Regional Market Assessment: Demand and Supply

Home , Anosy, Cornish jack, Kampango, Rednose Labeo, Silver cyprinid

REPORT/RAPPORT : SF/2012/5

REGIONAL MARKET ASSESSMENT (SUPPLY AND DEMAND) March/Mars 2012

Funded by European Union Implementation of a Regional Fisheries Stategy For The Eastern-Southern Africa And Indian Ocean Region

10th European Development Fund Agreement No: RSO/FED/2009/021-330

“This publication has been produced with the assistance of the European Union. The contents of this publication are the sole responsibility of the author and can in no way be taken to the views of the European Union.” Implementation of a Regional Fisheries Strategy For The Eastern-Southern Africa and India Ocean Region

Programme pour la mise en oeuvre d'une stratégie de pêche pour la region Afrique orientale-australe et Océan indien

Regional Market Assessment (“Supply and Demand”)

SF/2012/5 Vincent Defaux & Antonia Hjort

This report has been prepared with the technical assistance of Le présent rapport a été réalisé par l'assistance technique de

March/Mars 2012

Financé par l’Union Européene TABLE OF CONTENTS

ABBREVIATIONS, ACRONYMS, DEFINITIONS, EXCHANGE RATE CURRENCIES ..10 LAYMAN’S SUMMARY ...... 12 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY ...... 14 1 INTRODUCTION ...... 21 2 CONTEXT...... 23 3 METHODOLOGY AND PERFORMANCE AGAINST TERMS OF REFERENCE.....25 4 RESULTS ...... 27 4.1 INTRODUCTION ...... 27 4.2 EASTERN AFRICA PLUS DR CONGO ...... 28 4.2.1 Supply...... 28 4.2.2 Demand ...... 32 4.3 HORN OF AFRICA ...... 34 4.3.1 Supply...... 34 4.3.2 Demand ...... 37 4.4 INDIAN OCEAN ISLANDS ...... 38 4.4.1 Supply...... 38 4.4.2 Demand ...... 42 4.5 SOUTHERN AFRICA ...... 43 4.5.1 Supply...... 43 4.5.2 Demand ...... 47 5 DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS ...... 49 5.1 INTRODUCTION ...... 49 5.2 EASTERN AFRICA PLUS DR CONGO ...... 49 5.2.1 Supply...... 49 5.2.2 Demand ...... 50 5.3 HORN OF AFRICA ...... 53 5.3.1 Supply...... 53 5.3.2 Demand ...... 54 5.4 INDIAN OCEAN ISLANDS ...... 64 5.4.1 Supply...... 64 5.4.2 Demand ...... 65 5.5 SOUTHERN AFRICA ...... 66 5.5.1 Supply...... 66 5.5.2 Demand ...... 67 5.6 DATA/INFORMATION AVAILABILITY AND QUALITY ...... 69 6 CONCLUSIONS AND PROPOSED ACTIONS ...... 70 ANNEX 1 - COUNTRY PROFILES ...... 75 ANNEX 2 – NERMS OF REFERENCE ...... 233 ANNEX 3 - NEOPLE MET AND SCHEDULE ...... 237 6.1.1 List of people met with contact details...... 238 6.1.2 Schedule by experts ...... 248 ANNEX 4 – NIBLIOGRAPHY AND WEB BASED SOURCES...... 254 ANNEX 5 – NUGGESTED READING AND RECOMMENDED WEBSITES ...... 257 ANNEX 6 – NIST OF RELATED PROJECTS/PROGRAMMES ...... 262 ANNEX 7 – NATIONAL GDP PER CAPITA AND HDI OF A SELECTION OF RELEVANT COUNTRIES265 ANNEX 8 – NATIONAL PER CAPITA CONSUMPTION RATE OF MEAT AND FISH, 1960 – FISHATESELECTION OF RELEVANT COUNTRIES/SUB-REGIONS ...... 267 ANNEX 9 – NRBAN POPULATION CHANGES IN A SELECTION OF RELEVANT COUNTRIES/TERRITORIES, 1950 - ERRIT269 ANNEX 10 – MIDDLE CLASS GROWTH IN AFRICA...... 270 ANNEX 11 – NHOTOS TAKEN DURING FIELD TRIP ...... 272

List of tables Table 1: Exchange rate for national currencies of visited countries...... 11 Table 2: Countries covered by the market team ...... 75 Table 3: Burundi - capture production in live weight, Burundi, 2009 (FAO FISHSTATJ)...... 76 Table 4: Burundi - aquaculture production in live weight, 2009 (FAO FISHSTATJ)...... 76 Table 5: Burundi - import of fish products in net weight, 2008 (FAO FISHSTATJ) ...... 76 Table 6: Burundi - export of fish products in net weight, 2008 (FAO FISHSTATJ) ...... 76 Table 7: Congo DR - key governmental statistics on fisheries, 2010 ...... 78 Table 8: Congo DR - capture production in live weight, 2009 (FAO FISHSTATJ)...... 78 Table 9: Congo DR - aquaculture production in live weight, 2009 (FAO FISHSTATJ)...... 78 Table 10: Congo DR - import of fish products in net weight, 2008 (FAO FISHSTATJ)...... 79 Table 11: Congo DR – import of fish products in tonnes of live weight, 2010 (OCC) ...... 79 Table 12: Congo DR – import of fish products by key importers in tonnes of live weight, 2010 (OCC)80 Table 13: Congo DR – imported fish products by species, 2010 (OCC) ...... 80 Table 14: Congo DR - export of fish products in net weight, 2008 (FAO FISHSTATJ) ...... 81 Table 15: Congo DR - average price of fish in different provinces in US$/kg, 2010...... 82 Table 16: Kenya - imports of fish and fishery products, 2009 ...... 97 Table 17: Kenya - exports of fish and fishery products, 2009...... 98 Table 18: Rwanda - capture production in live weight, 2009 (FAO FIHSTATJ)...... 103 Table 19: Rwanda - aquaculture production in live weight, 2009 (FAO FISHSTATJ)...... 103 Table 20: Rwanda - imports of fish products in net weight, 2008 (FAO FISHSTATJ) ...... 103 Table 21: Rwanda - exports of fish products in net weight, 2008 (FAO FIGIS) ...... 103 Table 22: Tanzania - capture production of fish in live weight, 2009 (FAO FIGIS)...... 106 Table 23: Tanzania - aquaculture production in live weight, 2009 (FAO FIGIS) ...... 107 Table 24: Tanzania - imports of fish products in net weight, 2008 (FAO FIGIS) ...... 111 Table 25: Tanzania - exports of fish products in net weight, 2008 (FAO FIGIS)...... 112 Table 26: Uganda - capture production in live weight, 2009 (FAO FIGIS)...... 117 Table 27: Uganda - aquaculture production in live weight, 2009 (FAO FIGIS)...... 118 Table 28: Uganda - imports of fish products in net weight, 2008 (FAO FIGIS) ...... 120 Table 29: Uganda - exports of fish products in net weight, 2008 (FAO FIGIS)...... 121 Table 30: Djibouti - capture production in live weight, 2009 (FAO FISHSTATJ) ...... 125 Table 31: Djibouti - aquaculture production in live weight, 2009 (FAO FISHSTATJ)...... 125 Table 32: Djibouti - imports of fish products in net weight, 2008 (FAO FISHSTATJ) ...... 125 Table 33: Djibouti - exports of fish products in net weight, 2008 (FAO FISTATJ)...... 126 Table 34: Eritrea - capture production in live weight, 2009 (FAO FISHSTATJ)...... 127 Table 35: Eritrea - aquaculture production in live weight, 2009 (FAO FISHSTATJ/ FIGIS)...... 127 Table 36: Eritrrea - imports of fish products in net weight, 2008 (FAO FISHSTATJ) ...... 127 Table 37: Eritrea - exports of fish products in net weight, 2008 (FAO FISHSTATJ) ...... 127 Table 38: Ethiopia - capture production in live weight, 2009 (FAO FISHSTATJ) ...... 130 Table 39: Ethiopia - aquaculture production in live weight, 2009 (FAO FISHSTATJ) ...... 130 Table 40: Ethiopia - imports of fish products in net weight, 2008 (FAO FISHSTATJ) ...... 130 Table 41: Ethiopia - export of fish products in net weight, 2008 (FAO FISHSTATJ) ...... 131 Table 42: Somalia - capture production in live weight, 2009 (FAO FISHSTATJ)...... 134 Table 43: Somalia - aquaculture production in live weight, 2009 (FAO FISHSTATJ)...... 134 Table 44: Somalia - import of fish products in net weight, 2008 (FAO FISHSTATJ) ...... 134 Table 45: Somalia - export of fish products in net weight, 2008 (FAO FISHSTATJ)...... 134 Table 46: Sudan - capture production in live weight, 2009 (FAO FISHSTATJ)...... 136 Table 47: Sudan - aquaculture production in live weight, 2009 (FAO FISHSTATJ)...... 136 Table 48: Sudan - import of fish products in net weight, 2008 (FAO FISHSTATJ) ...... 136 Table 49: Sudan - export of fish products in net weight, 2008 (FAO FISHSTATJ)...... 137 Table 50: Egypt - capture production in live weight, 2009 (FAO FISHSTATJ) ...... 138 Table 51: Egypt - aquaculture production in live weight, 2009 (FAO FISHSTATJ) ...... 138 Table 52: Egypt - import of fish products in net weight, 2008 (FAO FISHSTATJ)...... 139 Table 53: Egypt - export of fish products in net weight in 2008 (FAO FISHSTATJ)...... 139 Table 54: Comoros - capture production in live weight, 2009 (FAO FISHSTATJ) ...... 141 Table 55: Comoros - aquaculture production in live weight, 2009 (FAO FISHSTATJ) ...... 141 Table 56: Comoros - import of fish products in net weight, 2008 (FAO FISHSTATJ) ...... 141 Table 57: Comoros - export of fish products, 2008 (FAO FISHSTATJ)...... 142 Table 58: Madagascar - fisheries production by type of fisheries and species in tonnes of live weight, 2010 (Directorate of fisheries)...... 145 Table 59: Madagascar - import of fish products in net weight, 2008 (FAO FIGIS) ...... 147 Table 60: Madagascar - import of fish product by countries of provenance in net weight (t), 2008 (COMSTAT) ...... 148 Table 61: Madagascar - import of fish products by provenance, quantity and percentage (net weight), 2008 (COMSTAT) ...... 149 Table 62: Madagascar - export of fish products in net weight, 2008 (FAO FIGIS)...... 149 Table 63: Madagascar - export of fish product by countries of destination in net weight (t), 2008 (COMSTAT) ...... 150 Table 64: Madagascar - exports of fish products by destination, quantity and percentage (net weight), 2008 (COMSTAT) ...... 151 Table 65: Mauritius - overview of annual total production by sub-sector, 2005-2009 ...... 158 Table 66: Mauritius - St. Brandon inshore fishery production (t), 2005 - 2009...... 159 Table 67: Mauritius - licenses issued to foreign fishing vessels under fishing agreements, 2009...... 160 Table 68: Mauritius - licenses issued in 2009 to foreign fishing vessels not falling under fishing agreement ...... 160 Table 69: Mauritius - species composition of catch transhipped by foreign fleets in Mauritius, 2009 (t)161 Table 70: Mauritius - aquaculture production, 2009 ...... 161 Table 71: Mauritius - yearly average retail price of fresh fish from the lagoon fishery (Rs/kg), 2005 - 2009 163 Table 72: Mauritius - imports of frozen fish and fish products, 2005-2009 (t)...... 169 Table 73: Mauritius - imports of canned fish and fish products, 2005-2009 (t)...... 170 Table 74: Mauritius - export and local sale of canned tuna and pet food (t), 2005-2009...... 171 Table 75: Mauritius - fishmeal production in tonnes, 2005-2009 ...... 172 Table 76: Mauritius - annual per capita consumption of fish (kg), 2005-2009...... 173 Table 77: Réunion - capture production in live weight, 2009 (FAO FIGIS) ...... 177 Table 78: Réunion - aquaculture production in live weight, 2009 (FAO FIGIS)...... 178 Table 79: Réunion, imports of fish products in net weight, 2008 (DNSCE - DIS)...... 178 Table 80: Réunion - export of fish products in net weight, 2008 (DNSCE - DIS) ...... 179 Table 81: Réunion – imports of fish products by country/continent of origin, 2008 (DNSCE – DIS)179 Table 82: Réunion – imports of fish products in net weight and percentage by continent/region of origin, 2008 (DNSCE – DIS) ...... 180 Table 83: Réunion - imports by first ten countries of origin in net weight with presentation of key products for selected countries, 2008 (DNSCE-DIS) ...... 180 Table 84: Réunion - imports of fish products from Madagascar in volume (t – net weight), 2008 (DNSCE-DIS) ...... 181 Table 85: Réunion – exports by countries of destination (exhaustive list) in net weight (t) with presentation of key products for a selection of countries 2008 - (DNSCE – DIS)...... 181 Table 86: Réunion – exports of fish products by region/continent of destination in net weight, 2008 (DNSCE- DIS) ...... 182 Table 87: Seychelles - capture production in live weight, 2009 (FAO FIGIS)...... 189 Table 88: Seychelles - aquaculture production, 2009 (FAO FIGIS)...... 190 Table 89: Seychelles – imports of fish products in net weight, 2008 (FAO FIGIS) ...... 192 Table 90: Seychelles – exports of fish products in net weight, 2008 (FAO FIGIS)...... 192 Table 91: Malawi – capture production in live weight, 2009 (FAO FIGIS) ...... 196 Table 92: Malawi - aquaculture production, 2009 (FAO FIGIS)...... 197 Table 93: Malawi – imports of fish products in net weight, 2008 (FAO FIGIS)...... 199 Table 94: Malawi - exports of fish products in net weight, 2008 (FAO FIGIS) ...... 200 Table 95: Swaziland – capture production in live weight, 2009 (FAO FIGIS)...... 204 Table 96: Swaziland - aquaculture production, 2009 (FAO FIGIS) ...... 205 Table 97: Swaziland - imports of fish products in net weight, 2008 (FAO FIGIS) ...... 206 Table 98: Swaziland - exports of fish products in net weight, 2008 (FAO FIGIS)...... 206 Table 99: Zambia - capture production in live weight, 2009 (FAO FIGIS)...... 211 Table 100: Zambia - aquaculture production in live weight, 2009 (FAO FIGIS)...... 211 Table 101: Zambia – imports of fish products in net weight, 2008 (FAO FIGIS)...... 213 Table 102: Zambia – exports of fish products in net weight, 2008 (FAO FIGIS) ...... 214 Table 103: Zimbabwe – imports of fish products in net weight and value, 2007-2009...... 225 Table 104: Zimbabwe - consolidated exports of fish products in destination, weight and value, 2000-2009 226 Table 104: Percentage of Population Residing in Urban Areas by Major Area, Region and Country, 1950-2050 (UNDP, 2009)...... 269

