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54 54

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Rokia, Rokia,

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the the

the the

course course

that that

lay lay

further further

canal, canal,

and and

century century

b

course course

century century

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af

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mouth mouth

part part

ay. ay.

between between

inhabited inhabited

Rogon Rogon

te te

the the

traffic traffic

Roman Roman

ter ter

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---

...,..-:1..-:l~t-

channel, channel,

marsh­

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of of

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channel channel

Rapp Rapp

period period

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.

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being being

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Fig. Fig.

Strongyli. Strongyli.

5

. .

Olive Olive

mills mills

at at

villa villa rf rf Ambracian

Fig.

JVlarin

Map

6.

Geo1ge

e

Map

by

Ti-ansgre

B.

Zhichun

Gu!f:

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ss

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imum

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of

Evangelist

saw

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ry center. late

as port

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major flood century until inland with

both

of

the

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15th

of

and

Preveza,

celebrated the

plain.

city

10th-12th

valleys

Rogoi

Ancona

an 4,500- 1700

and

0

Ionian

administrative

inhabitants

century,

the

and

'

ecclesiastical

on

'

The

refounded

remains

founded

and

2

for

the

'

the

'

visited

holy

town

centuries

1

awhile

3

north

Sea along

head

superseded

B.P.

6 4

scattered

relics.

of

ranked

Rogoi,

in

by

center,

and

of

St. shore

the

was

'

the

Anna,

'

the

and

Luke

In '

administrative

fringes

the

late

above

among

Turks

where

1436

of

as

it

8

remained

I

I

cJ'

(

.

0

Arta

mother

reposito­

as

I

the

the

13th

a

of

Arta

1

C

in

I

I

gulf

he

sea­

the

0

y

had

the

ri­

the

KM

a

first Acheron)

Louros

The cus of who goi stantinople by

had The

to

of

(18

the

Rogoi

the

ship

of

by

October)

stolen visit

occasional

relics

purchas

Ambracian

Virgin

his

orders

(which

to

in

had

travels expressly

Rogoi of

them

in

1436.

e

St

Mary,

d

of

in

been

1204;

he

.

details

them

Luke

the

1448 during

along

1

by

Gulf

6

consistently

to

It

diverted and

they

Duke

Ambracian

a

from

seems

pray had

provided he

French

the revea

on

the

remained

went

been

of

northern

\\

the

to

St.

\

\

l

sack

l

before

'-

ikely

Kephallenia

that

/

Salaor~

St.

I captain

Luke's

called

I

,;

Crusader.1

fromArta

by

brought

of

-

Luke.

1

~

,

I

the

f

-

further-

:,-

Cyria­

at

his

Con­

.....

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coast

the

;-,

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I

day

Ro­

who

1

4

47

s

larger, larger,

possible possible

clesiastical clesiastical Louros Louros

founded founded

end end

early early Louros Louros

and and

above above

monastery monastery

StF.nh:mi

Stavros Stavros

the the

Kozyle Kozyle late late

we we

new new

10th 10th

abandoned abandoned

the the

agricultur

them them

might might

astical astical Late Late

not not

with with

new new

the the

living living

sites sites

there there

Rogoi Rogoi infilling infilling

tors tors

the the

shown, shown,

the the

around around

the the

new new

(discussed (discussed

tain tain

centuries centuries

stopped stopped

place place is is

original original

more, more,

captain captain

no no

. .

The The

have have

Ambracian Ambracian

Louros, Louros,

Ambracian Ambracian

late late

7th 7th

6th 6th

placed placed

the the

of of

9th 9th

in in

must must

Antiquity Antiquity

of of

marshy marshy

Mediaeval Mediaeval

channel channel

or or

1Oth 1Oth

the the

mention mention

is is

were were

by by

long-term long-term

the the

conditions conditions

that that

communities, communities,

consider consider

the the

until until the the

river river

river river

above above

near near

all all

increasingly increasingly

and and

Rogoi Rogoi

little little

sailed sailed

and and

monastery monastery

century century

early early

century;

to to

4th 4th

"

. .

of of

in in

Greek Greek seen, seen,

1204, 1204,

arrival arrival

in in

;mcl ;mcl

a

before, before,

have have

ruins ruins

communitie

below), below),

century, century,

kinds kinds

l l

view view 12th 12th

of of

the the

in in

sharp sharp

the the

founded founded

landscape. landscape.

the the

was was

development development

the the

or or

8th 8th the the

the the

-

plain plain

after after

gorge gorge

evidence evidence

Ay.Varvara Ay.Varvara

11th 11th

to to

the the

r

the the

to to

and and

perhaps perhaps

l

of of

new new

had had

to to

5th 5th

inasmuch inasmuch

Gulf, Gulf,

embayment embayment

navigated navigated

13th 13th

Gulf Gulf

account, account,

mt> mt>

the the

foundations foundations

of of

Louros Louros

built built

century century

harbor."

of of

centuries. centuries.

