2R2; coTTrEp omisit A; EiTr?pT; boSUrT?EpOV R. &TTavTcovav9pcoTrcov 'HpaKAijs Eo'XE,TaOTnrv lauTT 5I Post KOIVTaddidit 6? R. Trp6TEpOVARU, rrpo- T?pol5T. E'ri 5uoTv 6ppUTvRTU, ?Trriuoiv OP,oiv A. 47 KeiT' &vSpas aXE856v AR. TTrn pvri U. KaTr KOItvv ART, KOlvit U. aou-rolAR, auTro5TU. 'Icovia cuvp)opas ATUR2, Kai rdS av-upopaS R. RTU, 'Icoviai A. 48 wrp6aOEvATUR2, wrp6oeER. oi yap povov ARU, 52 Trpos ToUS a&T' aulo0T?pcov Canter, TrpoS &Tr' p6vouS T. auTT-r p1ET6TC-rV aAXcov 0E6&vTU, auTrl A; d&po-rT?pcovAR, -rpos daCpOT?pCOVT, 61' adppoT?pcov OESovomiserunt AR sed correxit R2. &aa1 yap R2, U. ?Tor0iTlrvA. Kai rTOUJTousK&KEivouS ATUR2, trans- a&a 8? ARTU. oio-rtio R2, OtaTi ARTU. EI1EAR, ol5E posuit R. Ea?TI5? & Kai TravTaTraEloivEKK?XCOpT)KOTa vuv TU. auTcol pEv 86i ARU, auTCtl p1Ev oCV T. Post y?vrl TCOV'EAAXivcov T; &omiserunt AR, post 'EAAi- Tror6coSomisit XadpTra R. vcov transposuit U. a&uaKai rcoT-rpiasE?ioiv T. &aa K(ai 49 8E aao-avTas T. Kai T-a Ecrxra TU; Kai omise- TS CcoTTrpias auTcv- (auTcTv, erasum in A, abest in U) runt AR. TraTrcov ARU, &TravTcov T. aTravrcov E?iiV ARU. q Kai KaTa OT-raCiV 1 Kai KOT' a&XXvlv ATUR2, Trdavcov R. E'CXEVT. ylVcboKOVTaARU. ARTU, TKKOTa orTaov i KOT'T adArlv L et Dindorf. 158 OLIVER: THE CIVILIZING POWER [TRANS. AMER. PHIL. SOC.
KaTEinleAayos' cv '?T Kai vuiv orMTa -rij acoTrlpias rTOUCvKXprlTat, KaCIKS8' iITTCXaavCras nTrihCaKE,Tr M?ireTra. ai yap &drr'aorcov nrrcowvviaiao'poXov T'rxO)(nITpoUiia TrIV lXavSpc'rilav, &X& ToCSr TOi 178D oiaic TrOiS oiKfjEo aTrrov &aa Kai aCOTTipias EIOiCV. SuouvXeTv Kmapo*j TOU 'rrp&rrlIV eC' 7rT'rrOiTrK,TOTS oOTrco8' xKTrCaXalou Traiv EaVUrTVSoUija SieTl'Tprloev rroXoTs -rTCrap' aOiris &yaS& rrpocaSTaa Kal rrolrl- cocrrep v6oOv siS 'rTos T-rv yvcbpJrv,Kai SIijSXe 6ia aaliEivri KOtVCOVOUS,cv oTre K&XXMtrraiTrpaTTov oOU' ' TravrTov TCOV'EXXrlviKcoV Kaipcv, &rraaC Tr&sT'rra ExAri5 v av ToTi. Kai yap rot Trr&VrESv &rrwacl roIS Trs 181 D rravoiyouca TroTSiK TrC)VrTO cov, i Kal KaT& XpEia5 Kaipo`S.[iav TaTvr v 66ov e6ov 'TrV 8sUpo 9i- aT&OCIV,i K KaCiKC' Tqv Tiv&a 9EyoUva TvXTIv pouaav. Kai TrpEapvUrTarrTCOV 'Earlvicov oiaa rTC ' wrrppcoSEvTrpoKrlprrroucxa SappEtv, bS oi8EiS Eorai S6iXer9a Tro%S'naTvraXva6.SV IS.Aov Tc-rTpoelirneival TCOV'EXXfvcov &rroXlS,?cos &v f T-r)v 'ASrlvaicov i -TCXPOVC) TroU y?vou5 c0brTpEpI TraTpis kocI Kai o'rTia wr6Xt, &X' Fi TraTrpa pIEraTaxoucvivols ovpupaivel. KOIVr. Kai TIV -TrrlT6rr80TlrTa Trlv wrp6o5 rrasTas oO 53 pias pEvye TCOVTpliCv EvTTEhoTovvfiac oipotpv Sia- p6vov ols a'rri Trap' a'rfTis &TrrrEoTlIXEi8rXAcoaev, 9pape?ior TriS MeoCorvicov p6vr SieTriprla6 TO;s Aoi- aiXa& Kai T7C Trov8a0po5 apXeiV TroTs oosEv KaTOa- T'roIs alTCov, 8EaapEvrlTE Kai oKEapinvl 7rT'roUSEv 9eUlyOUClV Ei5 aCOTlVKaCi rpocaiEaai TraVTaSdos 'CpoS ols EEAXovi6pcraEo9ai. Kai vUv eiai MEaac vioi1681 airrs. Trnv 'rr6Xiv. aOlSi 8E Troi rrpi BoicoTiav 'rrasouS "Ev puv oiv Tro0r TO OUTOVKaO TOO'JOTOV 1T0OS55 179D avup&avros Kai Tris 'rTapaaXooca1r rroT9'aOrrv EvEUTU- evepyeiaS TOlroT7rpoOwrrpyvoi5 &K66Xou.ov- E?TepoV Xicrai TroiS "EAriacn Torr6AScosTrrpoa8OKTlTco Kai -rrap' 8', 6 Kai TO7STrpCpaylciaav oCTliV Efig5 Kati p?y.Sous a&tiavavalpeSeior5, o8sVEs eis T lv Xpeiav &rtrenrl- X&pivov AiTrrTart,rrpoaXapouCa yap -OV KOIVOVT-rO p6vEuvav ouS' 'rreKoipltav, aXaa TO p?v TCrV&aAXcov 'EXXAvcov nrlyrljniv, cauTri i trrraTpcpov,rTO 'ATrr6WAx pipos igxiKETr6O MaTalEcov y?voS, 8. ror6MIspLreTa rTOYV h,Siov, ?;yaye 'rwavaaXoTyfis -r 'EXArlvK6v, KaXOU TrooUXi pcaToS rTv SuvcrvXiav ?nrrrvcbp$cocEv T1lV aTrnIv pUXaCaKIV&aCL Kal TTpOcOSriKrVTC ykVEt avrroTl, 'ASrlvaious &avri1TAa-Taicov a(Troqpivaaa Kai wroioup6vTl. Kali TrpcoTOVV "'EVT rV IKEI?JiVKTVK&'TipE 56 puagaaaa Tro TOTirrc pvrlpeTov, cb'rr'p ElKOS?v TriV Sa?XaTrrav, OIKOa8i O T6 rrpcTOVov MyEtV TrOV pycov, KOtivr TTE8 TravrV TrrpouiLauav TroiU5r WTaCaViTaS Kali TrfS 'E?aM&os co?ap XqLrlv &peT'IE,rTOIS ir TCOV -rOV ?KET9aVEpcoV a&vbpScoo'). Tr&cAtV'roivuv eOpaicov ?r'poSIpcov6XXrlpov5 &vaacraiaaaa, a7yco -rOXoa-ru
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63 KaTrETKEOacEVR. EiVEKa TU, IVEKaAR. &pTtART, 67 Post rrpo omisit rTOT-rOVU. yivETra T. Kai apT-ios U. rTa&Ma scripsi, Kai TrAAa ARTU, KaoiWac Kaci U. E{ii- Reiske et Dindorf. Reiske, pouAo- 65 TrrpoorTiac eeparraE transposuit' pouXAovEvois VEYKEvARU, ?1iViliKEVT. BEETieOv'ras KTVOiT, SErj- uevotiARTU. evTraS F1?KExVOi RU, E6?r1nVTCIa5KEVOI A. 68 CKSuiev Tro8covU sed correxit wTroTvU2. eOTrV 66 fpaeXepEa&pTfirC T. aojv EUpvuoeEAU, iv A. oiX oaov ARTU; ov<8'> baoov Holleck. EOpuoaeTR, aOv EUptoOIeT. &Trr7au?vU. EiOptaOEC &v5pEia5 AT, d&v5pia5 RU. yEyOvaaiv A. pilTE T. 5p?EVA; post E0pE omisit KOaT'&aCav R sed cor- &(Eivous U. aOcrOv TOV TOoUSiKaoi Xoyou RTUA2, rexit R2. O3ptpiEvAR. rTO pyov ART, rTCOVpycov U. rTOv omisit A. <-rcTabuv&aiEIs iX6vrcov> addidit fiXeuOvpcoaEvA. rT01SPV v aAotis piw KOaTaCESOyEIV U. Holleck. 1TOtfiaco1 ART, Trotifoouvci U. 69 &v8piasRU. UTripTrf5 Tfi5 OiKEia5U. VOL. 58, PT. I, 1968] TEXT AND APPARATUS 161
avlKOOS EVoU o5?E opiai, AEKTEOV8e Kai TOUTCOV TTO6tvSia TroaUTOcovKai ETITT rAEX16ov TCOV TrapaSEty- 70 PIKP"aTpoX(EPIpTicraivouS. 'AiiaZ6ol pEvy6ap, cal TapAX- p&aTClv, Kai Iprl8Eia.val SEiaTSaii PlTE KOtlfVV U-TTEppo- 9Sv TroTSpyol TrilV(p' iv, 'rrTOjaxiawvcvvCU avorvTE N,iV pr'iT' iSiav. ou TOIvv T-CV plEv TA.oCvoUVSE Kas' 1EV TravcoAESpia 8iepqSElpav, oEv6oS a&VTrapovTos TCOV iTTaa-9Iat Ti rI'N.Et O1uJEipprlKElv, O'8E TCOIVTrO?E.JiCOV IPXpi TriS 'ATTIKfiS, a?X' EilCTCKEC'aV116r Tras flTTEi- oaolv eITrov KEKpaT'IKE'VCI,TCrlV 8E Trap' auTri TruTra 190D povs, co-rrrp aw16 oT1Eilo TOU eEpPcW ovrToS 6ppb- yvo6vrTCv UTrrp avotfS acrroXEtip9fvait rrEpi Trlv Xaptv, pEval, Trflv J v 'Aaiav p?Xpt AuKias Kai Kacxpia Kai d&XAaKal TO TOUTSTaTS E?UpyEo'iatl v?ViKTIlKUTapavil- 193 D na"cpuAias wapaT?ivoucal, CAoo1TEp Ev oTpaTOTE8cCA), oErTa, Ko6pcp piv Bouoia Thlv apxilv EiS TO5S WTrai8a T-rV8' EUpcb'rrrlvaXpi TU orpaTcTro- ovU TOJ Trpos TTrV Kai Koao'nlaaaCKai Trap' auT0i Kav Tr) UOrrpopiacTO Tro6Iv. VTrEUESVs if6ri TraVracwOTTEp K&Xco rpayVT-ros ybvo5, TCOlV68 KOp&$vipa iSpuoal'ivrl KatiSEiaS goipas EXCopr1lc?v6Trrico, Kai SlEXEAXuro'AUcaL6oIv 'reT pPX alvTi SvTl-rfS aTl'cicbaa'a TaTC Ti.aTls. 'EpEXSa 6E TOI5 Kai O68p>po, Kaci fl TriS KaVTaJOSaEP03o1i9rloF T EV dKpOTro6XAeSE615 rrapE8pov &Tro6Siaoca. KOIV1i vpCTEI,Kai VUVEiS arTirTro TTEPIET TTlKEV El TrOTE Kal TauTa UEv fi.iv EiS TOCOUTOVaV' 'liX3c TOU X6- 74 71 ?y?vovTO. olpal 8' oUSE OpPaKasavUroiS pi1pyaoSai TTrS you, 8EiylaTa TrfSTE wrpos TOUSEco&SEv lpXavSpcoTriaS 191 D ovCup0op&S,oi SEiup'ETI Trp6O9Ev EXS96vTr cTv EUpXoA-Trc TCOVlTrpOy6VCoo Kai TflS vUT?paUTCoV EUyUXiaS ?V TOTS Kai 'EAAilvcov'rois TrKEIVCOV7Ao Evols Eyvcooav Trapa- wTrdiyouov,Kai aC T&COVETwtipavo TE' Kai TroAAXXvC5o TArXioaa POUAEiuCaCVTESCOOrrep av El TriV SaXaTCrav aANfl oits bouiXouv.XPTi 68 Kai TCrOvAoiTrCv icrco KaS' 194D 72 ?EVEXipouvTrEpaiouoSail TrE)i. &lov Troivuv K&aKEVOOCaov yXcopEi pvrllacr9vat, ET-rroxoavrOvTas Tra ' UTrep TrpocaSEval, 6 TOiS TroXXoli TCrVEIcO6Trcov Eyelv rTri TCOrOaNXAcov KaTarrpaXS9'vrTa Kai 6oca crrrp TTfi oiKEiaS TCr)Tarpc T'r 8nrlooicp wapElTal, OTI oU pOVOV 1 iU'T?rcrrTav, OTrcoSav 0'JupiJiwrTri Trc_oycp TOUl pq KOtVil TrqS TOAXEooSTrpoSuvia TE Kal p)CUprlToo'aUTT TrO\i T&S wrpa&EtS TCrOXp6ovc TrapEVEyKEiV. EoTri 8' 'TrEp'rrav-ra a 8Ei YEY?VrTal, a;ka Kai i6ia TrEprl|vaaiv aKOUOrTa5 Tr' acT'rv TCO' V Epycov StlapEiTv T& TE Kotva EvTaiuSap3ouX6oPvoi TrVES XpiC7a7'Saa oiu-popaS VrE1p KaOiT& 1tla. El p?V oOv Trepi aANr1l TrlvOSlv w6'XEAcoS6 75 rTOi KOIVOU,Kai p&aXaEOX6Oycos. co yap &copcovTrpo6rc Noyos, OUK a&v rv wapEXS9Eiv&a vOv E6?Ticr?E pa&?ES, TTiv TraTpiSa TroIS "EA.raiv o.ulXov'aav, TOrTOV aAAt 16ovas av 'rTaraS arrXplc'aEV Ei'rrE1 Etoii yap )ovro8VT v CaUjTOiTrpocapEC3ait rlT rraTpiSi,l fiviK' &v6 oia5 &avrTS El1TiTrroE,Kai Tro?Xoi qTroAowlVav Xlpllna- Kaipos KaXooirI COOTEKai EK TCAVKOIVc)v Kci ?K TCOV rTOV, Ei 8 vaClV'TO, wpiatVTro aUTois Evat. VUV 61 E iSiCOVSiTrArv Elvat Triv 6Or?v'ri irrT6XEATopioTiiav. 6 iovU KEaSEoT'rTOSTOI .9' EuPEiv &XP TrwapaCXrlEiVKai 6E yE ?TI TOVTOU pET6LV ortv,o OTr Kal TrCv Evcov 'TIVES rTOUTrpoS a&iav EiTTEIVra viKIOaaVTa, Kai OUjEV'OSpEV 73 OUTCOTrpo6 a'rvr'v 86iT?-rrSlav. XEyETai yap 'EpEX$SuS o'8' ?v aTrAr btillyqao'EtwTavrTa TwCO SIXEES96VTos, piv Ev T-rCZrpoS Ev'EiowrrovTroOTrcp TroXEcpC TTrv Suya- TrXEToraS' UcTrp plaS TrO6EC)STraUT-l5 cTra'VTCoV Eiprl- TE'pa UpTr TqiS Tro6XECoSTnI8OUVvai, TOUV EOi XpriclaVTOS, K6OTOV,pCuaXov S' 'Trrp IpvrilS TrXeicoaXESo6v i TCrOv TrpocrayayEiv 8' aC'Tiv KColfioaaca i pniLTilrp ocrT?rp &aXcov &aTraacoov,OOK EV8EXETai 8t1iEIvai KaS' EKaCTOV 192D e1S Secopiav wr6p-rovoaaAECdS Se 6 ooa rTOUTrcOpOUXEI- aKpipc[os, 63X' avalyKr Ta Trxr oTr a TrapalnTrEiv, iva aaS, EKO-rfivaiT&-V S9yaTrpcOV Kai OlTroS v rTCo7olCo' TO15 pEyiLoTOIXpl0Cr0bE.Ea. ETrEi Tri ovuKav &CaItlvCos K6Spos 68 v rTCO-rrp05 AcoptIaS rTOXA,CoKai TlEXorrov- Kai rTaUra ElS pIO'OVifVEyKeV a& rTpOIt y' a&vfpKEI Kai vrT1oioUauTOTS s79Eov-lTr5 VTrEp TfIS XCOPaSaTro3avETv. I6ova; TpitCv yap ESvCv TOrV PEyioarcov vVTOTS "EAArl- 76 ' CoCrETKaci Ol TOIaOUavTr TaPXE TCOVCo' ETPCOV Billy,- tIV ET1SEIlEVCovi Tr670Et,T,O Ev aCurVp)uyfiys TpiiJOav 195D oaa9ai, Kai TOU'TOISpi8iV V El'vai Xov ITTrTVT'OV Trap' a&TrfiXE,TO AcopiK6V, BoiCOTOiS6 XEPc'iV1'-TrCOATO, Vplv, aX?a KCai TCOVrTOIOU'TCV Epycov apXEtv Trnv Kai TriS auTrS ?lpEpas EUJoETsEv Evjuoia' TOO-OUTOV TrEpliV Ti Tr6NAEt' &X Iva Itp Trwo;XaToiauTra AEycov 70oE1OCKE6ac Evp jiV T. Cor6Ep EV aTpaTOT65scot ARTU, CdoTTEPE(i>oaparTOTCScp aut co'rTTEpv
11 162 OLIVER: THE CIVILIZING POWER [TRANS. AMER. PHIL. SOC.
wrrppco TOU KaipoU yEvcoi,al, TrapEis a&rav T6Opcov & Kai 6vopa<>r)Ti yvcopioat (plOT-riiav EIXEKai tXlAi Kal TrpoaXprTTapevosKal rrpos aOr6 ye TOUTO'rT Tf TTOpEioC8IESE-I Eli XTTios KpETrrTOV'V. TrraVTayap TOTE Tr6AEcospycyacoyux)ia Kai 81 'Trp6oacria Tr&Kipia rTO rparat EIrrETro,)JcoTrrp &NAcosIjv o0 Suva&pEva.EXCOV Aoyou rTpEoipat. OTr yap TroTs"EAXqci Kal Pappa&pois 8', cbS ETrrov,pEcrlv TtVa TOUTrE p6j3ou Kal Tri5 rlStu- rTOCrpayClTa EKpiVETOKali pIKpOV wrpos rroX TTiS Yy5 pUaSfiXSev. aUcrTs,pv yap Crrryvcopil b8apaivEiv, Tra gEpos i yovieTO, 6 8' 6ycov vfv UTrEp Trf 'coTpi[as 5' ?gvrl 1T?pITrrEVWTTEV6El. apac KaCiapeTIS, TOT' ?viKrICEv fi 'rr6OXa&pcAo TC) yivrT Kai TrpcoTOVPEv i1 TCOVKrlpiKCoV TrEpioSOS nI yiyvo- 79 K&AiXOVe0')(J, cS TO p?v 'rrpoo'3OTK1rVpIlKpav alOT5S Opvrl KaT&r VT'V EAEXaSa a KE?iVOU TE Kal TOU IpIET' 196D &rroqoavSjval, rT 8E 'rrAXovXeTpov Tj oacA 7TXrovi86KEt. EKE?VOVpaaCIlECos TrEpiTfIS yiS Kal TOOUUiaTOS aTdro 77 g:ETETl plIVOiv Kaci SECV TiVa aiTlTa'acaSa TOUTraVTrb TaUTrrSTri TrrOXEco5fpXE?TO, Kai iTavTa TTrpoTaTrrrlv ppyou pou6XO6pevovcarrEp Kpialv TiVa Trouilo'aaSat iEXAEyovTO' v TE TaiS ETrrlaToXai5TrcaT 'EA7XXrVKaiS Kal -rTOvVi' aTorv avSpdwbTcov Kai TOV aycova TOUTOV o6ai TrUKvai rTOS UTrraPXOoiS1iCav oOU6v fiv OTt xPi StaSETvat, KaSaTrEp Tro0S Eico.9oTaC qfE1iS, OU pjihV&aX' 'ASivoat, cbg TaurTOv6v EITrEVT'v 'ASqvaicov rro6iv OVKE6(XlCTrTOV pEpoS f TriS 'rr6XAEoS&pE?T-l oUVVpaXETO, Kai TriV 'EAX(&a, Kal OCIKEiTrE1V p6vov, a&XaKai Epycp Kal &Xi' EIKOTCoSKai P.ET' d(cov TOU Xoyou TfiS vupI3aivov lTraoas XXE1 T&aS TTOAEIS,El TIS KaTCaXOI pEiXoiorTiS T'rJXnS. CorrOTE yp p Tri TOrJTCPKlvoCaa TaTrrlqv. Kai PnIv oaa yE aOi TOUTOIS 5EI Xpiacaaatp TO'S pappa&povs, iv' aoT1iV TE Kai wTavTO 'EAVrlvIK6v Kal TrpopouXUCEaatTTEpi TCOV O6Aov, Ca'ravTa Tr r6OXlS EKpi'VEIEKai sE{iE1E TIS oOaa TTVCOVTrpoEorrlKEV, oUrTco 9EiTaLEV, aTrr' a(pxS 'rrporTaao'a rTCO 'EAXfvcov E9Ei?XK-caTO aCOTOUS,OiK asIKOV Tr'v apxh v Trapa- a1JT1vv.Kal 6StX6SEV f86rl drO TnlEpcrAvKai 'ASrlvaicov 198D (oXoP?Vl o8s', doarep oi aT-rpov Stapa&VrEs EiS Tlv OUVEKpOTE?TO6 wr6OXEOS,TOi pEv &rCEtAXovrUTOSKail 'Aciav, EpcTI TOU 'rAeiovos, &AA'il86r TOT?a&lcvopvrV TrrEpcoiiEVOU,Tfi5 6' &vSEorriTjKaS Kal viKCbo'ri5 E.Usi Kal 68iKnV a&tiouaa Xap3EV TCOVEV T'r qrTECipCTC OV TaCS CrroKpiao'E. Kai rrap' a& qpOTEpcoV TOUTCOVIpaap- 'Ic)vcov8E8ovAcopvcov 'EAAXivcov, oVs ip6vmpIv ?Sk8aTo TupETTO OTi 'ASrlvaicov Kal T[EpaooV EoC-IV 6 rr6AOXEp 9?pEpoIIEvovsKara TraaoavTrfV 'EAAaSa, po6vrl6e E15TO TrEpl TS 'EEXX&oS, T-rV pEv Xapeiv TrEIpcoE.VoV, T-rv 78 SEov KaToaTlo.KaT i. Kal wrpCoTOi 8 TCV E15 KEiVOV TOV 65 Ko0Acalt. ?v ?KEiVOtSpEVTOl TOIS KalpoTS Epya X6ycov 80 V Xp6vov cEAXXivcov &vap&avrEs elsS E&apBES oapaTni r STT9riS- ?iyco 6S T-T"a &iAXcov pya A6ycov TCOr KOtIV Trop$icrjavrES Co(XOVTOTO-ro5 86 v BapvuXcvos Trap' 0iVv - Kali ylriplC-pa TpoTraiou KpE-TTOVEIS Ta&?EKai TCOV?v 'IV6oTs"EAi)nVE5s E&apEiS 9Saujalov' pVlriIIrpV EViKTClaEVa&a Xo yco Kai ?pyc vIKfiaav. E09US ' 197D capcbv S TarorvTrpopaCav AapETos iavXTuiav &ayEiv yop ?v Xepaiv KUplov iV oU Tr Xr1porTOvia p6vov, cjS OK i)S'vaOro, &AX' ?MiTaLETT[arp) V Xv Kai rTas uva- vopoS, &aa Kali TCOSltaS?lpai TOU5ayy?AouS. TCr 6' PEISouvVEKpoTEt, Kal Trav PIoKpOVT'V aUTCp. Kali iTO Uv ppirlvEC'aatvrtTa ypappaTa StaXEtpOTOviav pEv a(TrE- Trp6aXT1Ia TOrTO'ro v a&pUvaaSai 'AS.rvaiovS Kal Soaav, iv', T-rrEt61TrE?p"EANiTv iv, ?XOtX-rEov T1iV TiS 'EpETpItas' TrapEV.TSKrIVyap TOUS'EpETpItaS wEToii- KpioECOS EiK6Va, (TrEiKTEtVaV&6 Kai TOUTOV, CbS oO8' aTro, lva S6 TriOTOVi. 81o0 5' CAS ArLScos5 v Ta 6Xpi 9cov1fis SiaKovfijCal TrpocrfKOV TOTS Papp(pois. KivOUTra, ?v p,V p6pOS fi6rl Kaci orrroyia Trf5 rrEoS KalTO io)(xup6v Tr?ptfiXE ar* TOV yap TfiS WTrO6Xc pi' apa oOUSEv irroxpv &?tca ETE?pov S' 'rri$'Upiia OT-rOIKOVOUK iTiOUv KaTa Tfi5 Tr6oXEco5Kai rTCV 'EAXA- Kai Tr63os aOjficrat T'nV acpXlv vS6ocp 'n'poao'1iKn Ti vcov gpppiV?a TC-riv scripsi, Ev 78 Post Xpovov omisit 'EXXivcovT. i6Tl Reiske, 6V6paTt a&ETroSitayUyT U, &a6Ero aOrrOv8taOIyoi ART. ARTU. eTXEvAR. ?XXaAUR2, aXrlART. VOL. 58, PT. i, I968] TEXT AND APPARATUS 163
82 8E T0roiS TrXriSIv aoXa CA\oiS ET-rTaTTEV.EK 86 TOUTOU apyov ?TI, aXo? 0i viEV pUXaK TTCOViEpCv oi yEpovTES KIPVUKES p?V OUKETIE(pOlTCOV EiS TTiV 'EAAXSa, aurTy- Kai Tq5S 7TroAXECosTXEITrOVTO, T 6E VEOTTlSEXCpPEI. Kai 85 y?Eov 8s 8irS KaTETrrEP'TrTOV o-rTov, Trrpoo-rio'as TTpCoTOV pEV TOUS Ev TOIS -T?E(paviTalSSp6oous &rrEKpU- a&PXovTaslEpcTrcv TOUSapicaTOU, Kai 6i8cocn 'TrXfiSoS 4av, 6ocC TrEpi Ka?Xit6VCov TCOV&aScov qycovilovTo, orpaTlia. oZ TO iaaX&7aTTOVTrap' iEKcToou T-OS a(prl- TOaCOUTC).9aupaTcoT?pav T-rv rpoSupiav wTapaoX6- youliEvous TOCroTOV EcTV coOT' Eval rTOVpiyIToov p.EVOI E?IT?iTa Kp?iTToUS fiaav T-r TEAXUT-iaa T T-a aTro opov o-Tr6ou, povuXO6EvoS I5rI?Ei{av wrp6Ocaolv AlTrEiv TCOV ITrUXcV. KaiCTOI pIEaOUVTaS p?V ETI TTS 'TopElaS 86 pjTT' EKEiVOISjTIT' aUTOTaTCOT_ TO PIr OU wrpaai TrrEpi ETpOo'?paE?V COTr?p wV?UJa CwTO aXAaTT1|S 3ocr 7Up- Cv EVETeX7ETO.TaUJTa 5' v T-rV P?V rr6OivK-aTaTroVTi- TulynsiTr?rTCO Kai avSpcov Kai TCOVaCA)cov 9PoXKiCOVTCr aat, TO 65? Trpos iaCUTOuS?iTr6VTE? Kali Tpos p?V). i?pa TE yap iravra aV?ECy? Kai Ta TCOViE?p?ov a7irXout5 EKaO-rol 8ia;?EXSEVTES, ?K SEc?V apafCpEVOI yVTl OJVfy?E Kai 5IETrp?E0PE3?U?TrTpOS TOUS EOjUSTOV Kai TOOU9ilou TraicovoS, ?EX)cbpouvSp61Ocp, Ka9aT?rEp 86a 201 D apX)aiov Tp'TrOV,ovUIaXOUS T?-KcAXOUa Kai flyE?6vaS wlXou TOU TrESiou S?o9EVTES,Kai TOTs pap3papois OK P ' 'Troloui?vri co' S' aITr- TO 9SEOV c Trap&X{A}ou scripsi; frlTTEpIavEla U. corTT?p?i Trap' a7iAou ARTU. avapTrac?Ov ARU, 87 KaT' &cvepcbTrouARU, KaTra Tro avepco rrous T. apTraaO'v T. TO{v} Canter. Ta SICOKE?VCtV\'i9e T. a&rieEav RU, &aXieeav AT. KpEi{crouS T. yeAtia T. 84 Trrpol6vrT? ART, -rrpo?66T?S U. KaeflvTO TU, 88 TaCrra ART, TocauOTaU. KaCiorpaTicoTai addidi. Ka&rTVToAR. a&v?oy(Ev)R. iEp?covy?vrl ARU, iEPCOV &XXAiXouSTU2, at'Tou RU, auTrouSA. TraicovoS AR rravra T. auvfiy(Ev) R. TCOViEpcov Kai T1S Tr6A?co5oi et scholia, wTaiavos TU et scholion T. TOU5Spap- y)povT?E transposuit U. PapouS U. ylv6oiEva AT. Post &apaomiserunt TEARU. 11* 164 OLIVER: THE CIVILIZING POWER [TRANS. AMER. PHIL. SOC.
203 D pcov,
TE Kai CXKOriVavSpAoTOIg aVEArictorov oTTrrEpv6?idaca- AXrIv. E8?XETO6' COUTOVOuTE y OUTE$Xa'CTTa iKaVcoS, 98 OT' Sat p3ouXAO6pvoS aTou pEp3aicosErTiV f) yij. rroiav Kai TaCTCa E?KE rpbs TTfV KEiVOuXpEiav Kai IIETEpaAAEV yap KupaTcov E-wppoilv, il TJivaS OnKrlTrTOiS, TiVaS eis &AArlXa.yfi Tr yap Ti p?V EyiyvETo, Ti 6' crcbXAAVTO, CYEtoiCYoU,'i rroiav VE(pcoVi XaAacilrSElpPoVAv, TTOUSrO Kai AaCTT-ra UTrrExcbPE1Kai TrraXV auvri'E TCo p3aaiAct a&SEIs a&rTCpaSOUnK EXAacpopTrpous EKEIVOS yE &nr1SEtiEv; - KaCi VUV oCT1 TS vasVaCI c aTAa TTrs 6Qao TS EKEIVOU fi Triou s p63povs Eyysiouvs SaAaTrious ouxi cruvV- siapaascox Xp6VOSKai 6 "AScos avriorTLArTS TCOEpycp 210D 96 crTrtXATOIS Trap' aurTou; o0 Tra cnmrTlAasTwpcoTOV OiK ,EAeiTrTaTt'- cos 8' ei1TS1v TralVTr KtVOVpEVOISEcKEI Kai flv EOTC'rOi TOTS coYiV aKoVoCla, &aW' -rrfiyov EiSEaXaTra PESicrTajipEVOitcS KEKVCpsoKOir'. KaX'rIAoi 8S Xpuv(oU 207 D YfS, Kal TrpouXEyov & uri6evos v E\1pETVThrXV EK Evou. Kai apyijpou KaTEAaCXnro,OCoV ilKIcrrotV o-iv &av- aiTEiv PiEVyap EipaaKEv oCu6,v TCOV&AAoTpicov, &ai' acai, TOaJOUTOV?'TTrXOUaca. Ei 8' 1Tr1SVUtJl?EEOXKiCS, 8' dlTapXas yiS Kai uSaTos TravTCO)v Elval TO:TCOYV 6v8pov jv avUToZXpucOUv j oK
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'TrAiS EVTOUTOIS CaOTE K&VaiXuvSqfivai Tiva UjTrEpTfiS EITrElVEopcov TrL CaUTroVVIKfLC'ar WpcTOT yap ?wToirlaav ?Aolnrfis 'EAXX&os. wrpCrTOV pEyV yE TC) iTrrXiSE TCV TT V TpOTrflV. TptlpcoV OJUT' Aac7TppCS UjrpTTpEcPEV CACTE, El TIS XCp15 BoXAopai 5E EcravaxcA)opioaasETI pIKpca TrpO Trql 108 a9XpAo TOTrTS Tr0?ECO5&aic)pca Kai TThV5svvailJv wrp6s yE vaupaXiaS -TpOEITTEIV. oi pEV yap CAAol rravrTE TO T6CV TOV Ov.AXEX.EVTa TOU VaUTIKOUapIdrp6v, EEival rTaS VECOVTrrAi9os Kai Trlv rTpoSupiav TTrSTW6OECAS Kali Ta TTS pEV WXAECOsF vavS VOpioacl TaS aTraVTc-ov Elval, Tas T EpaE1S EyKCOt.luloCtOCIV, Eyco 56, Ei KaCi wrapa&boov 5E KOlVaS aTraVTrcovtiila TIVOSTCO V TVTOS "EXXaI EiTrElV,EV T WppiVTl T CTaTOvOaS a S TrapaCTEXwiv, OUjEv6s TTOAECOS.COOTE E T'IS ECOVfiPETO TOlS "EAirvas TOT' Ei TrTTovTO-TCOV a&loV i6EIV Kai SaClUa'Cai, 6 VUVaUCTO Pi' 8Eot TrraaacSaycAvicaa loSa.9i r1E EEiT, WOT6TEpOVTra EiS EaOOV SilCYCo, Ta&XSrl9 OUK aiYXuVEis' cbcs OCTrtS 217D -rraVTCOVTCOWV aAco)v TrapoOaclS8EOaiVTO &v piaXxAovf aio()Xuvlr TOUTOTrapEpX?rTa Kaci 6' Evvolav T-V Trpos TaS 'ASivrTiSEV p16vas, ouX alpEolv Elval TrrCaTESav Tflv wrroAvTrapacX-rrClaov TrolET 6coTrEp av Ei Kai -TlV ETrrov, adAX' 'ASSrvaious VrTEp orpCv aycovijE-cSai vacuPa)iav rap?pXoITO 61' EUvolav T1V TrpoS TflV 106 EiTTEoSCal.KaV Ei TTraXlVauTos 6 SE65 aCuTOVSE'TravTr- Trr6Av.a&pooT~pas yap -ras viKaS aveiovTo Vaq)rpEaTaTa PETO,OUKOUV O6poXoyET-' 'ASTIvaiolS yE SappEiv prrrp avSpc)rTcov oi 6TOTE,TrwAal Tr 689TraS 'ASivas oiKOUV- av-Tcov paAXXovf oJpiivaIrTOI5, 'apvrlolS OUKqV 8fiTrov- ETS Kai ETI K&aAlOV KOtCiaa1EVOI'TOjS ?EVyap EXSpous SEV. o0 yap pEpos E5STO KOIVOVoCUVE1CioVEyKaV, aXx' P TOIS OT'rAOIS,T-ri 5' ETrIEiKEi'a TrS (piAouS EviKrTICa. TO Trapa TWaVTCOV 7Tapa, rrav-rcovavEouVTrXEAEa , PEpos TCOV, i8icov , T-TSTi5 TwOAECOS yap TOaaUTlrV pEV TrrpoSvpiciav wTapEXOPEVOS UTrTEp EyEVETO. &a?aX,T iv T-rV yE EJvUXicaV Kail ToAicaV T-rS &TravTc-v acoTrpias, TOoaavTlrV8E E?iCpopaVEiCE- TOCaUTTrV oUX.VE1(:oi1VEyKav CKOOTE InKpOV ElVal TO Tati VEyK6VTaSTri KOlvi XpE1c, TraVTa6E aUITOvS VTras,Kai vaCloi TOCOOUTOVUrTEPEXEIV. p6OVOI pEV yap aTravTcov TCA)VpEV TTpayclyaTCov EiS TTV SaXaTTca Kai Tra vauS, 216D av9pcpTrcov cVTrEEivavl v EKavEaJv EKXlTrEiV VrrEp TOU TCV 85' EV TaiS vauO'iv EiS TTV -TTr6VAVCaKEIiEVCO)V, T&OV pi T'rV TVT aAvaXcov aTravTrcv avacTraTov yEvopEVTrv 8' &aAAcov, CCbTrEp XE?IpA)VOS p,a, KaTa(EVuyovTcov ETTlrEiV,pOVOI 6E OlX UTTOTwo?Ep[ic)V TOUTO TraS6VTES, Trrpo TiV EKEiVCA)VlSVaCjlV Kai iTriTriS EKEiVCOVapETTS virT CyqA)V avOTOiVEOcpKiSc'ICIaV vjrEp VIKTIS,OU KaCa TE Kai TU-Xr5SoppOiVTCOV, Kal PrTy' av auTcO)v, OrrEp vcupqopav 1J9' TpcV,T& & &' A'oitsroTs TrTpaSElvaC E1TrOV, E&apvcov ylyvopEvcov S)5 ouX) OVTCOS TaCT' SOKE1 T V TOST T OE1OS aTVX)(TJi(XaTC)V,TaUT' EiS EXEI, TO(OUTOVTrpa6TTrTOS Kai PEYaOyaXowuias T-po'- dpETTfv ETpEEylaVKai rcapEiAovTO Ip~Tv Ta&5E'xrriSaS SEival cba' ETEpOiS5yE'cSalt ovyxcoproalt TflV ETwl TO KaC' aUCTOUS,EV5EIa1PEIVOi TOUS', OTI K&V P1iuplaKI oX piOaTOS 'lyEpoviav, Kai p[ 9iAxOVE1KfiCaal, pirls8 KaCTaCraXTlV Xcopav, KaV rTa EoTiaS SIEpEuVViCTTal, (ca K&V oi vcoASpoTaTro T11V v9OUcv EITwov, K&V Kav K pwaSpcov &aTavra avaaoraato, oU68v paXXovrTO VTTEp aUTCi)V ETEpOI, p15EVi Pi'TE 9SEyoao'Sal t pTTE TCOV'ASrlvaicov aic1ca KaSaipr'ilaE oU056 acalpio-ETal pEAAcTafialP13' oACoAS)VTIVv EXOUOIVE01KOTaS o6qSfival (pas5TO yE 'ASrlvaioousElva, 6AX'arrpavra rrOVETKai TOUTCOVEVEKa, Trrc oU wToaaavi86rl aoa Kav scripsi; Pr18Ea& Kav ARTU. prlS6Vi RUN. Post 6OVOIomisit pIEV U. &vatoaTov ARU, ART, pr58vj U. KaT' E0vrl U. rTOTEEKEIVOI AR. EXcbprl- avacraaolv T. EV TroXE`poI5U. TO KcT' aCTOVSUN. TO aavTR2, omiserunt AR, wavEXcprlaavU. KaTEAiITETO yE 'AOrivaious ATUR2, TO TE R. AR, KaTE'EAEiTETOTU. Ti TCOVETI TTAE16VCOV U. 107 pIrTEEV yli prITTEEV OeaaTTrl ARTULN. rrpo- IO9 EV EaUTOi5AT, EVa-rTOis RU. fyiyrcaaupvcovT. EIVTO UN, TrpooIvTo ART. aAqOEO-rEpovT, &XareiS auTolS ARTU, acUroIS Reiske. 6Eicaol A. AUR2, a&XrleoS R. OVT-COEV?xoyoS U. Kai KivSUvoV avaTcracTrou5 ARU, avaoaTaTrouST. EKEiVCppost OVTl- omisit U sed addidit U2' va omisit U, erasum in N. 168 OLIVER: THE CIVILIZING POWER [TRANS. AMER. PHIL. SOC.