List of figures Figure 1: Map of the countries benefiting from or participating to ‘SmartFish’ ...... 22 Figure 2: Global production of fish, 1950-2009 (FAO) ...... 23 Figure 3: Production in the ESA-IO region, 1950 - 2009 (FAO)...... 24 Figure 4: Eastern Africa plus DRC - total production by country (2000-2009) (live weight) (FIGIS) 28 Figure 5: Eastern Africa plus DRC - capture production by country (2000-2009) (live weight) (FIGIS)29 Figure 6: Eastern Africa plus DRC - aquaculture production by country (2000-2009) (live weight) (FIGIS) ...... 29 Figure 7: Eastern Africa plus DRC - imports of fish products by country (2000-2008) (net weight) (FIGIS) ...... 30 Figure 8: Eastern Africa plus DRC - exports of fish products by country (2000-2008) (net weight) (FIGIS) ...... 30 Figure 9: Eastern Africa plus DRC - trade balance of fish products by country (2000-2008) (net weight) (FIGIS)...... 31 Figure 10: Eastern Africa plus DRC - national supply of fish products by country (2000-2008) (weight) 32 Figure 11: Eastern Africa plus DRC - projected growth in demand of fish products by country (2010-2020) (in weight) (UNDP – FAO) ...... 32 Figure 12: Horn of Africa - annual global production by country in tonnes (live weight) 2000 - 2009 (FIGIS) ...... 34 Figure 13: Horn of Africa - annual capture fisheries by country in tonnes (live weight) 2000 - 2009 (FIGIS) ...... 34 Figure 14: Horn of Africa - annual aquaculture production by country in tonnes (live weight) 2000 – 2009 (FIGIS)...... 35 Figure 15: Horn of Africa - annual exports of fish products from countries in tonnes (net weight) 2000 - 2008 (FIGIS)...... 35 Figure 16: Horn of Africa - annual imports of fish products from countries in tonnes (net weight) 2000 - 2008 (FIGIS)...... 36 Figure 17: Horn of Africa - annual trade balance by country in tonnes (net weight) 2000 - 2008 (FIGIS) 36 Figure 18: Horn of Africa - national supply by country in tonnes ...... 37 Figure 19: Horn of Africa - projections of average annual consumptions by country in tonnes (FAOSTAT – UNDP) – excluding Egypt...... 37 Figure 20: Indian Ocean - annual global production by country in tonnes (live weight) (FIGIS)...... 38 Figure 21: Indian Ocean - annual capture fisheries by country in tonnes (live weight) (FIGIS)...... 38 Figure 22: Indian Ocean - annual aquaculture production by country in tonnes (live weight) (FIGIS)39 Figure 23: Indian Ocean - annual imports of fish products by countries in tonnes (net weight) (FIGIS)40 Figure 24: Indian Ocean - annual exports of fish products by countries in tonnes (net weight) (FIGIS)40 Figure 25: Indian Ocean - annual trade balance by country in tonnes (net weight) (FIGIS) ...... 41 Figure 26: Indian Ocean - national supply by country in tonnes...... 42 Figure 27: Indian Ocean - projections of average annual consumptions by country in tonnes (FAOSTAT – UNDP) ...... 42 Figure 28: Southern Africa - total production by country (2000-2009) (live weight) (FIGIS)...... 43 Figure 29: Southern Africa - capture production by country (2000-2009) (live weight) (FIGIS) ...... 44 Figure 30: Southern Africa - aquaculture production by country (2000-2009) (live weight) (FIGIS) .44 Figure 31: Southern Africa - imports of fish products by country (2000-2008) (net weight) (FIGIS) .45 Figure 32: Southern Africa - exports of fish products by country (2000-2008) (net weight) (FIGIS)..46 Figure 33: Southern Africa - trade balance of fish products by country (2000-2008) (net weight) (FIGIS) 47 Figure 34: Southern Africa - national supply of fish products by country (2000-2008) (weight) ...... 47 Figure 35: Southern Africa – projection of growth in demand of fish products by country (2010-2020) (weight) (FAO – UNDP)...... 48 Figure 36: Eastern Africa plus DRC - percentage of population residing in urban areas (2010-2020) 51 Figure 37: Southern Africa - ppercentage of population residing in urban areas (2010-2020)...... 68 Figure 38: Congo DR – average annual inflation rate, 1998 – 2008 (Banque Centrale du Congo)...... 82 Figure 39: Kenya - production of fish in live weight, 2000-2009 (FIGIS) ...... 84 Figure 40: Kenya - fish production by quantity and value, 1999-2009...... 85 Figure 41: Kenya - national fish production by fishery areas, 2009 ...... 86 Figure 42: Kenya - trends of the main fish species composition in annual catches of Lake Victoria in the last decade ...... 87 Figure 43: Kenya - aquaculture production by species, 2009 ...... 89 Figure 44: Kenya - trends of marine fish production by quantity and value, 1999-2009 ...... 94 Figure 45: Kenya - import of fish and fish products by commodity, 2009 ...... 97 Figure 46: Kenya - exports of Nile Perch by destination, 2009 ...... 99 Figure 47: Kenya - imports and exports of fish products in net weight, 2000-2008 (FIGIS) ...... 100 Figure 48: Kenya - projection of growth in demand of fish products in weight, 2010-2020 (FAO – UNDP) 101 Figure 49: Kenya – national supply 2000-2008 (FAO FIGIS)...... 102 Figure 50: Tanzania - production of fish in live weight, 2000-2009 (FAO FIGIS) ...... 106 Figure 51: Tanzania - imports and exports of fish products in net weight, 2000 - 2009 (FAO FIGIS)113 Figure 52: Tanzania - projection of growth in demand of fish products in weight, 2010-2020 (FAO FIGIS) ...... 113 Figure 53: Tanzania - national supply of fish products in weight, 2000-2008 (FIGIS) ...... 114 Figure 54: Uganda - production of fish in live weight, 2000-2009 (FIGIS) ...... 117 Figure 55: Uganda - imports and exports of fish products in net weight, 2000-2008 (FIGIS) ...... 122 Figure 56: Uganda - projections of growth in demand of fish products, 2010-2020 (FIGIS – UNDP)123 Figure 57: Uganda - national supply of fish products in weight, 2000-2008 (FIGIS) ...... 124 Figure 58: Madagascar - national production ratio by sub-sectors in live weight, 2010 (Directorate of Fisheries) ...... 144 Figure 59: Madagascar - annual national production (capture plus aquaculture) in tonnes of live weight, 1995 - 2009 (Directorate of Fisheries)...... 146 Figure 60: Madagascar - production in live weight (tonnes), Madagascar, 2000-2009 (FAO FIGIS)146 Figure 61: Madagascar - import and export of fish products in net weight (tonnes), 2000-2008 (FIGIS) 152 Figure 62: Madagascar - trade balance of fish products in net weight (tonnes), 2000-2008 (FIGIS).152 Figure 63: Madagascar - national supply of fish and fish products in tonnes, 2000-2008 (FIGIS) ....152 Figure 64: Madagascar - projection of average national growth in demand of fish products in tonnes 2010- 2020 ...... 154 Figure 65: Mauritius - production of fish in live weight, 2000-2009 (FIGIS) ...... 157 Figure 66: Mauritius - catch composition of longline fishery, 2009 ...... 159 Figure 67: Mauritius - catch per fisherman-day in the artisanal fishery, 2005-2009 ...... 164 Figure 68: Mauritius - trend in catch for the banks fishery, 2005 – 2009 ...... 165 Figure 69: Mauritius - imports of fish products per category, 2009...... 168 Figure 70: Mauritius - import of fish and fish products by country of origin, 2009 ...... 169 Figure 71: Mauritius - imports and exports of fish products, 2000-2008 (FIGIS)...... 172 Figure 72: Mauritius - projection of growth in demand of fish products, 2010 - 2020 (FAO FIGIS) 173 Figure 73: Mauritius - national supply of fish products in tonnes, 2000-2008 (FIGIS)...... 174 Figure 74: Réunion - production of fish in live weight (tonnes), 2000-2009 (FAO FIGIS) ...... 183 Figure 75: Réunion - imports and exports of fish products in net weight (t) 2003-2008 (DNSCE-DIS)183 Figure 76: Réunion - trade balance of fish products in tonnes of net weight, 2003-2008 (DNSCE-DIS)184 Figure 77: Réunion - national supply of fish products in tonnes 2000-2008 (FIGIS & DNSCE-DIS)184 Figure 78: Réunion - projection of growth in demand of fish products in tonnes of live weight, 2010-2020 (FIGIS-UNDP) ...... 185 Figure 79: Seychelles - production of fish products, 2000-2009 (FIGIS)...... 188 Figure 80: Seychelles, imports and exports of fish products in net weight 2000-2008 (FAO FIGIS)193 Figure 81: Seychelles - projection of growth in demand of fish products, 2010-2020 (FIGIS)...... 193 Figure 82: Seychelles - national supply of fish products, 2000-2008 (FIGIS)...... 194 Figure 83: Malawi - production of fish in live weight, 2000-2009 (FAO FIGIS) ...... 196 Figure 84: Malawi - imports and exports of fish products in net weight, 2000-2008 (FAO FIGIS) ..200 Figure 85: Malawi - projection of growth in demand of fish products in weight, 2010-2020 ...... 201 Figure 86: Malawi - national supply of fish products in weight, 2000-2008 ( FAO FIGIS) ...... 202 Figure 87: Swaziland, production (total, capture, aquaculture) in live weight, 2000-2009 (FAO FIGIS)204 Figure 88: Swaziland – imports and exports of fish products, 2000-2008 (FAO FIGIS) ...... 207 Figure 89: Swaziland – projection of growth in demand of fish products in weight, 2010-2020...... 207 Figure 90: Swaziland - national supply of fish products, 2000-2008 (FIGIS) ...... 208 Figure 91: Zambia – productions (total, capture, aquaculture), 2000-2009 (FAO FIGIS) ...... 210 Figure 92: Zambia - imports and exports of fish products in net weight, 2000-2008 (FIGIS) ...... 214 Figure 93: Zambia – projection of growth in demand of fish products, 2010 – 2020...... 215 Figure 94: Zambia – national supply of fish products in weight, 2000-2008 (FIGIS)...... 216 Figure 95: Zimbabwe – production (total, capture, aquaculture) in live weight, 2000-2009 (FIGIS) 218 Figure 96: Zimbabwe - kapenta catches in Lake Kariba against effort (1974-2010)...... 222 Figure 97: Zimbabwe - imports and exports of fish products in net weight, 2000-2008 (FIGIS)...... 229 Figure 98: Zimbabwe – projection of growth in demand of fish products in weight, 2010-2020...... 231 Figure 99: Zimbabwe – national supply of fish products, 2000-2008 (FIGIS)...... 232 Figure 100: annual GDP per capita (in 2008 PPP US$) in SMARTFISH countries compared to a selection of relevant countries, 1980 to 2010 (UNDP) ...... 265 Figure 101: annual GDP per capita (in 2008 PPP US$) - SMARTFISH countries with GDP <3 500 US$/year from 1980 to 2010 (UNDP)...... 265 Figure 102: Human Development Index from 1980 to 2010 of a group of selected countries ...... 266 Figure 103: ‘Smartfish’ countries - annual average per capita consumption (kg) of fish compared with a selection of countries, 1961 - 2007...... 267 Figure 104: ‘Smartfish’ countries - annual average per capita consumption (kg) of meat compared with a selection of countries, 1961 - 2007...... 267 Figure 105: Horn of Africa - annual average per capita consumption (kg) of fish by country (Somalia not available), 1961 - 2007 ...... 267 Figure 106: Indian Ocean countries – average annual per capita consumption (kg) of fish, 1961 – 2007 267 Figure 107: Southern African countries – average annual per capita consumption (kg) of fish, 1961 – 2007 (FAOSTAT)...... 268 Figure 108: Eastern African countries – average annual per capita consumption (kg) of fish, 1961 – 2007 (FAOSTAT)...... 268 Figure 109: Smartfish' countries - national meat consumption per capita per year (kg), 1961 to 2007 (1/2) 268 Figure 110: Smartfish' countries - meat consumption per capita per year (kg), 1961 to 2007 (2/2) (Somalia figures n.a) ...... 268 Figure 111: Africa - distribution of the population by sub-classes, 1980 – 2010 (AfDB statistics in: Mubila et al.,2011)...... 270 Figure 113: Correlation of middle class and economic indicators of development (Mubila et al.,2011)270 Figure 112: Africa – size of middle class income populations by countries (Mubila et al., 2011).....271

Box Box 1: Zimbabwe - an overview of Lake Harvest’s operation...... 224

ABBREVIATIONS, ACRONYMS, DEFINITIONS, EXCHANGE RATE CURRENCIES

0 0 “0 0” negligible figure as more than zero but less than half of the unit used ACP Africa, Caribbean, Pacific Group of States ACP FISHII EU funded Programme on Fisheries Management and Trade support (2009 – 2013). Beneficiary country: ACP countries. ASFIS Aquatic Sciences and Fisheries Information System ASH Autorité Sanitaire Halieutique, Madagascar – Seafood safety Competent Authority, Madagascar BED By-catch Excluding Device CIF Cost Insurance Freight. Pricing for an item including the cost of the item, the insurance for the item in transit and the freight costs. The item becomes the property of the buyer when it arrives at their premises too. COMESA Common Market for Eastern and Southern Africa. Members are: Burundi, Comoros, D.R. Congo, Djibouti, Egypt, Eritrea, Ethiopia, Kenya, Libya, Madagascar, Malawi, Mauritius, Rwanda, Seychelles, Sudan, Swaziland, Uganda, Zambia, Zimbabwe (in italic, countries benefiting from SmartFish). COMSTAT COMESA statistics from the COMESA website COMTRADE United Nations Commodity Trade Statistics Database DNSCE-DIS Direction Nationale des Statistiques et du Commerce Extérieur – Service de Diffusion des Informations Statistiques, France - French Department of Statistics and External Trade – Statistical Information Division (based in Toulouse) DDP Direct Delivered Produce DRC or DR Democratic Republic of Congo Congo EAC East African Community EDF European Development Fund ESA-IO Eastern and Southern Africa and the Indian Ocean (region) FAO FCP FAO Fisheries Country Profile FIGIS (or FAO FAO Fisheries Global Information System FIGIS) FOB Free On Board. Pricing for an item delivered on board to the buyers vessel or vehicle at which point the buyer takes ownership and responsibility and insurance risk for the item. FOB Freight On Board GDP Gross Domestic Product H&G Headed and Gutted fish HDI Human Development Index HDRO Human Development Reports Office GAA Global Aquaculture Alliance or Global Aquaculture Advocate (its magazine). GAA is an international, non-profit trade association dedicated to advancing environmentally and socially responsible aquaculture. IGAD Inter-Governmental Authority on Development. Current member States are: Djibouti, Ethiopia, Sudan and Somalia (in italic, countries benefiting from SmartFish) IFPRI International Food Policy Research Institute IOC Indian Ocean Commission IOTC Indian Ocean Tuna Commission IRFS Programme for the Implementation of a Regional Fisheries Strategy Programme ISSCAAP International Standard Statistical Classification of Aquatic Animals and Plants LVFO Lake Victoria Fisheries Organisation LTA Lake Tanganyika Authority nei FAO abbreviation for grouping fish nei MCS Monitoring, Control and Surveillance PEW Price ex-works PPP Purchasing Power Parity: system used to compare purchasing power within a basket of commodities using the same currency, the “international dollar”, which has the same purchasing power over GDP that the U.S. dollar has in the United States (for further details see UNDP website). SADC Southern African Development Community. Members are: Angola, Botswana, DRC, Lesotho, Madagascar, Malawi, Mauritius, Mozambique, Namibia, Seychelles, South Africa, Swaziland, Tanzania, Zambia and Zimbabwe (in italic, countries benefiting from SmartFish). SmartFish Short name for the IRFS Programme SOFIA FAO State Of world FIsheries and Aquaculture report SWIOFC South West Indian Ocean Fisheries Commission. Current members are: Comoros, France, Kenya, Madagascar, Maldives, Mauritius, Mozambique, Seychelles, Somalia, South Africa, United Rep. of Tanzania, Yemen. (in italic, countries benefiting from SmartFish) TED Turtle Excluding Device UNDP United Nations Development Programme USD or US$ US dollars VMS Vessel Monitoring System (by satellite or radar)

Table 1: Exchange rate for national currencies of visited countries Country Money Equivalent to 1 Source (with date) Euro Ethiopia Ethiopian Birr (ETB) 24.25 National Bank of Ethiopia (18.07.2011) Madagascar Malagasy Ariary 2 864.63 Banque Centrale de Madagascar (2.08.2011) (MGA) Mauritius Mauritian Rupee 41.55763 Bank of Mauritius (02.08.2011) (MUR) Kenya KES 124.882 Oanda, free rate information online: http://www.oanda.com/currency/historical- rates (9-13 July) Zimbabwe USD (currency used 1.4332 Ibid. (July 26-29) locally) Réunion (French Euro -- -- territory) LAYMAN’S SUMMARY