and and

18 18

Rogoi Rogoi

modern modern

in in

the the

Rogoi Rogoi

drop drop

effort, effort,

as as

on on

the the

it it

older older

western western

Mediaeval Mediaeval

was was

were were

was was

a a

the the

centur

and and

at at

the the

near near

southern southern

century

been been

Jing Jing

possibility possibility

tn tn

was was

river river

unhealthy, unhealthy,

as as

6th-century 6th-century

diverting diverting

and and

that that

century.

a a

Rogoi Rogoi

the the

in in

Pantanassa Pantanassa

Louros Louros

In In

tht> tht>

s

founded founded

recurring recurring

in in

monastery monastery

for for

a a

part part

Slavs Slavs

in in

no no

, ,

because because

Roman Roman

did did

guided guided

likely likely

the the

its its

a

17 17

diverted. diverted.

-

to to

and and

bishopric bishopric

the the

at at

filled filled

north north

the the

often often

nd nd

town town

y;

accompanied accompanied

the the

as as

channel channel

his his

in in

the the

Although Although

riP"ht riP"ht

occupation occupation

edge edge

as as

Most Most

, ,

later later

mouth mouth

1

the the

bring bring

not not beginning beginning

of of

combined combined

9 9

~ ~

the the

12th 12th

was was

were were

a a

in in

French French

(expressly) (expressly)

2

Rapp Rapp

Epirus Epirus

coastal coastal

times: times:

part part

ship ship

number number

river river

the the

1 1

late late

largely largely

major major of of

that that

a a

in in

unpleasant unpleasant

they they

It It

of of

foot foot

Epirus Epirus

shore shore

by by

in in

flow flow

than than

of of

h~nk h~nk

French French

policy policy

the the

towns. towns.

revived, revived,

of of

in in

pestilence pestilence

the the

church;

may may

century century

some some

eco-

of of

of of

up up

was was

ecclesi­

9th 9th

the the

was was

the the

by by

the the

in in

some some

hav

the the

and and

the the

bay bay were were

of of

from from

area area

cap­

a a

there there

fac­

by by

the the

the the

of of

the the

nf nf

the the

of of

or or

be be

in in

in in

in in

ec­

in in

e e

Mt. Mt.

We We

of of

the the

20 20

of of

as as

of of

some some

least least

fields fields

and and tation tation

associated associated

the the

Epirus Epirus

some some

centuriation centuriation

currently currently

in in

scape scape h

the the

deed

tie

Saxon Saxon

vert vert communities communities

possibly possibly lishment lishment

agricultural agricultural

river river

(Balzaretti (Balzaretti

nomic nomic

diverting diverting

:::~tP :::~tP

s s

P P

other other

founding founding

rise rise

in in

western western

the the

N. N.

Th

, ,

to to

port

in in

of of

contributions contributions

the the

has has

as as

the the

Britain, Britain,

suggest suggest

life life

the the

Doukellis Doukellis

P P

of of

the the

the the

coastal coastal

constructing constructing

parts parts

that that

of of

n=~<:.nlt<:. n=~<:.nlt<:.

. .

and and

a a

role role

recently recently

the the

A A

revi

1996; 1996;

urbanism urbanism

back back

mouth mouth

topic topic

fisheries fisheries

land; land;

plain plain

drainage drainage

plain plain

in in

simil

of of

ofNikopolis.

in in

controlling controlling

cadastral cadastral

v

of of

of of

that that

in in

al al

the the

swamp swamp

his his

a a

to to

Wise Wise

f"\f f"\f

western western

ecclesiastical ecclesiastical

of of

and and

the the

ar ar

of of

of of

sparsely sparsely

follow follow

(1990) (1990)

been been

of of

the the

f'\

Greece Greece

orientation orientation

proposed proposed

to to

active active

role role

Arta Arta

the the

llr llr

in in

in in

canals canals

man man

Po Po

the the

other other by by

that that

land land

arrangements arrangements

into into

western western

,n,~"rP.u ,n,~"rP.u

the the

noted noted

countr

Valley Valley

for for

making making

found found

the the

Europe Europe

and and Louros Louros

the the

scholarly scholarly

populated populated

1997, 1997,

23 23

may may

debate. debate.

lagoons;

canals canals

in in

by by

productive productive

ecclesiastical ecclesiastical

/ /

Noting Noting

same same

centuriation, centuriation,

Louros Louros

e

communi­

in in

in in

the the

x

y

of of

the the

and and

Europe, Europe,

traces traces

make make

side side

tending tending

14). 14).

Anglo­

Rogoi Rogoi

gorge; gorge;

cn11t

Italy, Italy,

to to

-

central central

orien­

estab­

size size

-

22 22

de-

and and

. .

that that

land­

In­

con­

with with

and and

hP.rn hP.rn

by by

of of

-

and and

---

of of

he he

is is

a a

at at

if if and and

Fi

g

the the

. .

th

7. 7.