pIKpOVTrpoc8iaTpicpcojiev TCRAycp Kai TO ijSos a0- n'TvrTvs5' iEToaou cVTrX0ouv, oi 68 vaiapXol 'rrapa- -rTOKCal rav o AMycoCaCprTpov KaTIr8I TIS, ei TrV 'rTrlaicos deXOV Tas 9paeSc XarolSois, epacvos 8' fV, fiyEpovtv al-TOirT-rE TroCI "'EXTvacS i'TTrlavc, X{yovTre GEI8' EKTCV InTapXO6vTCrvcn XE(1vHolleck. Post eilrro omisit TIST. II2 TpOpEP3XrK6OTaSavrroi5 RT et scholium, Trpo- KaTcaAei9ip0vras Reiske. Xp6iaovTa1 N, xpri ARTU. xpr TIOtlv omisit p6ovov U. &dia TrcaTpcov AR. Trap' <(rrpoao'val>Iunt., Henricus Stephanus. 6' &KEiVCOVU. aurcrTv U, Trap'auTciov ART. TnrrEpeXEvA. 6g icrou R. 116 EoaXrriSCanter, IoXraTr|vARTU. o06v cOVTro ot
aoTrois & VUV 81EqgASov, Eira KaT1EXOVCtynI TO'S 'AXA&ayap i T-rrEpi-rTs oSdErroSEieSaTrouSl Kal M6yos 119 Aoyi,crpoOs, oaXaTnrrlsdcatvov KaprEpiaS TrapEIXOV. El X6ycp -rapaOS8ou5 ipas TrwaplVEyKETrEpaTrrEpco. Elpi 8E 8' oUSv CovTro EiaTTroUos9at, rivca EiS TraUTOrv&ttov Err'airasT5 rr v-ra S wpCaEitS, ?ETT?1i TrEPi (v E3ouXA6- EKEiVOisSEvaC, Ol 6VoVOIsSEaoaV TOIrS 3app3Cpois piv Ev rTCOa iEac Sloapov. PurEiSd56E ma InyEicaS opyicaSai; &a' oiaci Trpos ?VTOUrTO &Travra cOuvE- ETrpa TOWSovroS Sia'rpiPEi3viPtrl' irTT'Eetpyao'pEvoIs Ta'avro, OTTCOSKXai TO'rS irapovras Kai TOUjSaCiTOras avaXAaipalv3tv, &dAaxKolTrEiocco) T'nv XpEiav 6orq Kai TOiS p?V EKOVTaS,TOsVS 8' aKOVTCraSEgaipo'ovTal Kai T-rV EK6oTrou TOo Xoyou wrpO6aoiv Kai TTO qppsEI.K&V TOUTOSiKatoV Ecbpcov pJVOV, elTEi wTaTra yE El KaSa- OUTC)OaKOTr, TroAAa piv Eivat 860Et Ta XAEy6Opva, &v 8' Kai pCS eTi-Talov, ouSEiS 'EAAivcov TOT'fyv 'v aaAaplivi. [Kacorov EiCaaTrra ipfOcSat, Ti) pEV avayKir 117 rrpoao'Saicoyap EvrprlpiaSEVKa T-rlV aAXa-iiva. vUv 86 EpditApXaTravra, CorrE gri81yvElvat TwapaXtarEivdTtil-r TOOJTOcrpiCtV EKpiVaV EgapKeiv, KarTaa-rTvat TOIS aav-ra, T-r TarEt 8 ETEppco)SO0K EyXCopOIVVTa CuVpqIvat, "EAXro't TaCTrpayplaTa. Kai 6it TOUJTOoCO pJ6vov Trls -TO8e &i wTapEVEyKOVTI5S Ojuv?XEiasOV Kai Tfs5 aKO- 223D ylyEioviaS, da&A Kati rfs TroAEcoSaOrTfi &dcr'rrlcrav, Nou9iaS Ei'aETal, &vaapia3&vcov TCOv cTaura rrap' 225D c 'arSorlS iSiaS &opacaEiaS Kati TrAXEVEiaSTr KOlv aOTcr Kai CKOTrCwVEl TrCOS E?T'rCpoS paov ipporTTrEv.E?T 120 oavuippovra nTrpoKpivavTs, Kai vopilovTEs TariTrrv cS 8E El pEVTrEpi Pris8VO5 &dicov TrpaydaTrcov1 TrEpi(jv EK d&ArlS|ASKai PEsyCnrv ilyEIoOviav KaTEpyaaEaoSai, Eav yEtTOvcov ecrTiTa rrapaESiyp-aTa T'rV ET'racra TaU-rTIV ilyriacovrTat roTs "EAArloaTrpoS Ti'V EVA9EpiaVKaC TO Kai OTrouv8tv ETrrotouipE$a, EiKOTCOS&v TIS fPoasEJ)rl ocoSqvat. AaKESatpoviouS 86, CcrTrEp oi TOjS TrarSaS pIKpoXoyEiTOSat-VOV 68 l'rrrp 1v TTrVTES1ElV ToroIrTai 7rpo6tI6aoKOV-TrE, Epoui.SriCaav wTpo9ulpoTEpouS Trotiq- A?yOVTE5gE'AdTTrovS yEyovaoal, T&raaaS6E r TrEpi TOUS crat. Kai at&TOUTT' ryayov Esi TO TTpo'SEVTapaK?Al- XAoyous 8uvapjiSi'-r-rTTat, TravTE5 5' cc0TrEp wrr' EK- aEcoS EVEKa Kai TOU 'Tr -TpaTTOPEVa irrr6 cacv i1pEiTaSal. lT?iECO5 S.audItovoual pixaov i' oi 8t' &dKpipEiasEKaoTa TaU-ra 86 ETroiovv Kai TroS TPiiotapaltv. o0 llT1vCoaTTEp ECApaKOTES,TrTEp TO\jTWV ayCOVtI6OPE9ea OUSEv EXATTco Tc) pTiaTI Kai TWCKEpa TjiS TrapaTEd?cS, OVTC) Kav Kara TOUjS o6youS d&yva IiKpOl 68iv 1 KaTa TaS TaTs Trp&aEol TTrv TlyEIoviav ETEpoiS oTapEicaV. rTO6Ev; Trp&E1s EKETiVOITOTE. OU68V OUv apyov ouS' davEETa- d' oi pEVovonga 'nyE6ovCov, oi 6' pya wTapEiXovTro, CTOVEiKOS TrapaiTTrEIV, C5 6.oikOcosn T' ETrtiTroS IIKpOIS Kai ToaovT'c Kx\AAOVaCTroTs TO cXipa KaSiocTaTO CTroT'ouSr9pEIt ivKatIVKai -TOTroiS TrrltKOUTrOt P r Tr]V OCrCTrCV flYEOVCov aorTCOv EIXOV Triv iyEPoviav. 6 ri a&iav a T&rr&vrcov
86 ris 'ASrvaxsev -rroAXoTsf6r1 rroXXAKIS6ei avre cbS avaOia TCOV'EXAivoav PovoXEuopevcov Tfis rr' 'AprE- 6pSos EiciV e'ITCbwoip 1KaCi JXiaCI oECETj TriS SEOO ptoicpr Tr6Xprs Kai T"iS 'ASrnvaicov wTapouCTiaKai Xpcovrat slavoia, Kai avvEiSo6-E5 gco.sev oiaav ri VIKCOVTOS6iTi TOU Spaoip,ov, S6EKCbAX'aavaC'To1 Kai 226D Tr6oAeiTrIlv qpaKfV 4ntOpi'ptaTroiouVvrai T'lv pV TV r6iv KaTrrivayKacaV cAo'rrEp Traias aKov-ras vrroarfivat CTrrTpEyaiT T-rroXtoUiXpS9Ec, 'raTSaS 68 Kai yUvalTKaS Tri SEpaIrrEl 1aVT-ra wpay1taTEUc'apEvoi, TO pEv Els TpoiLjvacrrapaKaTaSo'cx.,at, CauTOi8E yUVvcosEVTES wrpc-rov Ev5eXopvvouS poilS qcovTiv TrEi0ovTE5,EilTrEra, TCOVTrplTTrCOV TrpoppaaEo'Sa T V sXarTrav, 'rravrcov CS arrEOpaVTovfiv, arrpoo8oKlTro S 7TrplieEv-r TaS oo' a TIS E'iTO IPiylIcTa KaT' &vspCOTrUOSEV ?pEpa avayKca5 Kali ovoaKeuvCavrEs TTV vaucJaxiav, coTrE pla TrrapacoX6IpEvoloaLpj3oXa EVaEpEicas,KapTEpias, Trpos piav Sappfciat. ETrrETayiyvopEvr15 Tflr ouvvoou ppovo'ecoWS, lptavvSpcoTriras, pEyacXouxvia' Evo'EpEJiaS Kai TCOVpapCpapcov TTEptKaX&avTcoVrTat vauCaiv pEv 8ta TV-iaV TiO lveV TOIS eoT1SEXov' KapTEpias 8e &Travrr TOEVEco TOTrOV,TOTe f68r Kai yfiS Kai SaXaT- 228D 1TraiScov Kai yUvalKcov Kai TTS TCOVOiKEITaTCoV TTrS Trapa TOcOUTOV Eetipy6O?EVOI, rrap' 6oov at ovSErSiasc a7TreLeUyi'yvoIi EpOVTITCr SvUpc' piXav- TrplpE1t5ETrETXOV, Kai cO5 AiXriSCcoCoarrp SaA&ciTTr SpcotriaS OTITaVra lrrrp T-rSTCrOV 6AAcov To'orrpias Kai KUIpaCIt TaravTaX TaUTOV OpC)VTESOTTOtI p3AXeav, iriTrEVOV.Kai pIV Kai IJEyaCAoUy)(ViyE TiS avSpcpTwCOV TroAXEious, oi6iv rwapcto'av ETEpOlS,&AX"a wTpoToI iKEiVOIS oJpOIOS,o0 TCOVOVTrcV 7Trrp TTrS Xeu&pias PIV arrToi KaTqipCaVTfis valvJiaxioas, oCaTrp Ev E0vpoia &arrerrlcaav; aA&a pilv TO yE yvy vat TOr povov .XNAov TrrTVTCov&aTroKvo"VTcov, TrO p6vot 6 Trav EgipyaaavTo, Siaacleitv a'arrvra Tr&rrpaypaTa, rTTVaopiav AEyco, ocra piv crpaTcrrlyovTtpovoia KaKoa)ca TOV pacnaia F 1' V KaCiT'I Uv'TrO'TavrTcoV EV TOIS X6Oyois T7IEvrov lS e6et Trp6oTEpov Trapaacn scripsi, caa ARTU. anreLEvuypvot ART, TrrO- Kai TfiS vixK'qavTfir. Kai yap TaUrTrlv coonrEpcaXo T- LEUYViVUpVOIU. TO yE ART, TOrye U. rTOpovov JiAXov K?p60oSwpooXAap6vrES qaivovrai Kal 'Tfis 9l?OTlpfaS itaacLteivART, rTOP7ieAov cjrOeiv U, pieAXovp6vov KOtlvri IETaOcX6VTE5. eVTaUISa Si Trao'CapbV &KTTI126 LN. vavayicov iTreriarrNcTO,TraVTES 6E oi 'TropStoi avvEK?- I23 Si?q)eEtpav ART, drrrKTreivavUN. Post av'rT XUVro, E9EP 8E6 TrO6po TrpO5Trlv fiwrtpov Eco TCO omiserunt wrpcbTTARL. Post vauvaXiaV omisit roTS paoclAeT 6eiv&a SE9cTa Kai p&Xa Tr&rrovTa TfiS U. KOtV RUT2, KOtlvriAT. TOrvTr &vSpcov Kac yJvat- EKEiVOUTrEplVOiaS Kai Trpugfi. &atlOvS Kati Trfiserl9l- KmoVARU. Krl TrOvKCaKmov TCOV yEVOPiVCvoV TroS pappa&pois pvcra- I24 CirrooT-rvat RU, vrnrocxfjvatT, rvrroaxolvatA. Post ovv6oou addidit Kal TriS avupoXis T; recte I25 coTrrEp Ei U. fipKeaav AR, correxit R2. delevit Dindorf; absunt in ARU. caTorrp ea- vo-rTpitav ... ficrepitaav U. Aa6trr Reiske; Ev omiserunt ARTU. TOV pacoltNa I26 TrrTFrAClo-roART, ipTrerrArlo-roULN. Post Trav- A2R2T2U2, TCVpamOClAc ARTU, TroS paoaAXcos L. TEr 6S omisit oi U. Post rTCOKaKCo omiserunt TrOV CoCoriv ARTU. AXyco86i U. pETarKOIVS 1 TiCSEi'yvuXiaS yevopEvcov ARTL. pvrllo8fvat ART, Trivrljvoeival UT2; Tf'S omiserunt ART. rrpaXOfivaiK&XAlorTa 6q UN. KaTEAapov 'TOART, Ka-rEXapovroU. Post SOKEI omiserunt AR, correxit R2.%auTroVs ARU, acrovs omisit yap A, addidit A2. vTraipEIvATU, &wr&apai T. ES8EaWvA. R. TrpEap'urasARTU, TrpEopv-pu'rouvR2. VOL. 58, PT. I, i968] TEXT AND APPARATUS 171
$ftvac. TO yap 5i TrrdrpEpyoVv V Epycov oiK OnTIO- Ka ol O1 OKU ETTOirlcE pO6vrl (pEpETai TTIv TOU TraVTOS TEpov 1TpooE[Eipyaco-ai. Ti O0V TlV TOUTO; TpEs TO- KpiaolV ETITtpOS TOUTOISTi) TOU O`TpaTTyOU O-UVTEIEaEl, TrOUSoi p3ppapol KcaTrEapovTO KOT' &pXas, TTrV TC)OTrA TVT_Y Tpqpcv, ppCKaTapo CO at TCOVvaupa- fiwTrEpov, TTiV SXarrTTav, TrlV wrpO TiS EaXaiTvoS XiC)V, TCO TOUS TOTTOUS EUpEiv, TC) TOUSj "EXrcvaS vfClOV, OTCA)SaKplpOcTEpOV 8tlKTJCp avyKAXEioVTOoi KaTaCoXEIV, TC' TTPCA)TTVVlKfCial K1aiaTTV pEyicOTrV TOU "EXXrIvEs. 86KEi yap Elval JxeyaXrl o-uPivopa Kai rrapa vautvrKOii popav, TCAOTrAEiOTOV 5lapSEipaO, ToIS &Tw' TOVvo6ov TOVMrl6IK6v, El TIS TCOVaVTraipEV TC) Paci- 'EAEuivo5 9(pacclaoa, TO015V YUTv-aria rrEpiTTOIS, Tr AITTO?XirloavTrcov lSai)vfi(<0>a TUjXTS EyVcO TI Kai ylyvopEvcov, oiO6pvoS TroT5EauTOv TOV Trap' CavTOu TopAirlaS Kai XapcjovTrapa TOI paO'iAECosTC-r KppaTioTa p6pov a pKEo'iV. Kai TOCOUvTOVflv apa TO Epyov aoTcA TOU TrELOUTrpOCTEKaC(STTO. OU [fiV Ou85 Twpos TaTOa OCTOVTOIS pEV Opyio$SIvai, TOoS 8 Tlpicyait TCOV ATEpcov E6rlXcETo15 "EAricaiv, dA2A' CA)yTr?paXho TI oTrpaTIC)oTc)V. c)S 8' ECpa T-rV SadaTrrav alitCaTI Kai AOIT'OV Kai TOUTO wpTOC'YEEipyaCyaTOr TwO6Ai Kai poSico LEouovav Kai 1TravTaCVEKpC)V Kai vavayicov IEoTa 81EtfiXAE [ElXpiTfiS TEAEUTTiS,C)OTrEp ol TOIS O-TEqaVOUS Kai KUplCOTEpOUSETEpOVS (poPETV Kai TOjS EKEiVOUKai oCvEipovTES. oi pEV oUv aACoI Tri ETOUCoiaTfs5 pCaXrSs130 aUvTOv, EKTrAayEiS KaOi vopio'aS SauJIpaTOTrolo Elvat CYEIViuVOVTra,OCOOL 5 Kai TrapEyEVOVTO, Kai TaUTa T/iV rr6Xiv -ractvcpSioav iBE, Kai piETTacorpwcs TlEI TlV OU8EVESaCUTc)V EyyUS T1S TrroXEC)SO'UTE rrXA'SE1 -rTpa- aUT'V, OU .iETa TOoUaUTOU Xo)(fiJLaTOS, EVfriiS TOUT' TOT50U OUTETrpoSupia YEVOIpEvol,E f 86?qtIlETpa C TrolS CAycobvicawTOIOUIpvoSi Ti'v oX(E5iav KcraTapE1V. TroAXXoCTWrpOTpOV TiS paXrliSEViKarEV aiCSis Kai Map- 128 OUTCO Sia TravTcov irv Trs xO CCo 'EAxrl- 56viov KaOipacica c cbs adrl9IoS i8iav viKrlv EaUTviSKai VIKOV, Kai TOiS T-rrTaCTIVE EiXST vov puAaKTflpIov Up6vois TOI5 'ASrivaioiS rrpooiTKouovav. cos yap TTpos oCia ToTS"EAXrliav, oTlaic 68 Kai TCotAoTrrc pjEpEi TIS- auTlV Ecbpa TracV'TO 'EAnlTVKKOVKai Trap' apI(pOTEpCov oiKOUpEvriS.TiaC 86i yAyco TrOIWaCriv; oTS AviKa Trp6- Eyvcooro KacoX5 o0 T-rV Trpayp(aTACOVEOri Ta KUpia, TEpov JI6vrl MapaSc)vi, ols oaT-rpov TOCOUTOVwrapfiA- Kai Trapa TC)oV EAXrivcovAXyco KaCiTrapa TC-rVpappa- 233D SE T05 caUrarcTas, ols aiTTn KE9pacaiov TOU T0roXEpo pcov, EvSClpiov paoXAEiKCai MapSovic yiyVETai' 6 Kai TOiS oT6X.ois a&pIOTEpoiS'v, TOiS EVnThuais a'uVXOvo'CV ppOvtIov Kai E'UrliS EECTTptEv wpoc1EiTE1v. p[V yE TO aVEUV Tr6SEOXCOS, TOI5 ETT' 'ApTEpllcC VIKCCOl61 a Tri) WraVTCovKpaTIO'TOV lTEpitavcoS, EI wTpOUXcbpTiCE.TOUTO 231D TrOAECOS,TaT5 TOV S.90EU,EavrETais, Vv ai pEv Tr1S 86 flv TraVTOS pXaAov &aSvaCrov. rTi 8 TOUTO IV; 131 'ASrlvas Edval Triv 8copEav, aci 8E a'TrroXEoSa9TOiS EOKyavTO [IETaoTcrroalrpTos a-rTOiS Tf-V wrXiv Kaci t1- "E?Xrvcas5Eppalov, El OVCaTTEV'AS9rvaiol IE-TOaTCOV AXocait TO 'EAriVIKOv OaUTfis, O0 po6VOvTa TrapEAS0VTa, pappapcov. COXTEKati ?E cv OVK Ercra9ov ol 'EA?rlvES oaUVEto6TES, &?Xai Kai Ta rrapovTa opcoVTES co5 81' Kai (Sv EAXX0ov7TEiaECEsC9al Kai ols Ewroirc7EV l Tw6OIS KEiVCO)VfiyETO' wTpS6O TOUTOSr Kail TOV EK AEAPqOV Aoyicov, C)S AyyE-rTa, 5iappfi6rlv paOpTUpoUTrcov, El 127 rrap' auTou TU. Post KupicorTEpousomisit yEvoivTo 'Arlvaiot pE-rTaTOUTCOV, oiX'oEacSai TrOIS iTApovs A, addidit A2. ilSEV AR. 0auvIaTorolov "EAiTriacTa TrpayypaTaa. 56KoKE8I TCr paa\AlETKai TOV ARTU2, eavoTrol6v U. Post PIiETaTOU omisit auOTO0 p6poV cOVOU[VYcpKai T6 KpSoS VSVIUpOUpIVCOpTTElpac- A, addidit A2. 128 o'oo)CEV T. p6vov ARTU2, o6vil U. TiCT 68 I29 aC0TOO R, CauToOATU. UTTEAElTEToRU, IrTTE- ARTU. TrpOTEpov Mapacxvti RU. TrapfiXeEv A. olT AiwrETO AT correctus. aTpaTias R. p)vqoaai atriT AR. VIKCotIV A. EPpaLov RTUA2, E'rPalov A scripsi, p6vrnS Kai ARTU. rCOOTE Jvc UN. PIET 3appapcov U. otsOl K TwoirOIcEV I30 oyyuS caTcOv transposuit U. 5? friTEpa ART, A. TC)tI TrAElCTov ARU, TCOVTrAEioTcov sed litteris 8' p-rETpaU. i5iav RU, bia A, 5il T. yivErTa U. deletis rTOCTTAEiOTC T. y(palciCaol AR. supplevit Beecke, acTroui U2, TrpoSaurrov A, TrpoSa0rTov RTU. TrpOC0Ev p. 38. Kai TaCOTaART, Kai TravTa U. 6 8' eKEiVCOVU. TUR2, rrpoaOEAR. 6oa Ev "EATcnaiT; Ev omiserunt rrapa avepc'rrcov ARTU. KaTETrpacEv AR. ARU 172 OLIVER: THE CIVILIZING POWER [TRANS. AMER.PHIL. SOC.
Sai TrIS rT6oEcos'Kali 1TErp'rEi86 KnppUKKaT&vavTia roTs 6rrXoAEoSi auvvyvcocYav Pa&XNov fil -rrTESaVTO, rTC Trp6oCSv AEyoVras. aTrl yap cv frTEITrpOTEpov y?f !i.v 9p63c XpricTrouS vopiiovrEs, oT5 6' wTrlTyyTEXovro Kai U6aTos, TaUTa 86i8ou T6TE, OUK&dro lrou TOY arrtipoUS ETI TCOV'ASr vaicov' Kai T-rV PEyaXouyvXiav IT-rpou, aXAa rTO-rTOpv T-rV rroiv Kai T-rv Xcbpav o0X irTTOV ESE1;av TCZ TT'V Opyhv KarTaaoXEV Ti Trp aT-ro0T aTrrES6iouTraoaav, TOUTO6E Trv XAoirriv 'EA- TarS ErayyEiactS SicbyaaSal' E0Uyap TrolETv,OUxK E Aa'Sa 6copEav wTpocaETi'SE. X(Cpis s TroVTCOVETTfV TradXEIV'n'TEpuKOTEs5 G8CEoav Kali piuo'v 6Opi'iElv aO- XpcpaTra VTrrpTrravS' o'a ev "EXAlAii Kai piAou5 Kai TO:S TOS Ei TOTroIoOU'TO 'EMArlvK6v, &A' o'OX avTrovs o'vUpMpjaXUElvati pEpaiO[S'EO v OTIKai p6VOUS ESiEI 8ETvTrap' r?T?pcVptiicr6v Tfs' ap?TrfS AaIpaVEIV, C08' ' Kai p6vois eSappEIl pIaAov Traralvols EIXEV, Ei 'TE- EiriKepSEIt 9lIiV TO5S s6vTra acTroUS,oUS6v yE paiAov COEIEV,EIapTUpEi. Kai TO pEVKEaXalIOV TfS '1TpEcpEias i o$Og WTralCS6aKai yovas ?ETriKepSEi piAE?iv,&XXa Kai 132 TOIOUTOrv'v. ?KrlTpIKUEE6? 'A~CavSpos paClnEis pIJrTaTCOV avaAcohCTcov ac.lEiV, Coc)wrEpEiKoS TO'rS cS MaKESOViaS. oi 6 TOCOOUTOVToXrr(aOV r TOU saupao'ac UTrrp OIKEiCOVTaTS yvcbpCaiS SiaKE?I?VOus. Kai TOUTO p?V 135 Ta ETTrayyEAiaS,ix Kai otiuTravTa a KEKTTrIrat686vra TrooUTOV Kai Tl|AIKOUTOV Epyov Fi ap?TrIS Aoyov Ev a&ita pco -v ETvat vopicaal, CWowTEEoCoE' TOV wrpPEoCpUT'nV Troi TOU 'ToAeiov KalpOiS E;EAaji4E, pEaOV T"iS EV 234D 'TO oa)(X T'5Sa TrpoEvias. ou p.rv oUS6 OUTCrOS SEa EaXapiTvivaupax(iaS Kai TTiS liAaTCaiaclo'i aX). EStEIav 236D KaSaTcra aTrrEocrtEAcav, &a?' El pI' TrpO ilAiou sUvovros 8' c Kai <6ta> rTOU-rTCo)XcopiS 6v Kai rrp6aO9Sv Sie81rl' EKTOSOPCoV Ei1, Kai TOV XorlroU rTpOElT6vTESa7Oo T-r KaCi PacaiEXu Kai oi "EAAIVEs? &aTraVTcoVTOIS 'ASQI- TroS 'AS9rvaiol pxuaAov rrpoEEvEiv,cbS oUK &vEuSava&- vaioiS TtiEpEVOI6 piv 5ia MapBoviou Ka?ocovETri TOU- TOU TOiaUTraTrpEaPEOCOVrTaC Kai &aa aycoyoi Sta Tfis TolS, oi 6 i T1roET1vTaTra 8ia AaKAe6aiovicov 6E6- XcopaS aUrTOvfyov, OTrwTC5i'rTE TIS a&rTal pI-rT?ETCO pEVOI TO yap avS9AKEiVKai KOaXsv os aucToujsEKaTE- 6tia,erTal. TaTrrlTvEycb TT-rVadTrrKpltv TTr1Sv IaXa- pous y)iToS qiv pcavEpaKai T'riTatisEvapylS Trrap'&a- iivI VaCupaXiaSKai TCOVTPOTraicOV ovX IrTOV' &aiav 9oiv OTI'Kal opcov aUTci)V Kai TCOV EVaVTicoV oUvvicaoc /fyoUopa SuavCIuaat oUS6 EaTTxrrcolo0TiXoLiav TrapEXEtv KpEiTTOUS6vras o0 IptKpC)TIVI. OVTA) 8S' EArTo'iavTrESE OUT?rTroiS SoUov oiT-rET TTE{iaavTi. Els5pV yap K?Eiva apXiS ETI paAAov S.auvpaoavrT? aTrfXSov TCrOvpEV OTXrAoiKai T-plrpEca Kai opyavoiS ?ESE'wTpoaxplcaar- yap OUlKTiv0oXovTO, TOUS S6 a&rrowroAou TOUKpEiTTO- Sat, EvrTaUJaS6 rTOIS aeTEpoiS aUTCrv KaSapoS EXP'- vo5 7TpooaECavro. doorT Kai TO EIKOSTwpooyEVE-9sai, aavTro, yvobl,u Kai Aoycp. rT Kai aUTroUs5cUrrEp oa9cv auTcov TTrV a&iav Trpo'- 133 TivEs o0v &pErTfSaycoviacTai KaXXioUv, r TIVESTC)V S9o.at yfi 9ov Kai TpEI5 Elvat TOUS IapTvpap S ?8E'S, TrrCTrrOTE-r apKE?TEpOV TTfV ETri6?tEiV aUTqS ?'TTrroIT- TOS TroXaEIiious, TO0S oaXvo&XouS, aUTroUS auTroTi aavro; oi Kai Xpucco Kai apyupcp Kaciai6ipco KaciTOTS Epycp 86ia 1TavTc)v o6oifouS yEyEvrlpvouv. avvayayov- 136 Trraolv &iTrrI-rTOI s1EyEvovTro Kai 'rrravTao rrErlvav TEs 8E TroU "EAXArvasirf8 paaov avurosi56KoouSoTv 6ooicos a&prlTraa TC paaClET crTrpC' &v El ?Kp1TrTETO 8UvapEvoUS nXaTata&'t yiyvovTra. Kai TO P,v acicopa VirTOyfiS -TI, TrEviav ,Ev aVT-riTrOUTOU T'rtCiocaaT?S, TCOVTrpaTOTr68cov, i' T-rv TrrapTa'aiv T-rV pappi&pcov, KIVvoOVUS E &VTr'&da(paEiaS Xo6pEvol, iKaltooavllv S' cos Ta&XSr18ia TTIS BolcOTias, i Ta Trpo T1riSpaXlS 134 aTvi TfS Pacrto7o T-ooaarrS i1tav9pcoTria5. Kal oO SitlyearSai icaTrpip EOrTITTr-S 'rrouvS5sOUK ?piKVou- ,iv rTa5 T 1TrpOs appapiKas 1TrocrOX&'EI or TCoS ?EX9pco pivrl. papTupia 6' ai$tl yiyv-Tra rirrolT.EiSavpaOaTi 237 D Kai TrapaTETaypivco ElXOV,Trp6S Se TarS'E?MrVIKaS, El rrap' apqo-rTpcov wrr1T-rs cSpaXnS. AaKE8aiip6ovio p&v 235D TrpooEii oafil Pa XpEiaS, uT'rrOTrTTroKOTCo, 1i cos5 Tri yap 'ASrlvaiots EoErcraav T'rf E?Tri Epaas Ta'Eco5, TrrAEov& TOiTCOVCanter, Kai I33 a&pTfig TUR2, &pET-rv AR. Erroti)avTro ToOirov ARTU, K&(K) TOiTOTOVDindorf. pfil wroEiv RTUA2, iTnroilroaToA. Post oi omisit Kai U. TauTarU. cos ai-uTo RU, cos auTroOSAT. Post yq$pos I34 &a7' ?&06VrcovU. 6S&ErlyyA7Xovro U. S6a- omisit ?v T. oaqcv aucrrcv R. avvioaaaiv A. cyoaao-cla T, litteris deletis 6t{ao)cbocaacai A. I36 liaTpirplp Tr Trfi5 orouSi6S Aldinae, BiaTptp[3 TrrEpuK6TaSU. auToi5 TOISTU, CauoliS TroI ARL, a aCrroi{s} Reiske o6X avcroijs editores, oVK aCrrousi Trfi5s cou6is5 -crriv T, SiaTplpi Tri5 o'TroU6iS 'Toriv ARTULN. Tro1S 86vraS acuroOsAR et scholia, Trois ARU. bpi^tIKVOUpEVr Aldinae. yivETatARTU. au0rTr b6vtras avTo'ro TU. r?Ta TCV &cvaXAcoprcovARTU, editores, aiiTcoi ARTU. p&uaov ?1Reiske, i' puaXov pLET'avaAcopdarcov Reiske. ARTU. rlTpVIKEv AR, EOpioXEVTUL. VOL. 58, PT. I, I968] TEXT AND APPARATUS 173
137 rlVplIKEV. CjCYTTEp OJV oi Ir0UKTat TrEpi TT'S ordauo'E TTOUTrTS TtavriyUpECos ov TrOpapEXASEV.T1 KOpI5o y' 141 -rrpcTroV 'nyCoviaVTro, oi SE ESEXOVTo pJEV TTEpaas, aV Eir TOrVaTr6OCV, Ei oi lEV VOOSErTair TOUTOU Xapiv E86XOVTO 65 TraVTraS a&vgpCb'rous, VTrnIpxov 86 Eis ETEivvaTvTaS auv6SouS, Kai vr Aia yE arTo TrouIvoia raTavcra VIKCOVTrES,TOVS pEV p3appcpous apETril, rTOiS ' TIS iEpoCrIviaS wTrapEprcav, 7iAEi"oTOV XPOoV wTpoa- "EAXrlsvaSapET'ri TE Kai rrXSl.EI.T'rV Kai TE paxrlv SEVTES,OTwCoS Erli XiCTotrTovaAAXXfiotS OloiTEV, TUPIE1S KpivouoC 6iac WraXVTrcV~EX6ovTES Kla TOVS fiyoupEVOUS 8' avri TOiJ XPlOaacySat TrOTCOEip.pO<(i)>E,Sa. CoaCTrEp Tris iTrT-rou iaq9EipaVTeS. Kai 8Ecq'rav TEtlXopaxias, o5v Tots TCOV6aSAov yupvaoiois OUKaaXS96P.9Ea EVTuy- orov atv oi a&Xol aicX)uv9EirI TIrS eiTrEiV TrpOSaOTroi0 X&VovrTESEp' IpEpa <(iPpav>, &aA' ?v KEp6ous EpEpi iqcav, ecoS TCOv pap3papcov ol pEVouj X 6poicos Kai TiS a&Ei TrrapoUorCTSEaS aTrroavoJ0oEV, OUTCO Kai Trrpi ITp6OSEV KaTEIXOV T'Vv BoicTiCav KEIlEVOI, ol 8' cwaTTEp TCr)VX6ycv EXEIVEIK6S, KCa TaUTa yE TCOVT rqwTTavi)yu- EK vavCayCl ao&oTol Koai a'1cjVTaKTOt VIKTa LjtEpas pEtl CIUKEKAKrpCAO)lEVCOV, TrCVTCAS OCjX EcbAotS a&E TOIS -rTlicorTpav ayov-rTE, EK rTroAXXv oXiyoi Kai WroAAoi vTroAEtqPSEIC9V EVTErUE(oSE, OVSj' daTI.UOTEPOISEKEiVCOV Kar' oXiyous E?EXCdbpriCaV,TroXa T'ris vrTrEpriqpavou avvEivai. &aXh'Iva ox rTTAEiCo TOrV a&VyKaioOV Trapat- 138 crrpartia Kai rTCV 'ASrlvaicov pEpvrlpPvoi. TO'UTCV 8' TOVEYVOgaUTCO T'rOTC)O irpKVCK JO, ) rrpOSTrOUS EpE~ETj TrOV OUTCA KaTaaTaVTlrcov oi pev aAXXol TrravTEs "EAArlvEs AXyoov Kai CUVEXEISKaCi 58i TrpCEojal. aacpvcoS avaTrrElTVEoKEcav, ovX 6oov &v Kai TrpocrES6- 'EretiSTi y&ap f 'EXAAX5?aCUTfS EyEVETO Kai -TavTa 142 Kr,caV sltaTrrE9FyT?ES XEitPCva, Kai TnjV TroIV EcaTE- EEKEXCOP'KEI,VfiES, iTrTrOt, TO TrTE6V,UTrapXOI, paoti- 240D qpavouv, S.avactlov, Tlrav T'i EITToiEVaUTTV pIIKpOV AMES,TrpoTrov iEVTrvray1VpEIS Kacl wp6aoCotI TOISSEOiS flyovTro. OUTCOTrIj AAo T1VOS auTroi5 ESEl TTroi'cai O icaav oTaoSoUTE TrpoTEpov ov0' UoCTEpoVoU68EiS 1E'1vr1VTat 238D Ti yE 8OKEIV?XEIV a5lov a'Trfis' i ES Ev'raUSa S6 Kal yEyovuiaS Ev EAEpUSpa T' EEAXaSI.oCU yap v6o oS fv 6 pAxiorTa '-rTV rEpitooicavT s5 pET-rT ErTESEioaT-O. avvaycov oCSE Xp6vou TXK-rTTTT EpioSoS, A&X'EK TOOv rTOCJOTOVryap ETr?EfQX$ev EV TOrcSTip&yp'aaiv coc-r Trpay&aTrcov'iv Kai KaTr' avpa Kai KcaTa TTOAEIS ErTtpiaAov Eco 8etal TroTsp3appapois 'rivES icav oi Kcai EvsioEi.CaSal Kai CoTE?qavrqPopVEtKai TroS SEO0S ,pap- Tra Ev Tr 'EAA&ta TragTa spaCaovTrs acUTOISvKi Trivas TUipEoSal TijS Trrapocr1)S EucaitpoviaS. Kati TOUTOro EV (pEUyEiv KpivaVTES ayaTrroTov nTrrfSov. 3cop6O5XAEuSEpiou Ai6O, autTCo TE TCO)SECO XaPICjrilpiov 139 'OpC) IpIE ov Kai rTOv Aoyov EKTEIVOI6EVOVKai ETri Kai TOI5 KaTOpS.,O'aCla Vi rlVUPEV 1ET' aotTo TOV TOTrrOU TroIOVTOIS TOiS TrpoEprpEIvolI 1Oo0 paov 6v rrp6S TOWVEpycov KOIVFiVEocrriT, EXC)V TrapaKArl'aIv totS fi8ovhv o0UTEaUTOVr ETI ElTrEiVOVTE TUXELV&KOU6VTCOV, "EAArNciv EiS TE 6oi6voiav Kai TO TOrv pappa&pov Kara- CoA)CTEpgET' aycOVlATTToV EUSOKIplJ'TrKOTEiaIOVTa ETEpOV. povETiv ToTror 68 TO6KOIVOV T-rv 'EAXXlVCv i EpOVTO EV oUi ptv WuxaycoyCasxY apvPa.Pov V TrEUTarV TOVS AEXpqoT5E)EOcaReiske, pE1o(p6opEeaARTU. a&Acov TU, aAAXov ARL. fiEgpav addidi. OU'TC yE Kai R. oUx 137 pappapous apETrf TE Kai TrXiOEliAR olim, sed 6cbXoisDindorf, OUKECjXOtS ARTU. EvTEvua0eEA. litteris deletis correxerunt (pcap3papous apET-ri TroCS I42 EKKEXCOP1rKEIUN. KcIT' avSpa KOlKCai KaTa T6EIS 6' "EXTArvas-rrAilOe A2) A2R2. wrp6oeEvATUR2, TrpaOr UN, Kaora a&vpa Kai TrTOAEIART. KaTaCecjCOiamR. R. o-pa-rTEiasA. EXCoVAUN, EXOVRT. E?KKOcrYiPerTA2, EKOoCyerlUN, I38 EThEXAeEvT, wTTEAXeovARU. E?EKOjfirT A, ?EEKOPOIiaTeR. KaTacaKEufS ARTU2, I39 paritiov 6v A. gIET&&XrleEiaS ART. doCTE a&t- TrapaorKEufi U. KfICo ARTU. AMyovomisit R, addidit R2. I43 TOUTO,JU V yap U, Kai TOUTO,TV ycp A; Kai 140 piEpas uais ARTU; "Aut fri.Epa,i(a est legen- deletum in RN. Post KaTEK6O'crloaEomisit TroS U, dum, aut deest aliquid, e. c. Ev ppa)XEi Xp6vc" addidit U2. EpauitAAaT. avfiEV A. apXcaous ATUR2, Reiske. Ante rO TrrXAfiosomisit Kai U. 18ious R. KacIlcKiCufTE T . 174 OLIVER: THE CIVILIZING POWER [TRANS. AMER.PHIL. SOC.
PIECos,T&C pjVU OlKOt, TC 8' 6vTiv OrEpopiaf aQrrT'TE TO TOSTiporTpots ITOipEousUoCaacivdwrVTrewEXTv aO- Trapfi9Se T"roUS&dpXaiouS 8pouS TracvaXfi KaT' a&iav Tros?, :XEuvSepicpi:v Tri TOV&pXo6vrcov, I8KOatoOtvl) 8i TCOV?pycov Kcai Trv TOU KiKXOUwrrpoao,9Kr|v 'roIOU- Ti) TCOVe&UVOIpEVov Xpc0o1vouS, TOUT' o0v fq w6oXt - lviy cs 8iTrrev8' E aUVcX6VTI,pO6vrl iv 86' a&peTlvaoi- EOaKEaTroKai clrTp aCTrs Kai UTrEpTCOV &AXXcov 'E?M KTrTOSEyEVETO, pO6VT 8' ES&pErTTr c)Kio9lS TraEi9tS Kcai vcov EwtSeITatiTo5OS papcpapots, OTI OUKerI' xKE(voIS 242D rTOVTrpo'CSEv &OiKfTlrcov ETrriapev &aa ToTST pyotl Kai Froriv, otrav iKCcoi, nroteivdyaSoS TOUr5"Ervacs, Tri58n KxaiTrl K6CTIICKaXC OV V TTE Ka E iio yEvo- o00' a&VayKri)TvXi) TarUTa" iTrrrpaKTrat acioiv, 63cAAc244D 144 pivr. &A?a?yap EvroauSapEv cbairEpOKcoV EV rETOVvKai TCwWrpOT?pous a;pXEtv ,TKCcoS XetIv fyeiao'Sav vUv Ka$' 686v TOUAoyov pa?Aov i 'rrpoei6SoEvos'ou yap 8' OTe if aPXfl 'TrepioSrTiKEVEiS SIKaiOU T&aitv, E0 Kai eis TaCurra6opov ifTrliyy6ollv, &AN' EKETVOriET1Etai Kaoks.O ECEoaSe TrIVvasKEKtIVlKaOT. OITrCOS Eyc qpi)ptt Kai 148 povA6pEvo,V,OTI t KaMiolorOV a&vSpcb'roisKaO TO aUTO wrrposSKatoo'ivriS Kai wrpos avSpElas EiTreStitv dc&hl- ualrTe7XoraTOVT? Kai VIKCv 18Iovij,.Sev 'rrp6oo8oi StvfS r&8OSTerFpa, iva pfrlSv rcaX$iSerrco, TrOVwrp6- Kai 6 [tXiAi,KaC TOiUT'EiS5 TOroTov TOUO TOT' ravo$'cav Trepov oX)( i-rrov vapyql TrErpaxSait Tri wrrOet. wp6s Tots "EA'EXXrto i ]a 6i -rr6oet6 rTaiTrTn avtar' &v T-r 68 TorootOS Kca TOrV 'EAWivoWV&Ocp7aXEtiav elvat Kai 'iTpoaSir' SIKaicos,t TrpcoTOVpEV KaTr'aCOrtTv Cs a'q- ocoTrTpilavvrrrAeitpavev OiK ?i KaSe.ipTaaa a0TOOS^Trri Scs rTTv-rTOv SeOvrtijp "v' T5ro T yap soOs cobs alTriov 'Tr5 aoriaS Tripoi'r,o0S' Et prT68vjrIT' aOri 6St'acr*rv 6i Trou TrCv&yaS&ov &rlTav-rss a&iEpt6eS6a, f TrE'rr6XI pl-rT'aOtroi 'Trp6TrotevvUrrrp Capov aOT~ov, &aX' El TOCSs rTOy' eis &vSpcoTrouSiSov -TOT'?Tri -TrXTcrrovaTria pappapous cbs iTirrtlWo-rov oraanvro Tr'o ris 'EXEa- ' TCOV orroVpavTrovaliVErTa Trr?TarTC Kal Tro1SavaSi- 8os, OUToScST-ro dpiorrlv Kal KtaSapav qovXiav paatIV aotroI Kai TOIS XaPIcrraTpioti TOCaoUrTOVCrep- arraotv6pS,o9Sa,EaoSai, XoytiLonvraKci Ta rrpacy- aXeTV.Ta yap CovppoXaTfrs 6oECsplas aCrrS riTaUTa TOU tiaTa c3s TrrpuK?ev opooaa. p6VOI yap oaXE86v oirro 145 K6(ous KaCiipEYSouS orTlITeKUplpia. o' ptIVlCapK?lV KaSapcos 1'VXU)(&ouotv oiTitVE &V 8S({cotpO llTrrcavrC TOUTrr'evouIae, Xapiv TroTSeoTs ?Xe?vTCov yeyevrl)J.vcov fiovXiav &yEtv8sEO6tvot. Kai Iri,'6V TrrA7ovIrJTrev oUS8'E'rri TOYS TporTaiots KacSica- 'O p?v Aoytacos orros 6 TrfS wrr6ocoo,&rTavCra 149 Sat, cborrep &arrtTroUcaavcauTrij, hXX'coxTrEp -rripactv EXCOV6oa av rTISs'orrt KoaMtbtra iV v &vSpcbTrroupa6t. TCOVpJeb6VTrcov ra Xrrr(pxovrTa Kpivaoaa aOrrTl rpos 8tlavorISvTres8E OUTCOTI Xpfl rrppTov, 1i T-rT"rXwTcaYov iarUTrv ili)XUacraTO, KaCXS Kal T'r Katpco wrpocrl- EirTEiv,EviKooV p?V TrlV ?v MuKaXrJpJcXrlv oCK v 6XWycp245 D 243D KovTa povAeuaaJOivvr' Ev yap rTols sErpoIs Xpovots T4 JiEcp,,s8rlpEuvlaavTrO 8i T'ri Epcb'rrrl TaSr x5r&s, ra SEuTrepa'rrp'rTEv ftijou. rTaurTa8' iv avTEre'TEEX-el TTOUTrg TItKpU'TrTOlTO TOrOV xres6VTrco, Kal TOi1 S[ev TOTSrTpOTEpotS hrctaTpaTeio aaOtKai TrotS (p6oou5 pEv drro -TpupovoS ijXaacrv, TO*J 68E rn6o2TraTowJ, 146 KaciTroi KItv&vous eis Triv KEiVOVpr?Taocrrocat. 8 Kai TroiS8' &rr BuvavTriou. wrravra8E coaTrep&yo; KaoSaf- p&dXCTT'&atov TrV Ev TroT SpyoiS &EiVHolleck. TroS 8' omrr6locrroo AR. cpiJiaavro 147 6 Si ARTU. Ucrrp acrrfis A. iKcOOatTU, EKXooa U, cbppncravTroART. S6Krlvg68t transposuerunt AT. AR. o'piat -rarrao rTrpaCKTcaTrxTrtI transposuit R, 150 Kai avTrrAeov R. 8 i:cop-vTroU. giXXAavTOA. correxit R2. PfilSvvapvot TU. &TroXpjaivA. VOL. 58, PT. i, I968] TEXT AND APPARATUS 175
pEV wpcbTOts TcOVEpyo)v TapEyEvOVTO, ETrIT' &Trrfipav, Sail SwvvaTCTorovs, SvoIv EvayovTOIv, Evog pVIETO COxnTEpTr1voTS CXKoXouv$EiVO 8UVdapEVOI. TO 8' CaTo p5rlEv TVY E0oxcTCov, oaov E'S yvcbprlv Kcal rrapao- TOO-TOKai rTCVA&XAcov 'EXAivcov oi Kaci T& TrpC)Ta KEvnV TiKETCOV papp3apcov, EAXXElPiCSalTOiS "EArlat aUVEKTXEIrAcYavTESiAlyylac'avrTES MTlipaov, ol 86 T-OU TO piT oU TrETrOV96vTaSETval, &vS' Sv8ETv dapwaEcSat &Tro TqS 'Acaias EXOVTE, ois P3acaiAEs lTrp6TEpov ETr' Kai prT16aplcoSpIKpCS5, ETEpOU 65 TOU TrpO TOV?onwrv EKEiVOUSKai TTiV'EXXAaa ifKEVaycov, TOUTO1tE)Xpw)VTO Xp6vov acrpaAoOsT13 'EAa&Sit,EcoS Eyvoo pacateiS 151 arroxp6cai. Kai 1lv autoTL aq)opiJpLKarTa TOU pa3aiAoElco TrapaTrAtlatoviTOIOCv &vTaipcoYv Tri TAro6a'orrep av Ta TOO poaalcX0os rrpaypiaTa. Kai yap 6opioi Kal TEiiXr Ei irpos Xo6ya TroAAhlvETriovaav VArlv TrTrlpiEvos Kai XapaKCCilaTa Kai TraVTa ?EKEVOUSE8?XETO, Kai -yCOvl|aETO.ocSVY yap rov0 TI O0K E?TraOXEV,(at' 155 TrrXaKai ViE? ?EKEiVCOVEYIYVOVTO. rrapEicrav8' oU6i8v avrlAiCO-KTOac-rTO ? aUrTOUKai T-rivXcbpav ETrtTEiXaICIa &aTripclTOv Tfis EavTcov ap?Ttrs, 6pOOuEv C(OoivliK KCai TrTSCEaTOU o-o)TrlTpiaS?XCO)V O'SE-TO, Kal rpOfiXSEV KiilXi KaiKuTai piols vauJaIotaouVTES EV pEo TCAAiyvr- 68COT6 TplTOVKXXAlOV TOU TTPCOTOVOV JiCoaa,[2pIov TICOVTrE2'ayEi Kai VaUTIlK aSpoa Xapp3avovTrEs, opou S& &avayKaioTEpov. ETrEVJIrloE [pEV yap TO E acPXfiS SE !TpOs Traaav TfiV rTEpacOVapXi'v SlaKIVSUVEViOVTSEV TnV 'EA?XXaSarrpocraXapv KtaiTfiS EupcbrlTisTO AOItrTv, Tri y?i aVT' daplpOU CyCO[paTCOVE9vCvV apiStpois 5ica- 3c-?9ETO8E OCVSUVaTOV EPCOV.8EvTEpOV fiV aUCTCoTlV 9sEipovrlVTr KaT i CxipavoVTES.a i86rlS6 Kacisio TporWaia lTrapXoUCravapxiv iaaobotaoaait,oUii ToOS' iTOr6is249D 247D Eis piav qpElpav qXS e Kai vavuiaxia TrEloPaxiao Trapi- jVE60XETO.TI)V CCOT-lpiav Kai 86i TrAsEiVOSaCIav ETroil- (cbSri. TOCOOiTOV8 TC pC(OlXE TrEpIey' VETOCo'rT? EV o- caTO, Kai wTroXopCtpi 1Tr 1T6E TOCOOVTOVEK yTfi Kai OTEpav aUCTOvTThV apx?lV Kai TO0S TWOUTrVT-ra SaAarTTTrls o0i) oaov, paoi, rrpuvvav KpouIaarSa viKaCISTrroir'CCav. 6 8' oiiv EvipupEScovouX0 KITcra8T ou6' COSErli Tro6a avaXoopficrat, c&X' a&jKE Trar&vrao EV 152 51a TOUTOUS 'SETra. ESàiav 8' OTtOCT AlvoSE8aCp TOV KaTCOTOTrOV, IvptIaSCS crTraSiov TIrS 'Aafia oCK aXESia[ TO0S5rropS0ov.S [EVuyvUVToaSET SiapaivEiv oVSE EAaTTOV'in iJ EyaA!IS &PXTIs ElvaCTO oulJl'Trav'CoCrTE [l, TOTS ck,TaAOTaTOIS TCO)V6pcv w-rpoawTra,ailv, COrrEp p6OVOVTra VTICOUSKai TO0S EV/T CalTalC S TraVTOO8asTroS TI Ka?XtIOV, &d' dv68pEi,a Kai yvcblrv TrpoEXovTaS "EAXrlvas EXeuSEpovs Elval, &aAa7 Kai TOUSTIV EKEIVOU. KpaTeTv TCravTaXou KaCAi2orTOiSrraTaVTCOv Eq)0piolI otlai XCOpav KaTOIKOVTYrasTrAEov TTiS EKEIVOVUSUVaoTEiaCI Kai KaSapCOS OiKOSEV p6vai yap TCoV EX6vrcov Sia Kai aPXTjS"aTrEXEIV 11 TrpOTEpovTOiS TTrVapxaiav TEAoUS ECori, Ta 8' ac'a KOtva Trp6KElTTa TrTaClv CoS 'EXAA8a. ETXElEV YE TrpO TOU TOV[E,XPI 1n'rvetoV EiTreTvTUJXr)S 8copa, 8?iEl o? 0EI, &peTriS.CirIraPXE? pIv TOTrOVKaiTro TO S.avluaOA'TV&dpETAov, c0S 68i T- Sau- yap Kai T-ro XEipoaiv E a&PXTS,ACtoLEOTal 6& ETIEIKCO) p1aCoT6VAyAov E?TX?5E rdaVTOaTOV [pEXPiTrS 'ATTIKSis, 153 TOYSKpEiTTOaIV. OVTCO8') rlaaav Thv apXiIv EfilXEy- ECOS?VeTUIXE TOIS EK TfIS 'ATTIKfS EV Ti, SaOaITTr, Sav, Kai slioEiocav Kaci rrpO TOCOUTOTVdai)KoVTo oi JpEV TOCroaiTv wrapEAriAvSE TOv O6pq)aXAv Trr yriS T- Kai EiS O TTrEpciKOV TAOXoVTeS TOO KaTaTpOVri9VCal, il Tri5 'EAAXX8o, TOUS AEAXPOVS.EK &6 TCOVTfiS TrOAIECO156 6rr67STrOXisE 6& TOUToi lrvaScTraa vKIVrasacav aS aUTQUT1, sapptV,$appETiv, bo-r' EKtvfilSrlCv aycobvov Kai &T-rooT6oACv EiS TOUTO KaTfiASXVYCaS' piv oi rrp06(IaDpcp AuipUES, auvaTrEocrlaav 5E AiyrrT- CAoOX6yrlcY 8uoTv ?EVOpoIv E'ioo pnrjKETITlTXre'eToSatl, 248 D TIOI, paCiOlEUs SE KairTO TraA6AaKaTca vojv1 Trepi aUTOVS Trpos p?oTrlppiav p1EV XElAiovoas, ITpOS 56 &pKTOV ' wrpa&al SOKO)V &mr6Auvaiv Aiyuirrou v OUK KuavYa5s S6LeVOS,9SaA'CTTrS a&p?EEIViCOV TrCaTacrXi 250D ' oTpav oAiyrlv TO XAos. wpTtpTpov 6 priKEI TrCaav 1iSf16r. OTaliOUS TrEVTaKocriOvscOUS O' Elval TOV KOKAOVTOiUTOV qv E TOrTCOV 'ASivriSEV Tptlpcov o6ov Ti TCOVE aVT' aAXou TIVOSaTEc
I5I Eyivovro AU. TC) TCOVAIyuTrTicov rrTEX6ayEU. I55 Post ETrEe,PjrloE(ETrEuiCiprlo E A) omiserunt Post StaqceOipovTe omiserunt T? ARU. TOCrOOTOU. pEv yap ART. Post 'OE-rTO omiserunt 6S ART, ETToilOraaTO U. riKIcTa 68i ARTU. addidit R2. paaCivA. EIXE5& UR2, ElX?yE RT, ElX?TE A. I52 Ante avSpEia (avSpia RU) omiserunt atA' AR, I56 86 da&pEivT. "EAArla UTtrEpT. addidit R2. TrpoexovTas Reiske, 'rpoaerXovTaSARTU. I57 ToauTra Kai Toi TolauOTa R. alyiiTvlov U. Post otlat omisit Kal U. EVEKCjXbAaEARU, Ev EKXUCAvrEvT. cavupaXiax ART, I53 Ta cAa AT. Tpirlpcov A. vaupoaxias U. ai N Reiske, aeilS ARTU. gE?pKE<(E>V 154 Post 5ocrTrep&v Ei omisit Trpos U. r]ycovVLETOR. Reiske, EilpKEaav ARTU. avTiS ART, auToIS U. 176 OLIVER: THE CIVILIZING POWER [TRANS. AMER. PHIL. SOC.