English This report contains a market assessment of the 19 African countries receiving support under an EU-funded programme called SmartFish1. The purpose of the assessment was to identify national production trends (e.g. decline or increase) with regard to capture fisheries (fish caught wild) and aquaculture (fish farming) as well as future potentials with regards to further production and increased regional trade. Threats to current production as well as to future developments were also identified. Furthermore, for each of the countries, import and export flows of fish and fish products were examined, as well as the demand for the products (within, as well as outside the countries). For the countries overall, capture fisheries were found to be the main contributors to total national production whereas aquaculture contributed relatively little. However, most major capture fisheries have little room for expansion and threats such as illegal/uncontrolled fishing, climate change and pollution limit this further. Thus to increase production, expansion of underdeveloped fisheries, or development of new fisheries, or expansion of aquaculture production, would be needed. Aquaculture (inland or marine) is a potential area for development in most (if not all) of the countries. However, this requires appropriate support (e.g. expertise) and inputs (e.g. good quality feeds and seeds for the fish), which is often lacking. Other constraints or threats include climate change, lack of land-water management and lack of market information. Overall, it was found that most countries do not produce enough to satisfy their national demand and the demand was only partially met by imports, often resulting in lower average consumption per capita rates. In addition, most countries were found to be affected by trends that are known to further increase demand/consumption (e.g. rising income levels, growing middle classes and urbanization). Notably however, countries with high levels of exports tend to export products that are not consumed nationally (e.g. of high value and quality such as fresh tuna and Nile perch fillets), which at least means that such exports do not generally reduce the volume available of fish and fish products preferred nationally or sub-regionally (generally of lower price and quality such as dried/smoked/salted fish and coastal fish). Still, imports to complement national production are constrained for various reasons, including logistical constraints. Proposed actions focus on obtaining further information/knowledge on options and constraints for increasing production, supply chains, national consumer preferences, import and export flows and competition to, as well as markets for, specific products. Pertinent workshops and training are also recommended as a result of this study

1 Official title: Implementation of a Regional Fisheries Strategy for the Indian Ocean, Eastern and Southern Africa. French Ce rapport est une évaluation du marché de 19 pays africains bénéficiaires d’un appui sous le programme Smartfish2 financé par l'UE. L’objectif de l'étude était d'identifier les tendances de la production nationale (e.g. baisse ou augmentation) de pêches de capture (poissons sauvages) et d’aquaculture (élevage de poissons) ainsi que les potentiels de croissance de production et du commerce régional dans le futur. Les menaces pour la production actuelle et ses futurs développements ont également été identifiés. Par ailleurs, pour chacun des pays, les flux d'importation et d'exportation de poissons et des produits de pêche ont été examinés, ainsi que leur demande (marchés national et extérieurs aux pays). Pour ces pays, dans l'ensemble, les pêcheries de capture sont les principales contributrices à la production nationale totale, alors que l'aquaculture y contribue relativement peu. Néanmoins, la plupart des grandes pêcheries de capture ont peu de possibilité de croître et les menaces telles que la pêche illégale / non contrôlée, le changement climatique et la pollution les limitent davantage. Ainsi, pour augmenter la production, l'expansion de pêcheries sous-développées, le développement de nouvelles pêcheries, ou l'accroissement de la production aquacole seraient nécessaires. L’aquaculture (continentale ou marine) possède un potentiel de développement dans la plupart des (sinon dans tous les) pays. Cependant, il ne pourra se réaliser qu’avec un soutien (expertise, par exemple) et des intrants (e.g. qualité en aliments et en semences3) appropriés, qui font souvent défaut. D'autres contraintes ou menaces incluent le changement climatique, le manque de gestion des terres et de l’eau et le manque d'information sur le marché. Globalement, il a été constaté que la plupart des pays ne produisent pas assez pour satisfaire leur demande nationale. Cette dernière n'est que partiellement satisfaite par les importations, ce qui entraîne souvent une faible consommation moyenne per capita. En outre, la plupart (sinon tous) les pays semble sous l’effet de tendances connues pour augmenter davantage la demande / consommation (e.g. niveaux de revenus en hausse, augmentation des classes moyennes et de l'urbanisation). De plus, les pays ayant des niveaux élevés d’exportation ont une tendance nette à exporter des produits non consommés à l'échelle nationale (e.g. poissons de haute valeur et de qualité tels que le thon frais et les filets de perche du Nil), ce qui signifie au moins que ces exportations ne réduisent pas généralement le volume de poissons et de produits de pêche préférés au niveau national ou sous-régional (généralement des produits à des coûts et de qualité plus bas tels que du poisson séché / fumé / salé et poisson des côtes). Toutefois, les importations pour compléter la production nationale subissent des contraintes pour des raisons diverses, y compris des contraintes logistiques. Les actions proposées ciblent l'obtention de plus amples informations / de connaissances sur les options et les contraintes pour accroître la production, les chaînes d'approvisionnement, les préférences des consommateurs nationaux, les flux d'importation et d'exportation et la concurrence, ainsi que les marchés, pour des produits spécifiques. Des ateliers et des formations pertinents sont également recommandés.

2 Titre officiel anglais: Implementation of a Regional Fisheries Strategy for the Indian Ocean, Eastern and Southern Africa (IRFS). 3 Gamètes, larves, alevins EXECUTIVE SUMMARY

English This market assessment is one of the start-up activities of the SmartFish Programme, an EU-funded programme for the Implementation of a Regional Fisheries Strategy for the Indian Ocean, Eastern and Southern Africa, which brings support to 19 countries in that region4 (in short: the ESA-IO region). This assessment falls under Result 4 (on trade) of the Programme and the following report aims to: 1) provide an understanding and analysis of the current market situation and potential of the ESA-IO region; and 2) propose next actions for the Programme in relation to its trade component. In terms of approach, supply and demand were examined for all 19 countries, through desk reviews and visits to some of the countries (as per below). These country assessments focused on the following: • National supply5: national production (capture, aquaculture and recreational6) plus imports minus exports (in weight); and • Demand: in-country demand; demand from ESA-IO countries; and demand from outside the ESA-IO region. Countries were divided into geographical sub-regions and representative7 countries of the sub-regions were chosen for country visits8: • Eastern Africa & DRC: Kenya, Tanzania, Uganda, Burundi, Rwanda, DRC; • Horn of Africa: Djibouti, Ethiopia, Somalia, Sudan, Eritrea; • Indian Ocean: Comoros, Madagascar, Mauritius, Seychelles; • Southern Africa: Malawi, Swaziland, Zambia, Zimbabwe; • Other countries/autonomies discussed included La Réunion and Egypt.

Countries were assessed individually (see Annex 1), and then as sub-regions (see chapters on Results and Discussion-Analysis). For each of the sub-regions, findings were as follows: In the Eastern African sub-region, capture production is the main contributor to total production, whereas aquaculture contributes relatively little, apart from in Uganda. With regard to capture fisheries, most major inland fisheries in the region appear to be more or less fully exploited, though some smaller fisheries may have room for further expansion. Both Kenya and Tanzania, however, have underdeveloped national marine offshore fisheries. With regard to aquaculture, there is potential for expanding aquaculture/mariculture production in most of the countries due to the fairly large number of inland water reservoirs and the expansive coastlines of Kenya and Tanzania. Recreational fishing is another sector with potential for development, at least in Kenya and Tanzania (both inland and marine), providing revenues and also fish for consumption/exports. With regard to demand, the Eastern Africa sub-region consists of net importers (primarily DRC), net exporters (primarily Tanzania) and those which alternate between the two (Kenya). Most of them have an unsatisfied and increasing demand for fish and fish products – largest in Uganda, Tanzania and DRC, and lowest in Burundi. For several of the countries, the low consumption rate is due to lack of supply rather than lack of demand. Fresh fish is preferred when available (mostly closer to water bodies), and thereafter frozen (when refrigeration is not a problem); dried or canned (when refrigeration is not available).

4 Burundi, Comoros, Djibouti, Democratic Republic of Congo, Eritrea, Ethiopia, Kenya, Madagascar, Malawi, Mauritius, Rwanda, Seychelles, Somalia, Sudan, Swaziland, Tanzania, Uganda, Zambia and Zimbabwe. As members of SADC and through the Inter-Regional Coordination Committee (IRCC) framework, Mozambique and South Africa are also involved. La Réunion also participates in the programme as a member of the IOC; although not as a financial beneficiary. 5 With regard to national supply, live weight was used for production and net weights for trade flows, which means the weight figure obtained is more of an indicative figure than a precise figure. 6 Where relevant. 7 Based on ’ease-of-visit’ considering the limited time available, but also with regard to either lack of information in relation to that country, or of particular interest due to particular products, trade flows or other developments. 8 Underlined countries were visited. Tilapia is widely popular, but dried Dagaa/Mukene/Omena is also popular (because of tradition/taste/storage convenience/low price) as is sardine/mackerel/herrings and other low-value marine species. Among the most popular export products from the sub-region are Nile perch fillets or fresh whole Nile perch. Increased government focus on, and promotion/facilitation of aquaculture production could be one way of satisfying demand in the sub-region. The Ugandan success could provide lessons learned and best practice options for the other countries in the sub-region. In the Horn of Africa, national supply is mainly contributed to by capture fisheries. Capture fisheries production is low (except Egypt) and the covered countries are mainly consuming meat products. Aquaculture is marginal with increases in Sudan (but production levels are only around 2,000 t). Urbanization is still low (range: 16 - 40%) and prices of fish products are generally higher than meat in urban areas hampered by transport costs. Imports of fish products are low and targeting upper – classes in urban areas (sold in supermarkets, specialty retailers or restaurants) including certain foreign communities with higher purchasing power like Ethiopia. Regional official trade is marginal and highly informal. Informal trade of dried catfish between Ethiopia and Sudan should be investigated further while the region may need a secondary specific mission to define next actions (the FAO is launching a regional trade capacity building project; Eritrea could also be a country to visit as a complementary action to the FAO project). Countries are generally using their own production to supply the market, except Egypt being net importer, which could become an importing customer of regional products as demand increases. Demand projections may bring pressure on local production and imports may increase by population growth only. Niche markets of high value fish could be investigated too. In the Indian Ocean (including La Réunion), capture fisheries consist of pelagic fisheries (swordfish and tuna species mainly), shrimp and cephalopods (Madagascar) targeting the European market with frozen, canned and fresh products (except La Réunion where Asia is the main exporting region). Demersal fisheries (for instance groupers, emperors, snappers and breams) also exist but as the continental plates are narrow (with the exception of Madagascar), production levels remain low and demersal fish are often sold locally and partly traded regionally. Traditional fishing is present but generally productions are only provided as estimates from previous years. The latter is especially important in Madagascar participating to exports of products too. Aquaculture is negligible except in Madagascar but at 5% - 10% of total production, mainly eco-labelled P. monodon shrimp targeting the EU and international markets, tilapias and carps. Aquaculture development for domestic supply is often hampered by the competing presence of wild fish trade of similar species sold at lower prices (e.g. tilapia, Madagascar) or farmed and wild similar products originating from Asia (e.g. farmed and wild shrimp). Countries are diverse in terms of economic level and sources of income - Seychelles and Mauritius approaching industrialized countries with a healthy tourism sector while Madagascar is facing a difficult economic situation for the last decade - as a consequence a trade flow of fish products exists mainly from Madagascar to Mauritius, Réunion, Seychelles and Comoros. Yearly per capita consumption is around 20kg in the region with the exceptions of Seychelles (approximately 60kg) and Madagascar (< 8kg). National demand consists of low value fish (frozen, sold fresh near landing areas, cured and by-catch of high value fish) for lower and middle classes with large imports from Asia while a market for high value fish (transported frozen in general) is present for the tourism sector in particular with low processing. In contrast with other countries of the region, Madagascar has a low per capita consumption (stagnating in the last years) and a low GDP in PPP per capita (decreasing slightly in the last years and since the 80’s) on average. This relates to the difficult economic situation that the country has been facing over the last 10 – 20 years, but especially in the last 5 years. Yet, demand in urban areas of low value fish is not met by national production and costs of importing products to Madagascar remain an issue. Indeed, trade with the African continent is marginal and hampered by low competition within the freight of commodities as well. In Southern Africa, countries have fairly low production levels in their capture fisheries and there is generally fairly little room for expansion. Aquaculture production levels are also currently fairly low, however, there is potential for increasing these further as all countries have beneficial climates and a vast number of water reservoirs. Recreational fishing is another sector which remains popular in these countries, providing revenues and also fish for consumption/exports. As net importers, demand from the Southern African countries themselves is of primary concern. Their low per capita consumption averages are generally viewed as caused by low supply levels rather than low demand (though in Swaziland, it is disputable how strong the preferences are for fish overall). However, there is increasing interest in subsistence and small-scale fish farming in Malawi, Zambia and Zimbabwe to provide for national demand. Furthermore, commercial aquaculture production levels are on the increase in some of these countries, already providing Nile tilapia for export markets (e.g. Lake Harvest in Zimbabwe). Considering the great demand in this sub-region, as in other African countries, for Nile tilapia, there is undoubtedly a market for this supply. The question is rather how to best (and sustainably) increase the supply to meet the demand. With regard to the quality of country data collected, the following can be noted: • For the countries visited, various data sources were usually obtained with regards to production, imports and exports. Often the various sources did not correspond exactly. Occasionally there were larger discrepancies but generally the figures were reasonably in line. • For countries not visited, information gathered was generally some years old; however, this was complemented by more recent production, import and export data from FAO as well as trade data from COMESA ComStat or UN ComTrade. In addition, recent articles and reports on specific topics such as aquaculture were obtained (either in relation to specific countries or general), complementing other more out-of-date information. To explore some of the opportunities and potentials noted in the report, as well as to address some of the weaknesses and constraints identified there, the following actions were proposed for the next phase of the SmartFish Programme’s trade component: With regards to supply, specific actions were proposed in relation to: 1. Scoping of eco-labelling opportunities for export products as a way to reduce pressure on resources (and as a niche market in the region). 2. Assessing opportunities and constraints to developing national marine capture fisheries in order to increase supply. 3. Supporting aquaculture development to increase supply. 4. Assessing specific threats to supply. 5. Analysing supply chains to develop further actions/interventions for improvements. 6. Product marketing. With regards to demand, specific actions were proposed in relation to: 1. Developing suitable consumer survey templates for the ESA-IO sub-regions through pilot assessments of national markets in specific countries or sub-regions (with the aim of developing a tool for better understanding national/sub-regional markets, and consumer preferences and groups). 2. Analysing specific import flows to better understand national demand. 3. Analysing specific export flows to better understand certain trade flows and characteristics. 4. Researching/assessing markets to better understand demand as well as competition for specific products in the ESA-IO region as well as outside.

French Cette évaluation du marché est l'une des activités de démarrage du Programme Smartfish, un programme financé par l'UE pour la mise en œuvre d'une stratégie régionale des pêches pour l'Océan Indien, Afrique Orientale et Australe (en bref: la région AfOA-OI). Le programme apporte un soutien à dix-neuf pays de cette région9. Cette évaluation s'inscrit dans le volet 4 (sur le commerce) du programme. Le rapport suivant a pour objectifs de: 1) fournir une compréhension et une analyse de la situation actuelle du marché et du potentiel de la région AfOA-OI et 2) proposer de prochaines actions du Programme sous sa composante ‘commerce’. En termes d'approche, l'offre et la demande ont été examinées pour les dix-neuf pays, à travers des études de bureau et des visites de certains pays (voir plus loin). Ces évaluations (par pays) furent axées sur les éléments suivants: • Offre nationale: la production nationale10 (capture, aquaculture et pêche récréative) plus les importations moins les exportations (en poids), et • Demande11: la demande nationale, la demande de l'AfOA-OI pays, et demande à l'extérieur de la région AfOA-OI. Les pays ont été divisés en sous-régions géographiques et des visites12 de pays représentatifs13 des sous- régions ont été choisis pour: • Afrique de l'Est et RDC: Kenya, Tanzanie, Ouganda, Burundi, Rwanda, RDC; • Corne de l'Afrique: Djibouti, Ethiopie, Somalie, Soudan, Erythrée; • Océan Indien: Comores, Madagascar, Maurice, les Seychelles; • Afrique australe: Malawi, Swaziland, Zambie, Zimbabwe; • Autres pays / autonomies abordés: y figuraient la Réunion et l'Egypte.