Nikopolis Nikopolis

e e

SPOT SPOT

Straits Straits

satellite satellite

of of

p

A

e

nin

c

tium

s

image image

ula ula . . he suggests that the Roman founders of Louros delta could have been influenced Nikopolis also undertook the draining of by a pre-existing network in the plain of swamps in the plain. Although he shows Arta, but further work is needed for con­ on his overall map of the plan (his Map 3) firmation. It would be particularly useful only scattered traces of the cadastral orien­ to have a geomorphologic study of the tation in the western part of the plain, he plain of Arta to determine its extent at seems inclined to extend the network at different times from antiquity to the pre­ least to include the Roman villa at sent. We did detect shadow lines in the Strongyli (Doukellis 1990, 275). Since the radar imagery that appear to be the course geologists and archaeologists of the of the Louros river before it was diverted, Nikopolis Project did not extend their in­ as well as the possible shoreline, but the vestigations east of the survey zone, we latter certainly requires confirmation by a cannot speak with authority about coring program extending into the plain Doukellis's claims for the central and east­ of Arta. ern plain. The Arachthos river, however, does have a much heavier discharge than The Nikopolis Peninsula the Louros, 24 so that alluviation in the eastern part of the north shore presumably The Nikopolis peninsula (Fig. 7) is con­ began earlier and proceeded at a more nected to the mainland by a low-lying rapid pace than in the west. If the south­ isthmus, currently only 2.3 km wide, eastern part of the plain had formed by which was an open channel connecting the late 1st century B.C., as Doukellis be­ the Ionian sea and the Ambracian Gulf lieves, the founding of Nikopolis would during prehistoric periods of maximum have provided a reasonable occasion for marine transgression (before ea. 6000- the centuriation. Intrigued by his hypoth­ 7000 B.P), but by Roman times was nar­ esis, and considering it possible that Ro­ rower even than it is today. Continuous man surveyors might have extended cen­ tectonic uplift of the peninsula and ero­ turiation lines across the water to include sion of the hillsides to the north have the island of Mavrovouni, we sought combined to move the eastern shoreline traces of the cadastral arrangement in further east; as a result, during Roman radar imagery acquired in 1998 from times the Mazoma embayment may have Canadian RADARSAT. Using a variety of extended 500 meters or more inland Ging filtering techniques on the imagery, Cor­ and Rapp 2000, in press), and could have dula Robinson of Boston University's served Nikopolis as a small harbor close to Center for Remote Sensing, in collabora­ its north wall. Ships coming from the Io­ tion with Carol Stein and Wiseman, found nian Sea, however, after passing thorough that the orientation of field boundaries the Actium Straits would have had to sail along Mt. Mavrovouni and in the area of around the Ay. Thomas peninsula, which Strongyli, as well as some roadways and extends some 6.5 km eastwards into the canals in the area, do indeed follow the gulf, before they could enter it. A far nwre approximate orientation Doukellis noted important harbor for Nikopolis lay along (Wiseman, Robinson, and Stein 1998). the shores of Ormos Vathy (="Deep Har­ The orientation, however, is about the bor"), a two-pronged inlet on the south same as the line of the ridge of Mavro­ side of the Ay. Thomas peninsula at its vouni, the dominant topographic feature jun cture with the Nikopolis peninsula. of the region, which should be expected Jing and Rapp (2000, in press) have shown to have influenced the orientation of field that the western prong in Roman times boundaries on its slopes and at its foot. extended further inland towards Nikopo­ What is more, the module of710 m could lis, and archaeological survey teams of the not be found. The orientation of Mediae­ project have found extensive remains of val and modern field boundaries or other settlement throughout the Roman period features in the reclaimed marshland of the and Late Antiquity all along the shores of

49 j

b for

s s Margarona, a spring below of th an

h c discovered th Ormos cilities ac h porting

th Michalitsi vation area l aro survey in thi Thom a a

ce a r ch cavation throu tur Th th ceive

Caro e the th of

so

rr

,

it

og ec

tood

eac

n

i

r

nd

t

r

a

---

aps

oc

a

s

s

e

e

r

e

a

e

e

nd nk

c

d

ur

thi

l

l

Nikopolis,

s

The

th

t oss

a

und

ic e t

ient

~ri~c

m

fi·om

ex

ho

--

l m

northeastern

p Preveza

.

h Nikopo

the

th

ac

probably

hypothesis

fall

GIS

c

her

The

ed

e v e lar

l

al

---- drawing

d

s

e

ev

e

a

g

of

b h

a

tr

e

A.

a

tivity

nin

s

as,

d

kin the

h

confere in

a

that

b

on

much

teams

Vathy.

ac

ges

ac

id

e

and

l

Pygi

from identity

icinity so

y

along

1

ev

-

Ormos

b

a

plotting

resort

ntire

the

wou

e

Stein

in

at

as

0

tivity

·

e

rge

harbor

s

ting y substantial

Nikopolis

g

low uthern

the

ula

the

id

e

t

7t:;

nce

.

b

still

ntrance

least

a

u

li

- propos

survey,

is

Greek-period areas

under

side.

y

Turki

e

se

s

,

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and

ld

major Roman

The nce

the

attention and

covering extending

its

Ay

harbor.

reached

on

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line

the

utility

the

peninsula

.

for

in

hot

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areas

and

supplies

of

Vath

be

is

~

.