KepaXatov |q Trp60 "EEXXrvas{1 rpo65 pappapous, & SeiEt 7TO rav. &n'fo'cavpCV yap ai SuvaC&IS Tri rr6Xet, KOTrrKAEtICTOTE Tas rpatetSif rr6oXlS;Kai TaUOraPlVt TOI Tfip.jv KaTa T'V TCOVAiyuvrriCov xpEiav, v'Es wTTXlou ra -TOcaucra Kai ToiaurTa 8t1X$e Ca'V ITro?XJoiSOpCoS | TOT'OTaav v TOT "'EAQrlov ati crOwrraaatorXEe86v' f EvavTricbpaCot TOV 'EAXivcov Kai rravrcv coorrep 8' Aiyivrl 'rrpooreKaTSrro,O'rrEp Kal TOS vavTriou 251D avSeXK6vrcov,&EvTOtKOTCOV Ev yvcgJqETri o AaKe8ai- g&a&?Aov'rrijpev 6pjifiai Ttpbo Tra MEyapa. covrro yap giovkCov, BOICOTcOV8' Evavrria TroepoOivTrcov, AIyivrl- elvat acohoXv 'ASrvaicov eiS TO Epyov auTroTs. Ei 8' TOWV8' Evavria{VaUPiaXOUvrorov, oUS elvat Tc VOaIUTKa &pa Kai Ta SEvrTEpa VItKxc, &7A' ETppaVXO'aEiV rWOXtop- TrpcbTOUSEv EKcb(AXUEv,n 1rr6Xt TOXArr' vtKcioaa TrTpoS8S Kiav, TTyV T$5 Alyivri. oi yap &aXoS?v yE XAoIr6v TOiTOIS KoptvSicov 861 MEyapEaC TrrapcojuIppEvcovKai {ieiV OaTOU'. oi 6E TOCro0TOVKaTeyXacrav TOOC0 - 161 wToXE VTCov Kxai KTa yvKv xiKai KaTa Xa-Trav, WciaaTos Cooa' o06Sv &aX,ovoi Trp6 Alyivn TOrT' 'ETrlSaupicov 86 Kaci xIKUCOVICOVaCv KopivSiois eT-ra- Kilvrl$rnaavTC)V v AiyxTrrcpKxai pr68lv rTETrUCaTpvcov,254D Lopivcov, Nacicov 68 Kai Oeaaicov Kai KapuvTicov KaKC)S &XXa TO XOITwOVTvrS itKias oti ITpeaTaTrot Kol Vecb- Trepi Tf5J acUiJpaXia povoueuopvov, KaXOiVTCoV86 TaTroI POrO900UCIVEiS Ta- MEyapa, Kai SuoTv piJXaiv OCoK?COV,Ka?XOUVTC oV 8' aio AoaKe5aitovicov, Saupaortou glSS KpEiTTOUSTrfS TOv KoplvSicov Kai lTeoTrrovvl- 6E KOKAOU'payTpayaTcov OVTOS KaTa TflV 'EAMdSa CoOT', aicov d&K S i avrilcrav' Co-r' EKEIVOUSadKpiB3co f8rl Ei Kai pOVOISTOOTOIS pgxpKc<(e>V Kai p6vaS TaS 'EXArl- CovyXcopforat Kai JriSE8vEXEIV E'iTEITV TI, rflS' CjSOU VIKXS'rp&aeiS eiXO?eVauS ETireiTVEV Tv TCr TOTE vppa- 8iKaiooS Ta ye vUv TaUTa 'rrpOcavitTliKeroav.Kafi po 162 aatS, Mr8lKaci 8 p8laoIgoui Trpooqaoav Aaprp6ToTT?ES, SOKEie.9ov TIVOSeOvoia KaioaroU8i -rrpb TTiVwrr6iv 158 EàpKeiv av Troi Xp6vois IESa&9yrihlv. i Kaci a109E- aovKev?Uaotfival TOUTOTO Se?UTpov, Coorrep Ev sp&- paTi. ei p6VTrcSpO'vTCOai&~tOVa ov oavrvoaSrvai VmfO'9Vot T 711 'rr6?17t6ei6 o0oU g6vov6vov 'r1sS t"V yap cbs &rrat ?wrXriyyqroav,&TrfAXSov, T(rX' pcogll Xapiv, &i7AaKari TIS pEyaAiowvu)(XiaTO y&p ?v av TI' iqv aU'roTsUCT?rpov avrTXaapl, TO 8' 6ve18iLeo'tCa 'TroE4xcpKaC i piXoveiKiaTxCV 'EMivcov Tpbo aitCnC piv Vrr TCOVoiKicov, 6veI6i[lopEvouvSE ac53it EeXSeTv, KaCSEoTTKOT'ovT1rS UrrTTEpTOOV 'EAXqvcov rrpovoias av.9iaTa'vTaS8E Tp6lTatov IPlco TCOVTrWpO6Tpov 'rrpoo- pr165vp&aJov &pEaTSai, &WX'iUrrEp TOWVKOIVTi auP- 'rra3ev, aOrTOSE'I roJiroEv TriCopayieotsai TTV ViK'qV, 9pp6ovrcov paailtA TwropECiv6St yi5 wcrratorlKai Sa- cbjspi SOKeT TI)xl, p Aov f T-r TOUKpeiTrovos Xoycp 255D XarrrlTSrr6oaI Tivi XP Tri pya0oE uxyia rrpoacSeval, TO Epyov KpltSlv Kaita vuv KaoiTp6Tepov. OUKOUV TOU 252D XCopiS-To7 T-oactCTa Espit$qvSvaKaoi Tr'aVTcovcos p6vCov TpiTOUye wrreipaSrl'aav,KairTO TOi5S dyCovilras avIToi EKa(rCOrVEpixK?Ca'9a, TrS5 pv yvcbpi5 TTiV&v8pFiav, rTfj lTpoaavayKa&ovreS?v 'IaSpC. 68 wapaCoKEuins 'TrV vlrrEppoXiv TrapgXEiv Saup&aal; 'Ap' oiv TauTa Kai p6ova TrCV&vSpov ?KEIVCOV163 159 Ta TE yap TrpOST-roS pappa&pous cbs wrraav &youaa gXoPev X3yeiv; wrroXXCvpeVT&V Kai e?ya&XCov&rro- arr6 rrTavTcov a(oxi,lv oOJTrc 6icKxcroaTO, Kai TOiS?Vo - aoepoitrpev avOTOU'o0i 'wtepiETe'CETav TvTV nTeXo- XXOUCITOV 'EXv oE68v voov ivaoXov irrfipx Xpicaaa- rrTVVCrCov,oVX cbS TrrXCelTreiv Trepi'7rrois vavTrKOBS, Sai TC KatCip, &Aa?i Kaci TOUTOIt oUTrcos alrrvTrlo'ev &A6' COOTreKpaTETv PEv TCOVWT1iKaipcov ThS Xcbpas, CoAre aOpLTreVTE Kai cpT71TTXEiCoTaUtrT' SXEV &nrapISllEiv VIKaVSE TO1S &VTrrioCTavra v paivXc, orpa-TMyos Erwi CoaTrep &0a' arTTa aovuaPar v &piSiogUeva. iviKCoV crTpaTTrly. 8iparloav S TEhVeS aVTriTrpaCS'w1rTpOV, 253 D PEv ye vavuacaXia TleXowTovvrloiouS 6Tri KeKpu9Cpaia, TrravIrs ToO TpooTUX6OrTOSe?KOVTro. aI0is 8' ^Tri EviKCoV8' AiyivqTiaS Trp6s Alyivrl, Kai TTXoTrrovvl- OCoKOEaSAaKe8ai(poviCoV wTapes60vrcov gKx?i1CTro Cgv 256D aiouS ao$tSi. MeyapeoCtI 8' 'TrlClavriV XN pEXPiSa- 6 KpiaaTos Ko6AroS,dTri'vrcov 8' Eri TOJSOpous. XcpiS aTT'Tl5,KaOi TinV AXeuSepiav &caaKai XpXcpav 819eg- 86 irrrp Meyapcov caav iv rFpaveiac (oare pfi.XEVv aiCav' EViKCov68 KopltviouS rrp6 MeyCapECov,Kai TTpiv AamKeSaltoviouS O TI XPlpC'ovrTa,&\X' &rropeivo-rcVT- 86c8EKa gxeK?EVTf?paos EViKCovao0i$S ?TEpaOV,OU Kxa.o, rTaSEv BoicoroT5oTrroi cYco$iSrlovTal ovTC-oI-rrptiTTrv Ev 160 TO Tp-rpaltOv 1poapwraloVtra.Koa ai OT aCOTaUTa eyaXJAa avuro5 q| Tr6ol?s.TrXo5 68 CavUp[iH&ouCvEv Tav6ypa 164 &aM'eipricTral yap, KaV Trreiycopatlfi yap Trrpoo'aiKrl I6I Post AlyrrrTcpomisit Kal U, addidit U2. Tis 158 s6a TijS y'iS UN. eaXcaarcS T. cbS opvov RN. R. TCOVKopitvicov RU; omiserunt TCOVAT. Ta ye 86 &KaoTCOIA. a&vpiav RU. vuv TU2. I59 Post pJaMov omiserunt UiTrfPX?AR, addidit R2. I62 TOUTO8eUT?epOV ARU. TcX)a &v AR. UeTlov oUVTrrEVT?T, CTUvTrr'VTr ARU. CovpUlreiCoR, aUVTrXeico ULN. T, oCUvT-rEico AU. A&W'&rra T. &pi0poou'JvaARTU, 163 86 'rrrp TUR2, 8 rrepi R, Siwrp A. Xpaacov-ral a&pt0oi,UeUaN. e0aXaCiCaaTU. R. acoeicacovwraR. I60 KaTa TI]VTO)V AiyuTrTicov XPe{av R2, KaTrT'1V I64 Kal0'?v TOUrOpdovov U. Ante T'iv qvyTiv omisit AiyvTrrriov Xpeiav ART, Karac Tv T-OVAlyuTTrrrov TO6pyov U; TOgpyov deletum in N. Kal {-rrapa} Tros Xcbpav U. 6TOTercaav T, TOT' eClaav A. aXOX\fv elvai 6Xotl Reiske, Kal rrcapaTO?S oAots ART, Kai TrapaTOTI transposuit U. oauvToTSARTU. T1VT-rf Alyivrls UR2; &XAois U. &rroxcopicaavTrsARTU. o*K &VT-rOXov TfiSomiserunt AT. ifeiv ART, Sgev U. ATU, o0 KaT')(XovR. CgXapevA. VOL. 58, PT. i, 1968] TEXT AND APPARATUS 177
-rTs BooricTaS,Kal yEVOiEvcoVapCpOTEpcov a&v6pCv rTOU KpEITTOVOS. OUT0O T1OVV TOOSwp3rp app3&pous 167 TroXp1i'j-raToSaic v ESotav KcaS' ev rTOTOAaKESai- aycova, oV0Tro 6' a TTOV wTpO TOrS "EAXrvca 8Stvsy- piovioi TriAov Eo')rltKvai, lrTCS &v ETTroti ErwpETTTrS; KOUJCaa,TOitaUTrV pEV T-rv TTpOsEKEiVOUS, TOIOUTTIV 8E 6KVCOyap EirETlvOTt O\K d-TcbAOTO. Kai yap iv opos KaO TTV WTp6oTOUTroU ?eiplvrlv E'rrotio'-rTO, OpcyOTrpcoV o0ros 'ASrlvaioits p?VKiXEicai riv irrpo8ov, AaKE6al- 6poO Kai Xcopis KpiTTrrov yevopiVTi. d(a il v pi6vq povioiS 5EacoSijvai oiKa8E.Kai Kiv6uveeiEl 6vov ITOUTOpev aTraacrv Wr6XecoV i8iotI KItV8VOtS KOltVV 'Otav-ri TO Epyov T-rV Upy Vcv avUpoov Trs vl{KrS?EoXrlKvai, TC_pyEVEt Trilv C9qXAetav EnopicraTO, p6vr 68' K TCrV ETTEi TOVS yE Kai rrapa T-rV tXiaXTlVKpE{TTOVS KCai KOIVCOVeUEpyEatI)V TTiV lyEpoviavV ?KTIfCjaTOKCa {Trapa } Tros 6OotiS a&vu ToXAAXvTCOV Kal TrpTrEpov pJieTE9rlKTOV SEoCVo' 0u yap e' Jv KCKaTE8ouXcc'aTo KplvaVTCOVTra EcpefiS E1VSUSESE1tE. TpIpTsy&p eciiv oi TaS TTroAeS?CTXE T1tV apX)iv, &?a' 6e v Erroirlo'ev papTruplocravTES rapaxplxua 'ASrlvaicov lval Trilv EAeuSEpaS cborT crupviJ3va0l TOiS aOTroS Xpovous Troi VKTv r, 'ASr o, aKE8aCI6VOVi,BoicoTro. AaKE6ai- p?V "EAXrolytTO TriS EXAeu$pias, Trn T8 6roEt 'TO 'T5 po6vio pEv yap flya&rroaavaTroxcoprlcjavT?E, 'ASqrvacot &apXfi KepSos ?veyKEITv'p6vot yap MKOVTrcoviipav, KaC 86 TTpor?S9ovKaTOa rro S -'rTspjXr15, BOICOTOl8E oOlK pJ6voSO5TOS 86cotv coC-rrp EIS apXcov aiperos E 'arrav- aVTroX)ov, &XXa'frTT-r9VT?rEg v OivopvrTOl5 'nTKuyav, TrcV EviKrioC, TO0S piEVpapf3apous TolS orrXots 3iacoa- KaCipErT' a'ToV Cc1)EK?ISKai AoKpoi ViKI,pia. Kai rrapa pEVOS,TO0S5 8' 6oO(PXouS oU TrreiCmc5, W' uTr' avuTcOv jlEV TOiTCOVCOUTOVT TaUTTiV Ea slKrlV 1T6Frr S &vS' v rTCo apXEIV TrtEIoiS,E oitp3oXov I8KatooavrlS EXcV)v TTlV pappa3pcp ocvEoroTcxav Ev TOIS KOIVOT5Tri5 'EAax8o5 XpXlV, OU1K SKiOas. Ei S Sei 81iX6vrTa EiTrreT, IJ6OVr 165 KiVSivoiS. ETEpov 8' Epyov aovTSr a iov EiT?rv Kai TTOAecovTCOV tiEv p3appapcov &KO6VTCOV,TCOV 8' 'EAXl- o'poSpa pUVTOlKai TOUTOpoojv KCa68nrovv ?TI rOppco- vcov 8Er9SEVTcovETXE T1nv a&PXiv. 257D SEv OTCOVE?rl' YEvopEvou yap TOV wrpi -rITVAaKco- OrTCO 6?ETO'rTCOV TrOKEXCOprlK6OTCOV ,p?XPI p1V TIVOS 168 VIKIV aEICpOUiKCai AaKESatioviou5 TCrV iTepioiKCov qivriouvXia Kai TrfSuTrapXoOaTS eCuSatliovias ai rTr6XAe TrEptolTawrCOvKai wTaVTrcVdob5 &a?coOS ?v CocE- aTrrXauov, 8S KOtlvis TravTa C5c0TrrEp T1S: TvU)(XS&vSpcbTrcov, fl ' ICJ TapaX9EVTcV TCv 'V TTEXonwovvrlyoc TrpayicaT&ov, KitvE, PjITXOV apa KaVKai olo EXvE5EN KCi roXAIStoi ipv oOK QIpSrltav AaKe8aipO6vOIKaOECT aVTES, Kai Trapfiv 6 yap oX)( Sv 6E 'Tra9ov X&ptVEoXoV slta TrXEou, &XA' 6ijpos ?v ToTSo8XroiS, TrijpEv cvS6pEiaSapp5v, 'VTrrp86 E9s96vric tvTrOV -pycov TaIS Trepp3o0XaT,fl 85' irnp Jv EKEiVCOVcbS VT'?p TTS EauITOVaco)T'rpiaS TrEptI8ErP1' 6 Kai a&TCavTaC TrEOTi], TO/TOtS cuvVppate, Suoiv Sei'aaa TroOSwTap6ovraS iXUVCa 9p6ouS Tr AaKeSalpovia Kai c05 aKOUOaa, TCO)TE KCT' apXaS E87TIKIV.VOEVOUS KaTa- 166 8iKrlv Xap3Tv eClaaISiS wapEaKEoEaO?v aUTcOV. OVTCOS oXE?VKaK ErTa9atX6yca KpiveaSait TrrpiTCOV stcaopcov 259D apa ou6acjoui TOS TTp&ael o08 'Tr TOroqpaTa Tris Kai TrCOTroWEVIEtv a&VayKacY9iTCYa, O're EViKTIoC,pr8iE?V ' rTorscogadorra&crtaaSali p&uXov C-T1V -rTOOV Epycov T7XEov ZTl-ricaa, &XXA'aEpivaI Tro0S EpicavTas aUrT ,iSos, aKpipj3ErEpovTpoTraiov OrtpaTvov -TOvSelpyaCI- TrepiTiS fslyEIoviaS Kal iqtrSEv&rajoTPpov EIayayeiv EK pEvouS. TOV 8' irrTrp MAlroCicov KTrrXouvKoai TaS Ev TOOU8eC.corTmpiov [u KpaTrfcaaaav TO E[ a&pXFisecpaXeTv. a,iCtcpvavUtaX)iaS Kal TlV EpoEoov COCPpOVlpoviaTSTav -TOUToTial6 fi8r Ti TIS &V xp 'CaalTO;aiCtXXOvo1at I'pEV 169 aT6orTaolv Kai -Tro'xa ETepa ESeoTri 8fi Kaci rrapa- yap Kal TaS sv NaulTrCaKTCvaupIaxias TrapaNEeiTrcov,&5 AiTErTv.T-rAoS 8E KpaTcrI'aCoa Tr&CVTasceFprVv TriV OlTail, oUre Trapa HptKpOVEViKCOV OTE o6Xiycp rArEiovaS,&aX' coS 5 atilOovpvrlo9ivca. oi yap T'v ai-r6v Tp6Onov8vTrEp 6E' epiiatov Tr\E:OavTeS, Kal ViKaS T-rIpas5ETi Opa(Kris Trpo TO5rS3appa[povS Kai TrposTO* "EAXrlvvac5ECTri- Kal Cbg KgpKVpaVE{EXovTO Kai T'a KaT' 'AvirpaKiav caTro, aX' E'viAXaEsv. EKEIVCVpEV yap &aEp?TiewaCav Epya pEyioaa TCrvKaT' &KEIVOVTOV XpOvov cEA7rl- T?rvKaTco Xcopav Kai TMVEVTO-S Jv El-rrovSa&XaTrav, Troi 68 "ETMricyvc(v 6TrrTroO T0o\E1Pou KaTEOrTr Kupia, TaITr' drrEScoKe, MEyapa, Tpoitfiva, TTriya5, TracVTO I67 oOrco ' aci T6v ARU, oUTrO8' ai'rrovT, ai5 Kal 'AXaiK6v. co Kai 8fqXov ccS KpaTOCOvaaTI1V eipivrlv rTO T2. -rotaUlTTVpiV TU, -rooaarrv "?v ARN. TotatO- orvvSET-roou yap i]v 6 TI avTracr?apEv, aM?a uvoiv ev -rrlv8E Kal ART; Kai omisit U. doXpEAavA. nfyei.ioviav TO avTOavj oipo;ov E~KvEyKE,Kai TOU rptsiETvaCTC-r ART, TrrcovuvJpiavU. ,O6vrl K6OVTCOv ip~e U. S6 'EAXXi- 258D TTro?Xlcp Kai Trig EIJ0puro Xpcrfr6TlrTos, iyoupVrVl vcov ARU. Trpos pEv TroitSpappafpouv 68Ev Troe4ETIv t(Xpl TraVTos I68 e?ut8atovia TUR2, Kr1l8eoviaS AR. a'rEAauov TOlU uvaTroi, pTrpOs TO'rS EAArivas rrXcosh?XPI TOU UA2, &TrriXcauovART. UTrc-rrTomisit R, addidit R2. - ovvEppa{ev A. Tc) TE A, T TET,TU, TTE R. Kpac - CaaaaU. I65 a&v85pRU. EauTro0ARU, aVrTOvT. I69 Ev NaUTrFaKTcoIRTUA2, EvaCiTraKTcot A. Trapa- I66 E-crri 86 Iunt. et Dindorf, Eo-rCI SE ARTU. AE?ircovAldinae, Stephanus; rrapaANlTrcvARTU. Ante TOVS "EAXArlvaSomisit Trpos U. Tpotilrva T. wTrEcravTESAldina secunda, Stephanus;; TrXAuEcavrTaS E?1 VEyKEvA. Ev TO aoVr6 ART, Ev Ta-rTC U. aXpi TrOU ARTU. 'A3ippaKiav T. TaCOraapsTfit ARTU. TaCrra TraXVToS8VaTOU U. E'iKEIVU.
12 178 OLIVER: THE CIVILIZING POWER [TRANS. AMER. PHIL. SOC.
VIKCOV,Kai TaUTa &pe?T TrpaXX$EvTaO,oU Xp?, KCo TCOVOiKeT7)V OLK EXaTTrOV1 TrA?qpcowa rS1vouS elval rTa KCT' oau'rv 68 'tIv h-AXov, vaulcaxiac T? a&rro s8oKTv, a&E8iaS8' rrapXouicas aCToploXlev TOiT p3ov- 260D ynSTyis KaTiKal piXaSIXa a?V-Trr rEl.o rr -riE awEpovT?POVv`s, y?Evop4v VffCPvicp yEVOpkVaS, XopEvoIS,Tocao00roU 6 roS Tro0XIou TTEpiTTIV wr6Xiv, Kai rrpiv rTCaT' iKEIV,Vr'poUS AaKES6aploioou5 K TOcaLTrrlv lTEploucVaia KapTEpiaS &apaKcai pcb,ris Kai KuS9ipcov dyo,pvou< Kaci Trp6raa KopivSicov Kai qplXOTlniaa5Trl8tiSiaSat COaC.S'E'rEpov c-rov TrrITrrE1V 170 rroXX"arEpa epapt7XaaKai ElTrrETvKaCi SauI&aal. 6 86 aVTippoTroVTCr TwpoT-rpc Kali aTpaTrlyoiS bpapiXAovs, Kaipos O0 E'rrLopaxiCa Kai pIVOU 86 K&KE?VOU(i1aa aC'PevCg, Kai ovUpToElovIJvTos0ro ITrrroIaxias firrov acco a&lov Kxrrwayfval Sia Ti V &ai Kai acopao'Ct Kai vauVO Kal Xpucco Kai Tiva tTTrO V yf TOO VIKaVorUV19Eiav Kal T6OSE86aSac Ti TrroXEl KaS.a- q SaAarrl s o1 Ur ap)(ovros &dpoptillv -TCOTro0Xc; Trrp y?pas T-lV TCOVKpEITT6VCOV poipav Ev TroISTrXi- fv voiv o08EiS OcrS1 oOK av iX7TrrciV,EcoS)V orrcoTCai eOroISTO 6 & pr18 cb &aVTTrwe' C Ta rTpaypurra pr.iv OKOTTCOV,avapTraaSiCo)ac l Vat v0v '86r -rTv wroiXv, 262D 1labov dTroo-riva, &WA'aTrrorvTcov ,Uv 6rr?ATCov, OrTCO KOIVC1 TrOXE cp pappapcov TE Kai 'EA?xIv0ov &rr6rocov68 imTTTrrcov,oTl oOrT TXf1]9os OUT' apeTrV CavUvXoplevlVo ' oOr7oEiT rrTcrlaaVT rrpayCpaTa ioouS EUPETViV- TIEt VECVTOCaOUTCOV Kali P3EXAVKai coa)rrp TrlaVTrcovTOUTro)V Urrp aUTCOV,&X' o0 Kar' COKEVCOVKai TEXxVCOVKai oUlpaIa)(CXoKai Trwao5 cbS Tr1oS a0rTov ylyvog6vcov, fq crpaTrlyoUVTrcv c(picr TA)V EiTreTvTrf KaTaOlKeUfSpESEurlTKUViaS, corinrTp &pTI TrS5 1TOXEAiCi0v.'6TO 6 7TVTrcV IyitcrTov OTI Kai TTfS TroXl- 174 lTraoTS XIKEfCaS OiKl[OpiEr"VS, KEKEVCOIEVlIS11EV TTg Tria5 KivTlSeoalS Kat TIVCOV&AoTpico$SVTrcV cTgpCi 264 D aKpo0r6AXEcoTaXaVrcov 6Xiyou 8Eiv .uplcov, AaKe- TCOVOTKOI, TOrTov oU8iva XOVTrEo0i XPT1ocr Ivat TrrXilV cSaloviCOv 8E Kai BOItrTCOVKaoi TCrOV aAhcv iOKET'EK xa,ipou, KaSoC9rrp EV TCO Mrl8lK4? KIV8sUvcp Trfs cEaa- nhXoTrrovvlcrou TarS ElaP3oa rroIouIEvcov,TO &A' K TIvo5,&aM' ETEpov6 TirvaKai OTroi Tpo6rroVEi5 TauTr6o piarlS Tfi5 'ATTiKfiS,EK AEKE?EXia, peSEoaTnKO'TCV 6e Kai XSOvrTESTOTS TOrE, Kai ThiV 6TrO6?iv&Kr1TrOVT65 1EPEI T7C TrAicrrcp,KaTEarrioaaVO ,U?v T& OIKO, KpcTrrcaav&8 I70 6 c 7rrEpT. ToCiS gCO, SItapov &e TpOTrraCioTO6 'EMcTlon TOvToV, 17I TrapaiTrrcooIevR. Post &T' rIMomisit Kal R. 'Eyacraicov Dindorf, AiyEorTaicovARTU. TrpOTEpov I73 TOUT' ETI U. OUTCOyap TOT?ARTU. ou' av ?rri rTOUS"Earlvas A, Trpo vacant 6-8 rri TOOUS"EAXl- RTU, oU6Sv A. TrpooEKmKTfl?vvliARTU, -rpooKTco- vaS U, Trpo6Tpov FTrr6TrClavc Eri rTO*S "EAXrcvaS xvbTi R2. KEKUKACOA)VCOVTR2U2, KeKUKXKCOvpVOARU. RTU2. Trp'aEa"v A. vaufaiv A. V1'aou T. Tria yfiS 0eaCaTTrri 172 vaCuVaXfaSVIK&V Kai supplevi. avTTrEsEavA. TOrrOV O0 Trap)xovTos a&qoppil V TC TroAlEpcpART, 1 ' aclroOrfivat TU, &vTrToivat AR. 6TrArkT-ovA. 68 Kai 0eaa'rrlS A2; rTiva 6TO'OV y"jS eaCa?TTisr aoop- IiTrriCOvARU, 8' ir-rrCov T. o'rE a&pETTlvT. Post liav oCi Trap?XOVTOs T7o Trwo?Eico transposuit U. Kar' AaKESatclovicov omisit &8 A, addidit A2. Post pE- aOrrCovTUR2, Kae' aCirrTvAR. Post rpialiomiserunt eECrOTCrK6ToVomisit Kai U. TraapapaiETvRTUA2, TCOVARU. rrapacapCTvA. I74 aXXocoe ART, a&AOTSU. coS 1v fTpCO U. VOL. 58, PT. i, 1968] TEXT AND APPARATUS 179
arAou aAAioas KaTa8icAKOvTrS,COOrrfTp EiAraS T5 ixaAov ZtKEXiA oU 6OVovo 0 Ka lall tiaaa o0S' Eri TI9V Ev crpiaiv aUTroiS1' vaupaxiacS wTp6bsTOUS iVTuyX&vov- Eipiv'nV OcJ,EvcoS KCaTaCpuyoCac, 'OA'ovrco SitaScTaa TaS &Et TrOIOUpjEVOi' prlpCTaiT Kali 5V?iUPi1nriV coS TOOS TrO?pjiious cocT' cao'pEvOus &V SKEiVOUS iSEiV, Es T1S 175 i-rEpcP TrpoEiprjTai. TE'ros 6' Eir KUliKc;pOVcrTrSa6VTS EipfiVrlv Oystv s8vrEsirJl Tr acra TT-rVirr6lv. Kal pJIv ot 178 265D 6opoO AaK?8aipovioli Kai TroTS caT Trfg 'EA&aoSo Kal piv o s fKOUcacvT KvKovcovos Ev MurvTIivrl wroXtop- TOTS aTrr Tfil 'Acias pappa&poit Kai (Dapvap6lcp Aacp- Kiav, oCK siErwXTayrCav,&A7a X'rAESaaVTESETr' 'Apyt- a(xvouca Txa vaus Trapa TOCOUOTOVoU crraas Trrap' oaas voicaiS oaatSoOaS' av ETeSiK&aaEc VaVCrIV, EA60TTOcr Si?pSEtpav' Kai (Dapvapalou KOCKCOTO'aup3&pV icopEvo S6 O6.COA5ETi TC)V &VTirTrAc.OV,acvTeTa aVro TravTi T C Kai TTlV ITTrTOVETrEwiaayVTo oli .?EVEK ITOS5o irTTrwopa- VCavIriKCtTCOV TrOXE.NICOV, coa'TrEp aAAou pEV TIVOS &ES XiaavTSr, oti ' acrroTCrV vecov Travra 6ipou XXipovvrat, xrap?Xovros c9icr i ra TpilipaSs, EVT&8S C Kapi Kal oUK vauTrtK6O, iTritK6v, TooTraS TOiS TrrTZtiKEAiaS, TOUjS K TvrTOS aTircv bcraccnlTraS TrEIpaCs TOIOuJPVOI1 Kai OUTE nEhoTrovvviroU, Tr v paaicXcos Xopnryiav, rTCaAaKE- TTArl9ous TrOV aVTITETaypEIvcoV Ep6ovTtoaaV OUTSETri Saltovicov EXATiSas,Kai KEVOSf'sr TOTS?vaVTrioS 6 KaOitKpaTisoU o56Sr, OUTr vrilcov EXOP?vcoV OVOT rtr6oA.os iv Kai rr'avra ppoiSa doaTrEp?K vauayiaS ?X3AoTpicptrl Vs cbs ESIT1EVi8Trl Tfrs Ti'(TXrl ov X?tijvoS rTIVO5&XASC95. COa )S' r Ip v TOoOUiTOVVTrrppA1rSEliaa lrTTrfl$raav, o0(X o'ov 'TOUTroA0ou TOOIOrTOV EVE- Trr6oTii avcruvor&aco5 TroAit o05' 6vopa ?ipfivrlS ?T' SviJiSrlcrav, &AX'Co'TrEp SIapKOUV EIS TTrV .sXAarTav iKEiVCOVTCOV XpOVCOAV V?VO6rlSEV, Ol S' &rr6 TOCOV'TCo iSETv, TpETroVraTtpVv AaKeSalOioviovs, KpaTOVOC 5E Kai TTIAIKOUTcOVTrAEOVEKTprl6TI cOv 6p1cALCpEvoIWnrl- oairpLavTTas STlAoiTovvrlcaiov, TrplTPES 8 TaS pEv 176 yEVT-r KaTEq)UyOV EUSUs ?Tri TrfV ?ipfivrTv. aei ltiEV o5v aipou0a, ras S KaTaSuOUcalV 6o iov TO aK1lrrTc Kal ycoy' EEUi?pC&arilVTOi ET-rTITIrtCOaITi; TCOV AaKSait- TOiS TrToAEiiOIS iaX6OIevoI TOC'OUTOV erroirqav TTFs pOovicovTrro6i Kal TOUSJ'Vrrep TriSU1 ETEpa5 &etoiiyo TToNiopKiaS TO Sia&OpOVWTO BE 1TCWVTCOVpEyIOTOV, OTI Troitvs EKeivoti5 Ev yap a?rrXSavov-rTai, p&a 56' oi av8pa plov-Tat 6s p6voS TipKECET11V AaKESaltOVicov 268D 266 D Kooaoiiocv, cb oiovrai. &a' E yE Ti 6sEKal TrapaSOoov TrlEPOVSuvaoTriav KaTaXrciaa. oi 6' CoaTrEpO&raVT'S 179 Ei'rlv, TOiVaVrTiov pot SOKOoiat 86pav fi poOiAovTat KaTaVaUiJiaXrl,TSTSS eliprivrTs cal5S ESo0VTro, OUTCOSOU0 paAAov yap ?K?iVOVSalpouIv TillV TrO6XlvsyKcopta- p6vov TOVS V TroT aycyoai TrapovTaS ioaro TOTE VIKaV lovoa Kal 7irXEco)XaPiV v Trap' EKEiVCOVav'ToTi olpai ri -rri6X, i&al&Kac TO'Sao\ovus Ew'TTrl'rr Kal 6i wrrav- Ta5) p3cAac
181 Kal pinv arVTTipIEv ES9v&ov a&pa Kal T6EAcovKEKp&rT- -rTIOvTOV VT' KEIVCVYEVOVEV Cys6v it8v. ESeie? Si KEV,aOrfs 8' o0u8EiO0rTS oO VE'rTa TrohXXvavmiaXcov. Tr T' 9Tri TOrVTETptaKCoAioV VI.eTaoTa(roet T'fS WroAiTeia5, 269D ETI6' ac-rqi pv wTp6osaravra5 o6Pou TroNEIeTvfv&ay- jv &6/oprl3Ti KaTrXUCve, Kai TCOwrpos TO7S TpiaKovra KaorTOTOIS JTiOVTraS,f KiVOUrCaS,TCOV S' valVTicov lTo?"@;,TroMpco, pis8evC?v TI Tlp?S Trrp5 X?ioVSir\eiousTTE PET' y/evo.vcp.EKEIVOVSKe.VO1J5 YEVO"V@. oi TrrXeTorotrp6s pEposarrFis a&vTrpKaaiv,&9p6oas 8 &dAA&11)v a,ia acopqpooivris TrEKali TOJr6Sr1o08EveS 186 T7S 6uVaPECOSfl TiS q o'S8iES TETrp&Srl.Coa' r TCOV &vSpcblTCov raqEoTrepa 8eiypotaT' i7veyKav, oit ye ' 'ASrlvaicov Trr6oAveviK'rlKe p&v roXXA 68il rroAX6cs, 6Aiycp pEV TREsiovS 6v'resy errlTlKOVTraoi wrp-rTOi 182 aOTir8' iaa Kaci&TTrrlOr6 ?o'T. rTO8 -rarTcovpiyiorrov Tarra pouAe'UcavTes6opou Trpos T T?E v AaKeSaitovicov OTi aUT'rS pv OUSei85EKpaTCrrIv - oU0EiS yap aJrf-s &pxilv yri Kai SaaCi&TTrrloOoCav Kai TrpoSrTOVS EvaoTrr7 T'rv yvctirlv TrapeoTroraaTO,&A&a c-rpa-ria yyove T-r 71'ro6eKIV8JVVEVleV UT0(TrCTloav, oij60evoi 85evfV iqv TavTra Ta Toiaa druXîaTal -- aO1TT 86 TasIyvcbtas ?v EEvUSepia,Tl PT' TOpoCopav'TOV 1tIov, KaKiaS IP&p- TCV evavtricov &paiaTroT Epyois SEouAIXcTai, 2pEr p?v TUrpatauTrois yevo6pvov. Erel 8' rlyo)vio'avro pAv Trpos 9peIy?EiVaCrO TCOVwTrpC(YiT-rov T0oitlaaa iVEiV OX1S TroS &Tnr6TOV &aoreo, d&vrTa'aavro 5&AaKe8aip0oviois, pIpet, AaKeSaipovious S d:vaKlivaca oO)XfTOv TOiS ioCXov ^ TO'v leipaia, TrapalSetya 8' dvSppcTrroisTOV &nKOIovTasi' Tro0S VvTraiS I&xais rrap6vTaS Kai Trrai- eV TO7SseiVOiS EAXriSCoV yevovTO, 6 8iPos F1r auvei-c 272D 183 aavraS auTrrv. yvoirl 8' av -rS cbS oOK rov o008' yseypvoi &apa T' els XlTpas TrapqrCavKai aXe86v Els 6Olioov -rTOTrv Orr6XecvTOUTOrc orre T-jCOieySEti T'rV XOyovs, C)oTrrp ViTr?p&XXaf7cov, o0X) OrrTp a'ircov Epycov O TOTrrS TrofoaCoipav o0$' 6Xcos oi8?evi Trv TrroECISCovreSs&KaTepoIr coTre prLelvat 81ieXCSaatTr6- lrrapxoVwTov.AaKeSat6viloi piv yap Ev AeFIKTpoisTrpov T'v EvavTricovijv KaTapa'cSai T''v orTaiv, i 270D &vruxocavTresoOK a&vilveyK'a,c&x' coornp &v8p6s TO'V eOVoOVovveEaaSai TriTOT6AEt, TO YO6Vye XAuSeTCav Te?Xeu'TlK&KeIVOIs ovvEpri. elpfvrlv p?v yap &rrrlicOo- TOVTpOTTov. v6orlace IEYV yap T1-rTOrV raOvrcv dv- aav iroi lacaaSatTrpos Grlpaious, g6v'vr Ti; T'rCV'ASrQ- SpcbwTcov9cr?Ij , ia9Snr Tri auriTTsv'COTE KOai -TTro vaikv Trr6OAevopidLovres elKetV eOI'TPe'Trn Coviop(v lTqov aCrTipxjaXov evilvoxev i ovwpop&v. P3ouAopat 187 edvac,&cvaCiXSEv'reS 8E roTs&JoiSa TTelorrovvrloioiso0 8&T-roaTO rov TtIrip TCOV&v8pov KeiVCOVelTreTv, 6TI iXOaov acolitv TripouvdEXOV i Tcv aSXcov Si0ovro Tri iv TOr6p, lrrapiX$Sovovi povov AaKe8alpovious, acb[eEvaopas' KaiOTO'6O pEytirr6v ye aUroTi ir ir6Xts daXAaKal TroUSMapaSCvi oaXE86vTOV Trpoyovcov. ot ' f|pK6E?e,7TO pri. o"CrTepKCrratyi8os oCrpopiXou TIV6O xi.v y&p, Ei Kai TroAi-TCOV EvavTriov filTroUs, A'X' oCiv ' 184 ?poMXi KCasaraCI vap'raao'C vai. 8T wTro6isKaWlTreiaa gv TrAlQSeIoCUvv&yaaTrOS ovTeS 9&pprlaav, ot 8' 6Oiycp TTI vavIacxia Tri K0aS' 'EAACTrovrov, Kal caTeprl$eraa wA7Eious 6'vTs ol c0OtravreST qn rpos5 oaovs 7ro0s Kai TOV VECovKai TOV TlIXC)OV,Kai prTa TOUTOEV airrij TUpavvous fiycooviovro OuAhv KaT-riXaovY.Kai ol Ilv o-raoae Xprloapivn, Kal AaKe8altovicov oiSiv Tii'ptov eY0.seVOvarTl IT r6STroA.ecos VOU Kai pappapous, ol 8' 'rrotoVVTrcov,xKEivoVS pIv 6i' v6Osd&vp6Os &cpeiAeTo T-rs 'T~pooSTs eTrpayuias AaKeSaipov1foU TrOV 'EAnvcov 271D .Sa6aTrrr Ts-rv &pxlv, aOTrn 5rWTrE8' TIroiS'EXA?rlvKoIs aPXovTas Kal TOUS5'K TOU aCoTrEOSa0TCOV Kp6rTCOaaV. 185 (csarep apTinTapio0uaa dTa6 TCOV Mr8IIKCov. 0 'TOIWVUKpaT'faavTre 8 euA)(iVXaTOoS ?1X9pois, TIl1EKEia7TOS I6vov ra rTOviToXp0ov iXalrraTrparTa Ki6AXov fV?eyKev 01KEOUvS?ViKrlCYav. XPTCaaJpU?voi 8' &o9pOTrpois, Kal 7 188 j TraSeJrrpaciaS 'Trepol, haXaKal -rTS OiKOIt8uovKoXiaS rrapa TroOSaycova5 atvSpdeia Kal TC-rpeSTa ras5 rpaEtei oTCoo SitserTO co)aS' Opov lvatl ooxppoCvvils wTaiv & 8ET pouvAevao'Sat, oOTCoS&OeKTCrYoavTO Tqv Tr6Xtv dvSpbwOroisKai gniSEva 6tiS' Oarepov gevupev gXE6V COOT'e' poU7oiTroTIS JiTP TravrTa 8tIyeir?Sat, veTival KAN?al T'lv ovupaol&cv?iY r TOU Troi'tpLoucrU tpOPV' 273D i8I Kal piv a-rrT Reiske, aCrri ARTU. 8&oO8eis oVrTCosdKOXOojsous TaTS a&vCo 1TPCae'e T&S?EEP?ST Kal U. rtn8' au'rfi Photius, araur ARTU. iva6yKao-roTU rrpoetiovTroKal Kac KaTcbpSCoav. KaiXTOI 0S, OTe 'TrratvTO Photius, "ivayKaoral AR. &vrT'pKcaliU. g?v rwoXXa &rreT?rtprlTo,TooOUTOV ITTCOVTOAaKe8alp.O6vioI, 1TtO6ci 8ihU. autri Reiske, au'rr ARTU. EorivA. Tlvi Ti TrrepIovUCiaXPTn vopiieitv Ta0Trrv irerrpaip1ev; I82 Post wTravrcovomiserunt p,ytocrovAR, addidit R2. TrravTaaT tOarT , TTraraTotaura ARU. a0Tfi i86 86FyI.YaT'ART, 8eiyliaTa U. ol TaToCi-1'TpCoTO Stephanus, aCTrrARTU. lEpri Aldinae Stephanus transposuit T. Kai yqfi KaliOeaXar'rTi U. i &Yvepcb- Reiske. KEspSgvARTUN Photius. TrotS T. ouYvest7eyIivoART, cuvetXleyv0vosU. OiTrp I83 Post i8eovro omisit crCLeivU. Post eoyiCrrov aU0r(v TroApf'iCavTrST. Trfi TOVTravrTov avpcoTrov omisit ye U. qpi?retART, Tri TOrvaTrr&VToov q)VCae U. I84 KAaTrEcraaARTU2, CaprWrAaKeiToaU. Post crEpTl- I87 Post 6vrT? omisit oi U. EUeFvoUoariSUL, Oeo?aomiserunt Kai TU. aOri] Dindorf, aOrrrARTU. ?erlVvo:aTorART. av0rr'vIunt., aOcrTovARU, ?auTC'O I85 yEvopEvcovARU, yeyevrlpvcov T. wrr TOrV T. 8' eCrJyvXuU. TETrpaKooIovARUT2; rTOvomisit T. Kal TC' ITrpo I88 8i &p9OTErpotiU. avSpEiatATR2, &avpiat RU. Tro0STrpIaKovTa (Tpi6KovTas U) TUR2; TCromiserunt x&Kcoo0eosULN. TrpoeXowroATUR2, TpoeiXavro R. AR. KairTOiei OTETU. VOL. 58, PT. i, I968] TEXT AND APPARATUS 181
189 "0 5' oUSEVOS i'TTOV TCoV UTT' EKEiVCOVwTpaXSEVT7ov 6pOTEpaEETErlATE T-roU "EANrlvas' OiUT- yap T] Trr6iS &alOV E'irrEiVTE KaCirTirCalt, AaKe5baClovicov yap & TOIS EXSpoiSwrKpOTEpoIS OUT' ai AaKES6ai6vlolo'UgpaXois TplaKOVTa E aVEiCav ETiI TOVrOV ov aTralTOUJVTCV, TrEp9vo-roEpolS&ata Kai SUvaT-rCOTpoISETr' auTflV KEi- ETTEiSi oavvEprloav, OUVEiETIUEV0 6SfiPOS, iV' pycp Tas vrlv EK?XprlVTo,oU g6VOVapXopEvou 7TOU wOXEMOU Kai avv79JKas PEPcaicbTA7Tal.Kati pTv AaKESacpo6vio pEV gIEOOuiVTOS,aAAa KaTiTO- TErEUTAIrca TWETrauvo . &.A' OTrcoScbA)pouv aAAXXiois OUK av EXOIpEVEIT1Eiv' KpUTT- los 6 5fijosiolpo OUK 9rlS TOISyiyvogpvois, o05' aC 275D TroVy&ap r S Trro6ASTrpOs TC, Taox-eTEpa aCTrrSOUTCo Txiv aKalpiav KaCTEPEgJaTO TC_ gTl'TE7vauVS gTlTE TETiXOS SacrSati uETa TroX\ACv Qpap7rvpcov Kai TroiS &a6Xois rrapa- EXEIVTrCO TOTE, &a?A' CbrrEp O0cAaKESai6pOVO KIVOUV- ?EtyIa KaTrroTT. TO youv 'ApyEcov 7TTX$SOSVOaOVIv Tai, EvTaUoSa oaas SE6OVElvat ToU5 a'-ravTOv-TaS, VoCrEpov iaCoaTOKai Epyc Kaia Aoyc' wrrEipaaa yap cs rrapaalpC oVTES lcEOTV TOI TOU-rro.HoT KIVSUvotSThV 190 acToirS Kai vcroovicaloaaa T.V EauTriS BiXXaEaE. pcai- Tr6iv, Trap' auTa raTO-r V ouavpopcov UTrovrilclaT-a, vovTai ToiVUV o6oicS Tra TE OiKETa Kai Ta KOIVa TC)V EEAXSo9vT EiS 'AAioapTov EvavTia AucavSpcp Kati Tau- 'EXAMvcv TrroXITvUEaaipEvopovo TC)V &aAXcv T0US TE Cavia TTrVBoicoTiav 8EEiXovro. Kal T6OTES A'ucavSpos y&p "EArivaS oU p6vov ?K TOV TroAEpicoVCOVTO 5?Tv aKplpjcS c'SQETO OTI OX)(, CASCE?TO, EVEVIKTKEI T7yV TCOV purECySa, a?tax Kal vocaouvTaS EVavTOIS aTraciAaTTr-EV, 'ASrlvaicov lroAiv, &?' CO0TTEpcbOVEpO7Tr6AOrE TOIS aUToi TE Kai Trpo TOU5SE?o Trro0Xous Kai wrpOs rTa wratli TrapalrrAlTicoiS'iq ?V yap EU9UiSa&vEXlEI rp Tas OlKOISUOXKAiaS wTapECKEuaaCpEvoI KpEiTToV EATXi80o ?co- oaugpopcps,6 5' oUi T- T-rV 'EAXvcov SICKE1,,&aA' 191 pCovrT. oU 6Sl TOvS aXXAoSEv fTKOVTasKai TroXACAvECO- 6[oi T'roI aoAAolSEKEITO. OU TroAcX) 5'6 oTEpOV Kai 194 TEPpouSTpOs acUr6OXOVaS Kai wrpEopuviTpous, oU6 TO KoptvSious 'EAArvIK1 KaliT' Tri OA6 TtpETrouca ETrXASE , TriS Tt6- SiKfl, Kai KaTaopEUyOUal Kai OUrTOITwrpo TT-V wTr6Xv qiv AECOS?T?poIS KcTarSEtlac"ls, OUSE TO PIrjSevO6 a6&Xou 67OTIOvSpcocav KaKOVaU7rTUs OJK av TWT7ETTIV iKavrVv 274D 'rrATlvTCOV 8iS TO7V'r6TXEpov TrpovoovUpvous, T-rS Tr6- SiKTrVEXEIV voItiC'at wr5a TiS av EKIKaCEVEK TCOVujTap- AEcoS T7rAOV roiS aAo2oiS TaqT'-r VIKC0OTjS, oU TaTra XOVTrcO,0oi ' &wTp TrEpi Oq[paiov, TaUTa Kai TTEpi O6VOV8EIKVUOI TO OVK iaOV, aA2ta Kai TO Ev aVUTroiSTro 7TOTCOVyv6OVTS p3or$oUacv Eis K6ptlVov, cbS &v Tl5 -TOUTrro0pEou Trpay?aal Kal Kaipois TOOOUTOv(afvEa- lTrEpTfi oiKEia5' Kai yEVOgEVOu 70rTOTo X 0po TrOAXOU Sal Kpa.TOUCavT7T.V rr6Xv, E? T?- Kai Cds ?T?pcos XW- Kai CUVEaXOUSEV KopivScp, paXaS TE TroAxaS TrpOKiV- pouilv, cbs T TE EiprlgeVa 8rlXoi Kai 81' cbv wpoo'S9i- SUVEUCaVTES,Kali TEitX(i'avTES acTO'US Kai TiV TrroAiv6ia 192 CopEv gEO-I71SEcopEV. Trao(XCo5' EycoyE wrpos Tar5TS5 TTaVTCoVSitaqpuAr avT5S, KaAltOTOV EKEiVOT9T?SrKaV' iroAEcos Trpa5EIS OTTEpo0 wp TOUSVV cOpa' a?i yap pot EXOVTESyap TOV 'AKpoK6ptvSovKai Trapov auroiS TO TrrpopaiVOpEvovTOV ?pycov Ka1tio-rov q)aiveTal Kai KaTaO7)XEIVT1]V TrrOtv, ilviK' EpoUXAoVTO,OUK E'SEE[aVTO TiS.Epiai TOVTTCOKaTa TOV Xoyov. TaU-ra p?v o6iv SEcov oU0S' p[outaUoc/avTo, Epycp SEi1avTES 7OT TOV TCOV 7TS av KpiVEElKOAcoh, EycA) 5, do0rEp UTve7aXO6lvt,ViEtpt TrpooraTOcv Tro0EgotIaIV, OU'XacuTroiS iSTia T TrpaT- TC)OVtOtrcov -Ta yvcopilcoTaTat, E cv &apa TTlV TE TOVTES.Kai TiO0 ES70s TOUT aTropias KT8aCToraavAaKE- 195 yvcbjOrlv Kai TriV Suvapyv Tfs5 -rr67cOS SEOrTtA?oyiECo'- Saltovious Co'r' Tri -TOV TEpacov p3acatoa -rraXtv 276D 193 Sat. eva p?V TOoivV Kai WpcT-rov aTOrrov Tr0AEgov Kai KaTapEVUyouoCt Kai S1' EKEiVOUTrOtOUvrTa TrIv SpuAou- SauacrTOV fparo UVrrEpOrEpaicov. ewTrEti yap cos ptEvrv Eipflvrlv, TO1Sr T' v 'Afiav oiKotuvTas "EAXrlvas aTrElprIKOTWcovfipv AaKE5alio6viol TrwaClav Ta A olTT' TrpoEtEvoI, 7rEpl cv oUS'V EycoyE KaTrIyopo*' aX' Ei KpivaVrESiqpXoVTo TriS SuvaOEiaS xaTroTCOV CaurC)V TIS EpOtTO aUTOUS TrOTEpOVEKOVrES TaUTa UoVEVXCbplT- a,uvpaXcov Kai qppoupav ETri Gripaious paivov, &gl- oaav, qi aa El V EK6OVTE59qi'OUCTIV, &VayKnr ' WTpoSESCOKVlat aO'KE1V, 6 TiS &V wTrOT'EOUCTElEV;El 189 Tri TOV 8Trov TUR2, E7ri T-rV Spcov AR. CKOVTESKai 86' avayKlrv, OpoAoyoUiaiv ffrrTTcaSai 8i CoTr-Ep ART, oTTcosU. Trp65T7C ATUR2, Trp6 TO7R. TrOUTrpos TTiV Trr6XvTOYS 6OAotS oi yap av, El y' EIXo Kai o6ycoi Kai Epycoi transposuit R. SqiX7taoEv A. O TI XpfiacovTat TOiS Trpdy'iclaav, ETr' EE'TriTTrSES I90 Ev aU'rot U, Ev caUrTOi ART. TroAtEpous ART, TOiaoTrrv aio'xvrlv Tr1ioTrlacrav. CO'-TE Tr) .O6vcX TroAXpiouS U. Trapao'KEuaaa'evoI U. ?EtTrO[g?VCpT-OV Aoycov aUrToi { )} paprTupour TrrpoEXEIv 191 oV0 6Sl Tro ARTU, ov 68i TO TrOUJSIunt., c T'ro?AEic T6OTrTT.V w6OAlV, Kai TaUT'rIKpOV. OU.)i Dindorf. KpvtpSBV pEXrTaV TiV-TCV r-8co v &aoKxrlIV addidi. oovovATUR2, pJ6vIrR. Post Trp,ayaoal omisit I94 pETXetEVA. b5ia9uaXavTESAR, puXa&avTr5 Kai A, Kai 7T0S addidit A2. TEARTU, -' N. aEortv A. TU. 98ESa1avTOATU, E'86avro R. -TOVTCV TrpoCaTa- I92 TOUTCOAU, TOUTO RT. KpiVEIEVA. 5? ColrrEp TCOVARN, -TCVTrrpoo-rcTrOv TU, 7'TVTpooraTCOv U2. ARTU. yvcopipcoTaTa ART, yvcopiallaTa U. o0x acuroiSReiske, OUKauTroT ARTU. I93 rwp6v ARTU. EwTrrXEEVA. OUT'aO UNR2, ou5' I95 'TOVTEpocov TUR2, TC-rvTEpacv AR. KaTaqpEu- ai ART. KaT?-rjiEuaToART, EPElywaTroU. TTCO'TOT youalv A. XprlacovTat R. ac'roi {S} Reiske, aucToT RTU, TrrCO'T-rEA. rrap' aiuTa TCOVo-Uq)opov R. &Xiap- ARTU. TrpoEXEtVivapT-upouci transposuit U; papTu- TOV A. cbvaEpoTrO6rl7aEvA. po0UaivA. 182 OLIVER: THE CIVILIZING POWER [TRANS. AMER. PHIL. SOC.