Les pays ont été évalués individuellement (voir Annexe 1), puis comme sous-régions (voir les chapitres sur Résultats et Discussion-Analyse). Pour chacune des sous-régions, les résultats ont été comme suit:

9 Burundi, Comores, Djibouti, République démocratique du Congo, Erythrée, Ethiopie, Kenya, Madagascar, Malawi, Maurice, Rwanda, Seychelles, Somalie, Soudan, Swaziland, Tanzanie, Ouganda, Zambie et Zimbabwe. En tant que membres de la SADC et à travers le comité de coordinations inter-régionales (IRCC), le Mozambique et l'Afrique du Sud sont également impliqués. La Réunion participe également au programme en tant que membre de la COI; mais non en tant que bénéficiaire financier. 10 En ce qui concerne l'offre nationale, le poids vif a été utilisé pour la production et le poids net pour les flux commerciaux, ce qui signifie que la quantité obtenue sous l’offre nationale est plus un chiffre indicatif qu’un chiffre rigoureux. 11 Lorsque pertinent. 12 Dans les pays soulignés. 13 Basé sur «la facilité d’accès» compte tenu du temps limité disponible, mais aussi à l'égard soit d'un manque d'informations en relation avec ce pays, ou d'un intérêt particulier en raison de certains produits, flux commerciaux ou d'autres développements. Dans la sous-région de l'Afrique de l’Est, la production de capture est le principal contributeur à la production totale, tandis que l'aquaculture contribue relativement peu, en dehors de l'Ouganda. En ce qui concerne la pêche de capture, les pêcheries intérieures les plus importantes de la région semblent être plus ou moins pleinement exploitées, même si certaines petites pêcheries pourraient avoir une plage disponible d’expansion future. Cependant, le Kenya et la Tanzanie possèdent des pêcheries hauturières nationales sous-développées. En ce qui concerne l'aquaculture, il existe un potentiel de croissance pour la production aquacole et la mariculture dans la plupart des pays en raison du nombre relativement grand de plans d'eau intérieurs et des côtes importantes du Kenya et la Tanzanie. La pêche récréative est un autre secteur à fort potentiel de développement, au moins au Kenya et en Tanzanie (continentale et marine), fournissant des revenus et aussi du poisson pour la consommation / exportations. Vis-à-vis de la demande, la sous-région de l'Afrique de l'Est se compose d’importateurs nets (principalement la RDC), d’exportateurs nets (principalement la Tanzanie) et ceux qui alternent entre les deux (Kenya). La plupart d'entre eux ont une demande non satisfaite et croissante de poisson et de produits de pêche - la plus importante étant en Ouganda, en Tanzanie et en RDC, et la plus basse au Burundi. Pour plusieurs de ces pays, le taux faible de consommation est dû au manque d'approvisionnement plutôt qu’à un manque de demande. Le poisson frais est préféré lorsqu'il est disponible (pour la plupart près de plans d'eau), suit les produits congelés (lorsque la réfrigération n'est pas un problème); séchés ou en conserve (lorsque la réfrigération n'est pas disponible). Le tilapia est très populaire, mais le dagaa / mukene / omena l’est aussi (en raison de la tradition / goût / stockage/ confort / prix bas). Il est en de même pour la sardine / le maquereau / le hareng et les autres espèces marines de faible valeur. Parmi les produits d'exportation les plus populaires de la sous-région se trouvent les filets de perche du Nil ou la perche du Nil en entier frais. L'accent accru du gouvernement, la promotion/facilitation de la production aquacole pourrait être un moyen de satisfaire la demande dans la sous-région. La réussite ougandaise pourrait fournir des enseignements et des options de meilleures pratiques pour les autres pays de la sous-région.

Dans la Corne de l'Afrique, la pêche (capture) contribue à l'offre nationale. La pêche est toutefois faible (sauf en Egypte) et les pays couverts sont principalement des consommateurs de viande. L'aquaculture est marginale avec des signes d’augmentations au Soudan (mais les niveaux de production ne sont que d'environ 2 000 t). L'urbanisation est encore faible (gamme: 16 - 40%) et les prix des produits de pêche sont généralement plus élevés que la viande dans les zones urbaines, entravé par les coûts de transport. Les importations de produits de la pêche sont faibles ciblant les classes supérieures urbaines (vendu dans les supermarchés, points de vente de poisson au détail ou restaurants), y compris certaines communautés étrangères avec des pouvoirs d'achat plus élevés, comme l'Éthiopie. Le commerce officiel régional est marginal et très informel. Le commerce informel de poissons-chats séchés entre l'Ethiopie et le Soudan devrait être approfondi tandis que la région pourrait avoir besoin d'une mission secondaire spécifique pour définir les prochaines actions (la FAO prévoyant de lancer un projet de renforcement des capacités pour le développement du commerce régional, l'Erythrée pourrait être un pays à visiter en tant qu’action complémentaire du projet de la FAO). Les pays utilisent généralement leur propre production pour alimenter le marché, sauf l'Egypte étant importateur net extrarégional, qui pourrait devenir un client importateur de produits régionaux. La demande pourrait y augmenter. Les projections de la demande croissante par démographie pourraient créer une pression sur la production locale et augmenter les importations. Les marchés de niche de produits de pêche de haute valeur pourraient être étudiés également.

Dans l'Océan Indien (y compris La Réunion), la pêche de capture est composée des pêcheries de pélagiques (espadons et espèces de thon principalement), de crevettes et de céphalopodes (Madagascar) ciblant le marché européen avec des produits congelés, en conserve et en frais (sauf La Réunion où l'Asie est la principale destination). La pêche démersale (e.g. mérous, empereurs, vivaneaux, brèmes) existe également, mais, comme les plateaux continentaux sont étroits (à l'exception de Madagascar), les niveaux de production restent faibles. Les poissons démersaux sont souvent vendus localement et en partie au niveau régional. La pêche traditionnelle (artisanale) est présente mais généralement les données productions sont des estimations des années précédentes. Cette dernière est particulièrement importante à Madagascar participant ainsi aux exportations de produits de pêche. L'aquaculture est négligeable sauf à Madagascar (5% - 10% de la production totale) et essentiellement de la P. monodon écolabellisée ciblant l'UE et les marchés internationaux, des tilapias et des carpes. Le développement de l'aquaculture pour l'approvisionnement domestique est souvent entravé par la concurrence de poissons sauvages d'espèces similaires, vendus à plus bas prix (par exemple, le tilapia, Madagascar). Les pays sont hétérogènes en termes de niveau économique et de sources de revenus - les Seychelles et Maurice s’approchent des niveaux des pays industrialisés avec un secteur touristique sain alors que Madagascar est confronté à une situation économique difficile depuis au moins une décennie -, ayant pour conséquence des flux commerciaux des produits de la pêche principalement de Madagascar à Maurice, La Réunion (observateur au COMESA seulement), les Seychelles et les Comores. La consommation annuelle (de produits halieutiques) par habitant est d'environ 20 kg dans la région, à l'exception des Seychelles (environ 60) et Madagascar (moins de 8). La demande nationale se compose de poissons de faible valeur (surgelés, vendus frais à proximité de débarquement, salés/séchés/fumés, de captures accessoires de poissons de grande valeur) pour les classes inférieures et moyennes avec des importations importantes en provenance d'Asie tandis qu’un marché de poissons de grande valeur (transportés congelés en général) est présent pour le secteur touristique en particulier avec une faible transformation. Contrairement à d'autres pays de la région, Madagascar a une faible consommation par habitant (stagnation dans les dernières années) et un faible PIB par habitant en PPA (en légère baisse dans les dernières années et, depuis les années 80) en moyenne. Le pays est en effet confronté à une situation économique difficile depuis les dix (voire vingt) dernières années. Pourtant la demande dans les zones urbaines du poisson de faible valeur n'est pas satisfaite par la production nationale et les coûts d'importation de produits à Madagascar reste un problème. Enfin, le commerce avec le continent africain est marginal et entravé par la faible concurrence dans le transport de marchandises. En Afrique australe, les pays ont des niveaux de production assez bas en pêches de capture et il existe généralement assez peu de potentiel de croissance. Les niveaux de production de l’aquaculture sont actuellement assez faibles. Cependant, il existe des opportunités pour augmenter les volumes car tous les pays possèdent des climats adéquates et un potentiel hydrographique (lacs, plans d'eau) important. La pêche récréative est un autre secteur qui reste populaire dans ces pays, fournissant des revenus ainsi que du poisson pour la consommation /exportations. En tant qu’importateurs nets, la demande des pays d'Afrique australe est une préoccupation majeure. Leur faible moyenne annuelle de consommation par habitant est généralement considérée comme étant causée par des niveaux d'alimentation bas plutôt que par une demande faible (bien que ce soit contestable au Swaziland où la consommation de poisson est probablement importante). Cependant, il existe un intérêt croissant pour l'agriculture de subsistance et de petite échelle au Malawi, en Zambie et au Zimbabwe pour répondre à la demande nationale. Par ailleurs, les niveaux de production commerciale aquacole sont en augmentation dans ces pays, fournissant déjà le tilapia du Nil pour les marchés d'exportation (Lake Harvest par exemple au Zimbabwe). Compte tenu de la grande demande pour le tilapia du Nil dans cette sous-région, comme dans d'autres pays africains, un marché pour ce poisson est sans doute présent. La question est plutôt accroître (et durablement) l'offre pour satisfaire la demande. Concernant la qualité des données recueillies par pays, les éléments suivants peuvent être notés: • Pour les pays visités, diverses sources de données ont été généralement obtenues en matière de production, importations et exportations. Souvent les différentes sources ne correspondaient pas rigoureusement. Occasionnellement, il existait des divergences importantes mais généralement les chiffres étaient raisonnablement proches; • Pour les pays non visités, les informations recueillies dataient généralement de quelques années, mais étaient complétées par des données de production, d'importation et d’exportation récentes extraites de la FAO ainsi que de données de commerce extérieur de COMESA Comstat ou Comtrade. En outre, des articles et des rapports sur des sujets spécifiques récents tels que l'aquaculture ont été obtenus (soit par rapport à des pays spécifiques ou généraux) en complément. Afin d'explorer certaines des possibilités et des potentialités notées dans le rapport, ainsi que pour répondre à certaines des faiblesses et contraintes identifiées, les actions suivantes ont été proposées pour la prochaine phase du volet “commerce” du programme Smartfish: En ce qui concerne l'offre : • Faisabilité d’application de l'éco-étiquetage pour les produits d'exportation comme moyen de réduire la pression sur les ressources (et comme un marché de niche dans la région). • Évaluer les opportunités et contraintes de développement national des pêcheries de capture marines afin d'augmenter l'offre. • Soutenir le développement de l'aquaculture pour accroître l'offre. • Évaluation des menaces spécifiques à l'offre. • Analyse de filières pour développer d'autres actions / interventions pour leurs améliorations. • La commercialisation du produit. Enfin, à l'égard de la demande : • Elaboration d’enquêtes adaptées auprès des consommateurs pour les sous-régions de l’AfOA-OI par le biais d’évaluations pilotes des marchés nationaux dans certains pays ou sous-régions (dans le but de développer un outil pour mieux comprendre les marchés nationaux / sous-régionaux, et les préférences des consommateurs/groupes sociaux). • Analyse des flux d'importations spécifiques pour mieux comprendre la demande nationale. • Analyse des flux d'exportations spécifiques afin de mieux comprendre les échanges et leurs caractéristiques. • Recherche / évaluation de marchés pour une meilleure compréhension de la demande ainsi que de la concurrence avec des produits spécifiques provenant de et hors région AfOA-OI.

1 INTRODUCTION

The ‘SmartFish’ Programme for the Implementation of a Regional Fisheries Strategy for the Indian Ocean, Eastern and Southern Africa (IRFS) is an EU-funded Programme, which brings support to nineteen countries in that region14 (in short: the ESA-IO region) (see map below). As its first phase, this Programme runs from March 2011 until September 2013. It is implemented by the Indian Ocean Commission (IOC), in collaboration with the Common Market for Eastern and Southern Africa (COMESA), the Inter-Governmental Authority on Development (IGAD) and the East Africa Community (EAC). Other institutions involved are SADC (Southern African Development Community) and Regional Fisheries Bodies and Management Organisations (RFBs/RFMOs) such as the Indian Ocean Tuna Commission (IOTC), the South West Indian Ocean Fisheries Commission (SWIOFC), the Lake Victoria Fisheries Organisation (LVFO) and the Lake Tanganyika Authority (LTA). The overall objective of the SmartFish Programme is to contribute to an increased level of social, economic and environmental development of the Eastern and Southern African, and Indian Ocean, sub-regions by a deeper regional integration of fisheries15 and fish16 trade. This market assessment is one of the start-up activities of the SmartFish Programme and it falls under Component 4 (trade). The following report on the assessment aims to: 1. Provide an understanding and analysis of the market situation and potential of the ESA-IO region; and 2. Propose next actions with the aim to “set the ground work for the ultimate project outcomes” (see Terms of Reference, Annex 2). The assessment was carried out by two trade analysts – Ms. Antonia HJORT and Mr. Vincent DEFAUX – between the end of June and mid-August 2011. The Methodology chapter elaborates on the approach taken by the consultants.

14 Burundi, Comoros, Djibouti, Democratic Republic of Congo, Eritrea, Ethiopia, Kenya, Madagascar, Malawi, Mauritius, Rwanda, Seychelles, Somalia, Sudan, Swaziland, Tanzania, Uganda, Zambia and Zimbabwe. While not benefiting from the 10th EDF, Mozambique and South Africa are involved as members of SADC and through the Inter- Regional Coordination Committee (IRCC) framework. Réunion Island will also participate in the Programme as a member of the IOC; although not as a financial beneficiary. 15 ‘Fisheries’ in this report refer to both capture of wild fish and to aquaculture, unless otherwise indicated. 16 ’Fish’ in this report refers to any fish and fish product from either capture fisheries or from aquaculture.

Figure 1: Map of the countries benefiting from or participating to ‘SmartFish’ 17

17 Source: SmartFish, 2011. 2 CONTEXT

There are numerous factors affecting the supply of fish and fish products, including: implementation of appropriate management regimes and related compliance levels; access to technology and expertise; access to markets; supply chain efficiency levels, etc. Likewise, factors affecting demand include: access to supply in general; population levels, income levels18 and location (rural/urban) more specifically; health awareness; cultural propensity to consumer certain types of products, etc.

With regard to supply levels globally, Figure 219 provides an overview of production levels during 1950-2009. It shows how the contribution from aquaculture has increased over the years and is thus playing an increasingly important role. It also shows how the contribution from capture fisheries have stagnated and declined.

Figure 2: Global production of fish, 1950-2009 (FAO)

In 2011, the world fishing sector is forecast to produce 149 million metric tons (mmt), of which 89 mmt (60%) will come from capture fisheries and 60 mmt (40%) from farmed fish (FAO estimate, 201120). The projected increase in total global production is 1.3% annually up to 2020 – a slower rate than over the previous decade. This is due to a lower growth rate in aquaculture production (2.8% during that period compared with 5.6% for 2001-2010) and a declining or stagnant capture sector. In 2015, aquaculture is forecast to surpass capture fisheries as the most important source of fish for human consumption.

In the ESA-IO region, the trend for total production during 1950-2009 is shown in Figure 321. Aquaculture, although production levels have been increasing, is still playing a minor role with regard to contribution to total production.

18 Individual purchasing powers can fluctuate by natural inflation and deflation of goods and services or/and by currencies devaluation/revaluation too, e.g. in Ethipia and Zimbabwe. 19 FAO Fisheries and Aquaculture Information and Statistics Service: http://www.fao.org/fishery/statistics/programme/3,1,1/en 20 In LEM A., 2011. - Artisanal Fishing: Its Future and Solvency as an Economic Activity. Presentation at the First Artisanal Fishing Day, Santiago, Spain, 11 July 2011. FAO. (Dr. Audun Lem, Senior Fishery Industry Officer, FAO). 21 FAO Fisheries and Aquaculture Information and Statistics Service: http://www.fao.org/fishery/statistics/programme/3,1,1/en

Figure 3: Production in the ESA-IO region, 1950 - 2009 (FAO)

In terms of demand, a shift of global economic power towards the Asia-Pacific region, including an expanding middle class, is likely to impact global seafood demand. By 2030, 66% of the world’s middle class are expected to live in the Asia Pacific region. India and China are driving the growth in the global middle class, and China is becoming a net importer of seafood (Chamberlain, 2011)22. In 20 years, per-capita seafood consumption is expected to rise to about 20 kg/year (Jory, 201123) driven by the Asia Pacific region. However, while per capita consumption may increase globally, triggered by changes in the Asia Pacific region, in Sub-Saharan Africa per capita consumption rates are forecast to stagnate overall (Delgado et al. 2003). This projection may however hide significant differences between countries and ESA-IO sub-regions. Some countries have larger populations and higher population growth rates but lower per capita consumption (e.g. Sudan), hence impacting the overall projection more than countries with the opposite situation (e.g. Seychelles). Furthermore, as noted above, trends such as increasing urbanization24, growing middle classes25, and an increasing general awareness of the health benefits of fish consumption are all present in Africa (as will be further elaborated on in chapter 5 on Discussion and Analysis). Having noted these past trends and future projections, this report delves further into the past, present and likely future supply and demand situation in the ESA-IO region.

