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Thucydides' Account of the Athenian Empire in the Light of Contemporary Coinage Loyola University Chicago Loyola eCommons Master's Theses Theses and Dissertations 1958 Thucydides' Account of the Athenian Empire in the Light of Contemporary Coinage J. A. Brinkman Loyola University Chicago Follow this and additional works at: https://ecommons.luc.edu/luc_theses Part of the Classical Literature and Philology Commons Recommended Citation Brinkman, J. A., "Thucydides' Account of the Athenian Empire in the Light of Contemporary Coinage " (1958). Master's Theses. 1366. https://ecommons.luc.edu/luc_theses/1366 This Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by the Theses and Dissertations at Loyola eCommons. It has been accepted for inclusion in Master's Theses by an authorized administrator of Loyola eCommons. For more information, please contact [email protected]. This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-Noncommercial-No Derivative Works 3.0 License. Copyright © 1958 J. A. Brinkman THUOYDIDES I ACO OUNT OF THE ATHENIAN EMPIRE IN THE LIGHT OF OONTEMPORARY OOINAGE by John Anthony Brinkman, S.J. A Thesis Submitted to the Faculty of the Graduate School of Loyola University in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Master of Arts June 1958 LIFE JOhn Anthon, Brlnkman was bor.n 1n Chlcago, IllInols, July 4, 1934. a. attended St. Margaret or Scotland Grammar SChool, Chicago, trom 1939 to 1947 and 8t. Ignat1us H1gh SChool, tne same c1ty, fro. 1947 to 1~$1. On September 2, 19$1, he entered the Soc1ety ot Jesua at MIlford. Ohio, and trom 19$1 to 19$$ studied the humanities at Mi1tord College, Xavier University. He was gradu­ ated trom Loyola Un1veraIty, Chicago, June, 1956, wIth the degree ot Bachelor or Arts. The author began his graduate studIes at Loyola UniversIty in July, 1956. 111 TABLE OF CONTENTS Chapter Page I. T.HB MORALITY OF THE ATHENIAN EMPIRE ACCORDING '1'0 THUCYD IDES • • • • • • • • • • • • •.• • • • • • 1 A. Historical Introduction ••• • • • • • • • 1 B. The Greek Tradition of Independence •••• 2 C. Athenian Violation of the Tradition • • • • 4 D. Thucydide.' Presentation of Arguments tor the Eatpire • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 4 E. Moral Basis ot the Athenian Apologia • • • • 9 P. Problem in This Thesi. • • • • • • • • • • • 12 G. .ethod of Solution ot the Problem • • • • • 13 II. THE HISTORY OF THE ATHEIlIAN EMPIRE: 418-454 B.C. 17 A. Spartan Uegemony • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 17 B. Paulanias' Disgrace •••••••••••• 18 C. Athenian Assumption ot Leadership ••• •• 19 D. Organization of the De11an Confederacy • • • 20 E. Economic Influences of the Confederacy • • • 21 P. Historical Validity of Bumismatic Evidence • 22 G. The Early Campaigns ot the Confederacy • • • 2.$ 1. Bion.. • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • .' 20 2. Scyro....... • • • • • • • • • • • 21 .3. Carr.t1a. • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 28 H. The First Revolts ••••••••••••• 29 1. Buos ••••••••••••••••• 29 2. Tbasos.......... • • • • • • • )2 I. War with Aegina •••••••••••••• 35 J. Skirmishes in Boeotia •••• • • • • • • • 37 It. franster ot the Delian Treasury to Athens • L. Summary ot Chapter • • • • • • • • • • • • • 19 III. THE HISTORY OF THE ATBBlIAlI EMPIREs 454-432 B.C. 42 A. Treaties ot 451 and 449 • • • • • • • • • • 42 B. Decree of Clearchus •• • • • • • • • • • • c. Extent of Athenian Power 1n 449 • • • • • • t~ D. The Sacred War • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 41 iv v B. Rebellion in Boeotia • • • • • • • • • • • • P. Revolts in Buboea and Megara •••••••• G. f.h1rty Years Peace • • • • • • • • • • • • • H. Sam1an War • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • I. Conceslions 1n the Borth • • • • • • • • • • J. Corcyra and Potidaea. Proximate Causes or the Peloponnesian War ••••••••• • • • • K. A•• emblie. at Sparta •••••••••••• L. Summary or Chapter • • • • • • • • • • • • • IV. THE HISTORY OF '!'HE ATHENIAN EMPIRE: 432-416 B.C. A. Li.t of Athenian Allie. in 431 • • • • • • • 1. Independent Allie. • • • • • • • • • • • 2. Dependent Al11es •••••••••••• B. Firat Three Years of War • • • • • • • • • • C. Revolt ot Leabol •••••••••••••• D.M1nor Sk1rm1shs • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 1. .otium. • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 2. Mlnoa ••• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • ). Faction at Corcyra • • • • • • • • • •• 4. Pall ot Plataea to Thebes .,..... 5. 81ci11an ExpedItion of 427-42b ••••• b. Attempt to capture Melo. • • • • • • • • 7. Troubles in Ambracla and Acarnania ••• 8. S1c1l1an Revolt••••••••••••• 9. Ne. Tr1bute L1.t. ot ll25 • • • • • • • • 10. Capture ot Pylos and Cythera • • • • • • 11. Revolta ot Acanthus and Stagira •••• 12. Athenian Attempt on Boeotia •••• • • 1).. Bra. ida. and !hucydides at Amph1poll. • 14 Truce ot 423 •.• .