196 Eirri 6 T7riSeipfvrl5 Eilvfio'^rv, -rr6tv VTroaia rraveX- K?VgKOUCaa, Mbyapa, Nlaaiav, TpoiLiva, 'AXatav, .9Ev po0iopai ppax'u Ti. Suoiv yap 6vrotv i <&v TT1riya. SoKie 5' iIoiye Kai rTOTrV alxPaXicbTrcovKai 200 KpivoVTralir6Xei, TrroXpov Kai eipl vrs, Kai TOrTCOv TrravoAcos TO rTOIOUrrTVrrfiS apETiS eTval -rTi Trr6e a&pqoT-pcovT0ro1 "EAriail Trpo TOUSpappa&pouv ycvo- orleiov, oiX, cbs &v TIS 1pocal, iovov oivrcoai tpXav- pivcov, EIli piv TOoVTr0oAXo TOCvOUTOV 6IioveyKev f SpcoTrriaS.6croiS Vpv yap olIa i rap' EXhiSaSf S?vaiulv 279D r6AlScSoa- & pt6vrlKcaTripyaraTo , piyiaora rTCVepycov Tra TOlauTa KaTopSoTrai, TTrS TrapoOlcTS EXovral o'rTiv T0ro5 iOarcppovEc TIS TISoTro, TOcO0jTOVTOV TXilS, co-rep 0o S9rpav &SBvaTol TO ?r|.9$v &rrpoa- wvTaoTx6orTcov-rrepqipev, oaovTrEp &v e KaS' acvrrv 6OKiFTcoSoC0 .ESta-cnv, oU0' av arro6SogSa TIS d(&lcbaq, fiycoviLTro. 6 TroirTCv TOis 'TiS d&ias Tuino'catvr' av, AX& r'iv ao-rcv &cuvvapifav Xcopis Trplai KatpoIs ' IpapTvupirTar Tcr pv yap -rpc-Tra TOV Xr0roiouv p6OVrl TrpocTInivTrE5'rrova&lovav. 8' olJaic ovveiSula KaTrrrpacEv, Ev 6S ToIS cUErrpoisKali wrpOsT-rv aotarica au'rripjKpEiTTrcv oiOaa 7rois 6X0otsoiSErrc'rrooT' t1mKpo- TrpoKivSuvvco'accaTa &piatora TivEyKcrroTTa ' ai XoyTicaTro, ? TcouUToiS rrapoUCi Ta &rrovra X'ri- TeArevraa avUTfis ao-TI i?ia, ai TrepiKrrpov Kai lTait- Louvaoc66 Travra paov roTs 'rroXePiol5 nT6cO'Kv 'q 9u7,iav vaupaoxiail Kaiare [.olaxiat Kai 6 TnoXAs 58p6pios' 'KevoI Tra CaqMpa acrrTv aTdrr-TrTroav.Kai il v Ocrln 201 277D C)acrEKai pI6OVlTroiS pappa&pous Kai -rrpcT-ri VeViKTKE, tv eTSAaCKEapioviov TTriS 'rro6cos pKpa'rTCIVo00' &v Kai aCUV6AxoiS yevoPeVl oCKula, cbs KopioaTO Tr v EUopoiav, oi 'rrpoXA.9e-rrepaliTpco, 200 SOKEl 6i pio R, ye addidit R2. Post iwrrias A,a& Kai &TC'O r roioicp Trwpoei7Aipai,Kai TrauTr'drrrSco- omisit 1 85rvactvU. Trpl,aaivT' TUA2, TrtlraaiT' AR. aOirrvRTU, avTc'rvA. orpkTcpaaOrTov ARTU. I96 rieolTo ARTN TrierTO UL. Post SE8rtpois 201OaX&acto 5 RU. Post o-rpacmyrilas omisit Kai U. omisit Kal U. VEPVIKlKEVA. 202 n'Xr(TCivA. TrapaSovTraaCrros; RU. 197 Kxo*o-niARTU. TrpOT0ritiKER. 203 8e 0o0' ARTU. &AAS ye av ARU. Post F1q I98 w6&XIvSfira TUN. TOU Trapa8eyIIaTO5 aCtroIs omiserunt ei AR. ART, aUroTs TOU Trapa6eyyplaTOS U. ToaoTr' &nirovXv 204 Post iacos p?v omisit oiv A. K&ycbTrICIV &ro- T. 'rrOVTroieTv U. TrpoEX7Xue0&SART et Photii Marcianus, I99 veviKrlKTaKal AR. NfaicaavStephanus, vfoalav woapEcXAXu0cbsU. ov0re eiEeTrl85s ART. EIveKaARTU. ARTU. TpoiLfva U, Tpoi[liva ART. mrro6sTlaiARU, TrrtidSEaiT. VOL. 58, PT. I, 1968] TEXT AND APPARATUS 183
5i' a 9pTrii 5Ev il AEye1V. OU PxV a&A' E' aUTCr v TroU- a&rlASCs S8Kala -?Trprplcav AaKESatloviois 'ETre?EX- T-roV Kai laxioor'Scv Tri KaTiSoi c0S oUrrE T Xapis SOVTrES'cv &dppOTTEpcovTir XPh pEiEOVeirrEV TrEpiTxfS 208 ScaclUpiaCrT, qV OiOVTral Tri -1Trr6 KaTaTCiSeCSaC, OTr' iT6ACco&S;-rlv TE yap Eiplivrlv EoXaTOI TCOV'EANxvcov E??ETiT161ESTa yE ToiauTa ayCOVioTrov. oCOTOEl TIS ovveX)cprlcrpav Kai ou TrpOTrpov rrpiv yvwcaav OTI oi 281 D atiol Kali ,Uiv TaUTr' TOrUTO Kati Kai Kai appriTa ' Elval, aX(E?6V p6vov AaKE?8atpovioiS&apa pacta'Ie ESUrIS Xdpiv Elp'rTat' Xopi5 TOUTCOVavu qVEV PaC94pTlia oi Atovuaicp Kai rleAOTrOVVrlc'iOis (av yKT Tr0oXePiIV, E'rEi Aoyoi yEyovaoc Kai Tfis wapartEaouoVr0S XPia5 E'ivEKa. Trwp6TOUTO YE U1rrppXovTrapeoKeuaaCI'EVOi, &XXat Kai oU yap /jv &AAco5O6 TpoEit6nrlv a`rTOSEdTat,oCr)' ?? cv ToTs oUmpJ(kXOiSTroTS ap?ETEpoI aUTCo)V' OUjTCA)Trpo568- 283 D 205 EpEEuyov,EK TOUTCOV-Trpo0r(xSr v Ei'TETV.8OKOUol y&p S3roav Kal oUS' OUTcosaTraOaasC S rTalis 5 l(S VTrUeteiVav, ,ioi AaKoEaioi6vioi TO TOU Trap' 'Olripcp TEsKpou &AXa TCOVye TtEiCaavrov KaTEYyvwooav, Ti'YOUPEvoI wTposTOV AiavrTa Tr?TrovS3val'rrpOs -rlV rowXiv.Kai yap Trapa T'rV aUrcov elval q)'citv Kai o0USE,ITOV lTpO TC'V EKiEVOSTCOV afAOov TWpOKIV8UVeUCOV'WS TO-r Aiavra Tporralcov OVTIOUVTrCO 'EEAAivcov paacriAcos aKpoaCo- avaXcopei Kai 61 ' EKEiVOV aiveTai, cAs 8' aUCTcoSKai Sai ovyxcoprfcai. KpUrTTerTa, Kai AaKeSaio6V1io o0 TCOV 'EAXNivcov 'ETrEl5' 86EKai TrrapaTaUrTTJV T'hV eipivrlv wTrapfiAXov209 TrpoEXovTreKai 1TpoKtvSuv8?oEvTESv rTatiSXpeials TaTi- EiS ei)PaS >YvEycb 9E(pyc AEyEIV TroUvola Erri TOlOU- 8eS T1i Trow6li1TapapaCeTv eioi. TEKPlUPIOV86' TCOTVYOoV TOtS,oU pOVOVwrpCoTOi TrWV 'EAAivcov, aXa( Kati i6voi vUctapXovTrc) Kai T?TrwpayPivcov aUTOT5 pEyloar TCaT' TCOrVrrpaypaTcov avSripavro, corTEp palouv ap6- EOTrV c)V KEKOIVCOvrKaOCiT'r TrOAEv*Kai TOvTCOV& jEIV pIVOI, Kai OUX EV E15o0 EUEpyeaCias wTreSEi(avTO, a&A' 8tIEXovTo a&rrETUXOV,& 8? o-cv TOIS &TrO T-rS Tr6XECOS oiU8v E180o EejpyeciaS aTrEXtrov, Se{a&eVOIt ?V Tf V prrpacav, v5o06rTaTaa'vSpcOTrcov KaTcbpSoaav. OU'TCA (vuyTv Kai TTIVrrpaliv aUtTroio'v9VSEVTrE Kai Trpo86i- S1a TijfS Tr6XecoS Kai (paiVOVTat Kai KpU'TTOVTaI TraAiv. avT?vrE5cocrrp 8paipa Trap' aourois, aTrAEtav8E Kai 206 oi plYv aXX' EycoyE o0TCOTrapa yvcoirpv els TOUrTOUSTroXiTEiav Kai wraVTlcv p TOUaOiaVs86rres, cAOT'EpTOIS ?iX9rv rv TOUS X6yous, co-r' ?EpouX6Oprlvav Kati rT ?K KopivSou Kai Odcaou Kai BuilavTiou pErTao-Taoiv. Tpo1Tata & XEAAcoA?EyEIV a(rr' a?Acov vrrrTapXEv&va- TrEtS' cbS Kai TTq5 Sta TCOVorXV rAcv E CrlaEporSlgiaS, KEIpIEVa Tri T6oAXei Kai p ravayKaloV elval wTpoorTiEVatl EeXAS6vTErspIKpoU 8ETvaTravTrS Co)Trep wpTTwOTrS&aX' oU Tro5S rro7AoiT5OT aTro AaKeSbaCovicov. viv 6' aOrTaTa KtVWUVCOvgeSeE1IV pEAMOVTr, TIYV -TpOT'pav aUTrov TrpayypaTa Ta'TrIV ayEt, oorT' oU TOU rrape?eTac'a 0oSov pitirloap6Evoi, Tr1 6E yvcb~jrl Kal cUTrppaAOXpVOt. Xapiv eipicaErTa, cA?XaTOJU pr -TraVTa'na-t'c Ta5 TpatEi TOTre pE yap oUK oUOirlS auTo1S ovcruaxias Trpos Oq- TrapEXSV9-vKai yap Eioiv &S TrapeapEAXrov-68E 68, 5c pafous gfiXAov, Ev 86 TOIS Xp6voIs TOUTOtS Kai TCOV 207 EOIKEV,OU TOU TUX6VTOS 8p6opou. EViKr'OaV pIEVToiwVV o-rraTX Tv TsvV crEup fi5 ovpitaxias jTrO Orp3aicov 282 D v AeXCaicpAKai 568p9?pav pIKpOV TwavTO crrpaTOTre8oV, KaSrlpri t.vcoAv,a' p os XVTre7oyio'avro Trv ETAov6E T'r& v Tr KopivScp 9poUpia Kai TrOJ iyKa- avotav auTcov Tir XpEi?, o08S p1Ahtov TolS 8tKaicoS SEoC-rTTas AaKe8atpiovicov )ikXacrav Kali Ta TEiXrl KtVSUVeUOUCatcbpyiarSro'oav i TroISaSiKcos ?wTrEA9oUov. KaTEOKaCWavv iX9ov 6' EiS 'ApKabiav Kaci p)XPt TVrS OUTCO6E Xaaprrpois TOIS Aoyiociois Xprla'apVOi TrrpE- AaKCOVIKKS,KaTcEKEtICaav S TOUjSEv Q)loUVT, Kai TCOV rrouvaavT1rV TEeXerTTv ET.9,rSTjKaV. oi' yap Trapa piKpov 284D E1TeAE.ST96cov Tp6oralov ?orroIcav, Kai Mavrtlvcov 6viKr7av o00' cbS (pop3ijcal i6vov AaKe5aitiovious, &X' Trrativ Kai XIKUCOViCOVa9iS iv rVTC TreSC KaliTcOV oUVp- Kp3aO6vTEST-V pppoupav Kai TOU5 apl-oc- rras vTroc- arXco)v TrapErrAEuaav 8' 'aXpt Buvavrriou, Kai TravTa Tr6v8ous avriyayov E15T]rV E` &PX)S Ta'tV TThVTrOAv. rTOVTrpi OpKrlv-v TOTrOVSt' a UTCV TwtOilotaVTO,?ViKrl- Kai TOUTOVp1eV iVTrEp T-rfS AXEUSEpiaTOV aycova TiS 210 aav 8 TOUS ETrtToiWrro0U TCOVappocrTov Kai -Tas ppou- EOrnaicov, rTOV8' Eq)ESi TrrE'paOTTfS ipavro Trfi pas Ev MrnSUivrl Kati Trpos 'AP3u8c. rTOCOUTOV8' auTro15 -rrEpptiv CaoTr Kai TOU OpaKcO&vp3actiNaS s8flXAa~av. yevop?vou 68 TOUJTrepi T'iv Ka6pIEiafv d'rrpocr8oKl'TOU 208 Trap& T'lv atrrcov Dindorf, uavrTCOAldinae, KaKOUO pjvo TCAV 'EXAivov Kai TO TTiS aloXpaS auTcov ARTU. Eip1vris SiKalov Kai TaTCrOv 'EAvlvcov KaXa Kai cos 209 ETrei8T S? ART, ETrrEi6 U. 8ETrloE?A. Crrrppa- X6pevot ATU, uTrEppaAot6pevo R. rrepiTrfi ovupapxiaa5 ATU2, TrEpi TTrVacruvpa)iav RUN. cbpyio'0ocaav omisit 205 'OilpOu U. oa'rcos Kti KpljiTrTETaiART, aT0Cos U. ETrEeXOiUoR. qopafioait iovov U, popo-aai IaAAov KEKpUrTTatU. EiClv A. EvSoorTara a&vpcoTrov ARTU. povov ART; puaAov, deletum in N, eiiciendum esse 206 COST'oiU TOU TrapE?erTacrat T et Photius, coS viderunt Reiske Dindorf. TroU rapEerTacait U, cbo-r' oU Trape"ETaaco'AR. Trav- 210 TfS 0nlpaiOov TOV aycva transposuit U. TO' ' Tarraciv A. &S TrapEA1TrovU. 8' E?)ETS TA2, rTO E9?feSARU. TrroAco5T-rv Oq- 207 6S Eis TU. EuKicovafcov U. 61' aUCrov UA2, 61' paicov U. rrepiioraTrat S? pEART Photius, SE otI UN. auTCrv ART. MieUpvrnt R. TOOUTOV ART, TOCOUTO oCU8 ?v6O T, oU6iE vO A, oui' Ev6O U, ou6ev6s R. U; post TOoa-UTOVomiserunt 6' AT. TrivCOVpivrlo'co U. rawravraxouUN. 184 OLIVER: THE CIVILIZING POWER [TRANS. AMER. PHIL. SOC.
acoTrpias auTcov. TrapoguvSv-rrcovyap AaonKe8ao- eoaultco Troivuv TCOvTrI Mrixcov Kal SKicovaicov 213 viCOv Trpos T- ovIlpav Kai pjIET&aTrariqs ouNlaxias ToAcVTCV'rov rpoqpEptv Trij r6oAetTTOV YfTS 1 sCaXaTT15T FrrwEASOV9rcovavrrTa'aVTO wTp Tf5 Tr6?XEcoSTrfiS Orl- 6OT?ETraCTa KaTrlyopoUCl, Tr6TEPOVTaOTa p6va paicov, aorpaT-ryo'S TE popEpcoT-pou5KEivoig a&TrE- &KOVCaaVTrETCOV TrETTpayLvcov Tia KaTa fiSo0S r6X?el, TrtrlCjacavTrE5f 'KETVOt TOtS OUVv'Ayriat7.acp TrapEi- '1 Ta-rSaIUTcV rraTpiaLiOiIK v&V 'aUpIpoU?Vr.1)vTES Kai Xovro, Kal BtaxTravTrcov oTTipES Ti) TroXEI yEV6pEVOt. Tarra KIa Tr&xAauTrrapXEtv oca Tr TXrr6Ai;Ei p?v yap TrEpliorTaTat8 p1TE TavrToaTra ConOTEpEv ouyypa9i) o0 avupoUIJec$ai (p^cOUCovaI,&VT?TrTiSEl&VTcoV ol ' TCOVacTrrov Xpovcov, &api OrtIr aVTaa tiEE.XSETVE'TlO- &ycXXovrTar 81 OKn<&av (pUyoev TfllVaipecIV, El TIS pov, &a' oi8 gv6OSorrpaTrryou TravTa egf5. BV Ti a0oTOIS it6Oi SE?cov, 1Tauoacr9ov pSeiooatv f KaS' TrapEis TiVOSpvraSc.o; TrOTEpOVT5S eV Na&cpvaupa- airroioS 6yoIS E'YXEIpoUVVTE.?Tt Trovov r6OTEpovTTr5 287D XiaS, pyoou TOCOTrou; 1 TCOVTrEpi KEpKupav ayco- rrA6XcoSqi TrCVcapUpa3VTov KaTilyopou'tvI ei pEv yap vtpaTrcov; f TCOV errieOpas TrEpTfTS EKe Trpax- T'rs wTT6cog, oOC8v, cb5 EOIKE,TCOV pEyio-coV ETriorav- SE?vrrcov'EA?a'o58; q T-Cv ev 'AKapvavia; q TrOv Tat, &aX' KriTrpEuyEValTouS &' di ]v r76ro6t yvcopi- 211 Travraxou; 1 TravTraTa7xa aqPElSo8 pEytorov ?Xco Kal LETatl EiE8 TX "vpavTaV pEP0T (JOVTal, OvUXopoia TCOS .Saupao,rTTarTvKai Op6VOVcb5 &AriSS TCOV'ASrlvaicov OAotS, I ColS sOlKE, 0I5 rTpOEiXETO11 TrrO6AvopilZOvreS a&tov 'rpaat, TOUTOEt"irrco, TO e1rEt1 OrlE)ciaTotAaKE- oITrco (9povTatCOC-r' E CvrbV TO rpayta KCaKilout TI'V 285D Satlviovou5 ev AECKTpoitKPaTrCIaVTrES EEXETV ETrEV6OUV Tr6XIv iyKCOptIXalouo't.TOTr y&p KaKia Kai TrrO6cosKai Kal KaTEXAeATrTrOOTr&TrpayaTa ?V TOU'rTCAaKESat- i8tIdTOvSEIKVUTat, oTav l pova Tcp TrpocrjTa Tnrai- povioIS Ao-rrESeTv q 9Ecov TtVa XETpavrrEpXEtV, qi TTiV -Ta, ii 7TrAEicOT pa pajXa TCO'VErTtEtKCoV EXEYXn1 TIS n Tro6lv KXrlpovOp'Yalt T-rCV&KEiVOIS OVTCOV KItVUVCOV ,lEIlco' rrpooaKEicScoyap- oTav 8' eE`Taltcov 86ta rrav- ESeAovras' KairTOtC9tKTO IEV KaT' &pXaS EviSU5KTnpUV TCOV~VOS Kai 8UoTV ?Sa&pav,n,AArl$Sas eTroatv-v oTl Trapa TCOVOrlpaiov, cbS Tr' EtVa7yyEXiotS'orTEpavco- &q)111,&XXAco TrE ei prIS' iStCbTOUTroti TT-VKpiatV, &AAa [pvoS, fKE 5' i rrTn'EoW6vvrno'os5 COraa 6iBou0ca auiTTnV, rr6oEcosKaI Ta1\TriSTrpECpuTarTrS TCOV CEMAr)Vlcvov Kai KEAEOOUaaeTr' &vatpeaEt rfiS T-rrapTrlS,cyeiTOSat' Eli6 i TrXETrarauTrapXEI Ta SEOVTa avUpaVvTa. Ei8E ETlKal 214 vil, eqrpaioiS filrEitouv TrpoocSfilaSact. ol 6' iTrriVv TrEEpT'ro'rcov a&roKpivaaSat, OVK pco T5TCOoi ErTa TOiS rrap& TOU KJPVUKOSOVrTC)cS E8aKpUCYaV coarrEp rTara 8UvvrTivres TrpoaclvEXS9CTavTOIS aUTOiS Troi- OiKEiav Ttiva ovXtPpOpav KxovaavTrE Kaic'TrrE'rwpTEav TOtISrrpayjIaaClV' orTE yap Xv-rrETvgycoyE oU8sva TCOV (cSbrrp &KTCV papp&pcov fiKovra, wTrAETrovSfi 656rgS 'EAAlvcov Trporip?tat, a&7a' avetTai TCP yEvl TCOV ?EvucrvrvTa'T-rV 6S AaKESatpovicov pripfav aVTr T-rS 'EAXXrvcov6 Aoyos lAioTtliia KOtlvT,oUr' av ETEpovs nlEAooTrOVViOaiCOVeKoUaiou oappaXiaS Kai Tfis 4plAias w7Trt5iico ir TwroupEitco Kai 6ev6o-rpa ElpyaapcEvous, TCOVKEKPaTrlK6OTCOv EToVTO, O0)X iV TETrEOvSEaav&TroXoyia TOUT' oa-rivUrErp Ti5Wr16XEc05, &XX' opoAo- acToi pvrEllOVEcravTlrEs,tXt' TrrEirovTTatAaKE8at- yia ptiaov EiS ovyyvcbplv KaTa9EeUyovcaa oUSiv oOv 212 pO6vtotITrepioqSEVT acrrTv Elvatl AiCaa vopio-aVTES.6 86opat TotavTrris &roAoyiaS. a&ta& pOI SOKOoUYtV6Acos 215 8i 6 tC&kiaorraaOiov Tfis EKEivcov9pUOECOs yaaCfivat iyvorlKvat TtMV TCoVTrpaypaTrcov qpoaiv Kai coTrrep Kal KpETTTOPVr KaT' a&V.pCoTrOVfiyclracSat, eo6v yap ESco OiKeiVTfS OiKOUViVTrino't roS TotrrouS wrapa- -auTroTsdo&KouSouovra5 EXEtV AaKeSiatplovlioU Kai KaTa T$pov-rs X6yovu. TrrcOyap &v Kal 7oyilecSSat
216 oiUEv TOTCOGVa'ro TOUTO iaov yiyVETal. COCT' Ei TIS i'5iKrlvTo, a 6E Tri UoroTpaia PETEyvcooav Tris TrXEcos aKplipooyEiTat TrEpiTCOV 8IKaicov Kai aootlaO'TlSEalV qv p6vrns Kalr) Tpirplprs T-rV Trplqpri KaTEIrrXIpEl.Sau- 220 I&uaov 3poUAerTal1F Tri TCOrV-rpayyiaT-r v iucaEi vuy- Pa&lo 56 EliTCOV p?V 1i8lCTo' v TrlV ?pycp Tr&vT-r5arro\o- XcopETV, OvK av 9Savoi blaypapcov TraTaa apXaS TE yiav Tritpoi, TfS TroAEcoS5 6 oixi 6pevp voi Ta Kati SUVapEI a-TRXAc'C os a&raVTa yE TOCUTaETorV EV ppya 61' olcov Kai ocacov aTO?roEAo6yITai TrEpi TOUTCOV. TC) SQEcrpI&TOU KPEiTTOVOS. ETI' VTO Coias a&vEc o p- Kai TlAiOU p1EVKai CEAXlvrlSOUX) oaa PAaT.rTOucr KraTr- Xpi TC)VS9EC)V, E)yXCoAV,Kal Aycov os oU06 oiTroI TOIS yopouiuv, &AA' 6acov ayaSc6v a'Trolt yiyvovTal sau- aVspcbTToiSE iaou TrpoaopioXUivcy,a&X' 1prBlvTat paElo?Ev,TriV TT6OV 8' E cV EviOISTTpooCxKpouoev, &A' KpEirTTro Elval. aAA&olTpt -TaT-r' EoT' ycoviaoS &dicov OUK E? cV Carao'lv c)piArl)ev, oV8' EK TfS oXrlS (pUoEcoS &vspcoTrcovKai rTOvqAIov oViX EcopaKOTcov,65 acxai- KpiVOUJIE?V; OU1K,oiopai yE, &AcrrrEpav e'1 TlS Kai TCOV 217 pTiroaTrov5 aAXXouv acorpaS TO(pair avEoi$o.Ei 56 avay- 9ECOVKaTTcyopoirl TOS oCKTITTTOVSKai TaS ppovrTas, KaTov TO aTracTdr bUvao-TEia Kai Trraocr TrEptouoaia Ta KOV El T1 CTyE1yo-9,TaS oAaS Kai KOIVaS EUEpyEOcias avC- ToiauTa 'trpoo'ivoa, Kai OrTOS5'ETIV apPX)(S .Eao'CS, TCOVapiAlcaas C'KO7TTEV. 1 TOiVUV TroW6ASKiCovaiovU iT aTro TOU I'ou Tpos TOvS VTlrTiK6OUKpivEaOai, T6TE pEV 6v?CTTrcre, TroUg ' "EAArlva5 a&TavTas Kai KOiVfi VIKCOVTrwiTCA TIS, 80EiarOaV T'CVi ca(XXAvEi'E 'EArMvl- Kai Kas' EKaXCTOU5ECOCoCYE, Kai TauTa piupiaKis. T'SE1CS KCOVs5uvcaPEcV ETTE Kai pCppoapptKCoVpaCoXtlIEiv jVTI- 8' av TruSoipnjv TC'OVpa8iooS alOUjVToCoVCavTOuS Ta voiv \XaTrTOVlTC-rf_ r TrAEXovEitasyiyvopivcp xpqoca- TTAlKavcTa KaTTiyopEv Tivas TOlOuTOUS avuTfiv ava- pEvriv q TOY'TCA)V 'ASrIvaicov ?o-rT8fpov EVpEi. opavi- rTaTOUS Trroiqo'aai aClov oious a&vacraTOUS EKCbAkUaE oETatyap a pEyvstapEp6vTcoS Ep3ouAEUoCaTO v6oSa&vp6o yEvE'cSai eOrpaiovs, i' TiVCOV TEiXr) KcaSEXiV ola 291D TiE1 KEXp)lEPVOSTOU PEATiroTO, a S' EyKaCoUaOiTIVES, KoplvSiols aV?OTrlCEV, i TivaSr TOIOUTOUS dvEAXETV OV Ti) KOIVTi(pvCjEl TCOV&av.pcbTcov ?EaIapTcrv, acXAa OIOU5 SiETiprlo'C AaKE5ailpOViOU5 Kai TaS IE?T'EKEiVCOV Tri TrfS XapX)g C(KOXOUv-,lcSc aVayKri, Kai Suv(apEt p?V TrA61S, CaAAoIST TroXhoiS TraXaaioS Kai KcaXOIS pyois, apXCo)vKaTacTaS TOlrXaVEpCaoTlia ?E apflXs, 58 TO Kai Tra TEAEVTaaC Ti) TrEpi MavTrivElav &piicyT TC)v 289D Tris apXfSi5 o801K6O?KcV pE3ESiSKai oXEO56vaVTOS aUTOr 'EhArivlKVcv, otpalt 6 Kai T-CV 1vrlPovE1voUOEVCOV,iTrro- TCOVEyK\rpTcov alTtos yEyovC).'STrAhEiaTc yap rcp paxia. KOIVCOKai LEETpiCpTrpos Ca1aVTaSXpr)caap?VOS Kai Tp6- "O 8' cboTrpepE KE(PaXXaaOVTrOV XPOVCoVEKEIVCOV o"rTi 221 TrOV ItVa T-r5S TrroiTEIkaS p.aXov KOLVCOVOJvST'rroiila- Kai O lTrtoaS Tri TroE6 Kai Tras avco Kai Tas TOTETrp&dEIS IEvoS iF 8uvaoTE?iaS v6pcoA KcaTEX)cV, TaurTOv Trot ETr(o'ppayiraTro, AIovUciOU yap TOJU lKEAiaCs pEV XprloTooS ETraSETCOV SEoTroTvO ou yap 8ixa Trhvat?Arlv Tupavvou, 7TOAAcXVS6 Kai TrvV Ev 'iTaAia TrOAECov E?TIEiKEIavXapliTog Trap' Evicov 'TU'Xev,&Xa Ei T- Trrpoori- E?TapXovTOS EiS voUvV ipaAAXoopvou Ert9iaSo9at Tri 218 v&yKaaaEv,?Tripavg SoE60O pIlalEso'a. Kai piV li pIEV 'EAA6Si, TCOIj1pKEI TCOV TTOAEPCOV KEKaKCA1KEVI, Kai TOUTO EXOVTra TO TCOVOUTr A)KOCOV oX)fi(ta TaUT' Etpyaoipivos pEV TOUS TTpocoiKOVS TOIS "EAAXXq1p3ap3papous TEsEpa- (paiverat, 86cj)v TroISES.9Eouo' pXacr(3o'prlv Eis8 T0roS TrEUKOTOS?K TroAAOU, TOUTO SE TOYrEpCpoov pIroaaEa ?Varroo-rTavTas Kai Trap' &diav cuppiaavrTa EiSauTOrv, KaAOUVTro, Kai TOI TrpdayaToS fiSrl LEovTOS,E?oXOv TOUS 86? ?K TOU 9aVEpOU TAroEIioUS 6OVTaS, TTOTEpOIS Trfv TrEipav 'ASQivaicov orpaTriyoi 8io, 6 p?V rTas cTro a&lov EyKaAETv;oTluai yE TolS T"Tva&VayKrlv Trapa(cXou- XtKEA,iasvaUS TrTpOorrAI'aEOa d'arad'as Aapcbv aUCTroT civ ETrEliKaKEiVOi pOt 8OKOU0aivCA)OTrEp VXVXupov aUTO avSpacriv, 6 6E KaTavauLaXilrCaS AaKE?6alpoviouS EiT rTOUTr'E?XOVTES ?iTrapSfva Kai TOUTCpp&XTaj I r TTCTElU- AEVKalSt Kai TTYv S96aT-rav t' acTou Trrolcyao'divOS. cVT'vrs &aap'rTv, o0 Tr 6sia TXAous KpacTi'rc1VTrfs O6vrlyap Troc OTiVrroi pavvov yd yeTO, oi TrAXo- 222 TrroEcoS,a,&a TCr pr6avT' ArVlScor n9r6t8v l 8Eiv6v TrrEiaaSai, cos 'ASrlvaious yE TrquK6rKOTasacbleiv. 8qAov 220 Tl.co'Itv A. Kai 'TCOvVCVi TSr transposuit T. 219 86E & yap TrEpi MuTiArolvaicov i ETEyvcocav TriS EXE? K&VEl TI 0EiOC0oIiATR2, KaV El TI aEloeiOri UN, Kai OTt 290D E EKEIVOI vlKioal Tro6Aisols aPXTIS pouAXEucraTo; yap CaE?IeEiTrL, K&VEi TtS5 Eio'CEi N2; K5V Ti 1Eo'Eo' & iUEvTr1 TrpOTEpaica68iyvcoav Trfi KpioacoSiv Kai Jcv omisit Photii codex Marcianus. avEcrrToaev A. aTrav- Tra ARTU. EccocYEVA. aìloOv'cov acurous T, &dalouv- 2I6 VTr6Oaoqiav R. EcopaKO6covRTU et Photius, rTCO aoTfi5 UN, aitouvOTa auTroir AR. -Toflcyaa eopaKOT-cv A. (paoiv A. Post TEAuErTaia omiserunt Tir AR, 2I7 6 a&vayKaiov ART, 8' UN. &TrawaioARTL, adscripsit R2. Traaor U. S6o01Kos Photii Marcianus, BEScoKcos 221 E?paX3OAAOpVOUR2, ?pP3aXop?vou ARTU. TroAe- ARTUN. Post CoX)66v addidit aO'roS Reiske. pov ATUR2, TroAEcovR. rTOYvEpocOv TU2, TCOVHnpocov 2I8 Post Kai pjlv omiserunt Ei pEv AR, superne ARULN. 81' auoro AU, 61' auTroORT. adscripsit R2. 8' K ARTU. 222 cEauTOvfiyayEv AR, EauUTfv R2. Trfi TrV 'EAAri- 2I9 MrlTArIvCcovATU. pErTEyvcocaVATR2U2, 8i6- vcov aPXiS TL. aotirCA,Dindorf, auTC-rARTU. 8E Ev yvcoaav R; pETEyvcoo'av-TrpoTEpaia omisit U, addidit U. TPOUKaOLpEvA. siETTiprio')v A. cUVVECTKoacVA. ?KAIVE U2' xil1 R, EXEtR2. UR2, EKAXvavART. 186 OLIVER: THE CIVILIZING POWER [TRANS. AMER. PHIL. SOC.