C

Ther

water

town

suburb

of

Thomas

r

within Kouveli

a

e

a

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Nikopolis

s

is

s

Project

eg

---

l

e

aerial

Project

mode

an

As

unkno

e

noth nd h

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ass

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;

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ruin

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surveyed

---

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major

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- ­ Fig. 8. K01.11Je!isite near !VIichalitsi.Auto CAD Michalitsi Area, Southern Epirus drawing showing contour lines and locations of survey units.

ing shrubs and even olive trees with it, place. It is critically important to try to creating a new slope in the quarry on its understand the factors, whether geomor­ way to the bay. On a visit to Kouveli itself phologic or cultural or other, that may with some of the senior staff in 1995 we have influenced the location of cultural noted that a farmer had recently brought artifacts observed or collected in archaeo­ earth (along with potsherds!) fiom some logical survey. The evidence from the site other place to create a small garden. Un­ at Kouveli points to an area of about fortunately, as Tjeerd van Andel pointed 6,125 square meters, which does not in­ out to us, the farmer had placed his gar­ clude outlying sites, such as a habitation den on the edge of an active gully, and area some 350 m to the south, or the within a few years the new earth, and the cemeteries. Few remnants of structures potsherds, will wash away down the gully were visible above ground, and there was to the lower slopes. In other areas terrace no trace of a town wall.28Artifact distribu­ walls retain planted fields, and they will tion revealed little about special-activity retard erosion, but only so long as some­ areas. Magnetometer survey, on the other one tends the walls. These observations hand, was conducted in 1993 by John may serve as an example of how ancient Weymouth (University ofNebraska) in material fi·om one place gets transferred to two areas near the peak where some 40 another, and then by erosion to yet anoth­ pieces of iron slag had been collected on er place; the example also illustrates the the smface. He detected in one field five problems of interpreting the significance significant anomalies, suggesting smelting of a limited amount of cultural material activities and possibly an associated struc­ found on the smface of the ground any ture at depths of 2-3 m below the surface.

5I Geophysical prospection was also used would be required to determine if Fran­ at a number of other sites, and with a va­ goklisia, like the villa at Strongyli, had a riety of instrumentation; the results were predecessor during the Hellenistic period. usually highly informative and useful. It The continued occupation, or eventual helped to locate, for example, the walls of reoccupation, of earlier sites in Roman the predecessor, probably built in Late An­ and Late Antique times was noted not tiquity, of the church of Ay. Minas on the only at Strongyli, Kouveli, and the forti­ Ay. Thomas peninsula, and resulted in the fied townsites, but also at sites in the inte­ detection of buried cisterns, walls, and rior highlands as, for example, in a small, paths at Kastri (S/S94- 20), the fortified fertile valley reached by crossing a ridge townsite in the lower Acheron valley dis­ above the village of Cheimadhio, north­ cussed below. Apostolos Sarris, staff geo­ east of Riza. Along the lower northeastern physicist in 1994, now of the Institute of slope of the valley dense accumulations of Mediterranean Studies on Crete, conduct­ roof tiles, fine and coarse pottery, loom ed geophysical prospection in selected ar­ weights, and other debris of a settlement eas not only ofKastri, but of all the forti­ (SS94-15) were found indicating occupa­ fied townsites surveyed by the Project. tion from late Classical to early Roman Above the northern end of the long, times. The marble tombstone of Lysipo­ sandy Nikopolis beach on the Ionian lios,29 presumably an inhabitant of the lit­ coast, a promontory with ancient remains tle town (its ancient name is not known) by the modern town of Kastrosykia over­ in the 3rd or 2nd century B.C., was found looks what may have been a small anchor­ beside a little church of the Panayia, about age in Hellenistic and Roman times. The 220 m northwest of the site, near a spring principal remains on the promontory are at the edge of the plain. several architectural blocks, some of them reused in the church of Ay. Pelagia, which The Lower Acheron Valley are mainly of Roman imperial date, as are the few graves noted nearby (Dakaris The Nikopolis Project developed a broad 1971, 95; H ammond 1967, 49) . Further and intensive program of geologic and ar­ north along the coast a particularly inter­ chaeological investigations of the lower esting Roman site is that of Frangoklisia Acheron river which has shown that the (SS93-27), west of modern Riza and over­ inhabitants of the region lived in a much looking the coast by the lovely little har­ different setting in Greek and Roman bor known as Artolithia. Walls of brick times (and earlier!) than at present. The re­ and concrete have long been noted here gion became a special focus of the Project (they are difficult to miss, since some are because of its complex cultural and geo­ preserved to a height of 3 m!) , and the re­ logic history, which presented a number mains had previously been identified as a nymphaeum (Chrysostomou 1982). The Project conducted a brief survey in the