22 CHAMBERLAIN, 2011. - Shrimp session of World Aquaculture Society, June 2011 – “Can We Double in a Decade, Responsibly?” In: Global Aquaculture Advocate (2011), Volume 14, Issue 4 (July – August 2011). President of the GAA (Global Aquaculture Advocate). 23 JORY D.E, 2011. - Keeping Pace In The Race For More Seafood In: Global Aquaculture Advocate (2011), Volume 14, Issue 4 (July – August 2011), page 3. GAA editor. 24 See Annex 9. 25 See Annex 10. 3 METHODOLOGY AND PERFORMANCE AGAINST TERMS OF REFERENCE

According to the Terms of Reference (TORs) (4M1.2.1-TOR), this assignment falls under the start-up activities of Component 4 (on regional fish trade) of the SmartFish Programme. Its aim is to assist with the situational analysis and set the ground work for the ultimate programme interventions. The assignment’s particular focus was on assessing market potential by understanding the present and potential supply and demand for fish and fish products in the region vis-à-vis intra-regional trade primarily, but also with a broader view to other potential markets outside the region. The TORs further noted that individual country assessments were to be the focus in terms of supply26 whereas the demand was to be understood at a country level within the region27. Country visits were to be aimed at confirming supply and demand dynamics in more detail. With regards to supply, opportunities were to be identified for countries in terms of regional trade and with regard to demand, demand outside the region was also to be considered and the potential for these export markets assessed. Lastly, the TORs asked for the identification of weaknesses and gaps in the data available. In terms of approach, the first step was to define supply and demand and the following definitions were decided upon: • National supply28: national production (capture, aquaculture and recreational29) plus imports minus exports (in weight); • Demand: in-country demand; demand from ESA-IO countries; and demand from outside the ESA-IO region30. Furthermore, countries were divided into geographical sub-regions and representative31 countries were chosen from these groups for country visits32: • Horn of Africa: Djibouti, Ethiopia, Somalia, Sudan, Eritrea; • Indian Ocean: Comoros, Madagascar, Mauritius, Seychelles; • Eastern Africa & DRC: Kenya, Tanzania, Uganda, Burundi, Rwanda, DRC; • Southern Africa: Malawi, Swaziland, Zambia, Zimbabwe; • Other countries/autonomies discussed included La Réunion and Egypt. This was followed by a desk review aiming at collecting information on supply and demand in the countries, and on demand in other countries of the region as well as outside the region: • Online reports, documents and articles were reviewed; • Official databases such as those of FAO (FAO FIGIS and FAO Stat), COMESA ComStat and/or UN ComTrade were searched; • Experts and country focal points33 were consulted.

Following the initial desk review, country visits took place and these focused on: • Meetings with country focal points, government representatives, private sector representatives (producers, importers and exporters), academia, EU and FAO.

26 And where possible identifying species level and product level capability. 27 With specific identification of preferences for fish and fish products. 28 With regard to national supply, live weight was used for production and net weights for trade flows, which means the weight figure obtained is more of an indicative figure than a precise figure. 29 Where relevant. 30 See also long term trend on meat and fish consumption and GDP per capita – HDI by countries in Annex 7 and Annex 8. 31 Based on ’ease-of-visit’ considering the limited time available, but also with regard to either lack of information in relation to that country, or of particular interest due to particular products, trade flows or other developments. 32 Underlined countries were visited. 33 Country focal points of the SmartFish Programme. • Due to the limited time available, production site visits were limited however, open fish markets and supermarkets were visited to check availability of species and prices, discussions were held with local people to get a general idea of consumer preferences and where fish generally was purchased. Hotel menus were also inspected. • These country visits provided insight into supply and demand dynamics from various perspectives such as government statistics, academic research, private sector information as well as consumer habits and preferences. Of particular interest during the country visits were limits and threats to production and market access, as well as current developments and opportunities in the fisheries sector. With regard to the quality of country data collected, the following can be noted: • For the countries visited, various data sources were usually obtained with regard to production, imports and exports. Often the various sources did not correspond exactly. Occasionally there were larger discrepancies but generally the figures were reasonably in line. • For countries not visited, information gathered was generally some years old; however, this was complemented by more recent production, import and export data from FAO, as well as trade data from COMESA ComStat or UN ComTrade. In addition, recent articles and reports on specific topics such as aquaculture were obtained (either in relation to specific countries or general), complementing other more out-of-date information. Following the country visits, the main analysis took place, comprising: • Results34 (chapter 4) – providing a mostly quantitative (statistics and trends) overview of supply and demand by sub-region; • Discussion and Analysis (chapter 5) – providing a mostly qualitative (e.g. opportunities and constraints) overview of supply and demand by sub-region; and • Conclusions and proposed actions (chapter 6) – summarizing key findings and proposing actions related to those findings. With regard to constraints in carrying out this assignment, the most limiting factor was time to collect and compile information on all countries. In fact, there was quite a wealth of information to be obtained, including from governments, academia and the private sector. However, gathering such information as well as comparing the data against that of other sources was time consuming. It was thus agreed early on that enough time was to be allocated to compile a minimum level of information/data for each country, in order to provide sufficient understanding of the sub-regional and country characteristics. Many of the proposed actions in chapter 6 – on Conclusions and proposed actions – therefore correspond to information gaps identified during this exercise.

34 For more accurate comparison, the Results chapter relies primarily on data from official databases such as FAO FIGIS and Comstat as it was concluded that this data would contain –with some exceptions - the same error margin and it also provided the most recent data for most of the countries. 4 RESULTS

4.1 INTRODUCTION This chapter aims to provide mostly quantitative overviews of supply and demand in the different ESA-IO sub-regions, primarily based on official statistical databases (for ease of comparison). The following topics covered in the chapter, as well as the main sources used, are as follows: • Supply: o Total production35 o Capture fisheries36 o Aquaculture37 o Imports38 o Exports39 o Trade balance40 o National supply41, 42 • Demand: o National demand43,44,45 o Demand from ESA-IO region46 o Demand from outside ESA-IO region47 More detailed information can be found in the Country Profiles (see Annex 1).

35 FAO Fisheries and Aquaculture Information and Statistics Service: http://www.fao.org/fishery/statistics/Programme/3,1,1/en 36 FAO Fisheries and Aquaculture Information and Statistics Service: http://www.fao.org/fishery/statistics/Programme/3,1,1/en 37 FAO Fisheries and Aquaculture Information and Statistics Service: http://www.fao.org/fishery/statistics/Programme/3,1,1/en 38 FAO Fisheries and Aquaculture Information and Statistics Service: http://www.fao.org/fishery/statistics/Programme/3,1,1/en 39 FAO Fisheries and Aquaculture Information and Statistics Service: http://www.fao.org/fishery/statistics/Programme/3,1,1/en 40 FAO Fisheries and Aquaculture Information and Statistics Service: http://www.fao.org/fishery/statistics/Programme/3,1,1/en 41 FAO Fisheries and Aquaculture Information and Statistics Service: http://www.fao.org/fishery/statistics/Programme/3,1,1/en 42 World Population Prospects, the 2010 Revision: http://esa.un.org/unpd/wpp/unpp/Panel_profiles.htm 43 FAO STAT: http://faostat.fao.org/site/610/default.aspx#ancor 44 Government statistics. 45 World Population Prospects, the 2010 Revision: http://esa.un.org/unpd/wpp/unpp/Panel_profiles.htm 46 Government statistics; UN ComTrade http://comtrade.un.org/db/; and COMESA ComStat http://comstat.comesa.int/ 47 Government statistics; UN ComTrade http://comtrade.un.org/db/; and COMESA ComStat http://comstat.comesa.int/ 4.2 EASTERN AFRICA PLUS DR CONGO As described in the Methodology section, in this assessment the Eastern Africa region (plus DRC) comprises Burundi, Kenya, Rwanda, Tanzania, Uganda as well as DRC. Whereas Kenya and Tanzania have fairly long coastlines (640 and 1 424 km respectively), DRC only has a short one (37 km) and Uganda, Burundi and Rwanda are all landlocked countries, with varying degrees of access to inland waters.

4.2.1 SUPPLY Total production With regard to total production over a ten-year period (2000-2009) (Figure 4), Rwanda and Burundi have by far the lowest levels (averaging 8 381t and 15 030 t per year respectively). Uganda and Tanzania had the highest production levels during this period, though Uganda’s total production decreased from 2007 (albeit after a fairly steep increase since 2003) and Tanzania’s production levels decreased slightly from 2005.

600000

500000

400000 Kenya oT n 300000 Tanzania ne s Uganda 200000 Burundi

100000 Rwanda DRC 0 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 Year

Figure 4: Eastern Africa plus DRC - total production by country (2000-2009) (live weight) (FIGIS)

Capture fisheries In terms of capture production 2000-2009 (Figure 5), the trends for all countries were similar to those of total production above, indicating that capture fisheries were the main contributors to total production during that period. In 2009, Uganda, as the top producer in the region, produced 400 000 t of fish (down from the peak year of 500 000 t in 2007), mainly consisting of ‘miscellaneous freshwater fishes’ (226 000 t) and ‘tilapias and other cichlids’ (149 300 t). The smallest producer in that year, Rwanda, produced 9 050 t, consisting of ‘miscellaneous freshwater fishes’ (5 100 t) and ‘tilapias and other cichlids’ (3 950 t). 600000

500000

400000 Kenya oT n 300000 Tanzania ne s Uganda 200000 Burundi

100000 Rwanda DRC 0 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 Year

Figure 5: Eastern Africa plus DRC - capture production by country (2000-2009) (live weight) (FIGIS)

Aquaculture With regard to aquaculture production 2000-2009 (Figure 6), Uganda again is the top producer, vastly increasing its production from 5 539 t in 2004 to 76 654 t in 2009 (again consisting mainly of ‘miscellaneous freshwater fishes’ and ‘tilapias and other cichlids’). Tanzania, as the second largest producer in 2009, produced 5 722 t of mainly red seaweeds that year. For Burundi, DRC, Kenya and Rwanda, the main aquaculture species group by far (or the only one in the case of Burundi) was ‘tilapias and other cichlids’ in 2009.

90000 80000 70000

60000 Kenya T o 50000 n Tanzania n e 40000 s Uganda 30000 Burundi 20000 Rwanda 10000 DRC 0 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 Year

Figure 6: Eastern Africa plus DRC - aquaculture production by country (2000-2009) (live weight) (FIGIS)

Imports In terms of imports of products for direct human consumption during the 2000-2008 period (Figure 7), DRC is by far the greatest importer (averaging 67 325 t per year over that period). In 2009, the main product imported to DRC was ‘fish, frozen, excluding fillets and meat’ (42 924 t), followed by ‘fish, dried, salted or smoked’ (11 970 t). Kenya, as the second largest importer, averaged 16 460 t per year (main product imported in 2009 was also ‘fish, frozen, excluding fillets and meat’; 15 921t). Tanzania and Rwanda began increasing their imports from around 2006 (2 947 and 1 342 t respectively in that year, up from 571 and 58 t in the previous year) to 6 874 and 3 600 t, respectively, in 2008. Uganda and Burundi’s imports ranged between 7 and 737 t in any year during that period.

80000 70000 60000 50000 Kenya oT n 40000 Tanzania ne s Uganda 30000 Burundi 20000 Rwanda 10000 DRC 0 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 Year

Figure 7: Eastern Africa plus DRC - imports of fish products by country (2000-2008) (net weight) (FIGIS)

Exports With regard to exports of products for direct human consumption (2000 to 2008) (Figure 8), Tanzania was the largest exporter during that period (averaging 56 806 t per year, though with a significant dip in 2006). In 2008, its main export products were ‘fish fillets, frozen’ (18 133 t), ‘fish meat, whether or not minced, and fillets, fresh or chilled’ (18 091 t) and ‘fish, dried, salted or smoked’ (14 513 t). Burundi, DRC and Rwanda exported volumes of between 0 and 310 t per year during 2000-2008.

80000 70000 60000 50000 Kenya oT n 40000 Tanzania ne s 30000 Uganda Burundi 20000 Rwanda 10000 DRC 0 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 Year

Figure 8: Eastern Africa plus DRC - exports of fish products by country (2000-2008) (net weight) (FIGIS)

Trade balance With regard to trade balance48 during 2000-2008 (Figure 9), measured in net weight, DRC was a clear net importer whereas Tanzania was a clear net exporter, followed by Uganda, which was also a net exporter. Burundi both imported and exported very little during that period, hence shows a trend close to zero on the scale. The situation used to be similar for Rwanda up to 2006, when it became a net importer. Kenya fluctuated between being a net importer and net exporter during 2000-2008.

100000 80000 60000 40000 Kenya Tanzania oT 20000 n n Uganda e 0 s Burundi 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 -20000 Rwanda -40000 DRC -60000 -80000 Year

Figure 9: Eastern Africa plus DRC - trade balance of fish products by country (2000-2008) (net weight) (FIGIS)

National supply With regard to national supply49 2000-2008, explaining what is available for consumption in a country each year (10), from 2004, Uganda had the highest supply (sharply increasing its supply from 222 546 t in 2003 to 476 390 t in 2008). With low levels of imports (and not very high levels of exports), this supply increase can be explained by the vast increase in production, both from capture fisheries and aquaculture. DRC and Tanzania show more stagnating trends over the period, both with an average supply of about 300 000 t per year. Burundi and Rwanda had the lowest supply levels, probably explained by low production and low import levels. In terms of national demand during the same period50, population growth rates were fairly similar for all countries (ranging between 2.56 and 2.92 %) apart from Uganda (3.21% during 2000-2005; and 3.24 % during 2005-2010).

48 Imports minus exports. 49 National production plus imports minus exports (see note in the methodology). 50 World Population Prospects, the 2010 Revision: http://esa.un.org/unpd/wpp/unpp/Panel_profiles.htm 600000

500000

400000 Kenya oT n 300000 Tanzania ne s Uganda 200000 Burundi Rwanda 100000 DRC

0 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 Year

Figure 10: Eastern Africa plus DRC - national supply of fish products by country (2000-2008) (weight)51

4.2.2 DEMAND National demand With regard to national demand, Uganda has the highest average consumption rate by far (15.6 kg per capita in 2007), as well as among the highest projected population growth rates during 2010-2020 (3.14% in 2010- 2015; and 2.99% in 2015-2020). It has a medium-size population of 33.4 million in 2010 (compared with DRC: 66 million in 2010; and Burundi: 8.4 million in 2010). Together, these factors explain the comparatively high projected growth in demand for Uganda during 2010-2020 (Figure 11). Tanzania and DRC have the second highest projected growth rates in demand, which can be explained by having, for the region, comparatively high consumption rates (8 and 5.5 kg per capita in 2007 respectively). These countries have large populations (44.8 and 66 million respectively in 2010). Tanzania’s projected population growth rates for the period are about as high as Uganda’s. Rwanda and Burundi have the lowest projected growth rates in demand, which could be explained by a combination of relatively small populations, lower population growth rates as well as lower average consumption rates.

800000 700000 600000 Kenya oT 500000 n 400000 Tanzania ne s 300000 Uganda 200000 Burundi 100000 0 Rwanda 2010 2015 2020 DRC Year

Figure 11: Eastern Africa plus DRC - projected growth in demand of fish products by country (2010-2020) (in weight) (UNDP – FAO)

51 Calculations by authors based FAO FIGIS data. Nile tilapia and dried/salted/smoked fish (locally called Omena (Kenya)/Dagaa (Tanzania)/Mukene (Uganda) from Lake Victoria or Kapenta from Lake Kariba, Zimbabwe/Zambia) are among the most popular species for consumption. Catfish is only popular among parts of the populations and disliked by others (because of taste, cultural or religious beliefs). Demand from ESA-IO region In 2008/2009, the main ESA-IO export destinations for the Eastern African countries plus DRC were Burundi, DRC, Egypt, Kenya, Rwanda, South Africa, Sudan, Tanzania and Zambia. The main products exported to these countries are noted under Supply-Exports.

Demand outside the ESA-IO region In 2008/2009, the main non-ESA-IO export destinations for the Eastern African countries plus DRC were: • African but non-ESA-IO: Angola and Ghana • Non-African, non-ESA-IO: Australia, Bahrain, Canada, China, Cuba, EU (Belgium, Cyprus, Denmark, France, Germany, Greece, Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Italy, Portugal, Spain, Sweden, United Kingdom), Hong Kong, Iceland, India, Israel, Japan, Jordan, Kuwait, Lebanon, Macedonia, Singapore, Switzerland, Thailand, Turkey, United Arab Emirates, and United States of America. The main products exported to these countries are noted under Supply-Exports. 4.3 HORN OF AFRICA Countries covered are: Eritrea, Ethiopia, Somalia, Sudan + Egypt. For details of the figures below, see annexes. Ethiopia is a landlocked country.