TOVi$aUc acrev, OUKaa&pilXtav, oUX fi6ovas &VTriT-rV "O T voivV Eco pIEVKiv6Svcov 'rETETpaKTal,oV8EvOs 8' 224 SiKaicov i&A7XaCroT, &a7A'coarrp oaraca TrepUJKuva Eijv -TTov qciavi1 Ti iTrrOTTO'V T T 'ASrlvaitov Trpay- ou-rcoG5EUTniv fyaye. Kai yap rTOITravTr, o6ao Trfi pa, ?v piv ToTS&vco X6yois ipaS s8IpuyE, vuv 8' cTcoSoV 'EAXXvcov:apXfS 'rTrESuipoao'avT rri6ET r ro'eOXOvvTES XETpovdmroIou0vai. YEvopivcov yap cauroTSCaUVvrKCOv SiEybvovro. Kaoi D)iXIlTrrOSrOTOS v V vTrEPEISE TCA)V aAXcov Trrp6 AaKESaliov[ouS, Eav KpaT.rcl)cocl TrOV pcap3&pcov, 'Exxivcov, rTOUS5' A-riXo'Kai 8c.opeaii aUTci avUpTrpadr- a&VEXeiTOiS piljSriavTras, E1TrEiflw-apfXSov ot Kiv5vVOI, 292 D rTEv ETTEl0'* wTpbS6E Trilv w-rr6v 1TOXEpRoVE appxns .ris EXSpacS mrreaSovTO. Kai AcaKESaiiovious cbpInl- SiETerhEoEV,.orTrEp Opov Tiva aVayKaiOV EK7rXrTlpov.qI pEvous TTOtEivTC 6SE8oypVa SIE?KCAuICTav,o6pcoVTr TCOV 6 E:coSpiV ?)pKtE, TOES EpV prop6iTO,TOTS 8' ?V wrraTpi- wToecov TO TrrXfi9os, als pEEXev fi 'EXas XS Arrcov 6os poipa( KCaT?iErT, -raVTrCOV 8E COOrTtEp1irTrlp VTrEp y?Ev'EoSaat oUCrrooo pO6vov rTC KOIVC)y'eVE TCOV Traicov 'rrpovKaci,E,po6vr 6 TO crUpoXov TfrS CEasos 'E/r?ivcov, &7Ma Kai TroT5E a&pfiS a&lclpT-rovaKai EiS SI8rTiprlcoe Kai CUVVr1KiaCaoTa' KcaTEXOovCaSTOTE avp- acirnv Kai itSTOrSE 'EXAivaS .ucai-TArZicevaei 8l Tro.9' 9opS ETrrei' 6' EKXivEra T payyciaTa, OUSv qV EiCTroScAv fi Tr6oAi,Kai oca EviKrioEvaKpip3oS ivrrp crraavrcov (DIlAnrilTr, aAA' 6iEIX9S1 aacq)CoSO'T Kai aci vilKa Trfj bViKr0E?. 'rr6XEcosT-CV CEA'Nvcov elaci iKaClKaCi ra TfrS 'r6oEcos Kaci TrEpi l?V TOVITCViKaCva. J.V 8' oOu8EiSTO p?Xpi 225 ?vavTriopjaTa TC-rV'EAAElvcov arravTrcov OT.riv.Oi yap TOUSE,o0Ca y' lpei5o0IVICrPEV, ?V TaiiT KOlvaCs EjpTljpiats 294D TrrpoTEpov TLS lyiovasOViaS CTrOTTr'av (D)iAInTTTcpTrpiV eljiVlo'9rl, -TaTra oU Twpiv eThrevwracaopCa. Kai yap 223 -rr6ToATT-rV Eiprivriv rrap?ESEaTOo. EXCOV S6 -rroXAa Kai dCoiTTpo0 SEiprTOV ot01aivErTac Aoyois TC wrp&EiStF -rTCOVU-rpov ElTrElvKaci J.aXa)( dcr6TroOS Kai TOXpjil'CiaTa KOCpoiUvrcaTOO KcaT' CaTOrS -TOIS XoyouS iEpous Savpao-ra Kai KaprEpicas vCTrEp(pUEiS,OUKeS3' Opco TOV rrapX9ETv Trv tpvEiav. opvoi yap arravTrcov &avpcb- KaltpV apKoUVTra.TOCOUT'OV 5' ETITrpoaSEi5 TroS TrEpi TrCOV,TO eyO6EIvOV8y TO'UTO, &VCaiCaKTOVTpoTralov rTOUTCVA6yoIS &rrcaAAiTTOaloTErT Es rapcas SE61Aca- o-TTflcaTE,o*CK arro BOItOT'CVoOS' &CbrAaKESiatpovCiov Sal yEVEl Tr7oXEplouV rTr6XTS ?TTwoirjTat, TOOISpEv aCTrfi o06S KopwvSicov,a&' rrTOTCOV 6o.iopiOcov orraVTrcov,- i6iouS, rTOU5SE rrrEpTOO KOIVOUTqfi 'EAXaxos,Tros 6' AEyco 6e ovJX cos &v TiS "E7XArvas 'TrpooEiiTrOiTTp6o VTrEp TCOvEV EipEl 6TrE19?VTr v, KaV TO-UTOISacTroIS TOIS pacppapous avT&-rtapovopEvos,5AX' &rro TOi KOIVOv - 6SeEiqVT l EvIcivV UOq' wV itiKTrlroKai olsIyKoAilV EIXEV yEvovs TC-rVavSpcbTrcov Kai ViKrlV&VEiet'SE rVTiIov EK TCO)V wTp6o'SE. fPrli ToiVUV Eyco TroUTi IiOVov TO Kai piyaiXrlv KaraTTracvrTOs TOU Xpovov, o0 KaTa T1TV oXpipa TroU 'rroiEpou 'rr
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AtiP[riS KoXcovoi5 TaUTOa piE-rai, piias Trorl 6, ou p6vov 8ia TlS daTroiKOVT'ro6cos, &aA' ou6' at oU6E OTI Kal EVSEvSE. 5& ol Bocrlr6pcp 6OTroTrpco' p3oUIA, crrTvoI5 l 9qcovl oaa(pcS &aToVTES X6yoI XupiasKaS Kai KiAaS, ad2a racoav TT-Vyjiv TU)XQTTivi St6a VrraTcrcT-V E1i8cv ol Trap' UI'Tvapio-rot Kai oUS oi SEia IXAoS ETrEp)XETalTTS ujTEtaspacS o<0ia Kai o'uvrl- rrap' 0UCv 6Troirlorav, Kai o-XE56v oi 6Sa -rravrcov ?v SEia[S, Kai TauTTIrV ,iav (povTiv KOIVTV cTraVTES TOU "EAArlcliVitKiCoalrET aTratVTES Tij TCOV'ASrivaicov uvca- y~vouS Ev6olaav, Kai 61' upgov 6i6po9covos p?v Trraa PeI VEVIKTiKaCO1V.Ei Ej6i TI Kai TO KaS' q).pa5 -- TOUTO 229 ' y?yovEv 11 OiKOUmpEvl,i6o01i av Kai TOUS'Hvt6XoOS, vOv ErTl .Eg)v icvAsEVvrcAv - Kai TOUT' EiS 0uPa5 &ava- 295 D Kal TOUSvo,UEaS Kai TOvS arro Tri Sa ra-rTTrTSlCovra5, (p?pE, OUKOUV0 EViaV yE EOCTITOoV Xoycov KaTayVCoval' Kai TrvraTa o'a ESvri Kai KaTa Trro6AEKai KaTa Xcb)pas C)oTr?p yap TrpoEti5Ua E apdX)(S TI (poUaS TrEpi T'rs TrfS Trap' uC,iv (pcovsA?XO)I1 VOVSKai TrEipco)Evous T-6AEcos oCov TOi0 Epyois TrpoE1El TCOV aAXCOV,KaTE- aVSa9trrrESat, KaSCaTrEpTffS Yf5 TOVUVEiv a8SUVaTOVS. c'KeUvdacrTOaUTi TrpOsadiav TO0SXoyous, iva aUTril TE 227 TaUTTrlv ycb (Prlpt ThjV papTUpiav, c AaKE86alp6viot KOOC-OITO0UT' T-rOVEaUTfiS ayaScov Kav TlCI- TCV Kai TradVTrE"EAlvE5, Kai Trap' pCOvauTcoi v Kai TCOV Ca(AAov6?E1, Kai TOUT' SXOI eTaaAxOrv TCOVXrapilEo- Trap' ulTv TrpcoTCOVS6tap6vEpro-r S EiC?TI UVv ' KXKaCO'T Sat. TpO6TEpOV1IEV OV TO0UKaTCaeCuyovTa5 E 9p' jPCS 230 "leipp T-rEhTa-Sa Tr TreTrsEt ViKTS' oi0 Tas pEv Tra- rTC)V 'EAcE vcov SIECjCbLET?E,vuvl 8' &aTXVc)5 TrXaVTas TpiouvS PcovaS EKAXEoi'TraoaKai KaTatcYxuvISEEV av Kai EV avSpcob'rouS Kai TraVTa yEvr'l Tri KoAAiTNJ' T COV EiEp- o'(9lav acTrois s5ia6XEX9vvat Tar apX(aia TrapovTrov yeoalcOv avEXETE, fYE1?6VESTratlsiaS Kai coqpitaSa&lTraCT papTUpcov' TraVST 6E? ?iT T'flVE XrXiuSaativ CocTrEp ytyv6pEvoI KCai TraVTas aTrtavTaXO KaSaipovTES. Tl opov T-va TratSEias VopiloVTES. TaUTrriv EyC TfiV p?V yap TCOV'EAEuacvicov TE;XETTqTOiT ElCa(pKVOUvEVOIS l6yaArlv apx(v KaAo; TfIV 'ASrivaicov, ou TpilpEt5 E'r)yrTTai T-OV ispcov KatlK liTvoCayCyo. KKATO-rSE,sta itaKoc'iaS, i 'TrArEiouS,ouS' 'Iclviav, o'S' C'EAATI'TrOV- rravrTS 5? TOU Xp6vou TrwaCvavSpcbwTroI TCV E15 T6 297 D rTO, oUS Tra TriOprraKlS, K a utpiouS iiETapEpAXrIKV pcEOV Eic9popc6v iEpcov E?rlyrlTai Kai 8ts6a'oaXot &pXOVTaS.TOCvOUTOV yap TO 6a(popov TCOv68TOV KaSEoaTrlKaTE?aVS' CAV&aTravTas Tati TrpeiTouT'aat ETrC)- 6ycov TrpOSaTrravTaS TOUiS a;OU5 ?E aPpxfST?E 'V Kai 6aTS Eq?9KEa?E, OUK iuyyI VrrOKIVOVTES, adC' TC-r ETi pa&iXXovE EpaV'r TC- Xp6vc,, CCTr'oU O6vov EKAEXot- Kaio-r;TCp TOV tappKaKcOV, OOy, oyTc, OTrrp oi SEoi TrTOTCVaXE86V 'ijr6 TCOV6;aAcov o'8E T-rcUTOV avSou- Travrcov aVT&alov &vSpcbT-rco 116vcp TC)V a?Xcov ?6co- CIV, a;ka Kai 9lo'EeV av T-r a'Tra'as raS TCOV&a;cov pflTraVTO. OO'TETaS pEV cA\cAaS TrTOEtS, aS EKacOTO 231 WcovaSKai Pl OTtIpappa3pcov, & a'uTcoTv TCOV'EAil- T-rijiCO, EiSTaTTiV EaiUTc)v q)alE av oTlail TraTpila, ?iTT vCov TOIS0 TCOv yEAXlopvcov TraiScov pilraac TrpoCoEOI- 6E T-f 'ASrlvaicv avTE-ropaTrTai, Kai 'rrxavTEou TTrV KEVat 6cb Tr Trapt' uCicov Trapa3pa1ETVev.pUXpt tEV yap UJETPCTVEavT? 1EVav T1iIV PaeTa TfiV Ea1UT&V,a&X"a TTiV 6vOIT Kati TpitOV prlpT'rcov K&VaKOUot TIS KaV TEpTrOITO EaiUTCV peTa TTiV VpiETEpav, cOS TavJTrlv ouvav T-rV c5 co7TrEp Ev wTratia, TO SE AOtTroV K6poS 1n5r Kat TraVTa dAr(Sc)S oiKEiav Kai TrpOTepav, Kai ou' av EIvES VEpEl- E\EY)XETatl pO6vr16E i8E 'Tr&aataSitEV TrravryuCpeo', Trraao oait. Co'TrE ypyap TO S EOusKai Trpo TCO)OVVyovc TlpaV 6E oauAXyotI Kai p3ouA?Errlpiots OajViETpoS, ETIE vEv6cVrtTai, cos KOIVOvSoVTaS aTraVT-ro yovEas TE Kai aTraoalC Ki KapoTs Kai T6r-?rotI&pK?E Kai 1t'laou TrpETrEt EUEpycTaS, OUTcOT-nV KOIVitVTraTpi5a TOU yEvoVu Trpo B5uoyap Ta TrpcOT-acXE'8V co Ei'TrESv KEKTTlTat iOVTl, Tfi5 i5ia5 E'cE?p?E5 TripaV. OEpvoTriTa A;yco Kai Xapiv. &aia pI v -TOOy 6ita "Altov ToiVUV Kal TO TfiS ai6SOOS EiTrEiV6ooov Trapa 232 iTravrcov dy(ovoS Kai TOVOUKali 6p6oouv Kai KpaTrov TiS WaVTrcov EOCT-TE Kai yEyOVE Tr8E Tri 7TA6;E Kai KaTa 296D av olos T' EiT T'rr7rliov ?XSEiv, ETEpavKopilLov yAcoT- 7TavrTa aEi TOJS Xp6vous. ov yap uo6vovEUSEvovora1 Tav, Kai oU)X c5s a&AricoS TraiS a&v6p6sirTrlSEis aTrEt- rTfj 'EAaSdog 1tIOOU-TOTC)V wTpCOTEiCOV,aAAa Kav -rTa 228 oCI, iv' EUTrpETrC$5E1TTCo; Kai yap TOIO Traaa I.V TroiTrln 1] Trap' UCi&ovapirTrr Kai TrEAETaTrrl, Kai 6orl CoaEVO- 229 Evica yE EOc-rTARTULN. iva auT*l TE KOC1O1TO TTrTO5Kati 6orT XapiTcov TrpOoT-rrIKEV.Etl S 6ei Kai T-r TR2, IV acrnT Tr KOO'1OITOU, iva auToi TE KOOa'OiVTO 'OPipou UvrlaSfivat, E-TEX?EIKai Ta1TrrS Tfis (pOTt- AR. ?Xot Stephanus Jebb Dindorf, ?EX?ARTL, Exrl UN et Photius. 227 Trap' Oucov ARU, Trap' flcov T. rTCOTrap' uCilv 230 TEAXETrfATUR2, EopTrfl R. Trol aqlIKVOuV?volsU. TU, TCOVTrap' u,gov AR. EKXEXOi-raotivA. Post opov 23I T1iljco'i T. avTeoTpaITTat TU, &avoTparTTTa omiserunt rtva AR. T-ri 'A0rvaicov ART, rTOV AR. av ETrOlEVtransposuit U. V?E?IEC'loT AR. 'AOrivaicovU. pilolaatv A. Trapapa7EivT, rrapapa'A- 232 yEyovEv AR. EOeEvouoCrl ULA2, eU0rrvoUCorls EitV AU, Trappa6SaEIv R. wTavriyupEaolv A. &iTaa't r A B KaipolS T. ART. o06Edia et i'cou Eoriv fiTis TavjTrl yEyEvrjTai 228 TaUTfir T1S ptAoTi[oias TUA2, TfS omiserunt AR. transposuit U et correxit U2. Xatpcoviav A. KaT?- aTrav-TE 6? ARU, &arravTEyap T. Ante 76yoi omisit Xap3EvA. Post 'A0rtvaicov delevit ueius Reiske. oi U, oi deletum in N. Ante "EArl'at omisit ev R, 'AAEaovSpov 6s aei U. EoXEvA. /' TE vvv apxEi T..1 adscripsit R2. TroAtlSETpcAo transposuit U. E?XEvA. 188 OLIVER: THE CIVILIZING POWER [TRANS. AMER. PHIL. SOC.
pE-TapoWatSiou8eECiia crrTv iT1TSA Icou TaUTrr yy?vrl- Tr6aei 1TEpiEET-vEK TOU -rravTrs aiiovoS, El Ta UTrap- Tal. (OiXTrr6os TE yap ETuu)(XilCaTri 'rrpi XaipcbvEIav Xovra acT-r, wTaVTrap1V OfK racoS 86vaCrT, ihAAov 86 PuaIX)TilV pEVO'lpaipco)V 6v roIV EiUS (poupa KaTrEXCaE, ocawCS a&8uvarov, &AX' 6aca yE EyXcopETpEpicaaS aAo 298D TT-V6E TrV 'ASrlvaicov o0'8' 1i68v UTrrrEIVEV,TAA' ECTTr XiB7Tr6Xaei Kaci Xc)p? c poaSEicSETTa, &ayvaTay X6yc- KaTa Xcpav ait8o TOJ KpEi oS. KKai oICoTCOTOY wroltiaEEv, Kax$&aTp TrOITl-rV TiXopcv oU yap pol so0KE 'AMSav8pov, cbs aei Trpos auTfiv EoaXESEpaOEUTitKcS. TrV VilKCoaV EUpEiV av p iabico olov Ei q(pIXOTiIIOiTOir fi TE VUv apXln yfiS rEKai saXa-rTTriS,Etir 68 aSavaTro, PEv CS wTpcbTr TeKoUcra TO TcOVavspcbwrov yEVOS, Ti 68 OUK&valVETat T&S 'ASilvas .ii OUK?v 6I6ao&S wrpos a&xiXou$ iprepi TriS XoCaTrlSTrOA6ECos TroX'TTS yEyovEvai. ou o6vov 68 TOa rrXOAcoS wTro0i1roavT, qi 'rTs v Tri Tr6aei Trpos &icXXXous TCOVilcoTcV OUTOTwpEo'pEUOUCo1 TaS 'ASilvaS, &Aa& TrripTCrOV 8ta96pcov, 11 Tr a Ocva1pii tipcoa1 Kai SEot S EV Kai T6roXSEai pJEVcos aTriG$OSbv9Sv6E Kai Trap' Up&Cv SeoTS SIKao-raT EvTrauvSo yevoiEva5; Kai p'lv TOOVye 237 OiKlaCSETialf6iov &v as a&>p' ucv p Eaiv EtTrO1Evv T-TV 8co peCv cbaaUTrco ov paaSiov T%TV pEyO-TTirV EupElV. larlv UiiTvKTTalCaVTO s8vapiv, ati 6 KUKAp'rrTEplpXOv- (&pxtixao3co 86 Kai rrepi TOTcrV aAXXrl rpOS ATXriV 234 Tat LTqTOuoalTpo-rrv TiVa EltS0a(s &dEVEwyKETiV.a.i"a TrroXAi,i 1.ev TOU5 Aprl1TpoS Kap-roug KopJilOouCa, q 8E .iv TV TrVTEpIV ECoTI1PvlPri PaaciAEicov, PnT yEVOITO 86 TOU5 TOU AIoviaou, Kai TTOUTOUSOU p6vov TO0U darr6 TTAEitOVCovTOUTCOV 6E ETrlI EV Tris 'Aaovpicov TfqS Trils &(prrlTAo, &?X,a Kai TCO)V&Xcov iipEpooV- 5E6 TpiTrn TrpEop7ruTaTTiSati TpcOTai TiS TrOAECOSSetoi TTpa?ElS, Kai XAeyTcoT'rv Trf 'ASqTvas 8copeav, Kai TaUITTrVSiTrXfv, OCa TCOVSEiCVv, EtS TOUTOVEp'1TTrTEl TO'V XpOVOV' iTi 6E &p' o0C TroXai5S 'rri6Xot pepilt6Oeva eapKET Ta nK TOrV 302D TrfS 8EUTEpaSipETo fi TroriiS T-il 68 Tpi{TTV it&TAXOUS secov EKa(T-rtl Aoio-Tl~EaSal co E?XOUivoTO K&CAItorov; EViKCTEv 6EVv T-r TETapT-r 1, O6vrI,EV &VT'rX)(EV,&plorra a9iS TOIVUV Ta& rp6S TOUiS 9Eo05, TOUTO pev oi vcb, 238 68ECrriTc\WXa TCOV AAcov. ETri 86 TfiS TraVTa apioaTrr TOOTO 6E ai 61' ETOUS Svaiai Kaci rpOao68ov cbv T- Kai pEyiCTortisSTS Vi KaSEO-rTKuiaS Ta TwrpEapEta p.EvTrap' U0plVw-rpWToIS yeyEvrrTai, Tr 68'eis irrUrppoXnlv 300D TracvrTOsXE TOU 'EMrvIKoU, Kai TrAETrpayEVOOTCOS ETI Kai VUVyiyVETCIa Tas 6' a&ppirTOUSTEXCTa, V TOIS COrTE iil paBsicos av Tiva airri T&pXaTla &vri TV- 235 Trapo6rcov cruvEtaoa iat. yvoirn 8' &v TIS Coaov Tri cbs 1pc-bTTi ARTU. 68' cbS wTAeiarolSARTU. UT-a- ouocra TU, E-rTatiouiaa ARL. ci 86c5 Travrly*pEls 233 Cbv SE O.6vovT. TOaUrrTOVK&xAiOV a rriXAa[E U. UR2, cos omiserunt ART. eaXaaao-r TU. iuiv ARTU, TOTEOU6' U. TOCOUTOTOOU XpOVOv ART, TOCOUTO Cpiv Dindorf. TOOirrTO U. eiS TaJTro TU. Xpovou U, TOUdeletum in N. 'AOrlvaos ART, 'AQi- 236 f TrEpi aIJTous crou6Vf UN. EfTioi TU, eiTrnTi vaicov UN. Kai Trap' iu,ov ART, Kal omisit U. a&y' ARL. rroTrpovas Dindorf, wTrTepaas TUELN, rr6- fil v T. Tepa TOaAR. la6popcovReiske, 8tiaopov ARTU. ?v 234 EcrTIVA. 86 ETrrARTU. OeoTsomiserunt AU. 8iKacTaTsi T, 8iKa5 TaOi A, 8iKas 235 &i7o &aarl rrO6XiKai Xcpq N et Photius, &iXa ras RU. 675r?iTo76AE Kai xcbpa U, &aios a?XAArTro6XEI Kai Xcbpat 237 Tr6oXea1A. eXouoall ART, oXoiuan U. ART. oui yap ARTU, oi yap Reiske. fi 68 238 vecoATU, vecosR. VOL. 58, PT. I, I968] TEXT AND APPARATUS 189 TpiCi pErTac7(XOvCnKai pETa Tov -rovTO o T E EUTTV (EPETiCXTa TC'V 'EAArivcov. iva 6' eirTC KE(pa&Caov, TOUTOIS243 TrpaypaT-r yiyvEcr9ai sOKEI, ris OK oav E'aCpKE?vpqairT 6 TCrOVa vpcbTcov pioS TwArpoJTrat,Tri TC-rVadvayKyaicov 239 Tr&aCtvv a-rir.9Svac; &dXXapilv Ti yE Trpos TOjs &avSpcp- e\rJTOpia,T-oi Tf's wraiSEiaS KaXoTC,-T T rTpSwpVv TOv Trovu o6ptiAiaT-iv' E?KTrTPEuyETp-rTov EVEpyEoias: wrpo- TTOXEP0ovKacTaoaKEuj 6uoiv yap OVTOIVKalpoiV, elprlvrT rTOVpHv yE ri iE6Ta5OCYi1KapTrorV,TrOV ewEr1iTaT'OV T Kai TTOAOEOU,T-O p1EVa&C1pO0iV KOIVOV EoCTI, TO SE TCOTfS TrEXET-rV?T?pa, TpiT-rov KarTa TOXJSTrroA?IOUS TrpO- eipliVinS &VEiTra Katpco, TO 8E &CPOVEo'3SaSuvarTOUs aTaacia, T-rEapTov T 8ia T-r5 aoiapf a&Eirr&ai ytyvo- elVal -rroiE1Trepi T-rV viTap6XVTC-o. TOrUT0V roivuv ' vlEVKai K l TO iKa'i EiS -rT KOIVl T-rOV EaCTCAopiV 0 TI T15 poU0ETairl yiaTovt Tpiov6V EIVal rOr6??covETTKOUpla. T-r T-OVUV oqcias arijTT 'rrOTEpOV 7Tr6ecovOE8S6cTCo TaUTra, EKacrTT TKao'XOV' rlp\ TOIVUV -TOUSvo6ous E'r'TTCEv,ois E?T VvIVoi TroA2oi XpcvArTa Eyco KaS' iflv av T-r auTc)v Kpivrl, -r S iTo6ECos Elvalt T TroiSviPETepolt, i TOrv X6youv; Kai rTCVA6ycov Tr6TEpov VtK&V.TravTa yap auTT-ri Siac Kai wrraVrcovTlri TrrI- TOVS TTEpiT1iV pTITOpEiaV, T' TOiJS 8CiaEKTlKOUS,T Ti'V orov TpoeXoa0Ua spaV?acTa'- OVTO-rcnaal T-rKplTalo s 303D Trorl'atv, i T-rV aXrAiv auyypaQ(iv, Ei 8E povXAE, -r VIKOtKai Trrp6 yeE Tr -rai5 Xpopais aTwraSxcrioS-' oOVK -rTT5TroilaEcoA) E1Sos; O TI yap Trp6cTov i TE-rXEuTaiov av TiS 6KVCIo'EIVeltiE1V OTI XPlKKai 7TwPTTiVKai 6EU- E11TOIST5 S TrpcoTTISSori ri Tnr6OEI. Trpav Kai T-piTTrVav-jTTv EV T-oT "EEAroiCKrlpuTTItV, 240 YKO6TEI8i KaCi T'a T-rV TroAEiCov, TOUO PErVTO'iS CbcrelpEv &pppaCiv,ei 8TSKai &ppa yE TrTOT-OV 'ASrl- i5iouS dycovaS, TOUTO 8s TOrSvilTEp T-rCV&CXXov, accSi9i voV TO acpXcaiov, OUK C1TO TfiS lKEiAlaS. ETEV.&dAAo aCI Ta Ev TI) OiKEai KaTcopSCbCITa,KCai T raAiVy Ta EV TaUTap'rEv TroiaUTa. Tr vTrrEpopia6oioico5 'EXabSti Kai pap3papcop Kai TrrOT- To S' ac T-rOUiey?ov0US Kai TT-rS&X.rlS KaTaO'KSEUv5 244 pov T-nV av6peiav, Ti Tnv
5' &v airrTiv rri7 w6ppoo$SvTr c aTyiqjOarrpr vC rrEp TaT-iSi1 rrTolS atTia, Kali or' 8et T&vavTia wrpdrrTEiv, KEx9pafiS&Epi. OxK SEECiov.irrcaivEv av tIS )XotKopiv$iovs StKatooi- 246 Kal T- V'Tv rapoatrfis5 qpopcos TOtarcTal, rroXXa TCOV VTlS VEKxaTr' oiwVv 7w6XtSo0 pepoXCOirTatp6vov T& 308D 306D 'vrcov O&pEX6vr.T-Cv 8'6 ai Tf TEXV11STi XPfi piEy'orov SiKata, &aA Kalic pai3pEoucraTroTY &Xoit tScay?yovEv. .9Tvaci iq i-r Trpoov Ei1Trriv;VEC' TE yap EVTracua oi Evs8O6OxToi TravTrcovoi KaTa Tr^V'EXXaSa &yc'OvESKal 249 aUToi JEiyilrTO KaiKacIi XtOaro TCV TraTaIVraXO,Kai plV TOTrcOVwpEo-praTirr 6 COvTlV cavacri$vaicov,?l 8S dy(cAipaTaaiVEU TCOVovpavcicv rSi1 TproTrlS TEXv1STCa pOAXEi,6 TC)V'Etvcanvcov. -TrEiTaKai Trrvrca5aOcrois TrpCTTac,Kal TraXata Kai KaCiva*wrp6s i TOUTOItSplpXicov fl TriS'rTO6XES ScosEa (JvyKpoTrT,AXyco yap oiv TIS cTapiica ota oViXETEpcoSi yfiS pavEpcos, Kai l.aWha -rov 67X?EcosTrIV Tapa -MS 'ASrIvaS.ZaipoSpxKEs ay&AAov- 'ASrqvcv Ko6uios oiKEios, Kal ola 85i TrS TrapouoilS Tai TOtSiepoTI, Kai TaCTa TaVTCovOVOCaOT6TaTA( ?cTl, EouviacS Kali 8taiTrij, XOUvrpa7TE a'EV6rthTi Kai TpuvJpi 'rrAv TCOV'E\Evaivlov' &XA Kal Afijo A&vtTarcTOTS VlKCoVra Kaci p6ioit Kai yulV&staiaE.'T COT' TS7Tils SeoTS' l 8E ?oari T1rS76roAEcoS. TO 8 5fij Kal T^rVe15 AeX- Tr6XoEc5TrEplEXO1 TOirS 'EptIXovIOUS, To05 KbKporraS,T poi5 6s86v gpyov sIval Trfi 'lr6Xeco5Kai Trljv Secopiav pu$cb6rl, Ta TrOVcKaprrcov, Ta TpoTrwaa Ta EV Tri y1i T-rVTTvuSiaa 'ASivaicov p6vcov -rTaTptov i av Ei'rots Kai Tii .aXaTTrri, TOSX6oyous, TOS0&vpca5, TrwavrTa 1 TCOVS9ECV &'rravra rTauT' Elvat, pouIopkvcov &drrav- 6i' Jv rTV alicova 8iEAE1XVXSE,oaoTrOTiTO 8' arrTiv, TafX TaS 'ASQivaS'wrrpspeojeav Kal r&aiv coartrpXEipa cocrrEp a&svuv (ppovocraS E?p'olTaraci, cSapKElvauoTr TOTsKaXoTs ir tpaXeiv TriV TrOrtV;ETl TOIWVEvCiV ai 250 247 TOIS 6pcoEVOiS VlKaV. KaCiXP'v TapJV o)(X1tKE,Tar TCOVKara TiV 'Aciiaviar6oecov veylit vsGv qni.On- XcEI, Kal O'TE Os 'TripETar TXEV &PV )1Tc TiVV1V1iV OT' poOvrTa,aCi KiiraaKEVu AourpCAv Tr5 XpeiaCKxpfT- aci Tfri Trapooucr' Elv6aiooviacSrodmXoAi irrTal, Ei TCOKal TOVIxKal TaCrr' Earl Trapa TMiTrroEit rrp65 ovrrEpoXlv, TroTrcv 9
6poicos 'ASrTvaioit TE Kai Traclv avayKalov EiTrEiv,Ei AoTEpav Kai U5XECo?ET'Co 'EXEuCTiVViC TrXAious i[ ETEpoI 253 -r&X1Sr1XEyElv ESEXoIEv.Kai -r p?V 1ia TrravrcovaTrro- TrifwTrTa&c Tr0A Kai TravTESEpiouct v &di TTlVTrapou- 5ElKVuval auvvoU Kai Aoyou Kai Xpovou, p6voI 8' crav EopT- V VIKTVTrwouavSpcoTrTi. a&Xa pqhv'HpaKXEa 258 arravTCv avs pcoTrcov Tpia TaUT' EVOpcriaTE TCAV pEV y~YE Kai Atoo-KopousAlOO16pO0SaOraVTESaTFVTES 5r1 TrOwourr 3oOsEO1j elvatElval vo{-vo11i- lTrep T1rS,r6%ecos TErAEUTrrlcaaTrc aurTcv p?V -rraivouS Louoti TOUTroIS8E yE, [EcoSboiAouv avSpcOTrwoi, Trpcb- ETri Tral TracpaiS KaCS' EKa-rTOV ?TOS XEyEIV, TOUS ?E TOIS EvcAv r TwrXIS6?KVUol' E Ta iEpao' COaTEO1 VV lEpa 312D TraOiaS STlqpoai' TpEpEiV aXpl 'prl , Kai TTiVIKauTa Spcojev, rTOUTOUSiEpowroilClaaa aUTrl qpaivEral. Kai pfiV 259 6TTOTTrOITE1VET7i TOjS TTaTpCOUS OiKOUS E?Ta Tc'V ayCovas yE TO7UTrpCo)TOU TeAou5 ,ia 8il Tro6tS auTir TravoTrrAicv' Tro0 6' a8UVaTOUS T-rOVTroXIT-rcv Srpocaia TrAEicrousOTraTVTcov E'TI vUv ayEi. coS 6E EITri1V,aTWaVTa F TpEp?EIV. CAoTE KCai TtiV slUvapiv Kai Tl'V a8uvapiav 1 Trap' Uv1iV cEaTI p16vots, Kai Trap' \ucov, Kai rTplOv 254 TIp1VT?rE ?8?iECaT?ECS EKa(TEpOV'TpOO"CKE. TIlq)iO'lCaTa Ev y? Ti oUpEfprlnKE'-T'a IJEVyap Trap' utcov fipca-ro, rT F TOIVUV To69EV q XAaCpTTpEpa (plXavSpcoTO6'TEpa; c v 8' cjS Ka?'AXioa Trap' uipv EoCr, Ta 8s cS TrAECo-ra.EioCl 260 a p?v EvrVTOI EiprlpivoIS cO-rTTrapaETi7TCo, ?v 8' AooTrEpEi TOIVUVo01 1r58EV?XOVrTES yavEp6v SET,al 1T6E Ei1TrETv 86iypaTros X6&ptVE?TCO poi KaTa TraVTOg TOU TrEpi rav- Epyov avrTCov,pTri8 ?9E'OTCo 5iKaicoS av qpOVOiEV, ETW Ta A6you, TO KaT' 'ApSpiou -TOUZE?EITOU vlKfcav' ov, TOUSTPCoIKOUS KaTacp?UYOUCIT XPOOVus Kai (pIXOTiiCas ITrEiTC' pacriAiETSaKOVov Xpuclov ilyayEv EiS'EXo- adUpio'prlToUoiv, oUS' OUTco AEyoVlrr oUSEv KOIVOV Tr6vvrjcov, 1ToX?|IPov TOU 86pou TOUO'ASnvaicov atUTCOv,d&A ?' Ev6o a&vp6s 660r{5 ?EapTcb1EPVOI, olov ?EyripCiavro a'rrov Kai yEvos Kai aTri.OUS.KairTO pOvoU (DSioTal Kai nTTUrIO Kai 'ISaKIC0lOi, CACyTTrpTIVES ?rTOUTOUTravS' opou ra TCOVa&Xcov &TroAEiTrETal. yEco)TrEval, Si' v6O5T-rV TrwouvaicovEaurTOus TroIOU- 255 TrpEapeiaS TroivUv w-rAEicTas pV ESE'aTo, TrXEio-Cra S8 EvoI. r Tr6AOS 68 wrpoS TC-roPrs8V 8ETo9Sat TOlaU1rTI EETrEVpE.Kai TOOUTOEi 1epVoXcS 6poXoyiTart Ei 5? p#j, KaTra(pUyfi oU8 E TOUTOUo-pT?E?Ta TOU j51aC1yaTOS. Tri TrrpOC'SiKTgptiElov yiyVETat, TrEicTas yap 'TrrEp &;A' 0 KOIVOSTCOV 'EPA.ivcov TrOIrlT1SEV TCO) KaTa-Aoyc 311 D rTCV 8EopEvcov acrrEoTElEV. oca 1PEvo0v f KOlvi TO'rU TCOVVECoV T? Kai TrO6cv TOV 'ASQvaicov c-rpaTrrlyv "EAXXvaS p rTOMpEi?v&XX rioi XoS Ka&OOTE'rEi'ouvCa, EiSaKpOV 'Prlaiv EXSEIV i TOUS Ev XpEia Trrapapu.9oupvrl s8IETrpEpeoE'UOcaTo, Koo'fo'al iTT-rrOUST? Kai a&vpaS aodT7rlicbTas. avayKaTov TrapaAtlrEvSi & rrAfiSoS.5uoTv SEKav&racSa pvcrSoflaoOarl 'ApyEious pev yap oTaclam ovTas Ev Kai TO yE 7rXEioVOs a&lov Kai KasapOV Tfrs e0u/pias, aulrois ETraUE, KpfrTas BSeTrroXEJovras Trpos &AXXi- TOU5 PEV yap Ca2ouS o0s EnTalve KaTa TTiV TOU acb- P 256 ovuS8?CIXaaEv. EOcPE3eia5ToiVvV &aa Kali ppovpraTOS paTO5 ?ilv Kai CaAXcos5TrCs coS dpifo-Tou, av OUTCO Kai Trpa6TT-rroS TiS av EiTrEiv?XOi 8Typa KaAitov; rTUOX1,TOrV 'AXaiCov, fq TO)V SEIVCov, O0UTCOSETralVEi' E KopvSicov yap rltiactapEvC TrOTE Pr 6XeoSai Tr pqroi yoOv "AUTCOVI68i Kai iTrTrcOV,oi ap' 'ATpE?iSgrIV Travrwlyp?E TTiV v9vS6E Secopiav, a&aX Kai 61i TrpEo- ETTOVTO," Kal ETEpCOStAEyEl, TCOV6TOTE r Ti 'TOU 'lAio pEf3aSa'TrrE6vrTCov Ti TEITrO TPrEpTEIV,11 KOaCplCiaVTES AEycov, cS acpa i v KpaT-rtoros-rlv TOtIKfiV.Kai NErTCOp ' 6OpoouTrOUS TE SECoPOUs Kai TOtUS6TrrATaS a&rrETc-rEav, aoTrC AEyE1T rps Triva TCOVEpr auo/TOJrou Aarpov cos ' icaav 'EAuaivi, KopivSio piEV KOVcrTEV86EO?voI, "HSr8 yap TTOT'Eycb Kai apEioCaV TETrEpUTIV 313D oi 8 T-rV SECOpiav TrWEC'aVTES-TOUS O rTrAiXTa'S TTalvi- av8pa&yiv cbuilXcaa. 257 yayov. a&XXa plIv rTCOy? uoT-rTpiCOvTra pEv coS Ta Kai apxaia T?Tij'rYTaCi, 8' cs a&vayKata, Ta 8' cos Eis a&TraplS1E TrOAXOuSv riVas, cos au KaKEIVOUS Trr?XiEoroTsyvcpipaa. Trraaai Troivuv Tair5 if(pTOSTrpO- TrapaorAroiouS a&XXAolisovTra Kai oiuSEva U'rrEpEXOVTa (9p?El Ta 'EXEvuivia. Kai TrEpi pEV TCOVaAXcov ouX) ETrlpavGOSaUTrOv. TOU 58 MEVEoSECo5SpvrlcrSEiS 6 TrOtl- ilPov 6 X6oyos TP&VpO1voI 6 'EAAiEvcov Kca' EKao-rov Tris OU8Ev1a TrOlaUTTI TrpoO.cSrK1,KEXprcITai, aAa7: TarTa ETOS TrOlElTE'Travlyupiv o0U?8J1agTrEVTETrnpi5o5 (au- TravTa TrEplKO6aS Eioaa'Trat (plci
253 rTauTa EVOpiC'aTET. aXpi ARUEL, aXptI T, -S 258 AilooK6pous ATL, Atloo0oupous RU. 8EOUS deletum in N. vo1iloucat T. TrouTrouS(TouTrots R) iEpoTrolracoa 254 'ApltOifou RU et olim A. rTOt 'Arlvaicov AL, ATUR2. TCOV'Arivaicov RTU. Ante yovo5 omisit Kal R. 259 58 EiTTETvART. 8S c0s wTrAlEoTaARTU. 255 56 EETrEIpYERTU, 6 ETiwEprEV A. 8EopEvous 260 pr!85 EITEiV AU, pr 65 Ei71ETvRT. yEcoTrivai A. UR2, 8E5oE1vcov ART. Ev aCrroTiTU. 1TwaucevA. -rps TOrAR. oTrEpETraART, EOTEprrTaiUN. 'i8? Kai 256 Kai (ppovl paTros Kai Trpa6orrlTo ART, Kai ITrTrcovT, T8iE iTrrcov A, i16' i'TTrcovRUN. TrpoaO'IKTl Trpa6TT-rTo Kai q)povlipaTos U. Post 0Ecopiav omisit Tolaurrn transposuit U. aAAa TrarTa Trv-raT ART, aX7AaU, &AAadeletum in N. d 'a TrauTra U2; a&AAet rravTa omisit U. TC)I 56 257 TrEvTraETnpi5osR. Epiloualv &ai ATR2, 'pillouc ouTrco AT. rTO'UTrv SirlyET-ra ARTU2, rTOUTOU. KaTa RL; post Epilouol omisit -v dEi U, a&i deletum e0pEI1E A2, e0pWai ULN, OpEYE ART. yEvcv auTov T. in N. bv yfi AR. rTO ETEpOVAEyEi transposuit U. 192 OLIVER: THE CIVILIZING POWER [TRANS. AMER. PHIL. SOC.
Tjo 8' oVTrr)o S 6oioS TTrriX$6viosyEVET' avip' yE ETI pEiTOV Kai TEAECrTEpoV,oi Tr yap paaieAis aOcToi 315D 9pavoUrrat S6la9p6vTcoS TCOV&XAAov TiiV Kolv6rrTa ev 6E ye roiS avco piKpov TOrTocoVSityciTaTi Trepi TOV0 ' ocyarrilaavTEs, mKi pciaorra 68i rrOUTrpoS Trois TroA- 'EpEXS&coScbS SpEYEie pEv aUo-rv 1 Seo65,T7KO1I f1 yi. AoS 6E ioov rTaiS yvciali KxaccrTarvrET, O -r 8S'I?oS, oOKOiov rocAos oU86v (*rreiKOS TO7ScxAOUS, IpV oS 9p' ei Tiva EUpol lTOUTC)V ITOrACoV T'VrEpExoVTra, ?SEXOVTMS eKaxoccov KpaTiTOcroUS cpiacrro peTa Trpo'9i'K1s15, 11 eaucTou rrpoiora&IEvoSKai XpcpuEvos olov &pXovrTi81l- TCOVXp6vcov, 11T-Ov yevCv, aOUrois &vayopeUieiv O6v veKe1,TO 8' aUCr TO-rTOKai rTOS6XiyoiS (pUarcov, Ei TCOV Trr'aOUrfiS TrS5 ySfi UVTrco)vobS apiaTroV ETraiVi, TCA)V peV a'A,COv apEtivous ovTaS aciloSoiT, i)alJAXous -rTOUTOVcbS 8la 'Travrco TcO.V Tiv r yi 9p\Ilrcov apiTOV 6e Ev cTpi'Vci aUjTOTI.CjCaOTcIToS 86 Kai pouv? TOyV86- iCTrCivEoaa.8iUo Toivuv apicrrovS T-a wrpos TrOV 6'Xe0o pOV OTTCrOS.EiCico KCaTCaoriOT c KOTrOUa' (&Ei, TO 6S TliSeI5 TCV 'Axaltc6v, EaXapiivtov ri) TTou AYyei TOV aciTri oU86rrC'bw0rTE1i6ia Aoyiajivrl, adXa T-raOrTv 261 ETrpov TCOVE1TCovUJCov. ev Trt8fil rOU Kaci 7TOUTOAEyeTat Kai Kaai? Kai yiyvop?vrlv rXEOVeiiav iaUTfnirKpivouJa, CeEPv6OKaTCa 7TV AaKe6atipov(cov TrOtriTE'iacV,OT' aO- TO T-rOVTroACV ?Tri o'rTrpia PET'E U58oiaC 'Trpoto-rTaC- TOIS 6 $e6O COUVETaceTO KOTC' &PX(5S To0US v6povUS 6 Sat. c6ocr' EiKxOTCooI p6vov.TvV KaTa7 Tro?XITEiaVKC&- 265 314D 8E ye aOcro6 oOTros5Se6 TSreTpuXas5 (paiveTraciSitov Corlv, AAaKXc Kai KTa r TV Kpxaiv T-CV Tro\iTeiCoV Trapa Tri) KToE i yXKai Ta yeVV Kai TaXg KaOCTO15TrpoCTlKOCa TraTras Tro1S &AAouSej8OKipeiV e1valT7ri T6Xel. cortep v$uias SUtIV acva.SEi, cBoCrrp Oiv Kaci paCtiCas Kcai yap 6 1TraSoU7Tooi K6o'pOSolpat ovvECT-rTl v EKTeTTa- apXOVlra Kai T7V aiMXrlv roXiT-iavcyX ox v 'arrcaav pcov, coa6 rcTaiaiSAoyos, cirr6o ' Kaorov ac TroiTCov Stopioca aOCroIs.COTr' o)(X -TOrov a&vEir Tfi Tro0Xeco5 pE-rTXeTri 90cIp KaciTCOV CoiTrCv, Tc 8' lTeppcX3ovTI 6 $96S vopoSET1r 'nKEivcov.fl mflv TrcovvuiaVvXcopi5 EKaocrov el6os EirI(PEV, OOTrc 262 Boiioaopai B Kai Trepi TriS Tro0XtTeigaaciUTs I pVrlc9Fi- KaOirTas wrOXiTEas, ei Kai OTt1 &AXtoTaKEXCopilap'ivaiTuy- vatl Sl& paxi)cov, cbs &v oi6s 7re &' Kai yap a&ravTrS Xavouai,ICI6XET)(EIV &alUCOaryCTOS cAXCOV EiKOSEOTIV, piv acOTi7v1 ywro7AhC v &pXiiv Reiske. TrEtEl TieETat transposuit U. pEvye TU, pVTrotAR. 266 'AeOviTlv A. Plr6' Eyy?u TO-r UNR2, plr68 i Trap' p7tivUN, sed i Trap'scriptum in rasura in U TroTART et Photius. et Trrap'deletum in N. TlVig 'Apeiou Tr6ayouTip'rt 267 -rrap'aucris ARTU. nFrrmplvoiS ARTU, -rrTrco- UN, Tilv Eg 'Apeiou p(ouXhv R. ravTr' &v U. prl8' ilTIS pEvo1t Henricus Stephanus. TrrcTroTeU. oTlat ART, U, pil 8' ei TtS ARTN. elval U. OTTropcoTCTrouvART et Photius, ET'rropco- 263 Trp6o ToUS avcTcov Tp6Trovs T, aOcTov ARU. Trpous U. pX-rTi-rouSART et Photius, peArTiousU. EgEUpeVTr A. aCrjTivye PEP0ouAupievrlvUN. acrrcov EKac7roSU. -TOOUTOOVvopilCeoiat U, Kai adscrip- 264 KaTarrav-rCaresTais yvcbnais transposuit U. rroX- sit U2. OUi ETrroiToaeARTU. &nro leyiorCov Trlrl- Acov ART, &XXAcovU. ei TOv piv 6Xcov RUN, piv tlaTCov U. VOL. 58, PT. i, 1968] TEXT AND APPARATUS 193
KaQTmEiE, pflT'iEcScal raoa Tqvp irlE $Saup(ceiv. o0're T &OV&O9A0V aycovIl6pEVOI, Ka(i o0X ErTpoiS pEiv TOU yap TOS ITrEpEXOVTaSTras o0talo'S o08ETrCbirOrTEK1vS8UVE1Ev, iE'potS 6e TOU 86?o-Tr6e1V,av Kp(aTO'co0'i, iTrfjpEv, i'X 6'aov pil 5iltKECTCai8ti Toro,rTOcOOTrOV -rrpOK61(iVOv.E Sv o6p6voia Cpv KxalwTiolTS &afAXcoov a0croTi fiiou irap' aCirrfs6pqiCMaSai, oUrrE roTs&pEri fiV9E1 KaCITTTi V Tr6ox, El 6E T'rO Kali Sitacrra7v, oO pEv WTEppipovuc, Xp'pacl 86' rrrTTpvois, ov5apoi XcarTrrco d&7XAijov5s gyvcbpltov- &avSpeias S' E Tr1OV rTCbTOT' a-mTTOVEVaIEV, aio'Xp6v olcai vopILouva 6Ealtoa, ifjpos -TrravraT&AXa -rrpoS KEivoOU5jv, ?poi 318D TCOVpiV OIKTC)V OU TO S EroopcOTTTrous,ETovS XAAa pEv o08i 'eTIvaraSol sOKOUCTVoi viTara VIK)VT7S llrriorTo-TuOTOV5p icTro1us vopIEIV, rTCV8' WE.vSipcov -TOCOTOTvT-roS Trac'1 KpcpaTiv.EV TrOioi 5&' a TIS Kal- 271 paO'KV6wrcovElval Tiv &aiav cbpi'aSa XpCpaainv, Ad.X& po5I o0Xi PsA2TicoVECrl Tfis oTrMooS pIepvrp?Vos; TroTEpa pi 6Tro6i TIS av aUTOS ?KaCTO ifi, TOIOUTOV Kal WrrioCrpaTEialS; Kai Tr6SV X&Vv apo KCaXcOowrapa8eiy- voiilEoSat. KQi yap TO7Iion6l wTrocov oO I ETiSrlKE paTa,; i TrrooloScav Aoyots Xprlo'ap?vos pXTrloV &v ' TOVSEa6ov, o08E oiro'e Ta Tfi ip1ati TpiTaTCp v6picP TrapacKEEtcraClT; &?iX' Iv -raT TravrMypEaiv; &W wrpcTa' o08s cbairEp TCOV9aox6Vrcov (Pi?oaoPElv a0rrji Tou0Trovly?eicbv. 'X7' Ev -TaTS KKI1acr'iaiSKai Tri eocriv i8Sev EViouS XAyovrras pv o0rrco 'rpi Tro:rcov, TC)VKCaTX 'rlv wrroXtvSIOIKiO'aI; Kai TiS 6jplcov avTO'r Epycp 86EvTrorr'Trovras Kal ovyuycopouvrras &l T-oO- 60'irrpos KCairpa6Tepos, i' TrivSirlpaycoyoi pjia&ov TOIS o0S av aloSwcovral SUVaTCO)Tpovu,WS1aa Kcai ei5 atiol Sauvparat; &a7X' v Ti) TOWVAoyov a&KilcraEKcal apx6s/ ayouvaa KCaiTrrTEr0Jovuca Kcal Traacov d&toucaa Trs5 XotnrS r coq)ia; dtXA' ETI K1ai VUV EiraOTUa 'rravTre5 TCOVTitpJV EcopaTO o0 TO0S dmr6 TCOVpIEyiorcov TpTil- acuvipXovTrac K(al T& yvri TO)V tpiXoa6COQTVp-rn oUK0 orrTCOV,aXAa TO/S ?-TrElK?EOTaTOSTas pOcaEas'cS Ti7 TriS w&ToAsos dya69i TOX(, Xc0pls ToO oalTO1 S OTrOV 6oaT eiS apeTiS Xoyov ViKcbq, TOUTOVTOTS iram't 8i yfiS avayKai(oog X?tV &ao TOcOVTE Xoycov Kai TOV v KuOvra. EeitE 5' O0jX vKCTCra,iV{iKa iT)Xua T&pI- 'ASrlvaicov pJEvf0i,cat, Kail pnJrl OT EKpa31Eitvg&v 268 yltToa. OVTCOVyap KaTraTros aOuToJSxp6vous ETrripa- TriS YUX'iS TO E18006V, O)pTrEp -VKaT6OTpc) TOis5 6- vcov &v6Sp6v Trrap' acrri TCOVIpJ V Twouvioov vrrp T&a yoi EpjM3ATrrovrTa.Kali yap TOt Trraclpiv &vS9pcrrots 272 Tpo-rTa TCOV'EA?ArviKoov oltKov, T&OV8' cb5 otOv TE OrTCOSaISlCoipov TO7VOpaToOV8apo Kai s Ti5S w6rr6oES TrEV?EorTccov, irTi TInV rpoo-acaiav TcOV 'EXXArviKov cbS otI8v &Ax-oEv Kai TO a0or6 Kai OOT' [iStTat 0OTE 317D 'va TCOOVCrro Tro1Tcv tiAETO'Koai yap TOI 6 EV ols paaiieTs pltKpa aTr7a &TiJrlacav,(72' OT0oS cboTr' aO- 269 ErTaOV E?vOKiprCoEV,l w'6TXS8' oTl [EKpIVE.wroAXXCv 8' TroOS cayaX'ESa raiSr TrpeppoXai5S TOrV TI7'OV a15 ErrE- 6vrcov a TIS &cv 'rEpi TiS5 TWoXIiTeiacEI8TIEV EXOI, Ta piV 8eiKVUvro. pavepa U6 Kai i' Trap' aOToAv T70V .EZ0V 273 Tr0oXa Kai WrpOKaTei.riTTTaitKali Kacxp65dcpatpe?Tat, Evvoia Kal 4fi90po Kai Sta TOU KOIVOUpav-lrrEg Kat KOaOV Tracaa av&ryK? yEtiv' ev 8 TTi wpoOaSe KaTCa- Eirlyr1TOU TOTroaTpc ou Tr 6X71A, $SEIV TE vTrp TOV 270 XAaco Kai TOVTEpi To-roov XAoyov. TO yap ETvat r6TO 'EXAfivov Ti'v Trporipocriav KfXu6vO'rcovKa1i piTlTp6- 319D pETliorov KCaiTO KaT' eouCaiaV aCvrrrETrTCoK5'EvrTav- roXiv TOOVKoaprov aOT)lv irrovollalovtrov, ETI SE Sot, Kai TT-V I^V SiarTa KOIVOTThoV &aTCTl', Tas 8E orTepavrip9opiTva&itovrCov, cdS5ia Piov vilKoCoV. &TO6V Tl-ria Toi5 ETritEKEOTaTOiSaveSia,cx, TrSoO5 A0EuSfpaC5 K T7E V Vekg qI1aCEas ovS' av eAor- 6' a7rfis o1Si,v fiKOUOa.TrpOTEpOV pev o0v iya&PiV TOVOS ?TI p(Oipa5 ir'TrouSalov 'rrep rTCOTrpayp&Trov, &Koo*ovrTO 5 Copo9piaSwpUTravTo1V 1Kai T7V T7S 'EXX&- 7 &Xha&wIaVTer5 Et lov 'rTas wpoSupiialS KiTrra 8/VCaltv 6oS0 oriav Kai TO gpEtlapa Kai oaCa TOitauTraEi5 TnV ipiAXXAvro, cg TrrvpKOtVis5 Trfi TraTpiSos Kai KOtVCV wrTTOVf85?TO, vOv 5 P01 SOKSi -rr&vra TrarTraEO'1Co
268 [KpivevR, -v deletum in A. 271 WrOTEpaARTU, Tr6TOpovE. PiXrtov av TU, 269 rTOp?Ev wroXAa ART, piv omissum in U et dele- p[eTI3Xov&v AR. TOri wraviyvpPEaIU. f1yEpIdovN. Tri tum in N. Kai <6T> (= Kali fi8rl) TrpoKaTeiATr7rrat Aotrrinaopiaq E. Xcopls TOU Kai TR2, Xcopis Kai ARU. Reiske. TOV rEpi TroTrrcovX6yov U. oTrouARTU, OT6TL. 270 TOT? TUR2, TOUTOARL. TaiS Xp'iaIs 272 o0rE iSliTC1orU. pIKpa &TCraT, ptKpa rTra Reiske. oirr' a Oliver, oi rTasARTU, ov &
AR, pltKpTrrTaU; fortasse piKpa Reiske. Canter, oi-r' a Reiske. ouS' av ARTU, oOS' 273 Kali6ia ARTU; Kal delet Reiske. eV1Eiv-r TU, a<0> Canter. KaTa TTIV buvvaCivL. Earr6oZeivART, O1a1VTO A, evEiv Tra R. 1Tt6 Kai1 orTEcavI'rlopEiv U. cnrouvSaElvU. advSpicaR correctus et ULN. 8' et 274 K&axitr' N, K6AXlt-raARTU. 'qTi ARTU, Er wrou R correctus et ULN, E 'rrov A. 8eqfaat T-r N. iAac6aovcovL. &atov 8' a01ris ART. TravTra TU, Sefaav A, 8EicaaiR. Tla &aMaAR. epoi iv -rTauraARTU, TaCrrar'Trarr EN. q6' &v pot SOKEIAR, oiv L. SoKOTT, sOKi U.