-1 "~"~'"' 1 · 1 r 11 1 1 c:U_Cd 111 .17 ::tJ, VV l.HL-H VVcl.) l.VilVV VL-U. uy cleaning, study, and drawing of the visible walls and floors by the Greek Ephoreia (Zachos 1993). The walls belong to an ex­ tensive architectural complex, including a bath, that must have served as the resi­ dence of a wealthy landowner during at least the Early Roman period; most of the pottery found during the Greek investiga­ Fig. 9. Wall of a fortified site (the Nekyomanteion, as tions dates from the 1st to the 3rd cen­ identified by S. Dakaris) turies A.D., and the Project recovered also below the church ofJohn the material of Late Antiquity. Excavation Baptist at .Mesopotamon. l\llappin

Photo

beach north

right

and

vi

Anii'IIO/.Idhia

villag

Fig.

s

ibl

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opotamon

ible entric

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photo

c photo

Army

(top

in

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plain

the

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part

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polygonal the

This

identified

mentioned

omanteion, most 10.487-574,

and evolution

the

of

The

unresolved

Baptist

obvious

valley

by

strongly

famous

lower

a

during

1993).

monastery

the

by

of

masonry

in

at

both

the

significance

11)

Epirus.

its

excavated

the

fortified

the

narrows

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problems,

was

the

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On

excavator

and

by

economic

edge

1950s

excavated

(Fig.

the

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contains

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site

through

of

south

sites

of

and

9),

Church

of

and the

as

with

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built

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because

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town

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by

1960s

Dead,"

which

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handsome

(5.92).

social

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of over

of

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John

of

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of

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tion

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though

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levee John indicate

("Sweet

uity topographic

Acheron

been the

south

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town

across

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abandoned

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berger

complex,

adduced

Epirus;

alternative

other

Skepticism some

very

polygonal

Bronze

earlier

evidence

a Acheron

plain,

(S/S92-33),

150

rising

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various

in

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than

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comments

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the

topographic

to

similar

on

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the 4.5

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sweetens

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Thucydides and

in

the

it

31

he

nearby

1980;

than

for

Age.

provide

Harbor")

the

saddle can

which

shares

the river

Baptist.

by

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433

and

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beach.

indeed,

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it

of

km

fertile

does

bay

parts

and

walls, on

interpretations

is

in

example,

has

anchored

bay

1999),

fi:om

identifications

Dakaris mentioned

the

only

3

an

to

occupation

beach

Bay

Wiseman

0

today,

the

B.C.,

upstream

favor

the

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empties

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ridge,

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almost its

to

is grown

the other the

not

that

into

important

the

was

of

Hellenistic maximum

References

plain

including

should

after

romantic

and

resembles

the

now

be

features

channel

by

the

north

the

Greece,

(1.46)

modern

hill

(Figs.

an

mention

water

and

of

the

much

its

have

the or

the

the

is

Acherousian

fortifications

1982,

the

before

Ephyra

ridge

to

to

inconceivable

larger the

Ephyra

over

into

often

residences

1998).

of

present

no

perhaps

Acheron by

on

probably

the

it

at

walls

Glykys promontory

the

the

10,

unites

Corinthian

been

of

the in

for

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little

has

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including

archaeological

Strabo

designation protection

the

the

period,

the

1999;

fortified

ofEphyra

town

most

in

the tower,

referred

connected

the

sea

the

his

small

11).

ancient

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look

the

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recently of

of

certain.

(as

Acheron.

literature

coastal

offered

bay

years,

resort

all Limen

descrip­

by bay.

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Glykys

The

Kastri,

in

the

river

known

now

critical suggest­

Hasel­

with

evidence

(7.7

Lake,

overall

Bay

in

west

the

and are

on

a

antiq

site

Al­

farm­

site

Late

to

fleet

rock

and

of

.

for

of

5),

be

its

by

of of

of

53

the

by

as

­

fore fore

Acheron, Acheron,

valley valley

Acherousian Acherousian

in in

ley ley

press)

Acheron Acheron

large large

en en

hundreds hundreds

widest widest

study study

pal pal

nian nian

valley, valley,

nia nia

points points

south south

was was

in in

provided provided

based based

n::n-

Robert Robert They They boats boats

from from

54 54

vey, vey,

fleet, fleet,

their their

shoreline shoreline

the the

able able

had had

bay. bay.

number number sent sent

own own graph graph

clusions clusions

Comnena, Comnena,

Nikopolis peninsula peninsula Nikopolis

the the

harbor harbor

tioned tioned

(Fig. (Fig.

of of there there

tium. tium.