4.3.1 SUPPLY

4.3.1.1 Production Global production (live weight)

80,000 Sudan 1,200,000 70,000 1,000,000 60,000 50,000 800,000 Egypt 40,000 Somalia 30,000 600,000 20,000 Ethiopia Eritrea; 400,000 10,000 3,030 0 200,000

0 Djibouti; Year 1,058 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009

Figure 12: Horn of Africa - annual global production by country in tonnes (live weight) 2000 - 2009 (FIGIS)

Global productions increase by capture fisheries in Ethiopia and Sudan while Egypt increase is only due its soaring aquaculture sector (see graphs below). See further analysis in the chapter 5 on Discussion and analysis.

Capture fisheries (live weight) 80,000 500,000 70,000 450,000 400,000 60,000 350,000 50,000 Sudan 300,000 Egypt 40,000 250,000 30,000 Somalia 200,000 20,000 Ethiopia 150,000 Eritrea; 100,000 10,000 3,030Djibouti; 50,000 0 1,058 0 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009

Figure 13: Horn of Africa - annual capture fisheries by country in tonnes (live weight) 2000 - 2009 (FIGIS) • Trend and key species In the region, marine fisheries consist of large and small pelagics especially in Somalia - and to some extent demersal fisheries, while freshwater fisheries consists mainly (by order of importance) of tilapias, catfishes, barbus, cyprinids in lakes, seasonal ponds/tanks and rivers. Capture fisheries is steadily increasing in Ethiopia (18 000t in 2010 according to local authorities) and Sudan. Aquaculture (live weight)

2500 Sudan 800,000 2000 600,000 Egypt 1500 1000 400,000 500 Ethiopia 200,000 0 0

2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 Figure 14: Horn of Africa - annual aquaculture production by country in tonnes (live weight) 2000 – 2009 (FIGIS) • Trend, key species and key products in aquaculture The region is not a large producer of farmed fish (with the exception of Egypt). It is estimated that around 2 000t of Nile tilapia is produced in Sudan (with marginal farming of Nile perch 200t) while other countries are not or negligible producers. Egypt is one of the largest producers of farmed fish in Africa in brackish water and freshwater with Nile tilapia, flathead grey mullet, Cyprinids and common carps, torpedo-shaped catfishes, European seabass and gilthead seabream (by order of importance in quantity). Signs of increase in Sudan can be noticed52. Some production of trout is present on the highlands in Ethiopia but remains very marginal being a premium product.

4.3.1.2 Imports – exports – trade balance of fishery products • Exports (net weight) 8,000 700 7,000 Egypt 600 Eritrea 6,000 500 5,000 400 Ethiopia 4,000 Somalia 300 3,000 200 2,000 Sudan 100 1,000 Djibouti 0 0

Figure 15: Horn of Africa - annual exports of fish products from countries in tonnes (net weight) 2000 - 2008 (FIGIS)

Main origins - destinations with key species and products: Mainly marine fish (frozen, dried, salted or in brine; smoked fish) – re-exports - with some marginal exports of fish produced nationally. Exports within the region are highly marginal with some by Sudan, importing from Ethiopia.

52 Estimations from the FAO from “available sources of information or calculations based on specific assumptions” (FIGIS – special values explanation). Imports (net weight)

2,500 300,000 250,000 2,000 200,000 Egypt 1,500 Sudan 150,000 1,000 Somalia 100,000 Ethiopia 50,000 500 Djibouti 0 0 Eritrea

2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008

Figure 16: Horn of Africa - annual imports of fish products from countries in tonnes (net weight) 2000 - 2008 (FIGIS) Products consists mainly of pelagic fish (Tunas prepared or preserved, not minced, nei and Sardines, sardinellas, brisling or sprats, prep. or pres., not minced, nei). Regional trade is low. Trade balance (net weight)

5,000 0

4,000 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2008 -50,000 2007 Somalia 3,000 -100,000 2,000

1,000 Eritrea; 4 -150,000 Ethiopia; 0 Egypt; -335 -200,000 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 -202 532 -1,000 Djibouti; -407 -250,000 -2,000 Sudan; -794 -3,000 -300,000

Figure 17: Horn of Africa - annual trade balance by country in tonnes (net weight) 2000 - 2008 (FIGIS)

Trade balance is negative for Egypt; and Sudan in the last years. Somalia is a net exporter. National supply

80,000 1,000,000 Sudan; Egypt; 70,000 69,801 900,000 865,098 800,000 60,000 700,000 50,000 600,000 Somalia; 40,000 500,000 32,526 400,000 30,000 300,000 Ethiopia; 20,000 16,460 200,000 10,000 100,000 Djibouti; 0 0 799 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2008

2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2007

Figure 18: Horn of Africa - national supply by country in tonnes Calculated by authors from FAO FIGIS data

National and regional trade of products Egypt shows a regular increase in national supply. Imports have decreased slightly but the local production has kept the global growth. Ethiopia trades seasonal dried catfish from seasonal tanks within a volume which is considered non negligible. Frozen wild fish is sold in urban areas – but is still a pricey source of protein (Gordon et al., 2007). Although Somalia is showing a net trade balance, demand of fish is said to be higher than the supply but restrained by the current situation in the country and the fisheries resources of high values in Somali waters keep a minimum operation of exports (FAO country profile, 2005).

4.3.2 DEMAND

120,000

100,000 Sudan

80,000

60,000

40,000

20,000 SomaliaEthiopia Eritrea 0 Djibouti 2010 2015 2020

Figure 19: Horn of Africa - projections of average annual consumptions by country in tonnes (FAOSTAT – UNDP) – excluding Egypt

National demand increase is expected to be mainly brought by increased population size and partly by increased urbanization. Sudan is twice higher due to a larger population size than the ones from the other countries within the sub-region but a low per capita consumption. 4.4 INDIAN OCEAN ISLANDS Countries covered are: Comoros, Madagascar, Mauritius, Seychelles + Réunion.

4.4.1 SUPPLY Total production 180,000 Madagascar; 160,000 143,838 140,000 120,000 Seychelles; 100,000 80,651 80,000 Tonnes Tonnes 60,000 Comoros; 40,000 20,450 20,000 Mauritius; 0 8,013 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 Reunion; Year 3,144

Figure 20: Indian Ocean - annual global production by country in tonnes (live weight) (FIGIS)

Capture fisheries

160,000 Madagascar; 140,000 134,143 120,000 100,000 Seychelles; 80,000 80,351 60,000 40,000 Comoros; 20,450 20,000 Mauritius; 7,576 0 Reunion; 3,000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009

Figure 21: Indian Ocean - annual capture fisheries by country in tonnes (live weight) (FIGIS)

The fisheries sector focuses principally in pelagic fish (tunas, swordfish), molluscs (cephalopods), crustaceans (shrimp, crabs) and demersal fisheries. It is mainly an industrial activity (in terms of volume caught). For migrating fishing stocks in the Indian Ocean exploited both by industrial and artisanal fisheries, swordfish and bigeye tuna are under acceptable levels. Data on skipjack (listao, FR) and albacore should be improved to define the stocks situation while yellowfin tuna (albacore, FR) is probably overexploited. Potential for further exploitation of bigeye tuna may exist yet. (IOTC 13th Scientific Committee Session53). Artisanal fisheries are important in volumes especially in Madagascar (e.g: 60% of total fisheries in Madagascar in 2010) and number of workers in most countries but their statistics and stock situations are in general only estimated from previous years when landing data were collected at a larger extent.

53 Extracted from CRPMEM, 2011. Shrimp fishing (5 species of Penaeids) is important in Madagascar. The shrimp farming and shrimp fishing in Madagascar are inter-connected by targeting similar markets in the EU. Shrimp exploitation is considered not to be exploited at this higher level and well managed by the private operators, the market demand having reduced fishing efforts too54. Other hypotheses mentioned were environmental issues but those hypotheses were not confirmed. Inland capture fisheries in Madagascar (see key produce below) represents a third of the total fisheries (capture and aquaculture). Aquaculture

18000 Madagascar; 16000 9,695 14000 12000 10000 8000 Mauritius; 437 6000 Seychelles; 4000 300 2000 Reunion; 144 0 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009

Figure 22: Indian Ocean - annual aquaculture production by country in tonnes (live weight) (FIGIS)

Aquaculture production is low with the exception of Madagascar consisting of shrimp farming and the presence of tilapia and carps. P. monodon shrimp exports to the EU (main market): from 2006, arrival of P. vanamei shrimp from Asia mainly (also from Latin America) at lower prices than the Malagasy shrimp accentuated by a reduction in purchasing power from the main European consumers (Southern French, Spanish and Portuguse middle and upper-classes, especially eaten at restaurants) slowed down the demand on the European market. Some producers resisted by having developed a niche market of certified produce in the last years known by their customers (Label Bio, Label Rouge for example). Key species and produce (capture fisheries and aquaculture) Marine fisheries consist of pelagic fish and in some extent demersal fish (emperors, snappers, groupers mainly), crustaceans and cephalopods. EU vessels are present under EU Tuna Fisheries Partnership Agreements in Comoros, Madagascar and Seychelles55. Shrimp fishing and octopus are other important fisheries (in Madagascar), generally frozen on board: 5 type of species of Penaeids (inc. P. monodon) can be fished bringing volumes of by-catch, which are compulsory to land since the end of the 90’s then consumed locally. Madagascar by its large superficy and geography produces at large volumes wild tilapias (different species), common carps and some catfish too. Aquaculture: fish farming and shrimp farming is not negligible in Madagascar, it consists – without being exhaustive - of Penaeus monodon (some under the Ecolabels ‘Bio’ and ‘Label Rouge’), common carps, tilapias (Tilapia nilotica), some eels. Mauritius and La Réunion do produce very low quantity of farmed fish such as red drums and silver breams.

54 Shrimp farming and fishing has been hit since 2005 – 2006 by market competition of other species (see section exports under analyses) having for consequences a reduction in the operational fishing fleet (fisheries) and a reduction of operating productions sites. 55 Situation on FPAs are available on the website of the DG MARE (General Directorate of Maritimes Affairs and Fisheries) of the European Commission. External trade (imports, exports, trade balance) In the difference with other ESA regions, regional trade is present at non marginal level. For instance, Réunion imports products from Madagascar. Note that Seychelles saw a drastic decrease in imports from 2007 to 2008. The reason of such a decrease was not investigated further (time constraint). Imports

160,000 Mauritius; 150,173 140,000 120,000 Seychelles; 100,000 36,211 80,000 60,000 Madagascar; 40,000 14,544 Reunion; 20,000 10,409 0 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 Comoros; 426 Year

Figure 23: Indian Ocean - annual imports of fish products by countries in tonnes (net weight) (FIGIS)

Indian Ocean countries with the exception of Madagascar import massively from Asia. Products consist of shrimps (mainly frozen), pangasius and tilapia. Regional trade consist mainly of a trade flow from Madagascar to Réunion, Comoros, Mauritius. Note also that Mauritius has a ‘hub’ specificity receiving products from Seychelles (mainly tuna) for further processing (loins and canning for instance) before being exported to international markets (Europe mainly). [See also section ‘demand’ below for destinations.] Exports

60,000 Mauritius; 49,097 50,000

40,000

30,000 Madagascar; 22,651 20,000 Seychelles; 14,125 10,000 Reunion; 4,446 0 Comoros; 2 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008

Figure 24: Indian Ocean - annual exports of fish products by countries in tonnes (net weight) (FIGIS) [Regional trade within the IO region is treated under the section Imports above] Africa: Exports to the African continent is marginal (mainly from Madagascar) with some punctual exceptions in South Africa and East African countries. Comoros’exports are almost nil but anecdotal information mentioned informal exports of products coming from Madagascar to reach the African continent as a passenger transport by sea exist between the two countries. Some shark meat may also be traded dried from Comoros to the African continent (Kamal et al., 2009). Europe: Exports is mainly targeting the European market56 and the region. Pelagic fish (swordfish and tunas) is the main fish commodity exported by the region to international markets (mainly Europe). Fish are sold fresh (gutted and headed, loins, steaks mainly) for the export market by air or in cans mainly (by sea). Madagascar exports mostly farmed shrimp (a high value product) to Europe frozen raw. They are then processed (cooked) in European countries (mainly France) before sales to restaurants, retails and in some extent supermarket chains. [See also section ‘demand’ below for destinations.]

Trade balance

40,000 Madagascar; 20,000 8,107 0 Comoros; -424 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 -20,000 Reunion; -5,963

-40,000 Seychelles; -22 086 -60,000

-80,000 Mauritius; -101 076 -100,000

-120,000

Figure 25: Indian Ocean - annual trade balance by country in tonnes (net weight) (FIGIS)57 Mauritius, Seychelles, Réunion, Comoros are net importers. Madagascar: even if the graph would tend to make us conclude that supply and demand are met, exports products are high value products (shrimp, octopus, tunas) targeting the international markets (a few sold locally to restaurants) and at least in urban areas, the local demand is high and supply does not meet demand (see country profile for details and demand below).

56 Anecdotal information on signs of potential to export Malagasy shrimp to Asia were provided during the field mission but it is still at his birth (contacts betweem importers and exporters). 57 Calculatations by authors based FAO FIGIS data.

National supply

180,000 Madagascar; 160,000 129,792 140,000

120,000 Mauritius; 100,000 107,869 80,000 Seychelles; 60,000 91,142 40,000 Comoros; 30,413 20,000 Reunion; 9,100 0 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008

Figure 26: Indian Ocean - national supply by country in tonnes58

4.4.2 DEMAND

200,000 19,500 19,000 150,000 18,500 Madagascar 18,000 100,000 17,500 17,000 Reunion 50,000 16,500 Mauritius 16,000 Comoros 0 Seychelles 15,500 2010 2015 2020 2010 2015 2020

Figure 27: Indian Ocean - projections of average annual consumptions by country in tonnes (FAOSTAT – UNDP)

Current demand Fish is price dependent especially for low income social classes (see ‘Context’ presented above). Low income populations target low value fish products comparing prices with other sources of protein. The situation is especially important in Madagascar where demand for low value fish is high and not met by the supply from by-catch of shrimp fishing or traditional (artisanal) fishing. Even in la Réunion with a GDP per capita half the level of the French metropolis, customers of discount supermarket chains target low value fish or low value meat/poultry. The market of high value fish for upper-middle class by direct purchase or by consumption in restaurants is important especially in Seychelles and Mauritius (tourism countries) and to a lesser extent in la Réunion (less touristic). Projections of national consumptions Increase is at a minimum expected by population growth; in line with the hypothesis described in Delgado et al., 2003. However, see discussion for further analyses. Demand outside and within the ESA/IO region: treated in the section ‘Supply’ above.

58 Calculations by authors based on FAO FIGIS data. 4.5 SOUTHERN AFRICA As described in the Methodology section, in this assessment the Southern African region comprises Malawi, Swaziland, Zambia and Zimbabwe – all of which are landlocked countries.

4.5.1 SUPPLY Total production With regard to total production over a ten-year period (2000-2009), Swaziland has by far the lowest production level (averaging 91 t per year), followed by Zimbabwe (averaging 13 530 t per year). Both countries appear to have stagnated in terms of total production, whereas both Malawi and Zambia appear to have been increasing their production over the years (see Figure 28 below).