13 Tsr T TT t7YY hT T7T% 194 OLIVER: THE C:1V ILIZIN f-'UWilK [TRANS. AMER.PHIL. SOC.
?rritrrtv. X' s 'rTvXpiva pi rr6Xa vsv O'rrapXovf1 6 OTra oTrpaTriyOS wpoEX1), iEi?TX?EI'Tr 66rljslS 320D auyyEVi WrpoonErreTvfi TrS ip9aECOS T-rfis&vSpcoTicia Tro6AS,OUTOo TrqS fyoupevriS TroXecos r& EIK6OTa'TIco- EiK6va Kai opov, i8S' &v liol SOKle 81Kaicos KXrlSfijvai. pvrlS &clraol E"TEo1-rlTTS (plh.o-rTioas. oia S E o ' 275 'AvS' cv, C&v8pe "EXAlvE5,O0rT? 9S6vov EIKOS aOJTOiS 'ASrlvaiois 9ppEtv aiaXuvriv, av TIS arrols .X?EIVTri 'Tr6XEt ovi' 0SoxcopoUvras aiaoxOveaSai, dXa& TrpEacpju'r T-rv aKpotoXoiv. XPfi Troivv Kal 0paS, c'cTep aCvaVCEIvi
EDITIONS OF THE PANATHENAIC CANTER, WILLEM. 1566, I57I. "De ratione emendandi first as folio First Aldine edition. 15I3. Isocratis opera. Venice, Manuzio. scriptores graecos Syntagma," published The Panathenaic and Roman Orations of Aelius Aristi- pp. 636-646 in a supplementary Orationum Tomus des were included. Quartus, Basle, I566, and republished with separate in form octavo as Florentine edition. 1517. 'AplrAiSov: Orationes pagination augmented (64 pages) part Aoyo: of Novarum lectionum libri editio Aristidis, double pages 4-23 (= 38 quarto pages). octo, tertia, Antwerp, Florence, de Giuntis et eius filii. Plantin, 1571. Philippus C. G. Variae second Second Aldine edition. I534. Isocrates nuper accurate COBET, I873. lectiones, ed., Leyden. HAAS, A. fontibus Aelius Aristides in com- recognitus. Venice, Manuzio. I884. Quibus declamatione, inscribitur STEPHANUS, HENRICUS. I593. 'looKp6-rovs A6yoi Kcal mTI- ponenda quae wp6oSTATrcova T-rO usus sit, Diss. Greifswald. aTOXa|: Isocratis orationes et epistolae ... Gorgiae et irrp TrET&pcov, HAURY, i888. fontibus Aristides usus sit in Aristidis quaedam, eiusdem cum Isocraticis argumenti, J. Quibus declamatione inscribitur HTavao Diss. pp. 1-97 of appendix. Paris. quae airKo6, PAULUS. Aelii Ari- Augsburg. STEPHANUS, I604. 'Apia-reiSov 6yoi: HENRICUS. in Aelii stidis Adrianensis, oratoris clarissimi, orationum tomi HOLLECK, I874. Coniectanea critica Aristidis Bratislava. tres, I: pp. I60-340. [Geneva], Oliva Pauli Stephani. Panathenaicum, SAMUEL. Aelii Aristidis Adrianensis HUBBELL, HARRYM. 19I3. The Influence of Isocrates upon JEBB, I722. opera and Diss. Yale omnia graece et latine, I: pp. 9I-I97. Oxford e Theatro Cicero, Dionysius Aristides, University. Sheldoniano. DE LEEUW,C. A. I939. Aelius Aristides als Bron voor de Kennis van H. Paris. DINDORF, WILHELM. Aristides I: Oratio zijn Tijd, Amsterdam, J. 1829. pp. I50-320, F. W. Aristidesstudien = Deutsche Akademie XIII. Leipzig, Weidmann. LENZ, I964. ) der Wissenschaften zu Berlin, Schriften der Sektion fur TRANSLATION Altertumswissenschaft 40). This book of 302 pages CANTER, WILLEM. Aelii Aristidis Adrianensis oratoris collects Lenz's previously published articles on the and an clarissimi orationum tomi tres nunc primum Latine scholia, hymns pseudepigraphica and provides versi a Gulielmo Cantero Ultraiectino, Basle, I566, I: index. - pp. 5I-io8. This, the only complete translation of the I963. "Der Athenahymnos des Aristeides," Rivista di Panathenaic, was reprinted in the editions of Henricus cultura classica e medioevale 5: pp. 329-347. - 1961. "Der des Rivista di Stephanus (I593), Paulus Stephanus (I604), and Samuel Dionysoshymnos Aristeides," cultura classica e medioevale 3: Jebb (1722). pp. I53-I66. - I937. "La tradizione indiretta dei discorsi di Aristide PROLEGOMENA AND SCHOLIA nella Bip?AoOfKridi Fozio," Studi italiani di filologia DINDORF, GUILIELMUS. I829. Aristides, vol. III, Leipzig. classica, N.S., 14: pp. 203-225 and 261-279. FROMMEL,G. I826. Scholia in Aelii Aristidis sophistae ora- OLIVER, JAMES H. I953. The Ruling Power: A Study of the tiones Panathenaicam et Platonicas, Frankfurt a/M. Roman Empire in the Second Century after Christ LENZ,F. W. 1959. The Aristeides Prolegomena (Mnemosyne, through the Roman Oration of Aelius Aristides (= Supplement V, Leyden). Transactions of the American Philosophical Society 43, - I963. "Scholien zu Aristeides' Panathenaikos I 306, 3 4.) Dindorf," Philologus 107: pp. 278-287. REISKE, J. J. I76I. Animadversionum ad graecos auctores - 1964. "Ephorus und zwei Scholien zu Aristeides," volumen tertium quo Thucydides, Herodotus et Ari- Mnemosyne, ser. IV, 17: pp. 281-292. stides pertractantur, Leipzig, pp. 230-288. Dindorf's edition of Aristides incorporates Reiske's comments ex- STUDIES BEARING ON THE PANATHENAIC cept for conjectures which turn out to be true readings BAUMGART,HERMANN. I874. Aelius Aristides als Reprasen- and for the original Arabic of the note to Jebb 102, 6. tant der sophistischen Rhetorik des zweiten Jahrhun- STRASBURGER, H. I958. "Thukydides und die politische derts der Kaiserzeit, Leipzig. This work ignores the Selbstdarstellung der Athener," Hermes 86: pp. I7-40. Panathenaic and gives a false impression of the relation UERSCHELS, WILFRIED. I962. Der Dionysoshymnos des of Aristides to earlier Greek literature. Ailios Aristeides, Diss. Bonn. BEECKE, EUGEN. 1905. Die historischen Angaben in Aelius VOGEL, H. F. 1912. Quatenus auctores Graeci saeculi IV Aristides Panathenaikos auf ihre Quellen untersucht, syllabas breves cumulatas fugerint, Diss. Leipzig. Diss. Strassburg. WILAMOWITZ-MOELLENDORFF,U. VON. I925. Review of BOULANGER,ANDRE. I923. Aelius Aristide et la sophistique Boulanger (supra), Litteris 2: pp. I25-I30. dans la province d'Asie au IIe siecle de notre ere (Biblio- - 1925. "Der Rhetor Aristeides," Sitzungsberichte der theque des l~coles Frangaises d'Athenes et de Rome, 126, preupischen Akademie der Wissenschaften, Phil.-hist. Paris). I1., pp. 333-353.
13* 195 INDEX TO THE GREEK TEXT
(Numbers refer to sections)
&PTros 35 d41p17, I9, 20, 35, 149, 245 thrice &dKoouo&o41, 48, 109 twice, 136, 150, tapiao-ros1o &l |11iOS 133, I8I 212, 217 'APBvSs 207 dO&vcrroS88, 232 doKoXouvOai6, 6i, II9 &dyoa6 147, 271; &yao6v as noun 5, 7, 'AOiva 11, 12, 39, 122, 128, 237, 249 aK6Xou0OS15, 45, 55, i88 17, 54, 57, 63, 90, 107, 144, 170, 220, 'Aejvai 11, 79, io8, 118, 232, 233, 242, dKovrlr 86 229, 235, 240 243, 246, 249: 'AOfvwe1v 105, 153; &K0CO025, 58, 67 twice, 74, 89, 96, ioi, dy6&co 213, 235 twice, 248, 249, 272 'AOivlat 266 103, I34, 140, 150, 176, 178, 182, 197 iyaipa 21, 143, 223, 246, 250 thrice 'A0rvaTot I, 5, 52, 53 twice, 68 twice, 78, twice, 211, 213, 227, 274 twice dyoaCmoarooit6S250 79 thrice, 8I, 83, 89, 90, 93, 105, io6 8iKpa12 &yajial 21, 114, 146, I79, 212, 274 thrice, 117, 118 thrice, 124, i26, 128, dKpiplea 120 dyarrdc 164, 264 I30, 131, 132, 134, 135, 136 thrice, dKpIpo-rpov 92, 97, I26, i66 dyyorrTr6138 137, i6o, 164 four times, i8i, 183, d&KpOpia-pos68 '&yyEos 80, Iox 193, 198, 201, 211, 217, 218, 221, 223, dKpipoXoyFolal 216 dyyoco ioi 224, 227, 228, 231, 232, 233, 244. 248 dKPIPCOS2, 5, 17, 75, I6I, 193, 224 'AyriaiXaos210 five times, 249, 251, 252 twice, 254, dKpO&oalI208 dycrcrrTOS 252 260, 271, 275 twice 'AKpoK6pwivos194 fiYKVpa149 iOAov 35, 85, 89, 125, 270 dKpopo01orL6sioi 6yvoco 2, 27, 18o, 215 twice, &Aos 86, 141, 177 dKpOV 13 6yvcpovioA 223 ep60os15I, 18I dKp67roA?S15, 20, 39, 73, 143, 172, dyoS 149 "AOCOS98, 102 245, 275: T1iv 5(Kp6TrrTov-TOi oOpavoO dyvooPoolrv 49, 96, o08,173 ATas 205 twice 19; dKp6oToXivTiva ... TIS 'EAX&8Ao &yCo 1, II, 12, 49, 5I, 66, 78, 84, 88, 96, Alyai 233 275 99 twice, 117, I23, 131, I32, 137, I48, AlyaTos56, 83 6KPOS 15, 42, 251, 260 150, I59, I69, I77, 206, 222, 233, 248, alyiMa6s 20, 52 &KpcOTrlpI&C[c96 254, 259, 267 Ay?tva 159, I6o twice, I61 drrt 9, I26, 149 dycoy6s 132 AlywftiTa 157, 159 &KVPOSII7 dycv 3 twice, 35, 39, 64, 65, 66, 76, 77, AtyOrTioi 151, I53, i6o &KCOVii6, 124, 144, 167, I68, 195 84, 90, 91, 94, 102, I07, 120, 127, 140, ATyuvrrro I53, i6I 'ASgavSpos: Paris 102; Alexander I 156, 167, I77, 179, i88, 210, 227, 235, acdSoalpO272 132; Alexander the Great 232 240, 242, 249 "Ai16s:tv'Atiou io6 &AAeEia32, 5I (dubious), 67, 139 dycovfLopal 44, 76, 85, 90, 94, 05 twice, alScbS43, 232 twice datnrTEpos 107 120, 137, 154, 176, 186, 187, 196, 204, atlip 19 dAqriOS:Tr&dAXOs 108, 252 270 alpa 88, 127 dcreiiv6S118, 148 yCbvlaIX 127, 210 alviypa 4, 102 dca&leS 36: cB &5AiqCOs2, 19, 31, 51, 68 dycovvl'r/plov 43 CalpeIo 105, 213 twice, 78, 88, 103, io8, 117, 118, I24, dycovlaTi' 44, 112, 133, 139, 162 alper6s 167 130, 144, 150, 165, 175, 203, 207, 2II, 68E6s 132 atlpco 9, 30, 71, I09, III, 133, 53, I54, 225, 227, 231, 233, 270 &6Ela66, 172 178, 198, 207, 2II, 216, 226, 268 'Aafapros 193 6SBEos 8I alpco 114, I76, I93, 210, 234 &M&rTCO7, 222 e6iSAos 50 atloOvopoal 88, 155 twice, 193, 264, 267 caoX)(0o 244 6?ld(popos 14 adoxp6o 146, I73, 207, 267 dMoSaTor6s14, 60 &BlKoA 139, 201, 219, 223, 267 aotx)(pco 104, 109 t5ot6TEpov 97 d6IKia167 alox)(vrl 7, 195, 275 6A6OrpioS 5, 30, 96, 154 thrice, 215 66iKos77 cdo-Xvco 102, 103, 105, io8 twice, 137, 6AoTrpt6co 174, 178 &8iKCOs209 i69, 275 dc6v6puAos13 &8oXAo14 cdt-rc 96, 109, 131 6Aoyia IO dSvvacia 200, 253 a-ria 3, 4 twice, 57, 202 6VroyoS107 &6SvorrOS3, 200, 226, 235, 253, 275 ai-rt&ona 77 irvnrros 14, 23 6co 4, 83, 127, 151, 274 aiTlto 90, 93, 103, 129, 144 twice, 202, &i.rroSi8o dEi 31, 38, 6i, 172, 174, 176, 178, I92, 217, 220, 248 'Aacxl6vE70 twice 223, 224, 232 twice, 239, 257, 264, 267 alXpCAocbTrS200 &tlaPT&vco4, 7, 218, 224 &ipco 5 aiCbV235, 246 &dtipco56, 144 dlvaos 23, 97 dcKapia I93 &6tfVov60 &Er6S273 dKalpoS 140 d&Elvcov65, 68 twice, 146, 264 d66ET'rEpov176 'AKapvav(a 210 adpXco 220 rrl6-rE6pos 102, 168 dadvl-tros 29 I1'gXavOS32, 47 dn^1a 87 6dKp 161 diaMAa 31 6i40S 95, 97, 102 &oA4 3, 95, I02 d&Ai&&oLAal54, 93, 95, 145, 237, 270 196 VOL. 58, PT. I, 1968] INDEX TO THE GREEK TEXT 197
&aPirMlTfipoS 40 47, I42; 6 &v6pES'AOrvaiToit , & d&v6- 6ig6co 4, 32, 33, 60, 73, 77, 78, 80, 145, &wn-E0os237 pES EAXVES275 172, 176, 200, 204, 220, 232, 248, 267 'ATrrpaoKica169 dveaipEco 136 twice, 273 d&pUvco66, 77, 78, 146, I47, 154, 243 dvO0&rtooal 209, 226 d&icoua89, o05, io6, 136, 266 iptoapnTri 241, 260 aveAKX) 135, 157 d&icos87, 93, 173 dappLi1rlrf'OtOS 225 dveioaTrlnl79, 88, I62, 163, 177 &oTrAoSI37 d&CooyTwTcos265 vOepcbTrEio0:Tfis 9C7EcoS; (d&rrois) TriS doiKlqTOS 143 twice dvapaivco 78 dvOpcoTrEiaS67, IIo &OlKOS47 &vayyOAXco80 &vOpcolTrOS 43, 172 aTrayopEiOc177 &vayKaLco 96, 99, 104, i68, 181 &vOpooroS2, 5, 25 four times, 3I, 33, 34, dar&yco96 dvayKaios 63, IIO, I4I, 206, 217, 233, 36 twice, 40, 42 twice, 46, 48 twice, &TrrSCo126 243, 252, 255, 257 49, 5o, 6o, 77, 87 twice, 90, 9I, 95, 96, dlraipco150 twice dvaryKai6-pos155 97, I02, io6, 107, io8, 109, 122 twice, dartrToioC189, 200 &vayKaicos 146, 271 128, 137, I44 twice, 149 twice, 154, &7ravra)(r 249 dvdyKri 52, 75, 112, 119, I2I, I24, 136, I68, I85, I86 thrice, 201, 202, 205, davravorX6eEv62 140, 146 twice, 147, 177, I95 twice, 212, 216 twice, 217, 225 four times, TravraXOUo230 208, 217, 218, 269 230 thrice, 235, 239, 243, 253, 258, dlTavTrdc 146, 159, 163, 193 dvayopEico260 263, 272, 274 &Twar162 6v&yco 209: TraOCra ... EIS TcroCOTov d&v0rdT&ycA136 drratd6co 183 aviXOco TOr Ao6you 74 &vfipr 10, 43 twice, 45, 91, 140, 214, 243, drrapioiECo4, 159, 260 dv&rlTpa 143, 144 249, 270 d&raPXfi35, 96, 248 dvaiparoSK 225 dviacrrim 51, 56, 89, 220 twice d&rrpXoalt83 dvaivopaii 232 dviaxoo 8, 43 dwElAMC49, 66, 79, 96, 97, 2II dvaipEoCa211 &voia 209 drrE?fi49, 66, 96, 97 dvalpEco 13, 53, 108, ii8, 179, 220, 224, dvoiyco: &vicyE 84; dvo0iXOEarcs121 &arTTEi(go away) 217, 227 225 dvo0oicoS I04 aTTEInI(be absent) 116, I60, 172 twice, &v6Kicx1atI08, 206 dvope06o53 200 dvaKrlpCrTco 48 dvrcraycov)lcr 39 drrETrrov256: dTropprOiv 66; dtEtprlK6- dvaKAivco182 dVraipco 70, 126, I54 -rTCO193 dvacAalpdvco 39, 52, 119 twice, 193 dVTwrdio 230, 245 &dTEiprrTo47, 15I dvaO-r&opai188 dv-raroXaHclP&vcoI66 aTrElpoS4, 134 dvaAioKco I55 &vrapK,co181 &TrEOlKa:OU6EV d&TEKK6S 176, 260 dv6Acopa 134 d(vTEirov 103, 114 wrrpatvroSio6, 124 dv6&corTO51 dvrvTKTrX'lTTrI102 d6EpXopal 48, 62, 76, 92, I09, 135, 138, dvapiyvOico183 dvTETTEgpX0oalI45 162 dvapiit 236 av-rTErpXopca147 dmrEXEdvoaoI76 dvapClrlpTrITTCOS 241 dVTE'Tri6EiKVUI.I00, 102, 213 &drrTco17, 33, 84, IO, I32, , I56, I97, dvdi1OS 124 dV-TEqlOTr'L210 198 dvarr?ao I50 dVTwXcoIoo, 164, i8o, 234 dw1OrTEco12, 145 dvorrvEco I38 dvri8iatipco 225 &irrcrrOS7? dvd6nTrcoI43 &VTIKpUS2 drrr6os 61, 262 twice: &V&TrrA S81ry'1ael 75 dvap-riTco83 thrice, 173, 183 dvTriAapi162 drrXACo4, I63, I66, 216 dvappfiyvwll 96 dvriwraAoS14, 103, 178, I96 drropaivco 42, 144 dvdpprits 68 dvrirrEpav:iTri Trif d. flreipou 14 drropiptlco 126 dv&o ,iuo ) o 109 dv-rTIEpas:Els T^V d. lTrTEpov163 dnroylyvcooKco 78, 86 dvaaTrrdcoI06 avrnTiwrTCO172 drr6yovos 62 dv&o at os I6, 220 twice dVTI7rroATEOJlpaii 8o drroSEiKvup 73, 95, 204, 253 dvoTriOlplIi8, 261 dvrirropoS 57 drr68Ell 87, 119 dvcraro?TA19 vTri-rpcpos(falsa lectio) 57 dmo68op)ao 134 dva$pco 183, 229, 233 dvTippoTros103, 172 drro6i6com30, 47, 48, 67, 80, 89, ioi, 118, dvaX)(cp?c 34, I55, 164, 205 dVTnowTpco)231 131, I66, 199, 200 tvice, 224, 242 dvSpayaeia 87 dvriorrpoqoS244 dTro[LrEyvuli122 dvSpeia 68, 69, I48, I52, I58, i65, I88, &VTI&rrdc) 178 twice, 186, 210 d&roOeviTax4, 73, I04, I36 240, 270 d&v-rTiTieii8o, 238 drroiKia 4, 57, 58, 62 thrice, 64, 235 dXVEllI 216 &vrATco96 &-rr1KOS14, I8, 80, 228 dvEipyco 57 avTrc) I1I, 98 oWrrroKivc 225 dvikATr-roS 78, 95 &vco97, I88, 199, 221, 224, 260 &roKVC 1I24 dveT-rTaoros 120 dvooTATdr 262 d&rrKpivco 214 dvppXopal 26 &tia 33, 120, I35, I39, 200, 242, 267: dro6KpialS79, 80, IOI, 102, 132 dvXoo 15, 68, I54, 230: vrXETOro155; KOrr'&dgav 66, I43; Trap' agiav 53, 66, droKprrrco 85, 96, 97 tVaXoVTro 135 218; wrp6s dgiav 75, 229 dIroKTElvco 80 dvfiKoos 69 &xioS 3, 7, 25, 27, 48, 72, 77, 103, io8, drrokaOico66, 8I, 125, I41, I68 &vfiKco6, 30 114, II6, I20, 126, I32 twice, 138, I46, drroAEinTC73, 209, 247, 254 dvip 7 twice, 13, 30, 44, 66, 86, 88, 89, 155, I58, I64, I65, i66, 172, 189, 2II, airoXti 52 io8, II8, 123, I26 twice, 164, I77, 178, 212, 216, 218, 232, 244, 245, 260, 262, drr6AXum88, 98, 104, 128, 153, 164, 233 183, 184, 187, 217, 221, 227, 246, 251 271, 274 'ATr67cov 12, 55 twice, 260 four times, 268: Korr'avSpa a66XpEcos 112 drroXoyoopa 202, 220 198 OLIVER: THE CIVILIZING POWER [TRANS. AMER. PHIL. SOC.
driroXoyio 214 twice, 220 four times, 184, 201, 202 twice, 203, &eactpco II, 56, 105, Io6, 146, I55, 66, &rrolivrlnovEIco53, 223 215 twice, 216, 217 thrice, 222, 233, 184, 20i, 216, 246, 247, 269 d&TroTiTrco 198, 211, 253 265, 267: &1T'd&pXIf 79, IOo: Iv dPXii, &dacvQ99 &dTropEco163, 241 62; {i &pXfiSI, 28, 5I, 68, 88, 89, 123, &dpavilcoIO1, 109 dr&opia 27, 60, 195 I35, I40, 146, I52, I55, i68, 209, 217, &dqlyiopac 4, 82, 170 &1tOpoS 102 219, 222, 224, 227, 229, 262; KKrr &qAyrtoiS 157 &Tr6ppirTOa(&) I I I &PX6CS126, 68, 211, 261; rTv IeydArlv &
SiaqvA6rrrco 159, 203 SoO?os O9 eIK6S 2, 13, i6, 21, 33, 53, 62,63, 120, I34, SlaX(eporovia 80 8ouA6co77, 78, 182 135, 41, 265, 270, 275; T& EIK6Ta 275 St&icoaAoos230, 232 Sp&pcx162, 209 EIKOOr6SIIO I8&o6Kco40, 96 SpoamrerTEoI04 EIK6TCoS4, 28, 49, 77, 89, I20, 125, 265 Si86pl 12, 33 twice, 35, 36,39, 40, 41, 44, Spaorp6s 124 EiKCO26, 43, 51, 100, 115, 163, 177, i80, 50, 52, 60, 66, 67, 73, 82, 86, 88, 89, Sp&O I04, 138, 176, I94, 258 183 III, 128 twice, 131, 132 twice, I34, SpopEOS91 EIKCbV80, 223, 262, 274 172, 209, 211, 213, 218, 235, 243, 251, 8p6pos 70, 85, 88, 96, I97, 206, 227, 246 EIlAKpIV/S14 276 Ap*O1TES52 Ep 35 57, 79, 83, OO,II9, 127, 37, 256 Sil1i1 24, 192 Suvaait 10, 75, 78 twice, 97, I02, I04, EiTroVI, 2, 4, 7, IO, II twice, i6 twice, Si[Eplt 63, 75, I35 136, 150, 177, I98, 214 17, I9, 22, 23, 25, 28, 29, 30, 37, 39 St1EpXoPat 3, 4, 38, 52, 75, II6, I29, 2IO, 8svapli 4, 12, 17, 5I, 62, 68, 78, I05, io8, twice, 57, 6I twice, 62, 63, 65, 69, 73 246 120, I6o, I73, I8I, 192, 200, 212, 216, twice, 75 thrice, 78, 79 twice, 88, 89, Sio86BS 88 217 twice, 226, 228, 233, 253, 270 o9 twice, 91, 98, 103, I05, 107, Io8 8sepEvvaco97, io6, 149, 262 vvaoT-ria40, 155, 178, I93, 217 twice thrice, II2, 115, 122, 123, I37, 138, SitpXopai 78, 157 6uvar6S I, 5, 6, 99, 155, I66, 235, 243: 139,148, 49,157 twice, 61, 164 twice, s8iyiopai 12, 47, 73, 136, i88, 260 obs6uvaOr6v 43, 226; Kae' 6aov Suvcrr6v 165, i66, 167, 169, 170 twice, 173, SiAyqlars75 170 176, 179, 187, 189 twice, 198, 201, 202, SI1KcO23 sVVaTCOrbTcro154 204, 208, 211, 223, 225, 227, 231, 232, 8lrInEK1S225, 264 68vaTrcbTpos68, 193, 267 233, 236, 239 twice, 243 twice, 244, 86ipri^vco 78 vuoKoXiaI85, I9o 246, 249, 252, 256, 260, 266, 269: dos Stifrric 270 86KoxAos: ?v TOTS8uav6AolS 18o &6rrACsEIrretv 4, I63; cbs EIrEEv I9, 39, 5iKaiOS 2, 4, 44, II6, 202, 215, 265: EIS Suvrux)(C44, 46, 54, 67, 198 54, 98, I07, 112, I40, 146, I52, 173, SiKaiov T&g1V147; T6 SfKaiOV2 twice, 8uo-ruxia 26, 53 178, 227, 259; cbs Eirelv alcvEX6vrt 143; 43, 68 twice, 112, 113, 146, 207; T-r 8uTaXpaivcoio8 cos TrrOSElrrEv 47, 172; KaMO&lLaE1rrTiv SiKaia 48, 68 twice, 113, 146, 197, 207, Svuaxept'17 107; T6 yE &(Arl0-rEtpov EITrETv107; T6 216, 222, 248 uovXc,opia23 c'i,prav Ei-ntv 90 6iKaic6Tros 242 Sco):'rp6 fhiou 861vovros 132 lpfvrll 40, 63, 157 twice, i66 twice, 167, StKatotolvT 42 twice, 43, 68, 133, 147, scopE&33, 45, 65, III, 128, I3I, 222, 237 175 twice, 177 twice, 179, 183, 195, 148, 167, 248 twice, 248 196 twice, 197 twice, 198, 207, 2o8, StKaioOS29, 48, 103, 125, I44, i6i, 209, ScopEogai 30, 230 209, 222, 243 twice 260, 274 Acopies 51, 59, 73 EaoiTraS II9, 140, 260 SiKaoariplov 252 AcopiK6S76 EloaOlS I65 SIKaaorqIS39, 44, 236, 248 Sopov 41, 87, I52 EIoaqXlKvOpalt II, 230 86KTI 12, 43, 66, 77, 149, 164, 165, 194 elapi&lo0Ial 27 twice, 236 twice ?&co5, 92, III, 197 ElaPooA0?172 SiKrvoV 126 gyyElos 25, 95 ETOCII.l139 8SolKrCo 159, 193, 202 &yyfyvolai II EloipXocal 40 stOiKriCtr271 Iyyp&9co 45 EolaXco97 Atov*iaos 208, 221 lyy&ev I02 EfoaTrXUS56 Ai6vvcos 62, 237 lyy*s 90, 103, I30, 266 EtoTralCo 29, 226 stopiLco 261 Iyy'rTWroS43 EIaqOpcp14, io6, io8 6roorlnia95 'EyEorTaTo171 Eio'op0p Io8, 230 Ai6oKoupoi 258 IyKaOio-rlCpt207, 226 ElcrappCo:Elap {E} pEOa 62 8ioXAiO I139 IyKaCCO217, 8,8, 223 EloXCO 121I SIT8AOUS3, 6i, 72, 94, Io5, 200, 237 tyKacraEhrcErc114 EtacA 156, I97, 274 8fS 2i yKarapiyV?Oco4, 9, 20 KPd&i(vc34 81Tmo637, i8o, 223 tyKAEfco1I bCXP&AAX26, 209, 271 8iXa II5 yKATICa 217 ,y{iyvopai 80 81X6O0v57, 79, n18, 128 yKi.vco 177 1KyOVOS29 Sio0EcO134 ,yKpivco48 iK85XOPat I3, 39, 63 86cKco 83 twice, 124, 157 IyKcOi&Lco4, io8, 176, 213, 262 xK8potp 3 tcopu)V I102 &YXEipC.o3, 7I, 213 (KKArloia IOI, 271 86ycya 122 iyXEiptlpa 3 lmKOaUEc)142 SOKCo think I, 7, II, 138, 153, 217; IYXcoppco5, 74, 91, 112, 119, 235 &KA<51&pTW112, 135 seem or seem good 18, 29, 34, 35, 43, Gc8aos 54, 102, 272 hK-yco 69, 91, 215, 263 48 CoVcKal SOKCV, 5I, 63, 76, 83 twice, OWEAovTis73, 126, 211, 264 KiTCwrcoio6, IIo, 227 twice 86, 90 twice, 95, 96, 97, 98, Io6, Io9, X&ACO218, 252 &Koi0tlos 211 113, 117, II9, 125, 126, 131, 162 iLco 179 grrnToo62, 17I, 255 twice, I64, 170, 171 twice, 172, I73, ievos 3, 47, 76, 78 twice, 99, Ioo, io8, lKrTriTCo51, 9I, 126 176, 200, 204, 205, 215, 218, 224, 233, 151, 172, 18i, 226 ?K1T.C0OI7I 235, 238, 270, 274 twice: (pioSoloKTv 4, 0eco:eco06eTS 72, 77, 202 ?KcrrAltIS102, 120 102 E80ov 54, 83, 86: l6ETv17, 88, io8, 177, KArrlqp6co58, 140 86a 4, 5, 6, I43, I78, 211, 260, 275 twice 178, 232, 267 &<1rATnrrCO25, 84, 87, I02, 127, 172, 178, 866iS 248 E8oS 55, 124, 140, 170, 209, 228, 239, 265 I79, I93 BovAsia I07 EItSoXov 102, 27I gEKTr7AovI66 Sou0EOcoI07 elK[Lco I9, 102, I78,.I94 <1ro8Cbv54, io8 VOL. 58, PT. i, 1968] INDEX TO THE GREEK TEXT 201
&KTEivco 58, 139, 14I, 170 Tro&rtl'E. Suv&acos 143; 9ppovfiaoros ~Epydloopai 93, I24: Trr' iEpyao'vvots KTriVCOI, 5 'E. 87; Tas 'E. TrpciEtS I57, 223; Epya &vacAaipavesvII9 KTprpCO89 piylora-rcx 'E. I69; irrFarrlroTOs 'E. tpyco 124 4paoivco77, 227 184; TapoocraaiavTCOV 'E. 268 ?tpXopal I04, 137, 162, I93, 209 twice ?K96pco7, 9, 65, i66, i86, 223 'EXAlvis 54, I03, 213 ?Ear1 I, 2, 17, 19, 23, 74, 77, 8I, I05 &?KEryco62, 140, 213, 239 'EAfZomrovTro 174, 184, I98, 227 thrice, 107, 130, i66, 191, 192, 212, 6KpOr&cT 58 EXos 88, 153 270 lKX)opCo52, 137, 142 AlTiico 135, I73, 200 t-T&lco 59, 66, 78, 79, 92, 107, io8, 116, KCbVn16, 121, 146, 167, 195 twice, 199, i?nTiS35, 54, 67, 78, I02, 106, II2, 123, 157, 213, 270 217 173, I75, i86, 190, 200, 222 iTaaoiS 120 ALrrTov 196, 233 hpaaivco 10, 15 t-rTaao6s 63 Accti-r6CII6, 233 Epp&8cio 168, 22I EuEVpilaC185, 263 ,6t5T'T?opa185 [pAMTrrcO271 rlnyoPac 48, 1i ACLrrcov4, 5, 39, io8, 113, 120 twice, ?[POiA 95, 183 i~gyrlTrs 55, 230 twice, 273 132, 149, 155, 172, 178, I8o, 217, 224, .Pggvco 29 AiKcO53, I59, i69 267, 270, 274 ?|pri'"riwlpti 83 gfiS 32, 62, 135, i6i, 2Io, 260 XAaovCO49, 93, 102, I49, I97 (ri'rcoW 58, I44, 234 ûIKVEopat31, 202 Iaapp6'rpoS95 ijpro06cbV 222 ?'s 260 IAiXcrroTS4, 77 ipTropia 149 ita6rc 70 Xiy)(Xo 213, 216, 223, 227 E[TrOpos II iaTlM1 73, 107, 136 'EAevi I02 EpTrpoceOv I02 g0oSos209 XveuOEpia23, 89, 102, 103, 117, 122, 125, ipqavi[co 224 EOlKiLco53, Io6 147, 157, 159, 167, 171, I86, 2o i.pv-roS I66 koAXrl28 ^XEvepios 89, 142 Ev&ycoI54 oovuaia9, 62, 66, 246, 270 E7eEeEpos142, I55, 167, 267, 270 ivc orrco 54, i66 E[co 60, 68, 96, 97, 124, 126, 138, 174, ixEVuEp6co66, 11 3, 115, 201 vaxvrTios62, 89, 104, 131, 135, i6o, 175, 190, 215, 224 'E?ewoivla (-r&) 230, 249 twice, 257 176, I8i, 182, I86, 87, I97, 248, 274: EgooeEv54, 74, 122, 173 'EEvuoivIov 257 ElSToUvaVTioV 97; ivavria as adv. 124, gOlKaII, 56, 98, io8, 173, 176, 206, 213 'EAEuais 128, 256 134, 157 twice, 193 twice, 250, 274 W(pas 25 ivavcriopia 88, I57, 222 0opTAI40, 257 EAKCO88 ivapyEvrEpOS 32 TcrayyEXia132, 134 'EXA&S8 twice, 13 twice, 15 thrice, 48, evapyiis 7, 8, 34, 43, 65, 135, 148 iwrayyXXco 134 56, 57 twice, 58, 60, 68, 77, 79 thrice, eV6SEKvuWP33, 46, 95, I06 hwcyco 98, 222 82, 83, 89, 93, 1OO,I02, 104, 105, 114, vS6EcS 94 i&Traycoyq1o1 121, 131, 138, 142, I48, 150, 154, 155 v85oo0S78, 251 1TraiviCo213, 248, 260 four times twice, 157, 164, 171 twice, 175, 197, v6SXOpat 124: O*K v)8XE?Tal 75 iTrrcavo 253 210, 221, 222, 223, 224,232 twice, 235, v8otO6rTa-r 205 crraipco 154, i6o, 218, 267 240, 249, 266, 275: tTipa 'EX&S I4; v6So6Ta-rro249 1rTav&yco256 'E^X&8 -rTiwaAaZA 57; T15s&pXaias 'E. &v86o6TEpos151 rWavaCXopcG Io8 91, 155; tv AMuEvepg911 'E. 142; Tiv [vEipt I2, 172, i88, 223, 240, 262, 275 Frr&vaeiu 64, 120 riiS'E. o-rliav274; tTpoq6s -qs 'E. 89 ivEUTv(co 53 ^rrcavpopat Io6 :XXEihTr 154 vi)XvpoV 218 iTCavipXo)(al 32, 59, I96 ?EAXsv80; 'EXXArvEI twice, 4, 5, 7, I2 vyXCO28, 83 TnCaVAIKCo63 twice, 13 twice, 35, 51, 52 twice, 53, &vOuVolapI 131, 140, 142, 174, I78 -rrave&o144 55, 57, 58, 6i, 62 four times, 66, 71, ^veMpios 130 TraCviOTrlpnt212 72, 76 twice, 77, 78 twice, 79, 8o, 84, bvvo0co 175 wrravop06c53, 60 89 four timcs, 90 twice, 91, 94, IOI, 6VOtXitos150 iwTTcpX221 I02 twice, 103, 104, I05 four times, bvoXMhc159 orxOiTs: iva ilrl?iv Tracx0)( ElTco I48 I07, io8, IO9, 114, II5, II6, 117 twice, EVTriAco 82 -wriyco 30, 144, i6o: iV TOTS TrrEiyovoU 118 twice, 123 thrice, 124, 125 twice, v'rnpoS225 74 126 twice, 128 four times, 129, I30, vrlnp6TarrTO47, 252 TrreiSov Io6 131 twice, 135, 136, 137, 138, 142 vrTvyX&vco83, IOO, 141 twice, 155, I74 trrewi be added 29, 131 twice, 144, 146, 147 twice, 148, 150, 9&yco 55, i68, 206 iwirii come upon 67, 149, 171: rrcbv 45, 154, I55, i56, I57 thrice, 158 twice, itaipETro 245 69, 121, 154, 170, i8i I59, I6o, i66 thrice, 167 thrice, 168, ?gatpEo 25, II6, i69, 193, 21I, 222 TreiraJyco175 I71 twice, 173 twice, 187, 190 twice, C6Aojpal150 &iTEiOraKTro26 I93 twice, 195, 196, 197 twice, 198, arcapTavc&Co217 ?1T?Egyco 6i 201 twice, 202 twice, 205, 207 twice, lgaviTirrlp 102 lwrEtSpXolpa138, 157, 207 twice 208 twice, 209, 212, 214 twice, 220, iaptei&co 53 hwipXoclpa3, 22, 58, 62, 123, 149 twice, 221, 222 four times, 223, 224 twice, gapKdco33, 39, 46, 86, 103, I17, 145, I57 171, 173, 179, 209, 21o, 226 225, 227 twice, 228, 230, 233 thrice, twice, 178, 222, 235, 237, 238, 246 hWTTElo 31 235, 242, 243, 248 thrice, 252, 255, ?tapvoSIo8 inTXC)98, I24 257, 260, 273, 275 ?EapTaco 104, 260 l[Tpaitvco 12, 83 'EAArlv1KS10, I3 twice, 14, 55, 56, 59, EcXiaOvco10, 207 TIrlAuv 48 65, 77, 78, 79, 96, 103 twice, 128, 130, xEMyXco153 tr7rip5o 41, 249 I3I, I34 twice, I94, 217, 220, 234, 244, gEAi-rTTCOII Tripaais 145 268: S6a wravTrcv TCOV'E. Kalpov 52; nEwTiTfiSEs10, I95, 204, 226 Trip0ovUEOcoI2, I47 202 OLIVER: THE CIVILIZING POWER [TRANS. AMER. PHIL. SOC
CiTiypaolla 142, 223 {pavos 49, 12 EOOEs(adverb) I, 20, 22, 51, 68, 79, 8o, 'E-nlacIpilol 157 ip&co 155 86, 104, 164, 175, 177, I93, 2II,232 1TmSEiKvuW7, 39, 69, Ioo, 104, 138, 144, ipy&lolal 38, 62, 166, 214, 218, 276 uKOcapia15 147, I50, I721 209, 214, 263, 272 Ppyov3, 19, 21, 30, 35, 56, 63 twice, 66, EOuKOXia173 wi8EtS1SI04, 133, 148 67, 68, 70, 73, 74, 77, 79, 80 thrice, 87, EUKr6S17 1TfirlXOSII, I03 96, 97, 98, 117, I24 twice, 126, 127, EOXoyoS 2, 32, 107 irnl6nria 41, 236 135 twice, 140, 142, 143 thrice, 146, EUA6ycos72 TrlSfiScoojl73 150, i6o, 162, 164, 165, i66, i68, 169, EOpoWrros71, 73 iTTlEiKE1a7, o08, 187, 217 170, 179, 182, 183, I89 twice, 192, I94, EOvoia I, 46, io8 twice, 162, 273 hTiEiKoCrrTTos267, 270 I96, 2Io, 220 thrice, 229, 242, 249, EOvovSI86 hnriKarepos 68 260, 267, 275 EiO-reiOEia122 ImTEIKfS213 gpyco 86 E6rropEcoI24 ImnlKo&152, 245 Ppycd8r13 twice EUTTOpia243 Im0'IKn126 IpE'iCpa274 EOrropOS2IO TrriOu1p98, 155, 222 'EpETpiEiS 78 twice, 83 twice, 84 ETrropCbTorOS267 mrOvvpiao35, 78 twice, 266 'EpETpIK6S97 errrpacxa 179, I85 Tr(iKoapoSI63 'EpeXte6i5a262 E\jTpETifS 183, 198 'rlTKaipoTa6ros 7 'Epex0Eis673 twice, 260 EOTrpETrCOS164, 227 hrriKEI.al 9, 10, 55, 57 eprpia 211 ECPPE1iS248 1TiKXAivco15 EpiLco39, 42 twice, i68, 257 eOpioKcoI twice, 3, 6, 40, 43, 45, 58, ElTtKoupia 239 'EptX)6vios 246; implied but not ment- 6i, 64, 66 twice, 75, 91, 96, 102 Tn1KOVQ)ilco53 ioned 40 thrice, 128, 136, 172, 217, 235, 237, r1TlKporrco41 EplatCovI69, 209 264 I7IAEiTco97 :ppUlVE*s80 EC'puv6,8covI51 1TilXappA&vco143 pp,jir|veco80 Eipuvaoes49, 66 twice tlXTileCO224 JpoimaiI05, 195 Eupvuxcopia88 TriAXoIlTos207 'EpvOp&eaXArrTa 97 EpoowTratos10 hTrlIapTipopac II Epupa 8, ioo EOpcb-rrr70, 149, 155 Irrvoico60, 78, 2 I pOico: P1OoVTai178; P06Ocal 190 EUajiPEia122 twice, 144, 256 iirfvoia 94, I04 EpXoCiat4, 27, 71, 78, I02, 115, I34, I44, Evaep1S 225, 23I rrlppico30 146, I5I, I74, I93, 199, 207, 227 ErTVXro)(EpOV233 rrippoA95 twice, 260 eOrmX&CO232 noTrOiCaiVCO245 ~p&5214, 240: elpTrTal45, I74, 204, 274; EuXr)(ia I8, 170: oO
234, 235, 237, 245 twice, 247 twice, fiTrrToal 43, 73, 76, I03, IIo, 120, 136, oEoopia31, 73, 249, 256 twice, 276 248 thrice, 250, 256, 26o, 269, 271, 164, 178, i88, 95, 227, 245, 267 eEcopIK6v35 275: tXOtu"aI6, 200, 226; EXco &vVc 2; iTTov 13, 31, 45 twice, 62, io8, 132, 134, OEcop6O256 gXoi TrXAov80 148, 172, 179, 182, 189, 223, 261 Gipal 51, 209, 248 EcoAOS141 firrTV 26, 39, 88, 90, 187 eripcaol 48, 53 twice, 183, 193 twice, 9co0S52 I94, 209 twice, 210 twice, 211 thrice, ECoS12, 52, 53, 57, 58, 8i, 134, I37, I54, e&aao-ra 8, 9 twice, 10 twice, 13, 15, I6, 212, 220, 223 thrice, 232, 248 155, 222, 258 20 twice, 23, 26, 56 twice, 57, 58, 71, OKTrl96 83, 86, 88, 96, 97 thrice, 98 thrice, 102 ri'pa83 ZeAerTflS254 twice, 105, 107, io8, II2, 122, I24 er0pdco 57, 200 LEryvvup40, 152 twice, 126, 127, 155 twice, 156, 157, GIOreus34, 49, 248 ZEsI 97: At6S Trraia 225; -Tiv ToU Ati6 158, 159, I66, I71, 173, 178, 184, i86, evriaKco271 &ppXfv19; 'EEUvOipiovAia 89, 142; 197 twice, 201, 202, 212, 213, 221, 226, 8vriT-r73 vih Aia 141; P& Ata 225 232, 235, 241, 244 twice, 246 86puvpo10oo Lic 127, 221 OacirTTtos20, 95 epaKES71, 207 [rlTAo 42 eaAo6s 39 twice epaK~9' TfiPMA I41 Oeov nrra6ES36; 0eov Tp6lpoI 36; iTrrTro25, 40, 86, 87, 88,96, 137, 142, 175, flEEpfiQato244 8Ecv (hrapXov T ovayyEVri 274; TOIS EV 197 twice, 260 twice TiPpos 7, 237 dKpor6Xel OEO0I73; psTa T-rv wrpora- 'Ila0p6 162 rPEp6oc 9 TOpCOVOECo) 96; wiorri-r TOISoEoTs 122 iaos 17, I31, 156, 172, I83 197, 202, 215, lpEp&bTO5TO23, 56 Eol,p orraTaos233 233: &6ir TOi T[OUt215, 217; 6i' taou qitVau 270 Eo60tX1i 32 twice 227; E iarou 33, 75, 90, II2, 171, 200, lViKa 72, 194, 267 eepaciEia65, 124 216, 232, 264, 270; EiTr TrOIS lolS 212; 'HvioXoi 226 eEpaTevrrEuKc232 ToaaKai I8I TrEipoS 9, 13, I4, 56, 70, 77, 84, 89, 1oo, OeparrEOco221 io6TqS 215 126 twice, 127, 163, I73, 241 Eppnrli8 iorT)pi 32, 88, 96, io8, 142, 159, 163, 174, 'HpaK?Xe8ai59, 6i, 66 e6EppcbscO70 207, 225, 232 'HpaKXtjs34, 48 twice, 49, 59, 66, 258: etoS 11, 15, 245 icTOpia 11 'HpOaKAovScT-rqia 226 06Ev66s167, 216, 217, 267 icXvp6oS80 1ipoS 236 eEaCrrrlET53 ioX&o 267, 270, falsa lectio in 43 focvXdZco148 eeTroraoi 51 acos 5, 38, 39,45 twice, 74, o09, I72, 177 fixjria 78, 148 twice, i68 iCo 88 204, 224, 235, 260 204 OLIVER: THE CIVILIZING POWER [TRANS. AMER. PHIL. SOC.