433 433

As As

this this

Concentric Concentric

31 31

route route

i i

constriction constriction

rivers, rivers,

Acheron Acheron

(Besonen

north north

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Thucydides Thucydides

28 28

no no

realized realized

R::~v R::~v

bay bay

to to

Sea,

12)

observations, observations,

from from

context context

perhaps perhaps

. .

high high

As As

would would

were were

a a

B. B.

of of

provide provide

mainly mainly

of of

constriction

fi

In In

(Fig. (Fig.

throughout throughout

landscape landscape

B. B.

north-south north-south

by by

,. ,.

into into

geologic geologic

:

accommodate accommodate

part part

chronological chronological

om om

Guiscard Guiscard

C. C.

. .

for for

palaeogeographic palaeogeographic

(Dakaris (Dakaris

are are

Ephyra Ephyra

late late

Glykys Glykys

33 33

to to

The The

ur

valley valley

C. C.

brief

little little

sometime sometime

of of

of of

the the

on on

Cassius Cassius

vantage vantage

west west

ith ith

Alex. Alex.

before before

was was

significant significant

10), 10),

Ammoudhia Ammoudhia

the the

By By

which which

the the

of of

visible visible

meters meters

the the

that that

now now

Lake Lake

, ,

between between

as as

both both

has has

on on

250 250

Acheron Acheron

Rapp, Rapp,

analysis analysis

further further

, ,

hun hun

geologic geologic

relict relict

the the

by by

some some

Battle Battle

over over

the the

1084 1084

and and

present present

by by

to to

bay bay

Limen Limen

mentioned mentioned

cores cores

4.33). 4.33).

and and

literary literary

over over

there there

resulted resulted

of of

1971,62,81-82, 1971,62,81-82,

crowd crowd

proceeding proceeding

Dio Dio

, ,

ships,

formed formed

about about

were were

the the

east, east,

points points

sides sides

Nikopolis Nikopolis

Pntr::~nrP<: Pntr::~nrP<:

Octavian Octavian

Mesopotamon. Mesopotamon.

at at

in in

time time

distance distance

to to

after after

indeed indeed

Normandy Normandy

over over

shorelines shorelines

and and

the the

and and

from from

six six the the

the the

indications indications

control. control.

of of

Ephyra Ephyra

time, time,

the the

changes changes

an an

of of

were were

the the

lower lower

A A

(50.12.2) (50.12.2)

had had

and and

3

extending extending

is is

evidence evidence

small small

partly partly

of of

2 2

p

Jing Jing

Actium, Actium,

the the

km km

2100 2100

of of

evidence evidence

the the

to to

the the

800 800

few few

aerial aerial

harbor harbor

time. time.

mouth mouth

around around

a

in in

in in

specifically specifically

large large

just just

there there

change change

east east

st st

the the

been been

the the

and and Octavian's Octavian's

can can

the the

drilled drilled

its its

and and

an an

the the

cores cores

Battle Battle

brought brought

bay. bay.

across across

and and

four four

fl

B. B.

small small

Project Project

2000, 2000,

and and

to to

and and

·

B. B.

nn, nn,

correct, correct,

in in east east

Vouvos Vouvos

of of

existence existence

two two

north north

Dakaris Dakaris

photo­

fleet fleet

exemplary exemplary

narrows narrows

C. C.

be be

his his

(Anna (Anna

well well

summer summer

was was

as as

the the

C.

nearly nearly

changes changes

of of

middle middle

and and

that that

the the

the the

the the

the the

millen­

shallow shallow

several several

in in

and and

the the

The The

and and

170), 170),

thP thP

and and

seen seen

of of

at at the the

, ,

at at sail­

princi­

of of

con­

in in

the the

Pha-

of of

still still

the the

to to

low-

sur­

men­

bay. bay.

of of

his his

val­

the the

there there

its its

Ac­

pre­

visit visit

T T

but but his his

be­

n

as as

-

within within

"'\

hill. hill.

the the

diaeval diaeval

bay bay and and

enclosing enclosing

nent nent

southern southern

quity quity

on on

bay bay

to to

were were found found

coastal coastal Roman-period Roman-period

of of

mediaeval mediaeval

and and

was was er, er,

were were

hundred hundred

shorelines shorelines

relict relict

their their

til til closed closed

teams teams

Greek, Greek,

mon. mon.

to to

gan gan

grading grading

drained drained

er er ousian ousian

iV:l~ iV:l~

"

The The

mention mention

Six Six

the the

about about

spill spill

which which

gm

Acheron" Acheron"

west west

The The

and and

l( l(

an an

(the (the

to to

on on

closed closed

hill hill

recent recent

found found

walked walked

The The

beaches beaches

and and

~~tri ~~tri

. .

in in

in in

valley valley

transects transects

the the

Lake Lake

accelerate; accelerate;

plain plain

a a

Roman

acropolis, acropolis,

walls walls

into into

most most

elevations elevations

Acheron Acheron

earlier earlier

the the

Ay

entire entire

below below

series series

years. years.

107 107

1993 1993

1500 1500

all all

sides, sides,

now now a a

in in

,34 ,34

infilling infilling

with with

and and

middle middle

. .

and and

lower lower

before. before.

Eleni Eleni

on on

floodplain floodplain

the the

origin; origin;

transects, transects,

continued continued

s

rest rest

the the

"'\

constriction

important important

by by

masl masl

eems eems

;u

draining draining

accumulated accumulated

A.D. A.D.