• • • • • .,. • • • • • IS. Rebelllon at Sclone and Mende ••••• lb. Deaths ot Cleon and Bra.idas at Amph1- polis in 422 • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 17. F1rst Treaty ot 421 •••••••••• j~ 18. Disagreement among Spartan Al11.. ••• 75 E. Final Treaty or 421 •••••••••••• 75 F. Battle ot Mant1nea in 418 •••• • • • • • G. Me11an Attair • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • tl H. Summary ot Chapter • • • • • • • • • • • • • 77 v. THE HISTORY OF THE ATHENIAN EMPIRE: 416-411 B.C. 79 A. The S1cilian Exped1tion of 415-413 • • • • • 79 1. Plea ot Segea ta for Help • •• • • • • • 79 2. Deception ot the Athenian Envoys • • • • 80 vi 3. Failure of the Expedition • • • • • • • 80 4. Sicilian Coinage of the Period • • • • • 82 B. List of the Athenian Allies at Syraouse •• 83 C. Spartan Fortifying of Deoeleia • • • • • • • 88 D. Be•• of 8yracusan Disaster Reaches Athena • 88 B. Beginning of the Endz Revolts in Asia and on the Islands •••••••••••••• •• 88 1. Chios, Clazomenae, Miletus, and Leabos Revolt ••••••••••••••••• 89 2. Athenian Reconquest ot Clazomenae and Leabos • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 89 ).. Revolts ot Cnidu8 and Rhodes •••••• 89 4 State of the Athenian Empire in 411 •• 90 $. Revolt ot Abydus and Lampsacus; Reoapture ot the Latter •••• • • • • • • • • • 91 6. Four Hundred in Athens • • • • • • • • • 91 a. Loyalty of Samos • • • • • • • • • • 91 b. Loss of 'fhasos • • • • • • • • • • • 92 o. Revolt ot Byzantium • • • • • • • • 92 d. Uprisings on Buboea •••••••• 92 7. Expulsion of the Four Hundred; Constitu­ tion of Theramenes • • • • • • • • • • • 93 8. Vlotorie. at Cynos.ema and Cysicus ••• F. Summary ot Chapter • • • • • • • • • • • • • ~~ VI. THE VALIDITY OF THUCYDIDES' ANALYSIS OF THE MORAL- ITY OF THE ATHEXIAR EMPIRE • • • • • • • • • • • 9$ A. State o~ tne Question • • • • • • • • • • • 9$ B. The Objectivity o~ Thucydide.' Aocount in the Light of BUDdsmatic Evidenoe • • • • • • • • 9$ C. The Validity of the Athenian Moral Apologia 101 D. 'er.onal Vie.s of the Historian on Morality 103 E. Conolusion... • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 107 BIBLIOGRAPHY • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 109 APPEImIX II THUC YD IDES , INTEREST IN FINANCIAL QUESTIONS u6 APPENDIX II: MAP OF THE PRINCIPAL STATES OF THE ATHE~ BlAB EMPIRE MENTIONED BY THUCYDIDES • • • 122 OHAPTER I THE MORALITY OF THE ATHENIAN EMPIRE ACCORDING TO THUCYDIDES ~~IOU ydp ~' 4pl~~' 4~oa(vu~al Idp~ox« Zeu' dvlpo" e3~' 4v ~'v x«~d OOUA&OV ~~«p lAnolV • ..... OdZ •••l' 17. 322-32.3. When the Greek world emerged trom its dark age. about the middle ot the elghth century betore Ohrist, ahe was dotted with many small clty atates up and down her coast. and In the interior lands surrounding the Aegean. The sun ot those wldely ruling monarchs whose heroic deeds Homar had sung bad already set beneath the political horizon. A ~lad ot tiny 1ndependent po11t1es had risen in its plaoe and would dominate the h1stor1oal scena tor some oenturies to come. Despite thetr ins1gnifioant size, theae po11t1cal bod1ea managed to produoe one of the truly great civ1lizationa of the human race. W1th their intense mi11tary and oommero1al r1valry, they planted colon1es from one end ot the known world to the other--trom Slnope on the Ruxine to Balinua 1n Slcl1y. And, though they were contlnually at war with one another, still they provided within their midst a spawning ground for some of the tinest artists, writers, and thtnkers ot all tlme--men 11ke Plato, Ph1di.s, P1ndar. H.rodo~u •• Sophocles, Aeschylus, Demosthenes, Polygnotul, Aristophanest Socrates, and Thucydides. One dominant note runs tlwoughout these centuries of Greek greatnesst the jealously guarded b •. eueepta., whioh we frequently translate "freedom." This was the distinctive trait of the city state and of its people. As an ideal, it inspired the polity to aSlert its own independent claim to greatness and inspired the individual c1tizens to reach out tor an acme of culture in all fields. And later, when Greek ingenuity was becoming exhausted; it would serve as the tragio flaw that would destroy their civi­ lisation through. improvident internal dissension. But now. in the fifth century, the era with which we shall be concerned, e>..tuetp{a. expressed in one word the spirit of the times. It 1s important for us, then, it we wish to understand the temperament of this Greek people, that we know precisely what their trad1tional spirit embodied. The word f>..eugepla., as we have remarked, can be translated briefly as "freedom" or ttin4-ependence." But it meant much more to the Greeks. It embraced not merely the concept ot political autonom¥, though this was an important factor 1n itself. Nor d1d it necessarily signify that a citizen governed hi.maelt bJ' a more or less democI"atic torm of goveI"nm.ent. Rather it meant that in the way the oity state was go~erned-.whether oligarohy, tyranny, or democI"acy•• the rights of the individual were respected. Each man was a full-fledged member
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