'ITaXia 22I KaTcayCoyfi83 lVuy 230 KaraSEiKvUJp35, 39, 40, 54, 191, 198, 235, KipoaKkPaS 117 7I IXVOS102 267 KEpSOaivC102, 176 'IcOvES77, 124 KaorTaSKOS 06 Kfp8oS Io, 62, I25, 131, I34 twice, 14I, 'Icovia I8, 51, 227 KaoaSilCbKCO174 I57, 167 Ka-raSouA6o 167 KipKupa 69, 2IO KaSpeia 67, 207 KorraSioo 178 KEI9oAaov III, II2, I24, 128, 131, 157, KoaaipEc1SI99 KorralyiS 183 I97, 22I, 244 Kocaltpc10o6, 209, 220 KarTarpcO12 KEclafi 17: UrrripKecpA?AS 156, 245; 1Ti Kceaipco 56, 149, 230 KOTrroaKeiC0157 KE9CaNXAV212 KaOl.ag 10I7, 132, 183 KoraaolX)vca124, 227 KntlpuKEOc132 KaOap6O2, 14 twice, 27, 28, 148, 260 KorTaKeico 207 K1jpuv 68, 79, 82, 131, 2II twice KaOapCoS13, ii6, 118, 132, 148, 152 KaoraKOaOico143 KTlpJrrCO91, 243 KaeapcoTCrOS245, 262 KaorcAapp&cvo27, 29, 33, 39, 126, I27, KiAIKES151 KoCElpyvWpt148 187, 219, 232 KItKiac 226 KaCfKC come down 244: KaOr(KEis meet KcrraXA&Arco98 KIvSuVVEUo29, 89, 113, I64, I7I, I86, 209, 43, 50 KaoraAyco 4 twice, 235 270 K&Orpat84, 127, 145 KarraXEirco36, 94, I02, I03, io8, II5, Kiv'uvo0 7, 63 twice, 89 twice, I07 Kaoif)Pl 4 211 thrice, 126, 133, 145, 164, 167, I74, KaoiorTTlm7, 31, 33, 34, 50, 75, 77, 89 KoraAoyos 260 193, 209, 211, 224 twice thrice, 96, 112, 117 twice, 118, 138, KOCT&rAUaII98 KIVWCO13, i8, 59, 77, 78, 8i, 97, 98, Ioo, 140, I58, i66, 173, 174, I89, 195, 212, KCorrTAOC26, 39, 178, 185, 269 ii6, I47, I53, i6i, 168 twice, I74, I8I, 217, 222, 230, 234, 248, 264 twice KorrapaveOvcoI03 I93 KaeOp&=c 4 Ka-raprPEpopal93, 193 Kivtl'lS Ioo Kdo08OS59 KarravayK&ti[o56, 115, 124 KAElcT6S: A.al6CI KA61OTOIS57 Kavcpqirpi139 KaTaoavaux&coI79, 22I KAEiCo163, 164 Kacv6S246, 247 four times KaTCrnTlTc.> 82 KArrrco 184, i88, 198 Kacipos 57 KaTC=XOUS0II KAtnpOVOI.Lk211 Kalp6S4, 34, 47, 52, 54 twice, 60, 63, 72, KoroOarovTilr[82 KArlpo)(Xia96 76, 80, 87, III, 135, 140 twice, 145, KaCTaIorp&rTT67, 74, I05, I28, 196 KAi'VC222 I59, I70, 19I, I96, 202, 223, 227, 243 Kurat. l1 ic ) IOO, 177 KMA[CO171 twice, 269, 271: Iv Kaitpc 66 Kacrap&oiia I86 K68Pos 73 twice KaKia I54, I86, 213 Karappyviywu 1oo KOV1 3, 47, 53, 117, 125, 128, 158, 220, KaKiLO 213 Kacr&pXco124, 128 223, 255 KaK6S84, 88, 93, 126, 194, I98, 207 KarTarcnKnTT207 KOIVOSI, 4, 19, 31, 51, 57, 66, 69, 72 KaK6co 124, 221 KarTacKEU&[co30, 40, 56, 57 twice, 63, 99, twice, 73, 74, 78, 89, IOI, I05, io8, KaKCOS53 twice, 54 twice, 83, 93, 157, 175 229, 240 112, 113, I23, 124, 142, I52, 167 twice, KOAMcI, 29, 72, 84, 87, 92, 135 twice, KarraaKE'x62, 68, 142, 72, 243, 244, 250 173, 214, 217, 220, 223, 225, 226, 243, 154, 157 twice, 165 173, 202, 221, 227, KcrrCrrTiOril42, 204 248, 251, 260, 270: T6 KOIVOV236; T& 230, 273, 274 KocraravfiS235 KOlva TOV tr6xEcov 239; T& KOIVWTfiS KaoAiKpaTr6aS178 KaoraTE1yco44, 47, 51, 52, 54, 65. 66, q90aeos 90, I o; Td&K. TCOV'EAAt'vco K&UlOV(adverb) 33, 76, io8, 185, 233 68, io8, 175, 177, 194, 195, 214, 230, 190; &rr6 KOIVOU201; EIS KOIV6V 154, KAArMaT(adverb) 54, 124, 202 260 263; ElS r6 K. 45, 62, io6, 149; 0-JVp KAlWaTOS15, 23, 25, 57, 68, 144, 149, Karracpov&o 142, 153 TOOK. 72; dya.cla KOWIV6Trij 'EM&Sos 152, I92, 194, 230 twice, 235, 237, 242 Kaorauyfi 260 223; ;v TroT K. Tf1S 'EAr&8O KIV18VOIS thrice, 244, 246, 250 twice, 259, 274 KaC(TXp&iOpai87 164; T6V K. TCAOV'EAAVCOv 6ilyrTrf1v KacMiov 36, 85, 117, I33, 143, 152, 155, KaorTaccbvvuwt 104 55; KOIVOVT(rv 'E?AMVCOOKip8OS 62; 157, 223, 256, 262, 27I KaEITSov I09, 204, 248 T6 K. TOrV'EMAAfVCV lp6v 142; KOIV6S K&OS 10 twice, ii, 15, 20, 143, I44 KaTrrpy&aloal 50, 103, 117, 196 T6rV'EAASVov rrTOITnTlS 260; rTCK. yiVEI KOa26S5, 53, 142, 207, 220, 226, 243, 249, KorripXopat 24, 156 T7OV 'EAAfvcOov 224; T6 K. Y?VOS TrOV 264: E{c TOUKOAO0 68 KCarX)c 17, 26, 27, 35, 79, 102, I06, 116, dv0pcTrov I49, 225; TfiS K. T)XlIS KaAoTrrco I02 123, 126, 128, I34, 137, i68, I70, I94, dvOpcTrrcov168; KOlVOS &dTrvroTcovyo- K5CAS70 203, 217, 222 vaS TEmKal E?IEpyfhaS231; -rrp6yovoi TOo KOACOS12, 35, 42, 96, I02, 103, I04, I30, KartyopEco 195, 213 twice, 220 thrice K. Piov 36; Trria KOlvi 54; Tr1K. TOO 136 twice, 145, 147 twice, I59, 192 KaOTOtKEK155 y?voVs ^cT-ri 13; PilTnp Kal TpoyO6 K&rÎAOS98 KaTOlKiLCO62 KOIVi 25; K. &6d&rrdov TpoqaS I; K. Ka&pT CO123 K1tO.itpOV 271 Ta-rTpiS51, 231, 270; 666S KOIVh Tr&V- K&p178 Korrope6co142, I80 twice, 188, 200, 205 TrcOVT-rV KTirTTrT6vTro 51; TOU K. Kapia 70 KarrO6pcopa 240 I&(VTECOS273; K. pouAvEvUpltov 118; KaplrrS 23, 24, 35,235,237, 239, 246, 248, K&rrco155, i66 TOVK. T6v dycova IO2; TOVK. 6Eorr6rnTv 263, 273 KETiat15, I03, I37, 193, 235, 241 96; K. v6pov 67; K. 91lAavepcATrias62; KapTEpiaI6, I22 twice, 172, 223 KiKpop246 Ti) K. qOpia1 70, 2I 7 Kapanorio 157 KEKpvUa7ia159 KOltvOrlS4, 264 KapXr186viot171 KEAE0CO8i, 98, 123, 211, 273: T6 KE?.u6- KOlVO6TOcrO46, 252, 270 KOaTyEayCXo161 pevov 66, 197 KOlvCov?CO7, 13, 205, 248 KaCraylyvoboxCO 3, 94, 208, 229 KEV6O175 KOlvcovia38, 46, 248 KardTyc 6I KEVOCO172 KOIVCov6S49, 54, 217, 248 VOL. 58, PT. I, 1968] INDEX TO THE GREEK TEXT 205
Ko0[Lco 149 AayX&vco I7, 28, 42 123, 139, I40 twice, 141 twice, 186, K6oXTOS20, 26, 30, 97, I63 AaKESaciiovia 165 195, 204 twice, 206, 23, 215,223, 224, KOACOV6O226 AaKESai6viol 117 twice, 125, 134, 135, 225 twice, 227, 228, 229 twice, 239 KOp1Si 29, 141 136 thrice, 150, 157 twice, 163 twice, twice, 242, 246, 271 four times Kopilco 2, 35, 50, 53, 86, 89, 108, 113, 199, 164 four times, 165 twice, 169, 172 Wom"O673 227, 237 twice, 175 twice, 176 twice, 177, I78 XotTr6S15, 19, 52, 53 twice, 74, 88, I02 KoVlopTr693 twice, I82, 183, 184, i86 twice, 187 twice, 1O5, ii8, 124, 125, 128, 129, Ko6vcv 178 twice, I88, 189 twice, 193 thrice, 195, 131I, 32, I54, I55, i60, 16I, 177, I78, K6pBT73 198 twice, 201 thrice, 205 twice, 206, 192, 193, 212, 227, 233, 265,271 Kopiveioi 157 twice, 159, i6i, 169, 194, 207 twice, 208, 209, 210, 211 four AoKpoi 164 220, 223, 225, 248, 256 twice times, 212 twice, 220, 221, 223 thrice, rov-rp6v 246, 250 K6piv0os 53, 194 twice, 207, 209 224 twice, 225, 227, 248, 261: AvKoip- AvKLa70 KopoS 227 yc TC A. 251 AuKoipyoS 251 Kopvu, 247, 271 196 twice, 198, I99, 20I, 202, 207 twice, IIo, 128, 129, 174, 177, i8i, pitiS 23 twice, 209, 2I7, 219, 224 twice, 225, 225, 248: Eu688aoxi&coav Kal TpopEcov Prioo 49 228 twice, 233, 234, 235, 242, 243 pipei 232; iV EXqfS pipEi 182; kv Kip- pilcr6S 134 twice twice, 246 twice, 247, 248, 254, 257, 8ouvS lpEt 14I; iv PtpEI 22, 37, 223; pveia 225 267, 270, 273, 275 twice: V1KCwVf8ov Kcrra pipTl 22 VwlMieIOV35, 53, 142 144 p?CTrEppI[a19 twice, 156 pvi4r) 4, 5, 6, 7, 47, 48, 80, 234, 247 viKT 39 twice, 87, 89, io6, io8, 11o, I25 pIE.6yEta20, 97 PVlPOVEOCo47, 63, 211, 220 twice, 130, 151, I62, 164 twice, I69, paoos 13 thrice, I5 five times, 67, 75, 76, poipa 7, 53, 57, 63, 73, 128, 153, 172, 222, 179, i8o, 222 twice, 225, 227 78, 87, io8, 114, 119, 135, 149, 15I, 270 Ni'aac I99 172, 193, 230 povapXia39 v60os 1I, 29 twice tpEa6co86, 193 IouVOKfi140 VOI5ES 226 MErof'vlol 53 twice pOeos 102 vouiZco I, 4, 6, 39, 43, 50, 51, 84, 87, 89 pEoT6s 127 Pve66ClS 246 twice, 94, 105, 107, 17, 123, I271 I32, prrap&coM 98, 227 MUK&Ax149 134, 145, 154, 155, 183, i88, 194, 211, pETapx3oA43, 232 pUvp&olSIO6, 220 213, 216, 227, 231, 253, 258, 267 thrice peirTaylyvcbsocoI02, 219 twice pupiaxvspos 99 275 lETaI6SiScopl59, 60 twice, 235 PIupl&S90, 155 voipoOTto0 263 p?ETOd(octS239 IUvpio 223, 227 vool0eTTS 141, 251, 26I pe-rcAapp&vcoI8, 59, 226 pJOpioI172 v6poS I, 21, 29, 40, 52, 60, 67, 89, 109, pJEra?7dcTTCo52 p1Oppfl{25 124, I26, 142, 215 twice, 217, 233,235, gETaixKTxeuco96, IIo piuorraycoy6s 230 239, 261, 267: vopoS 80 IE ii&o taois 185 pvoa-rplov: T-&pvuorTpia 48, 257 vooico 186, 189, I90 pE?TraTptpCa127 MvUriAlvivaTo219 v6-Tio 88 percrriOrTi66, 123, 167, 267 MuTrXfivr178 voriS 23 pkrimTI4, 48, 275 PuX6O97 vorndtpoS 9 PETipPXOpia47, 83, 194 VOvS2, 119, 153, 221 PeTEXcO7, 17, 39, 113, 125 twice, 168, N&djioi157 VInKTCOp98 196, 209, 228, 238, 25I, 265 twice, 266, N&5Cos210 ivv 52 twice, 53, 58 twice, 59, 66, 70, 275 twice viuayia 137, 175 75 twice, 87, 98, 103, io8, 114, 117, IAETiCOPOSII vau&ytov 126, 127 120, 140, 147, I6I, 162, 173, 224, 227, peITOIK(ICOI02 voaIapXos 112, 117 229, 232, 238, 239, 246, 258, 259, 271, peTovuica130, 209 vavO(UIpaX124, 151, 157 274: T'5 v0v 99, 232; vvvi 230, 234 pUETpiCo4, 5, 54, 99, 140 vxauvlaX(a39, io8 twice, 1O9, 118, I23, v*? 98, 137 pErpios 184, 217 124 twice, 125 twice, 126, 128, 132, VCaep6raCTOSIo8 iwrpicS 17, 215 135, 151, 159, i66, 169 twice, , gevia 229 prTpov 4, 58, 99, 131 I74, I84, 196, 198, 21o, 241 twice tivoS 27 thrice, 28 twice, 48, 72, 258: ilS1i6co224 NacrraK-roS I69 gbvot Kal -TroAlTai26; gvvoVSKal pap- MrTi8K6sIII, I26, 157, 174, 184 vau5 Ii, 87, 88 thrice, 96, 103, 104, 105, p&pous187 MTOwuVTl207 io6, io8 four times, 112, 124 twice, p{Trls;94, 95, 96 twice, 97, Ioo, I02 pIKlO-rOS98 142, 151, I60, 172, 173, 175 twice, twice, io6, 127, 182 pi1KOS16, 221, 244 178, 184, I93, 22I 686s 5, 37, 46, 51, 54, 144, 155, 244, 249 PIrKOVCOI4I vaCIriK6O39, 83, 105, 124, 128, 151, I57, ol8a 48, 97: EI Kal KaCoSsElYta 147; MfAlAoi213 I63, I75, 178 ErlTra II9; ijSeav In6, 134 frTTrlp28, 30, 73, 222: pAfrFTrpKial Tpo6OS VEavtKcrTEpoS90 OiKa6x164 KO1Vf 25 VEKp6s127 OIKEFIO7, 13, I9, 26, 29, 31, 48, 60, 69, pnl-rp6nroXls58: prrp6iroAlv rCOVKXaprrcov VEPEocdCO231 74, 134, 154, I57, 162, I87, I90, 194, 35, 273; pTlTp6rrTO7lsKail &coptil 90 VipCO29, 45, 50, 154, 235, 267 211, 231, 240 twice, 246 PTlXixav'lIo8 vioS 62, 98 oiKl6Trcrro 24, 122 Iplyvco 10I2, 240: TO ao-r Stiaipouv Kcal ve6TTls84 OIKe16C 57 plyv*ov Tfhvyfv 13 No-rcop 260 OIKTdS 1I72, 212, 267 IplKppo?oyiolat 120 twice, 200 vPXTrl 104, 273 OIKWCO7, 29 twice, 5o, 58, 83, io8, 195, pIIKp6v39, 45, 83, 103, 109, I95, 260 v(poS95 197, 215 VOL. 58, PT. I, 1968] INDEX TO THE GREEK TEXT 207
OIKT1oia 52 opp&co 70, i6o, 175, 224, 263 TrraTarXi62, 103, 114, 124, 143, I56, 263 oiKEtco56, 57, 58, 143, 172, 233 6ppco o18: Tri Svoiv 6ppEiv 51 -rcavraOxoEv42, 46, 53, 54, 57, 62, 173 OiKOeEVi8, 21, 60, 152, 198 6piClco: Tr1'dyKuvpov opcpicaavTo149 wrravraxo 55, 91 OKOi66, 143, I74 twice, I85, I90 opH.os9, 151 TayTaOXO0 23, 35, 42, 64, 152, 21o, 244, OIKOS239, 253, 268 6pos (6): 6 TEUTvraTio6pos TijS TEpt yijv 245, 246, 250 OIKOUVp,Vrl22, 31, 96, 128, 215, 226 etKalpias 15; caorrEp ol TIrV TreIEVV nTaVTEACoS22 olpai I, 5, 7, 23, 39, 53, 69, 72, 8i, 86, 91, 6poi 25; TOVpEylaTOV Opov oaTOXov82; rTavToSawTos9, 45, I24, I55, 210 IO2, 116 twice, 127, I28, 146, 148, 152, EKTOS pooC)V132; TOI\5 pXaciovs opous TravcoAeOpia70 i6o, 176 twice, i86, 190, 193, 200 I43; 8uoTv 6poIv eaco 156; a'TrVTrov Trapapaaivco141, 146 twice, 204, 216, 218, 220 twice, 231, ?Tri To0CsOpovu 163; jv 6pos oOiToS Trapap6A&co172, 193, 205, 227 265, 267, 275: cf'ertlcav 33 'ArlvaiotS pEV KnEiTacaThV wrapoBov, Trapayiyvopal 130, 150 Oivw69VTa 64 AaECK6alpoviols8E aco0fivai OTKaSt164; TrcapaSEly[a 14. 34, 40, 43, 73, 90, I02, oiX(oipa 78, 83, 115, I28, 131 opov ocprcpoOavris185; &CarEppOpov 120, 136, i86, 189, 198, 263,271 oKvEco65, 164, 243 Trva avayKai0ov KTrAhlpov222; caTrep TrrapaSiXop.al222 6AK&a171 opov T-iva traiSEia 227; TpE1S 6poi TrapaBiScopi87, 119, 123, 202 6Axo 66, 72, 79, 140, 164, 177, 195, 200, TaIrir KoFiecov ols ... IEpp?pXrKE rrapaS&oosio8, 176 220 twice, 244 241; TrfS qITECoaSTfiS &v8pCo1TEkoiaseIK6va TrapalcEyvvup60 'OA7pVUrrTa203 Kat Opov 274 rrapaipico Io6 'OXpvrw1&S203 6pOS(T6) 20, 2I, 23, 152 TrapalThCo 29, 90, 141 6XcOS39, io8, 183, 200, 215 twice, 248, 6p1OTTCo96 TrapaiTrrllS96 255 6ppavia 50 TrapaKcaTTrrirelp 122 "Op'poS II, 205, 228 6aaXOi 98 w1apaKSAXeIO27I 6OiAtco36, 72, 74, 141, 189, 220, 258, OVKEUTUvia 172 TrapaKlV8UVEUiC5 260 OJKIcOV (-r) 191 TrapaKAr1crS117, 123, 142 6pAXia 7, 14, I44, 239 oOpavtos 246 WrapaAavp.6vco63, 203, 251 OpoioS 68, 73, 91, I05 twice, 122, 135, ovpavos I9, 127, 53, 245 rrapaXireiTCo75 twice, IO8, 119, I20, 166, 183, 204, 213, 248, 260 o0S: aCT&COTOTS coalv dKOOacl 96; wra- 169, 170 twice, 254, 255 O6poios 27, 43, 60, 102, 120, 133, 137, pa56oaiv Ta Tora123 Trapa/ia 56 179, i8o, 190, 197, 240, 252 oOaia 267 Trapai{X} o 83 opoAoy?co 89, io6, I56, 195, 255 6oEiAco 33, 89, 113, 134, 146, 267 rrapapivco 196 6poAoyia 214 6(p0ax?6s 4, 11 rrapacxpv0opmai255 6p6voia 57, 142, 270 oX?ria 40 Trapcapveia46 61ooU5, I23, 15I twice, 167, 175 twice, 6oxAnpo56 1TapacTr-rcoI6, 204 178, i8o, i8i, i86, I93,223, 254 256 6XXos 88 wrrapaTrrACo9, 207 6p6OquvXo91, 167, 225, 275 6Xupb-rTEpos68 TrapcarA'1alos71, io8, 154, 232, 260 6p6q9CoVOS226 o6yI 7, 83, 95 rrapaTrAriojalo 15, 112, 124, 193 o6pcA,os 15, 155 -rrapaCKEVadco I, 23, 124, 165, 190, 208 6p(COVvUpOSo15 1*T0os: TO Tr-rEptBolcoTiav wrradov 53; TCrpaacKEvIii, 83, 86, 87, 103, I11, 154, 6vap Io8 TOi WTepTTas nTIoA5as Trdovu I121; TOO I58 6vY66i[CO162 twice pEy&?XovTrdOovS 173 nTrap6TacrS117, 136 6vEipa I -atiS6Ea227, 230, 243 wTaaTEivco70 6veiporoAX&c84, 193 Trraiid 94, 193, 227 nrapacqpco I6, 74, 94, 119 twice, 215 6vopa 4, 28, 89, II4, II7, I4T, I75, 209, TraiSKov 39 Trapaxpfija 164, 198 244, 25I, 262, 272 TraIs25, 34, 36, 42 twice, 49 twice, 50, TrapESpos40, 73 6vop6lclo 19, 27, 35 59, 66, 73, 117, 122 twice, 124, 134 TrapaTETaygJEvcoS134 6vopaaTi 78 twice, 193, 205, 222, 226, 227 twice, Trape8Sov 112, 114 6vopao-r6S 251 236, 253, 262: VIiETipCOVrwaicov wralSEs -TapeiKco4 6vopao iu6 aio; 249 58; Ai6s -raT6a 225 TTrP&pi bepresent 3, 105, I2, 113 twice, 6v-ra (Ta) 215, 246 rralcov 88 II6, 118, 123 twice, I25, 131, 141, I42 6rjTcrro 242 7rr&Aal49, 63, 84, Io8 165 twice, 179, 182, i86, 200 twice, 6?rTEpoS 271 wrAaroTSI, 47, 220, 246, 247 four times, 227, 234. 246, 247, 257: T&pETTi im- 6Triaco 70 248, 265: iK wrAaioiV 52 personal 7, 103, 244; rrapov 194 61iTrrils I72, 256 twice rraaioTaTrroS248 rrpapeipicome 184 6-rAov 27, 40, 103, io8, 109, 132, 151, Tr&Xtv32, 53, 59 twice, 63, 9I, 98, 103, TrapEKXEi'Trco206 165, 167, 209 104, io6, 114, 119, 123, 140, 143, 195, TrapevO1iKT78 6paco 12, 23, 49, 68, 72, 84, 87 twice, 196, I98, 205, 207, 240 twice, 241 7Tapee?Talco176, 204, 206 116, 118, 120, I23, 124, 127, 130, 131, TraXuvcp6ia127 rrapepyov 126 139, 144, 148, 150, 190, 212, 216, 220, 7rappteye0sI 32 Trrappxopo.ali6, 59, 63, 70, 75, I02, I08 223, 224, 246, 266, 267: 69qpOalOVTai nTapnrA7txlS34 twice, 128, I31, 140, 143, I55, I63, 33; 6pe0ijvai 86, io8, 262; O6eoalt 265 THaiqpvAio70, 196 187, 206, 209, 224, 225, 235 6pyavov 132 a&v88 raPpXxo 9, Io, I4, 31 twice, 51, 53, 54, 59, 6pyri 67, 8I, 114, 134 Tavaofivta (T&) 140, 249,276 77, 85, 97, IO3, Io8, II2,116, II7, II8 6peios 22, 23 1T-av1YVPIS 31, 41, 140, 141, 142, 227, twice, 122, 124, 132, 158, 73, I78,210, 6p6Os 265 235, 256, 257, 271 2I8, 223: ev TravTI TC- 7rapaaXo6vT 7 6p0COS7, 22, 51, 122, 148 TravoIKECia 53 TrapfiKCO58, 149 6p(Lco4, 9, 97, 140, 197, 226, 260, 267 TravoliT7Ac253 rapirtq 3 twice, 4, 72, 76, 97, 117, 124, 6piov 20 TravT&TraoIV 52, 78, 206 151, 210, 251 208 OLIVER: THE CIVILIZING POWER [TRANS. AMER. PHIL. SOC.
rapcpicrrt 6, I82 wEpiotKOS I65, 212 TrollTsTs I, IO, 102, I20, 235, 260 twice wr&poSos104, 164 repiopd&oo30, 211, 212 wroiKifAco 22 Trapollia 54 tpiouVCiaI8, 45, 138, 146, 172, I88, 217, TroiK1tPoa101 wapooivco 157, 173, 210 232 1Tro0ela 11I5, 157 twice, 158, i66, I68, Trapovaia 124 xTplnTrcO9, 150, 163 x18, I86, I94, 208, 215, 222 twice, 255 TrdCX(oo67, 04, io6, 128 twice, 154, 155, TrEptTrrXouS163 twice 192, 205, 2ii twice, 217, 218: e rrEpitrroos154 Ttwo?.IOS14, 73, 80, 86, io6, 124 thrice, wTtoXC)35, 134, I68 7replr'toaaco)163 128, 135, I54, I71, I73 thrice, 177, 178 rwa-rip 50 twice, 94, 95, ii2: 7^rtapaS TrEplppEoC121 twice, 190, 200, 202, 218, 254 TrrcripcovI Treparrp
39, 79, 142 twice, 167 twice, 171, 177, wrpop[&Aco 14, 27, 112, 122 TpoaoXo I2, 114 196, 213 twice, 222, 226, 237, 247, 260, prpopoXos 7, 57, IOO wpoofKCo 27, 33, 48, 62, 80, 89, 130, I45, 267, 274, 275; any city I05, 223, 237, lTpopouvEOco 79 215, 223, 250, 253, 26i 27I, 274 rrp6yovos36, 74, 187 wrp6oeev48, 54, 71, I03, 114, 117, 131, trordTia citizenship 27 twice, 60 twice, iTpO6EiKvWIJ6, 209 I35, I37, I43, 223, 251 209; constitution 4, 40 iroAlTEiav 1Tp6rlAXOS113 irpoofK1i 19, 55, 76, 78, I03, 143, 146, v8vaoTricEaSadrrlT ayprljv, 42, I74, Trpo8l6cor,co 42 twice, 117 i60, 255, 260 twice 185, 217, 261 twice, 262 twice, 263, rrpo6i8ogii 195, 208 irpooirlm54 265 thrice, 269, 270; policy 59, 6i 'Trpoepia 232 nTpocK&OrJlica129, i6o T6rXrliaa273 wpoE18ov57, 84, 144 wrpooKEital 213 TroiT?U0opa'l 45, 154, 190 Trp66lul 46, 6i iTpOCoKpO0Co220 7TohiTrl 26, 28 twice, 29, 233, 253 Trpoerwov 108, 132 iTpotcrT&opal173 TroAuavpcoTrria257 TrpoipXoNai 91, 155, 164, 199, 204, 243 TrpocXal,agivco55, 62, Ioo, I25, 142, I55 rropwTri9, 35 twice, 84, 209 TpoX0co33, 68, 152, 195, 205, 229, 275 irpo6aos: procession 142, I44, 238; Trovco io06 Trpoop6alos 273 revenues 23, 232 Iropeia 78, 86, 99, 102, 149 Trpoevica 72, 85, 87, 107 twice, i08 wTpoOaOIK0iIO, 13 twice TropE0CO212 twice, 130, 270 irp6caoKoS 44, 221 TTopOco78 TtpoOviJ6Tpos 117, 193 -rpooCOtIXco216 rropia6S 9, 97, I02, 126, 152 rTp6eupov 56 rrpoc6iotios 10o6 TropitcoI67 Trporllm 107, 195 Irpo0ovol5clcO 51 rropior1s1 rpoiKa(as adverb) 115 wrpoaopio I86 -rr6poS 126 TpofioTTl 3, 53, 77, 82, 91, 8, 212, 228, prrpoc'-roaico[152 IO6ppco76, 123 264 twice rpoo-rCTnaco162 7rroppcGOev52, 86, 165, 245 TrpoKceamptc3 rrpooTrXkco221 rroppCoorT&rc56 TrpoKaOeapco 11 iTrp6opTllac28, 59 TToNEs1cov39, 42 lTpOK6
14 210 OLIVER: THE CIVILIZING POWER [TRANS. AMER. PHIL. SOC.
twice, 50, 56, 78, 87, 89,.91 thrice, 93, -rlor6S 149 crvyKaTcyrdc59 103, 123, 124 twice, 126, 128, 150 cnly I 16 OuyKEpavvuil 19,II 31 twice, 155, 157, I86, 196, 198, 203, riSrlpoS86, 133 avyK?fCA) 57, 126 209, 227 twice, 234, 235 twice, 236,
ovvEtriAapavco 49 TaraTTp'rI65 TrpilTps 105, IIo, 113, 124, I28, 132, 153, ovvEpxoiat 271 TrTTrc 7, 14, 1I4, 124, 126, 136, 268 171, 178 twice, 219 twice, 227 VuvE)opacl 124, i86, 226, 234 -rTaT 66, 253 TpiTr6OA0po149 oCvvEXEia59, 119 TapoS 72 Tpi-To 147, 155, 162, 234, 237, 243, 267: aUVVEXS 61 twice, I4I, 194 rTaXcS)E1o -rpTov as adverb 239 avvEXCo)173, 226 TaXUS35 TpoiL.iv 122, i66, 199 ouvi8opJai 158 TElVV 13 ?Tpo6roov 80, 88, 132, 145, 151, 159, 162, auvviEIa 122, 172, 226 TElXiLco194, 201 i66, 169, 174, 206, 207, 208, 223, 242 auvijOrJT I I, 83 TEiXOpa)(ia I37, 241 twice twice, 246: &va{icaK-rovr. 225 aUVeriKrn189, 224 TEIXOS20, 99, I2I, 151, I59, 184, I93, rTpOTTf107, 125 ouviotTTrlI 128 twice, 164, 265 198, 207, 220,244 Tp6orro 7, 46, 72, 84, 99, 109, ii8, 120, aCUvo8oS 118, 124, 141, TEKpaciPpal 17 i66, 173, 174, I86, 217, 233, 239, 250, CoUvoiSa 135, 140, 225: CaVEI6cOS67, 122, TEKPIplOV 32, 144, 205 263 129,131 TrAE10S40, 42: TrTEOS22 TpOpEiTa(T&) 50, 89 CUVOIKia29 TEAE7Ti 41, 230, 238, 239 Tpo9Evs I five times, 232 ovVOlKiCCO250 TEAEuTraToS15, 29, 102, I49, 239, 248: Tpoqm I, 2, 45, 89, 236 auvopoAoyAco 48 wrpoST6 TEAEvraTcov61; T-r T-rEEUraTa Tp6o9moS35, 36 (CUVTaypa 187 85, 193, 196,220 Tpoq6s 25, 30, 89 cUVTv-rTTCII6, 261 TEAEvTco50, 88, 93, 97, 140, 253 Trpvuyil , 126, 246 ouvvTAEia 106, 11o, 128 TrXEAEr63, 66, 129, 183, 209, 238 TpcoiK6O260 OCUVTEAECOI 12 TrEXEcI, 62, 124, 153, 227 T'uyX&vco32, 33, 44, 48, 66, 139, 206, OUVTwEXSi 125 TECOS37 217, 260, 265,274 oUvv-riQrl i66, 209 TEAXECT'aTcOS228 -TrpaVVOS187, 221, 222 aOUvTOvoS150 TEXEC'TEpOS 264 Tvxn1 I, 3, IO, 52, 54 twice, 62, 77, 87 aovvrpEls56 T-AOS259: as adverb 164, i66, I75, 195; twice, 90, io8, 126,129, 152, 162, i68, X2upia226 61&TEX0ouS 3, 152, i68, 218, 234, 248; 173, 178, i8o, 200, 226, 244: &vayKrli CovppEC) 240 ElSTEo0S 52, 68, 233; iV TAEI 236 T0Xq 147; T-r Trfis wr6MEcoS&yaOij TX-rvi cvpp1iyvupi i68 T.PEVOS 25 271 aOVCKEVulCo 124, I62 TEpTTc 227 CToVJKoa&[C222 rTCapTOS234: rToiapTOvas adverb 239 Oppitco 66, 94, 218 avoa-racai 146 TrETpoK6OCtot(ol) 185 oppis 67 o'o-rC co9595 TEOKpOS205 upplPTcIS 149 ovXV6S 253 TEXVTI31, 113, 143, 172, 244, 246 twice, JpptpToTE-poS 266 'c(paEpC)S 121 250 UScop 26, 43, 79, 96 twice, I23, I3I aoX7Aco 123 Trlp&oo60, 107, 148, 207 UArl154 op68pac 165 -Tierli 20, 32, 35, 61, 62, o18, 16, I35, VIrEaC4 (XE8iCa127, 152 156, 189, 192, 196, 215,242, 246, 260, U0Tryco 149 CTXE66v39, 43, 47, 64, 75, I48, i6o, I77, 262 twice, 267 OTralT'OS213 I86, 187, 204, 217, 227 twice, 228,261, TIKTcO 12, 235, 260 iTravoiyco 52 262 nlt&co 2, 34, 39, 43 twice, 48 twice, 50, OrrapXos79, 8i, 142, 274 oaXET-TAal49 68 twice, 76, 89, 122, 127, I33, I89, 0ir&PXco 27, 36, 56, 66, 69, 73, 102, io8, aXfipa 3, 8, 10, II, 20, 40, 53, 59, 67, 0o8, 200, 220, 223, 231 four times, 233, 137, I52, 155, 159, i68, 170, 172, 173, 117, 127, 132, 134, I46, I47, 2I8, 223, 236, 253, 257, 270, 272, 275 i8o, 198, 206, 208, 213 twice, 233: TC 266 Tfri 29, 33, 34, 36, 39 twice, 41, 45, 67, wTr&PXOVTa4, 33, 57, 90, 107, II2, CXrlPcrTiloo 22 73, 143, 144, 232, 236, 248, 267, 270, 145, 183, 194, 205, 235 twice, 243, aXo?7l 159, i60 272 248; TCaVU TrlTpypEVcov &diovs 50 aCObC) I0, 22, 37, 6i, 62, 103, I04, I07, rTiPrnIa267 viTpaipco 92, 105, i80, i88, 196 117, 128, 132, I34, I52, 163, I64, 173, nptCbTrEpOS137 Urrpp&XAco8I, 86, 87, 94, I03, 175, 209, I83 twice, 218, 220, 223, 262 T-ricopECO94 241, 265 lcoKpaTrns 251 TTicopi{a67 UPrTEppPOi43, 73, 92, 94, I58, i68, 238, aoCopa15, 31, 90, 96, 102, 103, 151, 173, -rpTipa 19, 37 248, 250,272 178, 260 Torpa 106, I24, i86, 187 OUTEpET8OV94, 222 'COT Ip 210 ToAXp&o, 3, 67, 88, IIo, 123, 124, 126, ITEpEPXCO4, 34, IOI, 103, I6, III, II12, COTTrlpia 52 twice, 66, 76, 89, 91, 102 I29, 213 ii8, 144, 2II, 242, 245,247, 260, 264, twice, io8 twice, 112, II8, 122, 148, To6plrpa 4, 93, 102, 164, i66, 183, 223 267 I55 twice, 165, 2io, 264 6TVOS 227 UrEprl9avia 86, ioo aco9povifco i66 TOECiCO98 ruTpficpaVOS137 CCOqppoaocvrl173, 185, I86 TO~IKl 260 Ur6npiXCO83 TO6OTflS 175 U-TEpopaco97 rTaKTOS 142 T6oWOS4, 12 twice, 13, 19, 42, 43, 44, 53 i-rEpopia 57, 73, 91, 143, I7I twice, 240 Traav'TOV 172 twice, 57, II, I24, I26, 128, I42, 151, VTrEp6OlOS97 TaCIET0V246 154, 155 twice, 174, 207, 227 iTTEpqpcA32, 267 Tavaypa 164, 225 rpayrlpa 24 UErp9UiS 102, 223 Tavaypcaoi 51 TpETrco4, 51, 76, 87, io6, 124, I41, I78 1WTIiKOOS217, 218 Tacvai 58 -TpEco 50 twice, 91, 134, 236, 253 twice, iUTnXVEOpia134, 192 TaiS 8, 40, 78, 88, 112, 119, 136, I47, 260 OUropoAipatios0I 173, 209 TplaKovra (ol) 185, 189 UiToSEXomal49, 52, 96, 235
14* 212 OLIVER: THE CIVILIZING POWER [TRANS. AMER. PHIL. SOC.
Crroooxil9, 46 qpiLi I1, 33, 62, io2, 103, io8, 120 twice, avpcbTrou 9Oaet 149; rhv TrCv wrpay- O6rrr0ee 223 125, I47, 148, I55, I95, I97 twice, 200, iO"rroV1raov 215, 216; Ti KOlVi 9qvaE TOr6mKilpa58, 233 202, 204, 213, 215, 220, 223, 227 twice, T, v &vOpc6wrOV217; TfS iEOwSOa; T-is irrOKiVCO230 231,235, 238,243,248,252, 260 thrice, &vOpcoTEiaS274; -rT rCOv &rdtVrcO IroKOtTrco164 262 &vepcorwcovipoaEi 186 iroweiLTrco84, 104, 129, 141 0e&VCo27, 35, I65, 216 pcovf I4, 8o, io8, 124, 225, 226 twice, rtroWoapBA&vc7, 148 90eyyooga 59, io8 227 twice, 228 tOoXoyitlotial 209 pEdipo 77 qpco 32 thrice, 62, 134, 148, 2I8, 222, O6roXoros 173 (0e-oTrC 260 260 twice inroiavo o06, 122, 177, 208, 232 pOovco 168 (coKEIS157, 163, 164 nromplavico 189 9pe6vos29, 90, 275 nr6pvrlgca143, 193 pinavOpcwrrfia 4, 7, 9, 44, 45, 54, 62, 63, Xalpcbvela 232 fITOT1rTTcoK6rCOK134 66, 68 twice, 69, 74, I22 twice, I33, Xax&iti95 O1T0owirco93, 267 200, 240 XaoAEr6S3 Onrrr6rEpoS25 piAavepc.rr6Tepos60, 254 XaETrrCS270 OTr6aorov6os209, 223 qpMia 134 twice XacKISeTS223 Tr6aX)(Eo134 9pita 34, 211 XaXK6S86 OirroTEiS233 qpiAtos124 Xapd 89 OwcpopcA34 Airrirnros222 thrice, 223, 232 XaPpiEt:XdPlEv 39 lrTrorpfyco12I (pt7ovIDco99, io8 Xap6xKcopa151 Otroxcoapco39, 98, 155, 275 qpiAovKita io8, 158 XapiLOpat 229 ,rropia 78 XiAos54 twice, 88, io8, 128, I3I, 247 X&pi12 twice, 20, 21 thrice, 23, 32, 35, 0(hlrTo 22 qpiAoaopoCO267 48 twice, 62, 73, 113, 176, 204, 217, 'YpK&vloS97 t9i60ao90S 271 223, 227, 228, 248, 276: X&piv 'cr(veiv Oa-rTrros15 qInOTIcno58, II4, 233, 235, 237, 250, 275 I; (X&pIV[XEI1 125, 145, I68; Xq5piv COa-EpacoS 219 XpiAo-r0ia32, 36, 46, 72, 78, 9I, 125, I32, (as preposition) 33, 55, 139, 140, 141, OCirEpCO125, 248 I46, 172, I77,2I4,228, 248 twice, 251, 158, 204, 206, 254 0iorTpoV34, 44, 50, 51, 77, 90, 142, 162, 260, 275 XaPimaTplov 142, 144 169, 178, 185, 189, 194, 196, 223, 233,
(References are to pages)
Acathistus Hymn 42 p. 163 I09, I50 Chalcidius, De Natura CCV 150 Aelian, VH, IV 6 '49 p. 165 93 Cicero Aelius Aristides (ed. Keil or Dindorf) p. 171 98 Ad A tticum I g 22 XVII K 5 142 Ammianus Marcellinus Ad. Fam. XII 2 32 XX K i8 107 XV I, I 32 De Finibus IV 7, i8 97 XXI K i and 8 43 XVII 4, 13 99 V 9 3' XXV KI 91 XX I5 32 12 32 XXVI K 31 io6 XXIII 6 32 '5, 43 97 57 '45 XXX 4 32 De Nat. Deor. II 134 '45 XXVII K 5 io8 Andocides 147-51 ii6 44 122 III 88 136 De O/ficiis I 7, 21 100 XXXV K i9 I05 Anonymous, Periplus Ponti Euxini, '4, 43 36 XXXVII K iS 95 p. 126 Diller 141 I6, 50 39 iin general 33 Anthologia Palatina 29, 104 142 XL K ii io6 VI 50 127 37, '34 '4' '4 I07 VII 45 95 II 3, IO 3' XLI K I3 III XVI 6 "I7 4, '3 I14 II D p. 7 '45 221 "I7 III 5, 21 "I4 P. 15 '39 222 "17 De Re Pub. 1 2 '47 XV D p. 375 94 263 "17 Orator 39 29 XVII D p. 402 96 Apollodorus, Bibliotheca '5' II p. 405 94 III 14 103, 105, 144 Pro Flacco 26 Ig, 102 XLII D p. 783 'Is I79-i80 '44 Clement of Alexandria XLVI D 19-20 Aristotle Strom. IV 156-7 93, 98 XLIX D p. 513 27 Ath. Pol. i6 146 Constantius II Aeneas Tacticus '9 107 Themistius (ed. Dindorf), X Io 94 21 '47 p. 25 150 Aeschines 22 94 AJP 83 (1962), p. 248 146 I5 ii6 De gen. et Corr.329a 40, 41 Cyril of Alexandria I 92 105 Eth. Eudem. 1220b '37 Homily XI 42 111 I07-II2 95, 146 I222b '49 Homily XII 36 132 124 I233a 123 PG 72.749b 93 133-134 '3' Eth. Nicom. IIo4b '37 '34 '39 Metaph. 995a 8-io 122 Democritus of Abdera, 68 Diels-Kranz 153-154 I07 IOI3a 150 B2 III 164 120 I022a 150 B 21 I50 178 '43 I03oa i6 and 1055b 7 25 Demosthenes 204 I07 io63b io 122 II 14 II5 206 126 Poetics i448b 24-28 28, 142 III 25 138 241 123 145ob 35 7 26 io6 247-248 137, 146 145ia 36-bI2 29, I30, 126, 27 145 249 93 '44 IV 5 131 Aeschylus Politics I253a '43 VI 4 63, 126 Eleusinians 112 1268a I07 8 III, 137 Eumenides 595 io8 127ob 148 II 125 920 128 I338b '4' 23 130 Persae 40 98 Rhetoric 14o8a 123 VIII 2 63, I26 69 130 I409o 125 IX 23-24 135 817 126 I4IIa io8 26 I07, II4 907-IO76 ii8 Arrian, Anabasis V 26, 5 io6 29 117 Prometheus Bound 14 '49 Athenaeus 3' 9' 56i 112 V i87d '49 42-43 I46 Septem 64 123 VI 233e 98 XV 29 135 Albinus (ed. Hermann, Platonis Dia- 253 94 XVIII i8 I43 logi, VI) 254b '49 65 143 in general 330-3I IX 4Ioa 22 68 98, 135, 143 p. 152 9' St. Augustine, De Civitate Dei 94 9' p. xI6 0og 1, I50 XVIII 9 103 96 135 p. I58 I50 Augustus, Res Gestae 26 II0 98 137 214 VOL. 58, PT. I, 1968] LIST OF PASSAGES CITED 215
i6o 123 XV 29, 7 92 II 33-34 I13 178 io8 36, 5 '39 52 97 192-I95 138 63, 2 112 io8 202 121, 125 XVI 49-53 '33 120, 5 110 204 120 XVII 15, 2 I14 III 20 I17 205 '33 Diogenes Laertius I 55 I07 IV 36-39 "I3 211 128 V 39 27 148 io8 215 126 VII i68 92 189 104 238 121 Dionysius of Halicarnassus, V 32 I'S 248-25 I 126 Antiq. Rom. V I7 8 57 and 6i I07 253-255 io8, ii8, I43 X 57 '44 74-78 "I4 256 128 De Demtosthenei 150 82 98 274 132 De Thutcydide24 29 97-I3 "I5 299 "I7 Letter to Pompeius 7 28, 122 VI 44 I15 XIX 125 96 48 ii6 273 '3' Empedocles (edd. Diels-Kranz) 55 '33 B 122 303 124 17 82, 2 '45 XX 11-12 '34, '37 Ephorus (ed. Jacoby) 94 115, ii6 F 13-14 '37 114 "I4 VII 8 115, in8, 130 59 107 iig 94, I36 9y ii8, 129 Cataterismi 68-71 136 "Eratosthenes," 13 104 IO 82 io8 '45 92 Euripides 10 0 I29 100 XXI i 112 Erechtheuts 20, 2 "17 Hecuba 59 105 254-255 98 23 Heraclidae 200-201 XL 32 93 '33 27 "19 and LX 4 100 306 I036 1037 '35 32 ii6 twice 5 '43 374 iig 36 130 I0I 8 "I4 826-827 40, 3 99 I' 112 Hippolytuts 471 138 51, 2 9' Thur. 316 LXIX I04-Io6 107 Iph. I24 57 120 Medea 210 Dio of Prusa (ed. v. Arnim) 0og 59-60 iig Rhesus ii8 I 27 I29 357-360 96 "I4 XII 25-26 146 frag. 284 123 131-133 ii6, 125, 140 XXXVIII II 1o6 133-137 iig Florus I 40, I1 '9 '7 I29 138 I15 128 27 94, 12O Galen, De aftectuum dignot. 8, 3 35 '39 115, 120, XLVIII l0 9' Aulus Gellius '44 130 Dio Cassius I II, 7 "I7 '45 123 LXVIII 19, 2 I'S '4' XIII 17, I 9 I, '43 '57 LXIX 2 121, i6, IO8 Gorgias (ed. Diels-Kranz) 158-162 147 Bibliotheca histoyica 2 Diodorus, Epitaph. fr. 6 hIO 169, "14 13 92 187 "I7 IV 39 io6 Heraclitus fr. 79 353 Igo 130 57, 3-4 Iio6, I07 "Heraclitus," Homeric Questions (ed. 209, 4 ii6 65, 9 112 Buffii're) 226 iig V 73, 7 98 3, 2 126 VIII '-5 121, 125 VII 14, 2-4 98 6, 5 26, 122 I9-22 123 '4, 7 136 7, I 26 40-41 123 IX I-I5 146 24, I-3 26 62 121 10, 2 9' 26, io 26 65 124 X I9, 5 1i6 41, IO '49 73 '45 XI 2, 3-4 ii6, 119 47, 6 98 75-76 I24 9 120 48, 1-2 26, 96 84 124 'I II9, 124 66, 5 26 100 124 12, 4-5 122 74, I 26 109, 3 I28 i8 124 Herodotus 124 126 30 126 I 17 "I7 140-144 124, 125 37 129 19 and 21 iig IX 17 132 44 I29 66 ii6, 146 27 i06-i07, I12, nS 6o I29, 130 78, 2 ii6 34 iig 6i 130 79, 2 ii6-iI7 35 iig XII 4, 5 13' 87 129 41-88 I26 XIII 2I-27 17-18, 94, ii6, 136, 142, 2 96 70 I26, I45 '43, '44 148 99 8o II7 30,4-6 36, 137 i86 124 8 i 126 XIV 6, 2 107, 136 192, 4 "I7 96-ioi 129 33 '39 207, 2 132 102, 3 '45 216 OLIVER: THE CIVILIZING POWER [TRANS. AMER-.PHIL. SOC.