The The

hirh hirh

to to

at at

, ,

flows flows

of of

in in

but but

site site

most most

the the

across across

the the

the the

handle

and and

bay bay

archaeological archaeological

Mediaeval Mediaeval

in in

where where

the the

proceeded proceeded

test test

three three

this this

the the

town; town;

ridge), ridge),

overlooking overlooking

of of

above above

of of

The The

whose whose

covers covers

clearly clearly

island island

steepest steepest

part part

only only

swamp swamp

when when

exception exception

"'\iUP "'\iUP

just just

Late Late

along along

of of

the the

mouth mouth

the the

the the

southern southern

and and

century. century.

the the

. .

the the

of of

to to

fortification fortification

Bronze Bronze

h·

site site

site site

the the

the the

an an

on on

east east

25 25

. .

:

the the

entrance entrance

Antique Antique

on on

n:rP n:rP

bay bay

hypothesis hypothesis

The The

that that

the the

relict relict

some some

all all

exist exist

the the

course course

to to

lake lake

its its

of of

in in

upper upper

period period

east east successive successive

earlier earlier

is is

face face

artifacts artifacts

encircling encircling

gradually gradually

Ephyra Ephyra

of of

Acheron Acheron

h

of of

were were

be be

Acheron Acheron

along along

the the

on on

process process

the the

eastern eastern

'l

of of

once once

entire entire

both both

survey survey

rl rl

Age

entrance entrance

until until

the the

had had

Mesopota­

beaches beaches

33 33

of of

of of

of of

a a

r'lrr·:H:

a a

in in

Acher­

town; town;

pa

sites sites

to to

walls

post­

Ephyra Ephyra

single single

lay lay

promi­

recent recent

, ,

pro­

ha ha

the the

begun begun

the the

had had

walls walls

the the

s

anti­

were were

ridge, ridge,

of of

it it

t t

the the

and and

be­

riv­

un­

i

five five

to to

me­

was was

east east

0n 0n

. .

A A

and and

Eleni; Eleni;

Fig. Fig.

in in

the the

the the

11. 11.

center center

the the

coastal coastal

View View

ridge ridge

in in

rif rif

plain plain

th

rif rif

Amm

e e

Ephyra Ephyra

di

from from

s

tan

o

udhia udhia

ce. ce.

A

i

s s y. y. B

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Fig.

esone

12.

Ionian

n.

Plumari

Vcilley

Sea

Rive1:

N

of

lvfap

Lower

Bay

the

Area

by

lower

!\![ark

Acheron

Map

vey

consecutive Acheron.

through

seemed

tailed

only nent Nikopolis urban

Kastri

preserved,

times. used

lower

lines

upper

post-Mediaeval

the

on

The

of

the

of

successor

sampled.

of

in

of

study

Valley

We

the

survey;

parts

Kastri

for

town,

methodology

highest

warranted

our

Hellenistic

entire

the

selected special

Project

some

of tracts

the

program

entire

where

required

35

of other

buildings,

numerous

part

Project

Such

church

an

of

attention

over

as

to

the

lower

which

and

earlier

large

they

of

the

selected

of

complement

intensive

walking

complex

the

the

was

early

ofJohn

interdisciplinary

especially

principal

would

valley

stone

townsites

form

church.

site

entire

by

pursuing

Roman

for

the

is

a

survey

walls

of

site

have

the

the

series

possibly

walkable

the

the

The

compo­

in

the

were

Baptist

out­

of

are

been

sur­

the

de­

of

vegetation.

plored; unwalkab

site

of

site,

square

may

for

possible

creases

at ing

artifact

ters

same

density would

separate

area

(Fig.

a

the

each

(Fig.

on

comprising

given

by

be

using

13).

area

Upper

meters

be

the

the

the

fifteen

assemblages

recognized.

counts

to

sample

period

13).About

l

.

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e

taken

time).

In

a

likelihood

In remaining

generate

number

because

spacing

addition,

Town

this

addition,

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to

and

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would

every

This

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way,

occupation,

.skalamatos

PANDOS!A/

collect

A

walked

was

of

for

of

eighty-eight

detailed

interval

Dromos

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communities across the landscape, and was highly interdisciplinary nature of the re­ accompanied by efforts to drain marshes search. The close cooperation between ar­ and to increase agricultural land, as in oth­ chaeologists and geologists has made pos­ er parts of Europe, especially in the 11th- sible a clearer understanding of how hu­ 13th centuries. 39 mans affected, and were affected by, the Finally, I want to emphasize that the re­ landscape and the environment in which sults of the Nikopolis Project reflect the they lived in southern Epirus.