100000

90000

80000

70000

60000 oT n 50000 Malawi ne s Swaziland 40000 Zambia 30000 Zimbabwe 20000

10000

0 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 Year

Figure 28: Southern Africa - total production by country (2000-2009) (live weight) (FIGIS)

Capture fisheries For capture production (Figure 29), the country trends are of a similar pattern to that of total production above, indicating that capture production is the main contributor to total production in these countries. In 2009, all countries reported catches of ‘miscellaneous freshwater fishes; and Malawi, Zambia and Zimbabwe all reported catches of ‘crocodiles and alligators’. Malawi and Zimbabwe reported catches of tilapias and similar species, whereas only Malawi reported catches of cyprinids (e.g. carps) that year. 90000

80000

70000

60000

oT 50000 n Malawi ne s 40000 Swaziland 30000 Zambia Zimbabwe 20000

10000

0 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 Year

Figure 29: Southern Africa - capture production by country (2000-2009) (live weight) (FIGIS)

Aquaculture With regard to aquaculture production between 2000 and 2009 (Figure 30), again, Swaziland has the lowest production level, reporting 0 t per year 2002-2008 and only 73 t in 2009. Malawi has the second lowest production level, however, the production level is showing a slight increase over the years, with 1 620 t reported in 2009. Zimbabwe has been averaging 2 486 t over the ten-year period. Lastly, the production level for Zambia has been on the increase (from slightly more than 4 000 t in 2000 to 5 640 t in 2008), with a major jump between 2008 and 2009 (to 8 505 t). In terms of species, in 2009 all countries reported ‘tilapias and other cichlids’ as the largest contributor but with great variation in production levels: Malawi – 1500 t; Swaziland 73 t; Zambia 8 437 t; and Zimbabwe 2 650 t. Other species groups were: ‘carps, barbells and other cyprinids’, ‘salmons, trouts, smelts’, and ‘miscellaneous freshwater fishes’.

9000

8000

7000

6000

oT 5000 n Malawi ne s 4000 Swaziland 3000 Zambia

2000 Zimbabwe

1000

0 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 Year

Figure 30: Southern Africa - aquaculture production by country (2000-2009) (live weight) (FIGIS) Imports In terms of imports of products for direct human consumption for the 2000-2008 period (Figure 31), there are no clear common trends between the countries apart from decreasing imports from 2000 to 2002 for Malawi and Swaziland, to 2001 for Zambia, and to 2003 for Zimbabwe; then increases in imports up to around 2004 (or 2005 for Zambia), after which a dip occurred again. Between 2007 and 2008, imports increased for Malawi, whereas they decreased for Swaziland and Zambia. In terms of main imported products, in 2008, ‘fish, frozen, excluding fillets and meat’ were imported by: Swaziland (403 t); Zambia (2 690 t); and Zimbabwe (1 617 t). Malawi imported 3 025 t of ‘fish, dried, salted or smoked’.

8000

7000

6000

5000 oT n 4000 Malawi ne s Swaziland 3000 Zambia 2000 Zimbabwe

1000

0 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 Year

Figure 31: Southern Africa - imports of fish products by country (2000-2008) (net weight) (FIGIS)

Exports With regard to exports of products for direct human consumption during 2000-2008 (Figure 32), as with imports, no common trends can really be discerned. Malawi increased its exports between 2004 and 2006 but thereafter they decreased; Swaziland experienced a major dip in exports from 2004; Zambia experienced a steep increase in exports from 2007 (242 t) to 2008 (1 817t); and Zimbabwe increased its exports from 2006. In terms of main products exported in 2008, Malawi’s main export products were ‘fish, live’ (22 t) and ‘fish, dried, salted or smoked’ (12 t). The latter product was Zambia’s main export product (1 721 t). Swaziland exported 40 t of ‘fish meat, whether or not minced, and fillets, fresh or chilled’. Zimbabwe’s main export product that year was ‘fish, frozen, excluding fillets and meat’ (1 184 t). 2000

1800

1600

1400

1200 oT n 1000 Malawi ne s Swaziland 800 Zambia 600 Zimbabwe 400

200

0 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 Year

Figure 32: Southern Africa - exports of fish products by country (2000-2008) (net weight) (FIGIS)

Trade balance With regard to trade balance59 during 2000-2008 (Figure 33), measured in weight, it can be concluded that all countries are net importers though with quite varying trends. Malawi’s upward trend from 2005 is primarily explained by imports increasing from that year. For Swaziland, the downward trend 2004-2008 is explained by reduced imports (to a larger extent) and exports (to a smaller extent). Zambia’s upward trend 2001-2005 is explained by increased imports and only slightly fluctuating exports. For Zimbabwe, the downhill slope from 2000 to 2003 is explained primarily by decreasing imports.

8000

7000

6000

5000 Malawi oT 4000 n Swaziland ne s 3000 Zambia 2000 Zimbabwe

1000

0 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 -1000 Year

59 Imports minus exports. Figure 33: Southern Africa - trade balance of fish products by country (2000-2008) (net weight) (FIGIS)

National supply With regard to national supply60 during 2000-2008 (Figure 34), explaining what is available for consumption in a country each year, Swaziland and Zimbabwe are showing stagnation, whereas both Malawi and Zambia increased their supply levels. Both Swaziland and Zimbabwe kept more or less the same supply levels during that period. Malawi’s increase is due to increase in national production, with low levels of exports and fluctuating import levels. Zambia experienced some increase in production, increased imports and fluctuating export levels.

In terms of national demand during the same period, both Swaziland and Zimbabwe had the lowest population increases61 (Swaziland: 0.76% during 2000-2005 and 1.42% during 2005-2010; Zimbabwe: 0.10% during 2000-2005 and 0.00% during 2005-2010). Malawi and Zambia had higher population growth rates (2.66/3.00% and 2.33/2.65% respectively). 100000 90000 80000 70000 60000 oT n 50000 Malawi ne s Swaziland 40000 Zambia 30000 Zimbabwe 20000 10000 0 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 Year

Figure 34: Southern Africa - national supply of fish products by country (2000-2008) (weight)62

4.5.2 DEMAND National demand With regard to national demand, Zimbabwe has the lowest average consumption rate of fish (1.2 kg per capita and year), whereas the other countries have similar (but not very high) rates: Malawi (5); Swaziland (6.5); and Zambia (6.2). In terms of the projected future national demand (Figure 35), although Swaziland represents the highest consumption rate in the region and Zimbabwe the lowest, both countries show stagnating projected demand levels. This can be explained by the fact that both countries have low projected population increases (Swaziland: 1.36/1.10% during 2010-2015-2020; and Zimbabwe: 2.15/2.09% during the same periods), whereas Malawi and Zambia have much higher projected growth rates (Malawi: 3.24/3.31%; and Zambia: 3.05/3.23%). It should be noted that in 2010, Malawi’s, Zambia’s and Zimbabwe’s population sizes were similar (14.9 million; 13.1 million; 12.6 million respectively), whereas Swaziland’s was much lower (1.2 million).

60 National production plus imports minus exports in a particular year (see note in the methodology). 61 World Population Prospects, the 2010 Revision: http://esa.un.org/unpd/wpp/unpp/Panel_profiles.htm 62 Calculations by authors based on FAO FIGIS data. Tilapia, in various forms, as well as dried fish (primarily kapenta), are amongst the most popular species for consumption. Catfish is only popular among parts of the populations and disliked by others (because of taste, cultural or religious beliefs).

120000

100000 Malawi 80000 Swaziland oT n 60000 Zambia ne s Zimbabwe 40000 Malawi

20000 Swaziland Zambia 0 Zimbabwe 2010 2015 2020 Year

Figure 35: Southern Africa – projection of growth in demand of fish products by country (2010-2020) (weight) (FAO – UNDP)

Demand from ESA-IO region In 2008/2009, the main export destinations for Malawi, Zambia and Zimbabwe in the ESA-IO region were: Burundi, DRC, Malawi, Mozambique, Réunion, South Africa and Zambia. No information was found with regard to Swaziland. The main products exported to these countries are noted under Supply-Exports. No information was found with regard to Swaziland. Demand outside the ESA-IO region In 2008/2009, the main export destinations63 for Malawi, Zambia and Zimbabwe outside the ESA-IO region were: • African but non-ESA-IO: Angola, Botswana, Congo and Namibia. • Non-African, non-ESA-IO: Australia, EU (Belgium, Denmark, France, Italy, Germany, Luxembourg, Netherlands, Spain Sweden, UK), Hong Kong, Israel, Japan, Russia, Switzerland, United Arab Emirates, United States of America. The main products exported to these countries are noted under Supply-Exports.

63 No information was found with regard to Swaziland. 5 DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS

5.1 INTRODUCTION This chapter aims to provide mostly qualitative overviews of supply and demand in the ESA-IO sub-regions. The following topics will be covered in the chapter: • Supply: o Opportunities/potential o Constraints/weaknesses • Demand: o Opportunities/potential o Constraints/weaknesses More detailed information, as well as specific sources, can be found in the Country Profiles (see Annex 1).

5.2 EASTERN AFRICA PLUS DR CONGO

5.2.1 SUPPLY In the Eastern African sub-region, capture production is the main contributor to total production, whereas aquaculture contributes relatively little, apart from in Uganda. With regard to capture fisheries, most major inland fisheries in the region appear to be more or less fully exploited, though some smaller fisheries may have room for further expansion. Both Kenya and Tanzania, however, have underdeveloped national marine offshore fisheries. With regard to aquaculture, there is potential for expanding aquaculture/mariculture production in most of the countries due to the fairly large number of inland water reservoirs and the expansive coastlines of Kenya and Tanzania. Though not discussed in the Results chapter, recreational fishing is another sector with potential for development, at least in Kenya and Tanzania (both inland and marine), providing revenues and also fish for consumption/exports. Opportunities/potential Opportunities and potential in the region include: • Capture production: for the three countries with marine waters (DRC, Kenya and Tanzania), inland fisheries are still the main contributors to production (about 97, 90, and 85 % of total capture production, respectively). With regard to Kenya and Tanzania, though the nearshore waters are either fully or overexploited, it has been noted that there is room for developing/expanding the national offshore fisheries (e.g. for tuna and tuna-like species in Kenya and Tanzania). However, foreign fleets are fishing in these waters and there is insufficient monitoring of their catch to accurately determine the status of the stocks. There is also an opportunity to expand or develop ornamental fisheries for exports in most of the countries, both from inland and marine waters. • Aquaculture production: all countries conduct some fish farming and they all generally have beneficial climates for aquaculture as well as a large number of water reservoirs of various types and sizes (including marine waters) that could be further exploited both at subsistence and commercial level. Currently, few, if any, major commercial aquaculture companies operate in the region. In Kenya and Tanzania, the governments have however developed strategies to promote and facilitate aquaculture development and expansion, though production levels are still fairly low (around 5 000-6 000 t). In Uganda, however, production levels have really taken off (from 5 539 t in 2004 to 76 654 t in 2009). In all countries, Nile tilapia and catfish generally appear to be the most common species for farming, though carp and seaweed (the latter farmed in marine waters, directed at export markets) are also popular. With high demand particularly for fresh Nile tilapia in the region and elsewhere, it appears that further expansion of aquaculture activities could be accomodated. • Recreational fishing: particularly in Kenya and Tanzania, there is potential to expand recreational fishing (both in inland and marine waters). If properly managed and controlled, not only would this provide government revenue (e.g. from licenses), but it could also offer opportunities to private companies/investors. It constitutes a niche market, which not only allows for export of the produce (including opportunities for value-adding), but could also allow for entering into the eco-labelling market. • Product quality and value chain: various types of value chains exist. The Nile perch fishery in Lake Victoria is directed at the export market, with high health/hygiene standards and high value/quality products. Tuna and shrimps from Kenya and Tanzania are also higher-value products aimed at export markets. However, most of the other fisheries in the region, (e.g. the coastal and inland fisheries) are aimed at providing for the domestic/sub-regional markets and products are generally of lower quality due to insufficient or inappropriate preservation methods. With increasing urbanization, income levels and health awareness, as well as growing populations in general, demand for fish and fish products (and better quality) will continue to increase (see further below). Thus improving value chains with the aim of improving product quality, would provide better quality products that could fetch a higher price and thereby increasing revenues for those involved in the value chain. Improving the value chain would also reduce post-harvest losses and thus make better use of the fish caught. • Trade balance and national supply: for the net exporters in the region, export products generally consist of products not greatly in demand in the domestic market (e.g. dried seaweed in Tanzania and Nile perch fillets in the Lake Victoria countries). Imports are generally of lower-value products (e.g. sardines, mackerels and herring or similar species/products). Overall, supply (in any form) does not appear to be meeting demand and considering the popularity of primarily tilapia, there seems to be room for increased intra-sub-regional trade in this, possibly being sourced from increased production of farmed fish.

Constraints/weaknesses The following constraints/weaknesses exist in the region: • Capture production: With regard to major inland fisheries, such as in Lake Victoria, Nile perch is viewed as either fully or overexploited. Dagaa/mukene/omena as well as wild Nile tilapia appears to not have too much room for further expansion of exploitation levels. Overexploitation due to lack of monitoring, control and surveillance is a real threat and so are pollution, invasive weeds and climate change. Stock enhancement in the various inland waters may be one way forward. With regard to marine fisheries, as noted above, although there appears to be room for developing national offshore fleets, little concrete knowledge exist on the current status of these stocks as monitoring and surveillance is inadequate in terms of the foreign fleet activities. • Aquaculture: aquaculture development and success has been held back in most of the countries, mostly for similar reasons such as lack of quality/affordable feeds and seeds, lack of access to markets and credit, lack of extensions services and expertise in general. Uganda, however, though it may suffer from the same constraints, has still managed to make great progress in increasing its production levels. • Product quality and value chain: as noted further above, post-harvest losses is a problem and mostly occur because of inadequate infrastructure and inappropriate handling in general. This is more of a problem in relation to fish aimed at the domestic and sub-regional markets. However, with increasing domestic/sub- regional demand overall, but also increasing demand for better-quality products (with increasing urbanization, etc., as per below), incentives exist for improving the supply chain from beginning to end. • Trade balance and national supply: considering the uncertainties regarding potential room for expansion in marine fisheries as well as the little existing room for expanding the major inland fisheries, national supply would need to be based on increased national aquaculture production, increased imports of aquaculture products from within the sub-region and elsewhere, as well as imports from outside the sub-region. Increased aquaculture production could allow for increased intra-sub-regional trade as similar species are in demand in all countries (primarily tilapia). Limits to such trade should be explored.

5.2.2 DEMAND The Eastern Africa region consists of net importers (primarily DRC), net exporters (primarily Tanzania) and those which alternate between the two (Kenya). But as noted, most of them have an unsatisfied and increasing demand for fish and fish products (see further below) – largest in Uganda, Tanzania and DRC and lowest in Burundi. For several of the countries, their low consumption rate is due to lack of supply rather than lack of demand. Increased government focus on, and promotion/facilitation of, aquaculture production could be one way of satisfying demand. The Ugandan success could provide lessons learned and best practice options for the other countries in the sub-region. Opportunities/potential In terms of demand in and outside the sub-region, the following are some examples of opportunities that exist: • With regard to consumer preferences in the sub-region, fresh fish is preferred when available (mostly closer to water bodies), and thereafter frozen (when refrigeration is not a problem) or dried (smoked/salted/sun-dried) or canned (when refrigeration is not available). Tilapia is widely popular, but dried dagaa/mukene/omena is also popular (because of tradition/taste/storage convenience/low price) as is sardine/mackerel/herrings. Among the most popular export products from the sub-region are Nile perch fillets (or fresh whole Nile perch). • Urbanization, middle class growth and health awareness are three factors that are seen as contributing to increasing demand for fish. With regard to urbanization64 trends between 2010 and 2020 in Eastern Africa (Figure 36), in 2010, it was highest in DRC (and will remain so) and lowest in Burundi. Middle class growth65,66 is known to bring growth in consumption expenditures amongst other things. In Eastern Africa, the sizes of the middle classes67 in 2010 varied between the countries, with the largest middle class in Kenya (16.8 %) that year, followed by Uganda (8.1 %), DRC (4.7%), Tanzania (2.9 %), Rwanda (2.6 %) and Burundi (2.0%). These factors may impact on the projected growth in demand noted in the Results chapter.

45.00 40.00 35.00 P e 30.00 Burundi cr e 25.00 n DRC t 20.00 a Kenya g 15.00 e Rwanda 10.00 Tanzania 5.00 Uganda — 2010 2015 2020 Year

Figure 36: Eastern Africa plus DRC - percentage of population residing in urban areas (2010-2020)68

Constraints/weaknesses With regard to constraints, examples are as follows: • Marine species such as tuna and tuna-like species could offer large revenues to Kenya and Tanzania, as could any value addition of such products. However, these two countries lack national fleets able to target such species as well as appropriate facilities to land and/or process them (including lack of fishing ports). • Lack of market information – lack of knowledge of who produces what (and where) and what is in demand (and where) may constrain potential intra-sub-regional trade. Primarily, this would be a problem for developing commercial aquaculture producers it could also be a constraint for smaller-scale commercial farming companies, with less funds available for market research.