Hesiod 704E 18-19, 143, 146 89 '39 ,Theogony I28 97 795A '4' 94 I07 Himerius 852 141 96 136 V 30 140 1073 125 100-102 91, I35, 137, 138 "Homer," Iliupersis fr. V Allen Tod, GHI 44 104 104-I05 136 2!6, II4 132 '4' 129 136 Hymn to Demeter '44 Isocrates 132 '47 Homer II '9 103, 128 i68-I74 112 Iliad II 547-548 '44 107 121 '93 114 552 '47 IV 8 '45 '94 112 554 '47 22 96 196-i98 III, 138 VI I47 125 24 0oo 200-265 i6, 29-30 XIII 324-5 '47 25 I0I 242 '4' Odyssey II 12 150 26-29 9' 246 114 XI 469-470 '47 29 102 255 '34 Hyginus, Astronomica II 13 I04 32 102 271 30, 126 Hyperides (ed. Jensen) 35 93, II1 in general I2-I4 Epitaphius 9), 92, 107 47-5' 12, 26, 40,92, ii8, XIII 17 121 Deliacus, fr. 67 95 '43 XIV i8 '35 52 13, 92, II4 58 123 54-60 102 XV 300 93 lamblichus 6i ii8 De vita pythagorica 66 '49 68 II4 Josephus 82 122 70 114 Ant. lud. VIII 56 122 Inscriptions 71-72 "I5 Bell. lud. II 2077 135 AJP 83: p. 248 I46 74 114 II 36(5 I4I BCH 8: p. 470, No. i 33 87 "I7 Julian 19: p. 119, No. 2 33 89 iig Discourse IV 245D 96 51: p. 246 23 100-102 137, 138 Epistle 51 123 Carie 2: No. 78 125 io6 136 III 123 Didyma 2: No. 164 '43 IIO-132 '39 Misopogon 347A 123 Ephesos 3: No. 48 I48 in general 12 Justin Martyr GIBM 925 92 V 26 27 First Apology 55 94 Harvard Theological Review 33: 33 I02 Pope Leo I p.4 32 34 I07, II2 Sermo 82, I I40, 141 Hellenica 11-12: pp. 414-439 138 43 '35 Hesperia 9: pp. 86-96, No. 17 22 51-52 '43 Libanius XI 14 95 10: p. 251, No. 53 I7 58-6i 29 Livy III 33, 5 '44 21: p. 385 94 88 I27 Lucan II 590 141 30: pp. 231-236, No. 122 io8 Lucian 31 24 VI 42 "14 Imagines i , 142 Suppl.8: p. 247 I48 VII i6 146 '7 II Inschniften von Pyiene 5 104, 143 75 "14 Lycurgus IG VII 2234 I38 93 120 Against Leocrates 12 I05 2413 142 VIII 78 '39 70. 121 XII (2) 484 I05 74-105 '4 72 I36 12 76 107 82 I07 73 '3' 77 107 I0I 136 Lysias 112 1039 23 105 '39 II io and 14 112 I046 23 110 136 17 1oo, IOI 2338 22 136 i8-i9 104, 144 3575 '47 IX 57 140 21 3592 34 63 124 23 and 26 II7 3605 24 73 140 49-50 131 3669 24-25 X '-5 103, 123 55 136 3801 92 II 103, 94 57 '35 ioi63 25 ii6 94 64 '34 11551 92 29 98 XXIII 2 107 Inscriptions de Ddlos 2516- 44 130 XXXIII 5 136 2518 and 1624 bis 22 XI 12 96 7 "15, '47 Marmor Parium, pp. 819- 15-22 '34 834 104,1IO5 36-47 '39 Marcellinus Mdlanges Bidez, pp. 73I-738 23 XII I-40 15-ir6 Life of Thucydides 41 28-29 Mdlanges Gustave Glotz 33 40 126 Marcus Aurelius Res Gestae Divi Saporis 37, 14I 43 io8 V 8(2) and 25 "I4 SEG XI 408 141 56 136 VI 39 ii8 SIGN 695 105 68-70 II3, I14, 139 VIII 7 and 46 "14 VOL. 58, PT. I, 1968] LIST OF PASSAGES CITED 217
IX I (4), 9 and 29 114 Critias 109 c-d 97 io6, 0og X I io6 Epistle VII 30:2 b 136 49 I48 8 114 VIII 35f 5a-Ib 148 5o a 41 XII 26 and 32 114 Gorgias 450 C 102 50 c-d 41 Maximus of Tyre 5oo a 125 51 b 27, 126 V4 IC)8, 143 Laws I 624 a 147 5id 42 VI 3b 130 642 C 100 52 a-b 41, 100, 149 5 94 II 653 c-d 128 52 C 122 XXXVI init. '49 III 696 a 148 62 C-63 e 96 Menander 698 I17, 124 Pliny, Epistles VIII, 24 19 De encomiis i65 f. 38 IV 713 a Plotinus (edd. Henry-Schwyzer) 414 38 716 d I28 III 3, 7 io9 Minucius Felix VII 8I5-8i6 142 Plutarch Octavius 8 100 817 a 28 A icibiades II '45 IX 870 a-b 148 A lexander I 132 Menexenuts 237 a I0I Aristides 5 "5 Olympiodorus b 100 I26 In Plat. 237 '4 Gorg. ComM., p. 171 C IO] 19 126 Norvin 6 237 I, 103, 105 237 d 99, 100, 143 126, 127 Origen 237 e I 5, 100, 102 24-25 148 Comm. in Ioann. II 13 138 238 a 99, 102 Cimon I, 7 '9 Contra Celsum I 28 100 238 d '47 12 130 239 b-c '5, (92,II3,134 '3 '31 Papyri 240 a "15, '33 i6 I7 132 CPJ 153 iog 240 C ii6 Demetrius 8 146 P. Oxy. 2469 125 240 d-e IC), 103, II7, Pelopidas 6, 5 36 PSI ii6o, 24 ii8 Pericles 3, 2 148 Parmenides (edd. Diels-Kranz) 241 c 126 24-27 132 A 37 97 241 d I29 Solon 3 130 St. Paul 242 a-b '3' 8 150 I Corinthians I :22-24 37 242 c-d I34,135 '9 107, 121 Pausanias 243 a 132 24 I 14, 2 '45 243 d '33 Themistocles 6 I 19 21, 7 105 243 e '34 10, 4-5 24, 5-7 146 244 a-b '34 '4, 3 121 28, 5 105 244 b-c 132 17 126 29 9, 14 09, 133 245 c-d 95, IO1 20 140 3', 5 107 246 c-d Theseus 6 102 32, 4 io6 247 a 128, 134 7 io8 IV 34, 5 I07 249 a I07 25 I42 V I '45 Phaedo 64 a-b 148-I49 27 113 VIII 2 146 Phaedrus 235 b 123 Timoleon 19 io8 IX 2, 5 127 244-245 I29 23 I45 Phaedrus 246 e-247 a 123, 130 De gloria At . 345 D 133 II IO, 48-49 32 247 c '49 De Iside et Osiride 54 150 Philo 248 a 130 De liberis educandis De Abrahamo XI 54 39 252 d 128 2 F-3 A 137 De Somniis I 8-9 92 261 a 126 5 D-E 130 22 '49 278 a-b 142 Septem sap. convivium 146 passim 127 Protagoras 337 d '39 Polybius Legatio ad Gaium 21i 147 io8 Republic I 344 a-c 112 I 4,11 126 30, 200 IOI IV (427 c io8 35 136 Legum Alleg. I 43 150 VI 505-511 '49 57, 3 I26 Philostratus IX 583 a 148 II138, 8 93 Vita Apoll. IV 7 '47 586 c 120 39, 4-6 146 VS p. 57 Kayser 22, 50 591 e '49 42 III p. 78 Kayser 19 X (596b 150 6i, 8-i 123 p. 85 Kayser 127 Symposium 195-I97 III III 9, 3 133 p. 88 Kayser 32 202 d-2o3 a 128 15, 9 110, 138 Pindar (ed. Snell) 209 I03 IV 47, I 135 Pyth. IV I5 109 Timaeus 21 a 148 V Io 119 fr. 77 ii8 23 d 103 XII 8, 6 142 fr. 194 109, I50 29 b '49 Porphyry, Plato 32 C 148 Life of Pythago'as 36-37 31 Apol. 21 I46 38 d-e I24 Proculus, In Tim. III, p. 274, 10 ii8 Charmides 154 b '35 4I 4I, 97 Cratylus 407 b '39 48 e-52 96, 102, Quintilian, Inst. X I, 31 29 218 OLIVER: THE CIVILIZING POWER [TRANS. AMER. PHIL. SOC.
Rhetores Graeci (ed. Spengel) 75-77 '39 33, 2 ii6 II 0og 9' 89, 2 129 35, 6 "15 III 377, 8-9 112 93, 4 136 55 III 94 129 57, 2-3 124 Sallust, Bell. Jug. XIV i6 112 95 132 77 130 Scholia 96 132 82 130 on Demosthenes III 20 147 98 129, 131 83, 2 120 on Vergil, Georgics I 12 f I03 100-IOI 131 87, 3 '39 III 113 104 102 132 VII 62, 4 124 Scriptores Historiae Augustae, 103 131 73 '33 v. Hadriani 13 I43 I04 130 77 '33 Seneca, Epigram V 3-4 105 105 131 VIII I-2 '33 Simplicius io6 131 17-18 '33 In Aris. De Anima 427a io 150 107 I3I, 145 24, 4 '33 In Aris. PAys. Liby. Quattuor io8 131 37 '33 Pr. Comm. p. 26, 7-12 42 114 132 58 '33 Solon 115-117 132 Timaeus of Locri (ed. Hermann, fr. i Diehl 50 120, 3-4 129 Platonis, Dialogi, IV) e fr. 4 Diehl io8, 138 I24, 2 129 I04 95 Sopater, Prolegomena, Treatise B 126, 5 I03 Tyrtaeus, 4 Diehl 9' 9 32 133 ii6 10-12 20, 34 141 120 Valerius Flaccus VI 43 '4' Sophocles, Qed. Rex 977 io8 142, 9 117 Vergil, Georgics III II3f 104 Speusippus, Letter to Philip ii 25 I43 120, 136 Stoicorum Veterum Fragmenta II 13 145 Xenophon I 463 92 '7 I07 Agesilaus, Passim '35 II IOI3 0og 34 146 I 12 128 I076, 9 "I4 36 IO, 14 8 iig III p. 4, line 9 "I4 37 9, 13, 123 IV and VI 29 p. 8o, no. 326 "I4 38 99 VI I 131 Strabo 39 92, 133, I34-5 VII 7 13' I0 III 147 95 41 9,104,140,142 Anabasis II I, 13 VII 4, 5 IIO 46 107, I50 Hell. I 4, 13 io6, 148 XII 3, 21 "I4 6i129 6, I-27 '33 XIV I, 3 "I4 64 II, 132, I33 6, 24-34 '33 XVII 43 105 71 127 II I, 15-32 '35 Suda, II, p. 375 Adler, 2528 27 83-92 132 2,I9 '39 III 2-50 139 4, 2 '33 Tacitus, IO, 13 132 4,34 '34 Annals II 53 112 '3 '31 4,43 '33 III 27 150 14 132 IV 4, 5-7 134, 136 IV 52, 4 140 26, 4 I25 4, 15-17 136 VI 22 ii8 28, I 126 5, 9-19 136 XIII 37, 4 '4' 55, 3 I07 8, 25-29 '37 XV 44, 5 36 56, 5 IO V 2, 25-36 '37 Histories II 47 43 I05-II4 132 VI 2, 35 '39 Tatian, Contra Graecos 29f. IV 8-14 132 3, i-6 io6, I07 and 35 37 '7 '35 3, 6-7 '39, '47 Theopompus (ed. Jacoby), 21, 2-3 132, 139 4, Ig-20 '37 fr. 90 104 29-40 132 5, ii-i6 '37 Thucydides 4' '35, '39 5,33 '37 I 2, 6 I07 42-45 132 5, 37-48 '37 4 io8 53-54 132 5,49 '37 12 132 55 '33 VII I, 14 '37 '3, 5 io8 114,5 125 I, 38 i8, 2 I2 24, 125 V 3, 2 ii6 5, 16-17 '39, '44 20, 2 124 32 137 Mem. I 2, 6o 146 26 hIO 84-I14 9-IO, 137, De Vect. I 4-5 98 43, 4 III '39 6 95 69-71 93, I1 I , 131, 116,4 137 8 95 '34 VI 15,2 133 73-74 115, 12 0, 121, I8, 6 117 123, I: 24, 132 24, 4 139 GENERAL INDEX
Abydus, 136-137 Arts: arts and crafts, I02; arts of dis- Bendinelli, G., 98 Academy, 18, 91 course (see logoi); liberal arts, 92 Bengtson, H., IIo, 131, 132, 135 Accame, S., 23 Asia, 35, 86, 109, 113, 119, 130, 133 Bickermann, E., 25 Achaia, 132, 146 Athena, 14, 15, 17, 21, 22, 35, 36, 41, Billheimer, A., IoI Achilles, 147 47,48,50, 86,91, 95-97, 98-99, 102- Blue Rocks, 131. See also Peace of Acropolis, 43, 44, 47, 48, 50, 69, 74, 104, III, II5, ii6, 122, 123, 134, Callias 85, 90, 95, 97, I03, 107, 145, 146, 138, 139, 144, 146, 150 Bober, Harry, 3, 31, 42 150 Athens, Athenians, passim: air, 47, Bodnar, E. W., 25 Adcock, F. E., 146 85-86, 96-97, I45; architecture, 86, Boeotia, Boeotians, 56, 71, 72, 74, 94, Adrastus, 10, 12-13, 12 99, 117-118, 128, I45, I46, I49; 114, I31 Aegae, 143 arete, 10, 13, 15, 17, 21, I00, 112, Boer, W. den, 143 Aegean Sea, 46, 53, 60, 94, 96 113, II7, 118, 121,123,128, 30, 135, Bonitz, H., 25 Aegina, Aeginetans, 71-72, io8, 131 I39; citizenship, 23-24, 25, 49, 52, Boulanger, A., 7, 19, 33, 141 Aegospotami, 135, 136 54, 79, 100, I07; in competition with Boyance, Pierre, 144 Aelius Aristides: influence, 5-6; life herself, 59, 69, 128, 134; consistency, Breitenbach, H. R., 135 33-35; style 5, 7, 13, 14, 30-31, 34, 21, IIO, III, 137-138; constitution, Brown, T. S., I8 35, 38, 39, 43, 92, 98, 112-113, 127, 15, 21-25, 45, 50, 74, 75, 8i, 88-89, Bruck, E., I03 130, 143, 144, 147 92, I03, 133, I46; deference to, 21, Bruni, Leonardo, 5, 6, 94, 96-98, I07 Aeschines, 124, 126, 131, et passim. See 66, 84, 89-90, I05, I43; domestic Buchanan, J. J., 102 List of Passages Cited troubles, 75-76, 133, 134; empire and Buchner, E., 12, 92, IIO Aeschylus, 126, 144 imperialism, Il, 12, 14-15, 21, 35- Buffiere, F., 19, 26, 116, 149 Agesilaus, 80, 131 36, 42, 94, II6, II8, 129, 130, 132, Butts, H. R., 20 Agonistic motif, II, 15, 57, 58, 75, 77- I36, I37, 139, I40-141, 144, I45; Bux, E., 28 78, I45 extent, 69, 145; hall of wisdom, 149; Byzantine Literature, 5, 6, 15 Ai6n, 42, 43, III hearth of Hellas, 95, 149; home of Byzantium, 53, 70, 79, 107, 129, 137 Ajax, 79, 147 man, 15, 36, 48, 49, 84, 99-I00, 102; Alexander I, 67, 125 language and literature, 21, 82-83, Callias the Dadouchos, 18, Io6, 107, I47 Alexander the Great, 84, io8, 113, 149 85, 92, 93, 95, 140-143; as mediator, Cambitoglu, A., o06 Alexandria, Alexandrians, 24, 35, io8, 36, 39, 44, 49, 77, 78, 87, io6; morale Camelot, Th., 122 143, 144, 145 27, 58, 61-62, 74, 75, 77, 119, 133; Canter, Willem, 6, 7, 98, 105, I27, 156, Aly, W., 126 physis, 15, i6, 109, 134; as receiver, 157, 159, I63, 172, 174 Amazons, 10, 38, 55-56, 113-114 21, 32, 36, 40, 41, 44, 50, 51, 53, 84, Cardinal points, 47, 98 Ambracia, 132 102, I34; as refuge 21, 51-53, 54-55 Carthaginians, 74, 133 Amynandridae, 22-24 59, 79, 83, io6, I07, III, 139; as Carystians, 71, 131 Andreotti, R., 109 savior, 32, 63, 65, 66, 8o, 81, 82, 120, Caspari, O. B., 141 Andresen, Carl, 14, 36-37, 105, io8, 122, 123, 139; situation 96; tropoi, Cavalry, 68, 74, 85, 95, 126, 139, 144 109, 113, 134 10; walls, 145 Cecryphalia, 71, 131 Angels, 36, 129, 149 Athos, 6o, 6i, 119, 130 Celsus, 37, 134 Animals, 99, 102, 117 Atthis, 22, 104, 124, 138 Center, 47, 95 Antonines, 15, 34, 44 Attic Greek, 38, 95, 127, 141 Cephallenia, io8 Apollo, 21, 23, 26, 47, 53, 88, 95, io8, Attica, IO, 13, 15, 26, 36, 4I, 42-43, Cephalus, io8 I47, 149 46-49, 55, 60, 85-86, 95, 96-97, 97- Ceryces, 22, 23 Arcadia, Arcadians, 79, 86, 136, 146 98, 98-100, 103, 105, 11o, 124, I28, Chadwick, Henry, 37 Archai, 10-11, 14-15, 40-43, 44, 93- I43 Chaeronea, Battle of, 84, 119, 139, 143 94, 96-97, 98, 109, 115, 128-129 Augustus, 23, 38, io8, 11o Chapot, V., 33 Archegetai, 39, 91 Autochthony, 77, 94, Ioo, 101, 134, Chariot, 50, 85, 88, 104, I30, 147 Archon, 22-24,25, 73, 88, I04, 148,149 I45 Chora, 41, 42 Areopagus, 23, 51, 87, 88, 105, 148 Christ, Christianity, Christians, 6, 14, Ares, 26, 51, 105, I44 Barbarians, Io-II, 12, i6, 20, 21, 32, 20, 31, 35-37, 39, 93-94, 99, IOO, Arginusae, 133 35-38, 45, 47, 53, 57-71, 73, 74, 78, 103, I09, 113, 134, 138, 150 Argos, Argives, i6, 39, 55, 76, 86, 87, 8o, 82-83, 84, 85, 88, 95, io8, 109, Cimon, IO, 19, I04, 122, 130 107, 145 IIO, 113, 115, 117, II9, I20, 125, Circle, 15, 26, 39, 43, 47, 69, 71, 85, 92, Aristides the Just, 126, 148 126, 127, 129, 132, 134, 140, 141 93-94, 95, 97, 98, 145 Aristophanes, 142, I44. See also List of Baron, Hans, 6, 94, 97 Cities with titles of superiority, 84-88, Passages Cited Barron, J. P., 17 IIO, 143 Armstrong, A. H., 35, 40 Bean, G. E., 125 Civilization, 18, 21, 32, 36, 38, 5I, 91, Artemis, 47, 95, 107 Beaujeu, Jean, 43, 44 99, 113, 129, 144 Artemisium, 61, 65, 66, ii8, 121, 126 Becker, 0., io8 Classen, C. J., IO9 Arthmius of Zeleia, 87, 146 Beecke, Eugen, 6, 21, 116, 117, I2I, Cleansing, 70, 129 Artisans (demiourgoi), 3o, 40, 48, 97 122, 124, 131, 132, 171 Cleisthenes, 22, 23-25, 147 219 220 OLIVER: THE CIVILIZING POWER [TRANS. AMER. PHIL. SOC.
Climate, 95-96, 99 Dionysiac Artists, 19, 142 Freedom 21, 38, 43, 55, 59, 64, 65, 69, Cnidos, 136 Dionysius I, 79, 81-82, I39 72, 73, 74, 80, 98, II8, 120, 121, Cobet, C. G., 159 Dionysus, 41, 54, 84, II1, 144 I28-129, I32, I34, 139 Codrus, 56, 114 Dioscuri, 38, 44, 87, 147 Frenkian, Aram 27 Colin, G., 18, 19 Discipline, 65, 123, 125, I37 Frisk, H. 135 Colin, J., 35 Disciplines, 50, 92, 103 Fritz, Kurt von, 29, 31 Colonization, 21, 45, 47, 53-54, 59, 95, Discourse: see logoi Fuchs, H., 143 107, io8, I09, III, I18, I33 Distinctions, 93, 99-10o Fullness of life, 85, I45 Comedy, 19, I42 Dodds, E. R., 41 Funeral orations, 9-I7, 45, 56, 87, 92, Commerce, 129, 14I, 144 Dorians, 52, 54, 56, IIO, 114, 125, 130 94, 99, 112, II3, 114, 127, 128, I34, Commodus, 44, IOI Dorjahn, A. P., 134 146, 150 Communion with the gods, 38 D6rrie, H., 41, 43 Community life, 50, 87, 103, 105, io6, Drews, Robert, I43 Gades, 53, I09-110 I13, II9, I2I, 129, 138 Dryopians, 52, I07 Gauthier, R.-A., 98, Ino Comparisons, 21, 133, 136, 145 Dugas, Ch. I02 Geagan, D. J., 25 Concord, 109, 127 Dynamis, 9-10, 13-14, 17, 32, 37, 42, GenW, 22, 23-24, 24-25, 104, 107, 112 Conon 75, 78, 133, 136 43, I40, I42 Geographers, II3 Constitutions (in general), 88, ioi, Gephyraei, 22, 107 147-I48 Earth, 102 Gernet, L., 91 Cook, J. M., IO9 Earthquake, 132 Gerusia, 24-25, 34, I41 Corcyra, 32, 132 Education, 7, 9, o1, 12, 13, 14, 15, i6, Ginouves, R., 145 Corinth, Corinthians, 53, 71-72, 73, 18, 19, 20, 21, 28, 30, 32, 36, 38, 45, Gods, 15, 20, 21, 30, 36, 38, 39, 40, 43, 79, 8I, 82, 86, 87, I07, III, II4, 129, 49, 51, 64, 83, 91, I22, I42; liberal 45, 48, 49-51, 53-54, 58, 69, 72, 8o, 13I, 132, 134, 135, I45, 147 arts 92 8i, 83, 84, 86, 87, 89-90, 97, 102, Corinthian War, 43, 77 Edwards, G. R. I46 I04, I05, Io6, 115, II7, II8, 128, Cornford, E. M., 128, I40 Egypt, Egyptians, 70, 72, 101, III, 130, I43, I45; legate of gods, 149. Cosmos, 26, 31, 38-43, 88, 95-96, 98, 130, 134 See also Artisans, Demiurge I09, I48, 149; cosmos of words, I50 Ehrhardt, A. A. T., 143 Gomme, A. W., 9, i8, 29, 93, 94, I114, Costoboci, 33, 34 Eichler, Fritz, 34 I24, 13I Craterus, 124 Eikon, I5, I7, 21, 32, 36, 38, 41, 42, Government of force, 103 Cretans, 87, III IO2, I03, i I5 I38, 140, 149 Graces, grace, 97-98, I03,141-I42, 150 Crisci, Iginio, 3, 6 Eleusinia, 83, 86, I45 Grain, 51, 54, 91, 98 Crops, 49, 50, 84, 86, 88, 89, IOi, 102, Eleusis, 33-34, 39, 66, 87, I24, I47 Graindor, P., 23 I43, 144 Else, G., 28, 29 Greatness of spirit, 26, 62-63, 64, IIO, Cynics, 20, 37 Eltester, F. W., 150 112, 123, 133 Cyrsilus, 124 Embassies, 87, II2, 125, I37, I46-I47 Gr6goire, H., 35 Cythera, I32, I33 Empires, the five world, 25, 84, I43 Groag, E., 33 Cyzicus, 133 Encroachment, 8I, II5, I36, 139 Groningen, B. A. van, 93, 94 Entertainment, 58, 68, 126, I40 Guthrie, W. K. C., 97 Daimones, 30, 36,117, I28,129, I40, 49 Epidaurians, 98, I3I Gylippus, 36, 137 Dani6lou, J., 149 Equality, 8I, 88, 93 Darius, 21, 57-60, 6I, 115, II7, 118 Erechtheus, 56, 88, I44; Erechtheidae, Haas, A., II6 Datis, 60, I15, 116-II7, II9 I47 Habicht, C., 16, 123, I24, 146 Davison, J. A., 127, I45-I46 Eretria, Eretrians, 58, 6o, 95, II5, II6, Hadrian, 15, 24, 38, IOI, Io8, I43, 145, Decrees, 87, I23, 124 117 I48, 149 Delatte, A., 103 Erichthonius, ioi, I04, 141 Hafner, G., io6 De Leeuw, C. A., 33 Euboea, Euboeans, 56, 73, 82, I14, Haliartus, 135 Delorme, J., I45 I32 Hands, 57, II6 Delos, 22, 47, 86 Eumolpidae, 22, 34 Haplotis (simplicitas), 25, 27, 28, 29, Delphi, 18, 21, 22, 67, 71, 86, 98, :II8, Eumolpus, IO, 56, I14 93, II4 125, I45, 146, I47 Europe, II3, II9, 13I Harl, M., 150 Demeter, 50, 84, Io2, I44 Eurystheus, 55, 12 Haury, J., 6 Demiurge, 30, 40-4I, 42, 97. See also Exiles, 52, 107 Hegemony, 34, 35, 46, 63-64, 66, 73, Artisans 8o, 82, 94, 115, II8, 121, 128, I30, Democracy, 21-25, 88-89, I47 Fairness, 62, 78, 94, 112, I36, 139 13I, I36, I39, I47 Demosthenes, 5, 139. See also List of Fear, I25, 139 Heinimann, F., 98, 148 Passages Cited Ferguson, W. S., 23, I47 Heirs 00oo Denniston, J. D., 141 Festivals, 50, 69, 78, 87, 99, 104, 128, Heitsch, E., 27 De Ruyt, F., I17 137, I44, 147 Helen, 38, I20 De Strycker, E., 125 Fetters, 57, II6 Hellenism, 15, 20, 21, 32, 34, 35, 37, Detienne, M., 38, 120 Fine, J. V. A., 96 38, 82-83, 95 Deubner, L., 127, I47 Finley, M. I., Ioi Hemmerdinger, B., 28 Dicastery, 23, 120 Fleet: see Navy Heniochi, I40-I41 Diller, A., I41 Focke, F. 133 Hephaestus, 97 Dindorf, W., 7, 27, 95, 96, I57, 163, Fortune 43, 53, 58, 59, 62, 70, 73, 74, Heracles, 38, 43-44, 49, 51-52, 86, I66, 169, I70, 172, 173, 177, 178, 75, 89, I30, I32, 135, 138, I43 87, o02, io6, I7, III, II2, 146, I47; 183, I84, I85, I86 Foster-parents 45, 91 Heraclids, 52, 54, 55, 112 VOL. 58, PT. i, I968] GENERAL INDEX 221
Heralds, 57-58, ii6, 119, 125, 137 Koinotes, 36, 40, 92, 129, I46 Maricq, A., 37, 4 I Hermann, E., 135 Kramer, Hans, I09 Markus, R. A., 36 Herodes Atticus, 17, 22, 24, 34, 40, Krischer, T., 25, I27 Marrou, H.-I., 91, 92 148 Martianus Capella, 92 Herrad of Landsberg, 92 Lacedaemonians, 12, I6, 21, 22, 31, 43, Martin, Hubert, 93, 105 Herter, Hans, 20, 25, I02, I05, 114, 52, 64, 66, 67, 70, 7I, 72, 73, 74, 75, Mary Mother of God, 42 117, 144 76-80, 81-83, 86, 88, 91, 00oo, 104, Massalia, 53, IIO Historia, 25-26, 27, 28, 29-30, 32, 35, io6, I07, II2, 115, 116, 117, II9, Mathieu, G., 107 93, 94, 114, 122, 126, 132, 144 120, 121, 122, 124, 125, 126, 129, Matz, Fr., I I Historians, 27-29, 32, 92, 126, 136, 130, 131, 133,134, I35-I37, 138-140, Mediterranean, 53, I09 142 141, I47, 148, 149 Megara, Megarians, 71-72, 73, I3I, Holleaux, M., 148 Law, 13, 50, 84, 85, 88, 103, 112, 123, 132, 145 Holleck, H., 7, 93, 95, 96, IOI, 103, 144, 148, et passim Melos, 10, 12, 80, 137-138 112, 113, 151, 155, i6o, 168 Lawgivers, 50, 86-87, 88, 146, 147 Meritt, B. D., 17, 22, 24, 131, I48 Homolle, Th., 19 Leagues, 56, 75, 114, 140, I46 Merlan, Ph., 91, IIO Honigman, E., 37 Lechaeum, 136 Mesogaea, 48, 97 Hoops, Johannes, 98 Legends, 14, 35, 86, 89, 93, III, 113, Messenians, 52, 107 Hoplite, 74, I04, 134, 147 I44. 148. See also proper names Methymne, 79, I37 Horsemanship, I04 Lenschau, Th., I07 Mette, H. J., 92 Hug, A., III Lenz, F. W., 20, 32, 33, 41, I05, Mikkola, Eino, 27, 30 Humanitas, 45, 91 III Miletus, IIO, 132 Hiittl, W., 33 Leo, F., 104 Miltiades, IO, 20 Leontines, 74, 132 Mitteis, L., 144 Ingratitude, 132 Leos, 56, II4 Morawski, C., 20 Inhabitable world, 32, 97-98, 99, io6 Leto, 47, 95 Moretti, L., 17 Insochi, 141 Leucas, 82, 139 Muller, F., 27 Interpreter, 116 Leuctra, 75, 80, 137, 143, 145 Muller, 0., 22 Ionia, Ionians, 41, 42, 47, 52, 53, 57, Levi, M. A., 12, 30 Multiple dwelling, ioi 65, 77, 83, 93, 95, 96, 99, 107, 114, Libraries, 86, 145 Musurillo, H. A., 24 120, 130, 141 Limare, limatius, 32 Mycale, 70, 129 Iphicrates, 136, 137 Loan, 63, I21, 134 Myres, J. L., II3, 136 Islands, 46-47, 53, 58, 74, 75, 94, io8, Locrians, 72, 132 Mysteries, 19, 44, 51, 83, 85, 86, 87, III, 130 Loenen, D., I29 io6, 142-143, 144, 147 Isocrates, 31, 139. See also List of Loenen, J. H., 35 Mytilene, Mytileneans, 75, 8i, 131- Passages Cited Loewenclau, Ilse von, II 132, 133 Ithaca, Io8 Logioi anthropoi, 39, 42, I09 Logos, 6, 2I, 36, 37, 39-40, 4I, 42-43, Namegivers, 45, 51, 91, I05 Jacoby, F., 9, 92, 97 45, 90, 93-94, 99, II3, 150 Nature (see also physis), 98 Jaeger, Werner, 12, 109, I27 Logos, logoi, IO, 13-14, I9, 2I, 25, 26, Naupactus, 73, 132 Jameson, M., 123, 124 28, 30, 31, 32, 35, 37, 39-40, 4I, 42- Navy, 50, 58, 61-62, 65, 66, 70, 71, Jesi, Furio, 38 43, 43-46, 50, 82-83, 89, 91-92, 93- 73-75, 78, 82, 116-117, 120, 124, Jews, Judaism, 35, 36, 39, 91, ioI, 94, 99, 102, 104, IIo, 121, 127, 138, 130, 132-133, 136, 139 134 140, 142-143, 144, 150 Naxians, 71, 131 Johansen, K. Friis, 98 L'Orange, H. P., 95 Nes, D. van, 124 Jones, C. W., 98 Lorimer, H. L., 104 Nicias, 124, 133 Jost, Karl, 20 Louis, P., 27 Nike theme, 33-34, 43 Judeich, W., 145 Lubac, Henri de, 31 Nilsson, M. P., 23, 36, 103, 147 Justice, 27, 36, 51, 55, 63, 69, 73, 79, Lucius Verus, 33-34, 44 Nisaea, 132 85, 94, 105, I112 ,, I23, 125, 129, Lutz, Cora E., 92 Norden, Ed., 20, 29 I39, I43, 145, et passim Lycurgus the lawgiver, 87, I03, 138, Nurse, 48, 49, 59, IOI, io6 Jiithner, J. 148 146, 147 Oath, 91, 140 Kahn, C. H., 11 Macedonians, 131, 143 Oldfather, C. H., 18, 98 Kahrstedt, U., 145 Maddalena, A., 128 Oligarchy, 88, 147-148 Kakridis, J. Th., 14, 146 Maeotis, 53, 109 Olive, 98-99, I44, 146 Kantorowicz, E. N., 98 Magie, David, 33, 109 Omens, 118 Katzenellenbogen, A., 92 Malingrey, Anne-Marie, 30 Openness: see Koinotes, Keil, Bruno, 6, 7, 2I, 43 Mantic sources, 51, 105 Oracles, 67, 125, 144, 149 Kennedy, George, 11, 30 Mantinea, Mantineans, 79, 81, 85, 136, Orestes, io6, 144 Kerrigan, A., 93, 114 I39, I44 Orphans, 52, 87, I07, 146 Kienzle, E., 96 Marathon, io, 13, 15, 26, 27, 28, 36, 40, Osborn, E. F., 93, 99, 122 Kiessling, M., 141 47, 59-6o, 6i, 62, 66, 76, 82, 85, 95, Otho, 43 Kingship, 88, Ioo-IOI, I47 I03, II7, 118, 126, 134, 138 Kirchner, J., 23, 33 Marcus Aurelius, 6, 33, 34, 38, 44, 141, Page, D. M., 99 Kirsten, E., I07 '44 Paideia, 12, i8, 20, 37, 40, 44, 91, III, Klaffenbach, G., 142 Mardonius, 66-67, 68, IO, 115, 118, 130, 142 Koch, Hal, 31 124, 125, 126, 129 Panaetius, 18, 142 222 OLIVER: THE CIVILIZING POWER [TRANS. AMER. PHIL. SOC.
Panathenaea, I6, 17, 22, 26, 34, 68, 86, Pisistratus, 17, 107 Sages, 86, 146 89, 99, 102, 104, 127, 143, 144, I45- Places, Ed., des, 149 Salamis, 15, 27, 38, 40, 6i, 64, 65-66, 146, 150 Plassart, A., 33 67, 74, 85, 95, I2I, 24, 25-126, I30, Panathenaic passim: definition of, I7 Plataea, Plataeans, 27, 52, 68, 91, io6, I47 Panathenaic of Aelius Aristides: 107, II7, ii8, I23, 125, 126, 130, Samos, 73, 74, 99 audience 138; date, 20, 32-34; 140 Samothracians, 86, 146 length, 7, 13, 2I, 26, 34, 56, 68, 73; Plato, 6, 9-I4, 17, i8, 19-20, 96, I29, Sardinia, 109 manuscripts, 7-8, passim; structure, 144, 148, 150 Sardis, 57, 115 7, 13, 14, 15, 20-2I, 30-31, 103, 127, Platonism, Platonists, 6, 19, 30, 35, Schmid, W., 33 140, 147, I50 37, 39, 40-41, 42, 97, Io5, io8, iII, Scholl, N., 11 Panhellenion, 146 130, I38, 149, 150 Schr6der, 0., 20 Paoli, U. E., I44 Poetry, 28, 29, 3I, 45, 83, 85, 91, I26, Schur, W., 33 Paradeigma, 30, 40-4I, 42, II8, 149 127, 141-142, 144, 150 Scione, 12, 80, 8i, I37-138 Parke, H. W., 140, 145, I46, 149 Pohlenz, Max, ii Sculpture, 6, 34, 86, 97, 98, 103, 128, Parmenides, 97 Poseidon, 26, 50, 51, 97, I03, 144 139, 140, 146, I50 Parthian War, 33-34 Pouilloux, J., I07 Seeberg, Bendt, 36 Pateres, io, I4-15 Premerstein, A. von, 33 Seed, 48, 51, 97, I05 Patrons, 43, 135 Priests, 22 Segal, C. P., 39 Peace, 129; Peace of Callias, 43, 71, Pritchett, W. K., 22 Segesta, 74, I32 78, I3I, 135; Peace of 446/5, 73, 78, Procles of Phlius, I07, II2, 137 Sestos, 70, 129 132; Peace of 404/3, 78; the King's Progonoi, o1, 14, 2i, 63, 121 Shefton, B. B., I07 Peace, 79, I35; Peace of Philocrates, Progress, I02 Sicily, 74, 8I, I33, 139 82; Peace of 336, 82 Prometheus, io6 Sicyonians, 71, I31 Pearson, L., 93 Pronoia, 40, 47, 108, III, I22 Siegfried, W., 112 Peek, W., 130 Proxeny service, 67, I25 Silver, 48, 98 Pegae, 73, I32 Pugliese Carratelli, G., 119, I24 Simpson, R. H., 146 Pekary, T., Io Pylos, 73, 132, I33, I35 Smyrna, 34-35, III, I42 Pelasgians, 52, 99, 107 Pythagoras, Pythagoreans, 3I, 32, 38 Snell, Bruno, 27, I46 Pella, 84, 143 Pythaid, 86, 146 Society: see Community life Peloponnese, Peloponnesians, I6-17, Socrates, o1-Ii, 13, 36, 87, Io2, I26, 52, 53-54, 55, 56, 71, 72, 74, 75, 79, Rabel, E., 100 127, 146, I48 80, 125, 13I, I33-I34, 137 Radermacher, L., 14I Sokolowski, F., I05 Peloponnesian War, 9, 15, 73-75, 78 Rank, L. Ph., 91 Solmsen, F., I43 Peplos, 36, 150 Rapp, A., Io8 Solon, 22, 24, 86, 103, I04, I07, 12I, Pericles, 9-12, I3-I4, 17, 20, 104, 123, Raubitschek, A. E., 17 146, 147 127, I28, 129, I32, 133, I36, 140, Reinhardt, K., 102, 109 Sophocles, I44 148 Reinmuth, 0. W., o10 Soury, G., io8, 149 Peripatetics, 18, 40 Reiske, J. J., 5, 6, 7, 39, 96, 97, 105, Sparta: see Lacedaemonians Persians, io, I2, 14, 17, 21, 37, 38, 47, 109, II5, 120, 122, 127, 132, I33, Sphacteria, I35 74, 77, 79, 82, 1I5, II8, 119-120, 134, 142, 143, 151, 153, 154, 155, Spiritual sense, 3I, 93 122, 123, 124, 125, 126, 129, I30, I56, 157, i6o, I6I, I63, I65, I66, Spoudd, 27-28, 29, 30 133, 136, 143 I67, 170, 172, 173, I75, 176, I79, Stahelin, Felix, 107, I2I Persian WTars, 57-71, 77-78, 115 i8o, I8i, 183, I87, i88, 193 Stoics, I8, 39, 92, IOO, 109, 113, 114, Pfligersdorffer, Georg, 93, Io2, 109 Republic, republicanism, 24, 73, 8i, 143, 145 Philanthropy, 7, 13-I4, 17, 26, 36, 5I, I38, I39-140 Strymon, 70, I29 54, 55, 56, 85, 87, 92-93, 94, io2, Rhetoric, 7, II-I2, 13, I5, I8, 28, 31, Sulla, 23 I05-Io6, 11, 112, 123, I25, 129, 32, 34, 42, 43, 9I-92, i2I, I23, I37, Suss, W., I37 135, 146 I44 Swain, J. W., I43 Philip II, 14, i6, 17, 20, 27, 44, 82, 84, Rhodians, 135 Swoboda, Erich, 38 Ioo, II9, 120, 13I, 139, 143, I45 Richardson, W., 39 Sykutris, J., 25 Philo, 35, 39, 129. See List of Passages Ries, Kl., 30 Symbola, 20, 26-27, 29, 3I, 37, 38, 68, Cited Ritschl., F., 92 94, I23, I27, 139 Philosophy, II, 13, 14, 21, 26, 29-3I, Robert, Louis, 35, 91, io8, I24, I35, Syme, R., 33, I05 91-92, 93, II4, I22, 126, 132, I42 I38, 43 Syndesmos, io6, 109 Phlius, 79, 136 Roebuck, Carl, 107 Szab6, Arpad, 27 Phocians, 72, 132 Romans, 3I, 33-34, 37-38, 39, 84, 97, Phoenicians, I24 IIo, I44, I45, I47: citizenship, Tanagra, Tanagraeans, 26, 52, 72, 82, Phyle, I5, 76, 133 38; emperors, 43-44, io8, 135, 148; 107, 131 Physis, I5, i6, 3I, 32, 38-40, 42, 97, empire, 38 Tanais, 53, 1II 99, I09, I2-II3, ii8, II9, 129, 134, Romilly, J. de, 91, II8, 136, 139, I48 Taran, L., 97 I39, I48, I49 Roos, A. G., I4I Tarn, W. W., II3 Picard, Ch., I03 Roscher, W. H., 95 Taubenschlag, R., I44 Piety, 20,26, 65, 69,84-85, 87, I23,143, Rostovtzeff, M., IIo Tenement house, 49, 101 147 Roussel, Pierre, 23 Teucer, 79, 136 Piganiol, A., 96 Rudd, W. J. N., 142 Thalassocracy, 78, IIo, III, 136 Pirates, Io8 Ruschenbusch, E., 22, I38 Thasos, Thasians, 53, 71, 79, 107, 13I Pisistratids, 14, 127 Russu, I. I., 33 Theatre of Dionysus, 22 VOL. 58, PT. i, I968] GENERAL INDEX 223
Thebans, Thebes, 31, 43, 52, 75, 77, Triple vote, I25 Welfare payments, 87, IO2, 146 79-80, 82, 84, 86, io8, 112, i21, 126, Triptolemus, 70, 102-103, 129, I44 Wellesz, Egon, 42 I35, 136, 137, I39, I40, I43, I45 Troezen, 65, 73, 132 Wendland, Paul, 12 Seven against Thebes, 36, 39, 55, Tromp de Ruiter, S., I05 XVersd6rfer,Hans, 30 107. See Adrastus. Truth, I , I3, i6, 17, I9, 25, 26, 27, WVickert, U., 95, 109 Theiler, Willy, 118 28-29, 29-30, 31, 32, 35, 37, 38, 126- Wilamowitz-Moellendorf, U. v., 94, Themistocles, 10, 20, 23, 26, 123, I24, I27, I40, I49 I04, 107 I26, 128, 136, 140, 145 Turlington, Bayley, 3 Wilcken, U., o06 Thermopylae, 6I, 65, 66, 119, 120 Twelve Gods, 103, 105, 115 Wilhelm, A., 18, 9, I15, iI6, 124, 125 Theseus, 22, 24, 44, 50, 86, 102, 104, Tyranny, i6, 21, 82, 103, Ii2, I35, I39 WVillms, Hans, 36, 149 io6-107, 138 Winden, J. C. M. van, I50 Thespiaeans, 53, I07 Uerschels, W., I II Wings, 129-130 Thessalians, 52 Ullman, B. L., 29 \Vitt, R. E., 35 Thraceward regions, 52, 73, 79, I07, Underwood, Paul A., 3, 42 Wolff, H. J., IOO, I44 II14, 132, 36 Wolfson, H. A., 35, Ioi, I02, 129 Thracians, 56, 114, 137 Vallet, G., I20 Woodward, A. M., I09 Thrasybulus, 133, I37 Verdenius, W. J., 27 Wormell, D. E. W., I45, I46 Thucydides, 28-29,32, 74, I44. See also Veyne, P., I38, I40 15, List of Passages Cited. Virtues, cardinal, 308 Xerxes, 34, 38, 60-68, 75, io6, 115, Till, W. C., 32 Vondeling, J., 12I 116-I117, I8-I20, 124, 125, I30, Tod, M. N., 141 I3I F. Toynbee, J. M. C., 101, I03 Walbank, W., 122, 136 Yalouris, N., 105 Tragedy, 19, 28, 29, 30, 142 Walz, J., 9, 92 Training: see Education War, 129: causes of 115; kinds of 69- Zacynthus, 108 Trajan, I4I 70, 77, 82, 85, 128-129, I35 Zeus, 23, 41, 43, 44, 48, 59, 60, 69, 82, Travelers, 47, 94, 95 Waszink, J. H., 122 96, 97, II5, II8, I27, 139, 140, I46 Travlos, J., 128, 145 Wealth, 10, 55, 67, 89, I17, I25, 128, Ziegler, K. H., 33 Trendall, A. D., IO6 I30, 138, I48 Zoster, 95 Trials, I6, 50-51, 55, 57, 8I, 84, I03, Wehrli, Fritz, 96 Zucker, F., 12, 28, I37-I38 105, I44 rWeinreich, O., 105, I44 Zwikker, W., 33