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s NOTE 13 NOTE 18 NOTE 25 We hear of ships putting in at Preveza in Soustal 1981, 53-54, 251-52 suggests that A large mound (ea. 4.5 high and over 16 1292. The Turkish refounding of Preveza Rogoi may have been resettled and its for­ m. in length) composed almost entirely of probably occurred in 1477/78 or 1486/87, tifications rebuilt at about the same time, all shells of murex brandaris was found. Dakaris with a subsequent (in 1495) strengthening as part of the establishment of the Theme 1971, 17, reports that shells remaining from of the fortifications. The dates and sources of Nikopolis (by which time the city of the extraction of purple dye were found are discussed by Soustal 1981,242 , and at Nikopolis was presumably in ruins and also at Kassope, Palaiorophoros, Rogoi, and greater length by Savvides 1992, 21 -38.The largely abandoned) under the Byzantine Kastri (on the Acheron). There was even a fact that Cyriacus of Ancona, who made Emperor Leo VI, which had its administra­ Roman procurator who controlled the repeated visits to Nikopolis, Actium, and tive and ecclesiastical center at Naupaktos. purple-dye industry in Achaia, Epirus, and Rogoi in 1436 and 1448, makes no men­ Thessaly in the early 3rd century A.D.: CIL tion of Preveza may be an indication of the NOTE 19 Ill 536, 1-7. relatively minor significance of Preveza be­ The monastery, which is located about 1 fore its refounding by the Turks. km north of the modern town ofNea NOTE 26 Sampsous and 16 km north ofPreveza, was Vocotopoulou 1970, 41-45; 1973,220-222 , NOTE 14 mentioned as a bishopric for the first time 227. Dakaris 1971 , 35, 51 , 58, 78, 79, 75. Shortly afterwards the relics were removed in 1020; see Soustal1981, 186-187. The lion is displayed in the Archaeological on the advance of the Turks (Arta was an­ Museum in Ioannina (Inv. No. 2594), along nexed to the Ottoman state in 1449); they NOTE 20 with other statuary, architecture, and arti­ arrived in Smederevo in 1453. On the trav­ Personal communication from Varvara facts fi·om the graves. els of Cyriacus of Ancona along the north Papadopoulou, the excavator. coast of the Ambracian gulf, see Hammond NOTE 27 1967, 60-61 andApp. II, 710-712, with NOTE 21 The archaeological survey included 23 comments on the letters of Cyriacus and Soustal 1981 , 225. Excavations by P L. tracts and five walkovers. their sources. Vokotopoulos have continued into the 1990s. NOTE 28 NOTE 15 The "very few traces of a wall around the The story of the relics of St. Luke is re­ NOTE 22 settlement" mentioned by Dakaris (1971, counted by Hanunond 1967,60- 61, based Evlia c;:elebi, setting out from Nikopolis for 203, note 137) on the "oblong hill" are, I on an account in Greek, written in 1453- Rogoi in the early 17th century, passed a suspect, more of the terrace walls for grave 58 and edited in 1882. fishery not far along the coast; Ergolavos plots near the cemetery at Marathia. Both 1995, 37. It was probably located where Dakaris and Hammond (1967, 51) postu­ NOTE 16 one is still functioning at the edge of the late a port of Michalitsi on the Ambracian Cyriacus records in Epistula IV (11 - 12 Jan­ Tsokalio lagoon; Hammond 1967, 61, 247; Gulf, but offer no archaeological evidence uary 1436) his plans to go in a dug-out on fisheries in the harbors of Epirus, see and the Project survey found nothing to boat by river (the Louros) setting out from Sous tal 1981, 97 . The Ambracian Gulf was indicate one in the area.

C----· · ~ ; ..; ___ ;.__ c ___ ;..__ _L ____ .J ______r n ~~~; ._~ ~.;n;.. l\.T;l-~-~ 1;- f\_ n ---L ~-~----'" ___ ...._..._.._...6 ...... _ ..._ ...... _ ...... t' .._...._.._.... .__,...._..._...... '"1 ...... _..._ ...... ~ ...... "1 ....._...... J .._...... _ ..."""' ...... _._.._..._...... _U...L..L'--,__ ....,.._ visit in the same year (Epistula V) he refers fish: Dakaris 1971, 17. NOTE 29 to crossing the Louros three times. Neither Inv. No. NI- 94- 1; the inscription is in account would make sense unless the NOTE 23 raised Greek letters. Louros had been diverted into its present Doukellis identifies an orientation of 27° channel by that time. The Epistulae follow west of north and field tracts of 710 m, NOTE 30 the numbering in Mehus 17 42; see the dis­ corresponding to centuriated tracts of 20 The site, occupied also in Classical, Hel­ cussion in Hammond 1967,710-711. by 20 Roman actus. lenistic, and Roman times, was excavated by Th. Papadopoulos in twelve seasons; pre­ NOTE 17 NOTE 24 liminary reports appeared in Praktika, be­ Hammond 1967,60 - 61, gives the Greek Piper et al. 1988,285, where the annual ginning in 1978. The western and southern 3 text: To n,\ol:ov op}l~npoc; n'tv no,\tv discharge of the Louros is given as 30m Is slopes of the ridge were intensively sur­ 3 'Poyo<; Kai Ol:a}la'~cl<; 1:ov At}lEva. compared with 80m /s for the Arachthos. veyed by the Nikopolis Project in 1994.

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