64 United Nations, Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Population Division (2010). World Urbanization Prospects : The 2009 Revision. CD-ROM Edition - Data in digital form (POP/ DB/WUP/Rev.2009). 65 The Middle of the Pyramid: Dynamics of the Middle Class in Africa. Prepared by Maurice Mubila, Chief Statistician (ESTA) and Mohamed-Safouane Ben Aissa (ESTA Consultant) under the supervision of Charles Leyeka Lufumpa, Director, Statistics Department (ESTA). Market Brief, April 20, 2011, www.afdb.org 66 The middle class is better educated, which could entail being more health aware. 67 ‘Middle class without floating class’. 68United Nations, Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Population Division (2010). World Urbanization Prospects: The 2009 Revision. CD-ROM Edition - Data in digital form (POP/ DB/WUP/Rev.2009). • If interest in trade in e.g. aquaculture products were to increase, inadequate infrastructure could constrain the supply chains. 5.3 HORN OF AFRICA

5.3.1 SUPPLY Constraints/opportunities and potential • Capture production: In the exclusion of Egypt, production is generally low according to the size of the populations and countries and carried out by artisanal fisheries. Potentials for Somalia marine fisheries exist yet its political situation (piracy at sea and conflicts on land, poor fisheries mangement, uncertainty on fishing exploitation levels) restrict them. Ethiopian capture fisheries are increasing to levels unknown, mainly by tilapia catch increase69. • Aquaculture production: Countries in the Horn of Africa are mainly – even if low in comparison with developed countries - meat eaters (see national meat consumption time series in Annex 7 – National GDP per capita and HDI of a selection of relevant countries

Figure 100: annual GDP per capita (in 2008 PPP US$) in SMARTFISH countries compared to a selection of relevant countries, 1980 to 2010 (UNDP)

Countries: Australia, Brazil, China, France, Egypt, Mozambique, South Africa and Smartfish countries of highest GDPs.

Figure 101: annual GDP per capita (in 2008 PPP US$) - SMARTFISH countries with GDP <3 500 US$/year from 1980 to 2010 (UNDP)

Figure 102: Human Development Index from 1980 to 2010 of a group of selected countries

Note: highest HDI – Australia: 0.937, in 2010.

69 Same volumes were present in the 70’s but the country included the Eritrea coastland at this period (FAOFISHSTATJ) IRFS – Regional Market Assessment (Supply and Demand) Study – Report

• Annex 8 and sections results and analysis on demand for details) and meat price is lower than wild fish (even when frozen due to high production costs). Aquaculture productions are then pulled backward. It was not possible to evaluate thoroughly the aquaculture potential during the market study yet (time constraint). Finally, the aquaculture data collection and data collection on a long term is low or unavailable in the region and understanding signs of increase/decrease of volumes of aquaculture and fisheries even if at low level can be difficult to understand without regular and updated data available (see general discussion on data collection below too). • Recreational fishing: recreational fishing is assumed to be marginal. • Product quality and value chain: fish is consumed near landing sites or transport to urban areas.

5.3.1.1 Imports and exports – national supply and trade balance in the region Trade between the countries is low. Imports are low when comparing to the size of the populations and can be understood by the low demand (see next section). Illegal products sold at lower prices than the same products traded formally were said to be traded and coming from coastal countries (anecdotal information gathered during the field mission). Some fish products are said to be leaving the region from Djibouti to reach Middle-East (anecdotal information gathered during the field mission).

5.3.2 DEMAND Situation As mentioned above, landlocked countries are mainly meat eaters and most of the populations have low incomes. As a consequence, consumption rates are low but official figures could double them by informal traded products. And consumption rates may be higher in areas close to fishing areas and urban areas. Potential Potential for fish consumption will comes mainly by population growth. All countries have most of their populations still living in the rural areas and the rural population is expected to increase but at very low rate (UNDP Projections70, see Annex 9). Specific communities based in urban areas bring new outlook too. The Chinese communities such as in Ethiopia have a higher purchasing power and appreciate marine fish. Religious habits may bring new consumption in Ethiopia as long as supply is available. A large section of the population is catholic and fast about 200 days per year spread along the different months. In this period, eating meat is not authorised.

Note on related trade supports/studies in the region Due to the location of the FAO Regional Office (Ethiopia), some supports by the FAO have not been able to be carried out Eritrea. In addition, the FAO Office has informally invited the SmartFish Programme to participate to their workshop on regional trade scheduled in Djibouti in October 2011. A FAO regional capacity building project is expected to be presented during the workshop (see list of related projects in Bibliography Ardill, D., & BARNES, C. 2010. - EU Regulations on IUU Fishing, Policy and Practice to Tuna Processing in Mauritius. Cambridge Resource Economics. July 2010. MEXA Seafood Council. ARDJOSOEDIR, I & NEVEN, D. - The Kenya Capture Fisheries Value Chain: an AMAP-FSKG Value Chain Finance Case Study. Microreport No. 122. October 2008. USAID. BARRANIA A. & HOSAM NAGATY A. 2007. - Fish Trade In Nile Basin Countries. 11 pages. Cairo: Institute of National Planning.

70 UNDP, 2009. - World Urbanization Prospects: The 2009 Revision. In 2020, forecast percentage of urban populations in Eritrea, Ethiopia, Sudan respectively: 27%, 19%, 47% ; increasing to two – three points per year.

54 IRFS – Regional Market Assessment (Supply and Demand) Study – Report

CHAMBERLAIN, 2011. - Shrimp session of World Aquaculture Society, June 2011 – “Can We Double in a Decade, Responsibly?” In: Global Aquaculture Advocate (2011), Volume 14, Issue 4 (July – August 2011). President of the GAA (Global Aquaculture Advocate). DELGADO C.L., WADA N., ROSEGRANT M. W., MEIJER S., AHMED M., 2003. Fish to 2020: supply and demand in changing global markets. Washington/Penang: International Food Policy Research Institute/WorldFish Center. DEY M.M, KAMBEWA P., PREIN M., JAMU D., PARAGUAS F.J., PEMSL D.E. & BRIONES R.M. 200.7- Impact of the Development and Dissemination of Integrated Aquaculture – Agriculculture Technologies in Malawi. In: International Research on Natural Resource Management. FAO abd CAB International. Eds Waibel H. and Zilberman D. DEY M.M, PARAGUAS F.J., KAMBEWA P., & PEMSL D.E. - The impact of integrated aquaculture-agriculture on small-scale farms in Southern Malawi. Agriculture Economics 41 (2010): 67-79. EXPORT PROCESSING ZONES AUTHORITY. Kenya. - Fishery industry in Kenya 2005: http://www.epzakenya.com/UserFiles/File/Fishkenya.pdf FAO. 2004. - Report of the Workshop on the Promotion of Sustainable Commercial Aquaculture in Zambia and Malawi. Lusaka, Zambia, 2-4 October 2002. FAO Fisheries Report No. 733. Rome. 46 p. FAO, 2010. - State of World Fisheries and Aquaculture: http://www.fao.org/docrep/013/i1820e/i1820e00.htm GORDON A., SEWMEHON D. T. & MELAKU T. 2007. - Marketing systems for fish from Lake Tana, Ethiopia: Opportunities for improved marketing and livelihoods. 49 pages. IPMS (Improving Productivity and Market Success) of Ethiopian Farmers. Project Working Paper 2. Kenya: ILRI (International Livestock Research Institute). HEMPHILL, S. - Sport fisheries management. Kenya Association of Sea Anglers. JORY D.E, 2011. - Keeping Pace In The Race For More Seafood In: Global Aquaculture Advocate (2011), Volume 14, Issue 4 (July – August 2011), page 3. GAA editor. JOSUPEIT, H. 2011. - World Supply and Demand of Tilapia. Presentation. FAO, Rome. KABAHENDA M.K. & HÜSKEN, S.M.C., 2009. - A review of low-value fish products marketed in the Lake Victoria region. Regional Programme Fisheries and HIV/AIDS in Africa: Investing in Sustainable Solutions. The WorldFish Center. Project Report 1974. KAMAL M., HAUZER M., POONIAN C. & KISZKA J., 2009. – Artisanal shark fisheries of the Comoros: Status and Threats. IUCN Sharks specialist group. Poster. Note: data collected by semi-structured questionnaires conducted with artisanal fishers in local languages KENYA GAZETTE SUPPLEMENT NO. 13, Legislative Supplement No. 10, Legal Notice No. 20, The Fisheries Act (Cap. 378), Prawn Fishery Management Plan. MAHARAVO C., 2011. – Malagasy shrimp sector study. Note: exact title unknown (cover page missing); the study reviews the current situation, the key challenges, as well as the best alternatives found and the trade-offs made. WTO. MARRIOTT A., DILLON M. & HANNAH S., 2004. - Impacts of globalisation on fish utilisation and marketing systems in Uganda. Final report. DFID Project R8112. MEXA. - Annual Report 2010. Mauritius Export Association. MEXA. - Export Directory 2011. Mauritius Export Association. MINISTRY OF AGRO INDUSTRY, FOOD PRODUCTION AND SECURITY, FISHERIES DIVISION. MAURITIUS. - Annual Report 2009. MINISTRY OF AGRO-INDUSTRIES AND FISHERIES, FISHERIES DIVISION. MAURITIUS. ESA Meeting on Trade and Sustainable Approaches to Fisheries Negotiations under WTO/EPA. Mauritius paper prepared for the Commonwealth Secretariat. Labourdonnais, Waterfront Hotel, Port Louis. Mauritius, 2-4 May 2007.

55 IRFS – Regional Market Assessment (Supply and Demand) Study – Report

MINISTRY OF AGRO-INDUSTRY AND FISHERIE, FISHERIES DIVISION, AND BOARD OF INVESTMENT. Mauritius. - Potential for Sustainable Aquaculture Development in Mauritius. By December 2007: http://www.kalipso.mu/wp- content/uploads/aquacultureopportunities-boi2.pdf MINISTRY OF FISHERIES DEVELOPMENT, KENYA. - Fisheries Annual Statistical Bulletin 2009. MINISTRY OF FISHERIES DEVELOPMENT, KENYA. - National Aquaculture Strategy and Development Plan 2010-2015: “Filling the fish supply gap for food security, income and healthy living”. November 2010, Edition One. MINISTRY OF LIVESTOCK AND FISHERIES DEVELOPMENT, UNITED REPUBLIC OF TANZANIA. The Fisheries Development Programme. May 2011. MINISTRY OF LIVESTOCK AND FISHERIES DEVELOPMENT, UNITED REPUBLIC OF TANZANIA. The Fisheries Development Strategy. Draft, February 2010. MUBILA M. & BEN AISSA M.-S., 2011. - The Middle of the Pyramid: Dynamics of the Middle Class in Africa. African Development Bank. Market Brief, April 20, 2011. Notes: prepared under the supervision of Charles Leyeka Lufumpa, Director, Statistics Department (ESTA)., Available on www.afdb.org . MUJINGA W., MUTALA S. & HÜSKEN, S.M.C., 2009. - Rapport d’analyse et table de valeur bromatologique de catégorie des poissons trouvés sur les marchés de poisson à Lubumbashi, République Démocratique du Congo. Regional Programmel “Les pêches et le VIH/SIDA en Afrique: investir dans des solutions durables”. WorldFish Center. Note: useful information on prices and consumer preferences on fish in Lubumbashi. NAJI M. (2010). - Marché pour les Produits de la pêche artisanale dans la Région Arabe (Djibouti, Maroc et Yémen). Project FAO-CMC- INFOSAMAK (CFC/FSFCT/27). Casablanca: INFOSAMAK. OECD & FAO, 2011. - OECD – FAO Agricultural Outlook 2011-2020 Flyer. ROULLOT C., 1994. – Valorisation des poissons d’accompagnements de la pêche industrielle crevettière. 70 p. Rome: FAO. RUNNEBAUM J.M., BEVERIDGE M.C.M., HÜSKEN S.M.C, ENRIGHT N., & LUNGU P. 2011. - Aquaculture Big Numbers Study, Zambia. Country Report. Draft. RUSSEL A.J.M., GRÖTZ P.A., KRIESEMER S.K. & PEMSL D.E. 2008. - Recommendation Domains for Pond Aquaculture. Country Case Study: Development and Status of Freshwater Aquaculture in Malawi. WorldFish Center Studies and Reviews No. 1869. The WorldFish Center, Pengang, Malaysia. 52 p. SEN, S. 1995. - The market for fish and fish products in Zimbabwe.Aquaculture for Local Community Development Programme, ALCOM Field Document No. 34. FAO, Harare, Zimbabwe, February 1995: http://www.fao.org/docrep/005/AD030E/AD030E05.htm UNKNOWN, 2011. - Un quota supplémentaire de poisson chinchard pour la RDC. Online article on Digitalcongo.net 3.0, June 2011

56 IRFS – Regional Market Assessment (Supply and Demand) Study – Report

Web-based sources • ComStat. Common Market for Eastern and Southern Africa Statistical Database: http://comstat.comesa.int/ • FAO Fisheries and Aquaculture Country Profiles: http://www.fao.org/fishery/countryprofiles/search/en o FAO Country Profile Djibouti (2002): http://www.fao.org/fishery/countrysector/FI- CP_DJ/en o FAO Country Profile DRC (2009): ftp://ftp.fao.org/FI/DOCUMENT/fcp/fr/FI_CP_CD.pdf o FAO Country Profile Ethiopia (2002): http://www.fao.org/fishery/countrysector/FI- CP_ET/en o FAO Country Profile Eritrea (2003): http://www.fao.org/fishery/countrysector/FI- CP_ER/en o FAO Country Profile Kenya (2007): ftp://ftp.fao.org/FI/DOCUMENT/fcp/en/FI_CP_KE.pdf o FAO Country Profile Madagascar (2008): ftp://ftp.fao.org/FI/DOCUMENT/fcp/en/FI_CP_MG.pdf o FAO Country Profile Malawi (2005): http://www.fao.org/fishery/countrysector/FI- CP_MW/en o FAO Country Profile Mauritius (2004): http://www.fao.org/fishery/countrysector/FI- CP_MU/en o FAO Country Profile Seychelles (2005): http://www.fao.org/fishery/countrysector/FI- CP_SC/en o FAO Country Profile Somalia (2005): ftp://ftp.fao.org/FI/DOCUMENT/fcp/en/FI_CP_SO.pdf o FAO Country Profile Sudan (2008): ftp://ftp.fao.org/FI/DOCUMENT/fcp/en/FI_CP_SD.pdf o FAO Country Profile Swaziland (2008): ftp://ftp.fao.org/FI/DOCUMENT/fcp/en/FI_CP_SZ.pdf o FAO Country Profiles Uganda (2003): http://www.fao.org/fishery/countrysector/FI- CP_UG/en and http://www.fao.org/fi/oldsite/FCP/en/UGA/body.htm o FAO Country Profile Zambia (2006): http://www.fao.org/fishery/countrysector/FI- CP_ZM/en o FAO Country Profile Zimbabwe (2007): http://www.fao.org/fishery/countrysector/FI- CP_ZW/en o FAO Country Profile Tanzania (2007): ftp://ftp.fao.org/FI/DOCUMENT/fcp/en/FI_CP_TZ.pdf o FAO National Aquaculture Sector Overview of Kenya: http://www.fao.org/fishery/countrysector/naso_kenya/en o FAO National Aquaculture Sector Overview of Madagascar: http://www.fao.org/fishery/countrysector/naso_madagascar/en o FAO National Aquaculture Sector Overview of Malawi: http://www.fao.org/fishery/countrysector/naso_malawi/en o FAO National Aquaculture Sector Overview of Tanzania: http://www.fao.org/fishery/countrysector/naso_tanzania/en o FAO National Aquaculture Sector Overview of Uganda: http://www.fao.org/fishery/countrysector/naso_uganda/en o FAO National Aquaculture Sector Overview of Zambia: http://www.fao.org/fishery/countrysector/naso_zambia/en

57 IRFS – Regional Market Assessment (Supply and Demand) Study – Report

• FAO Fisheries and Aquaculture Information and Statistics Service: http://www.fao.org/fishery/statistics/programme/3,1,1/en • FAO STAT: http://faostat.fao.org/site/610/default.aspx#ancor • IMF World Economic Outlook Database (April 2011): http://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/weo/2011/01/weodata/index.aspx • Population Division of the Department of Economic and Social Affairs of the United Nations Secretariat: World Population Prospects, the 2010 Revision: http://esa.un.org/unpd/wpp/index.htm • UN Commodity Trade Statistics: http://comtrade.un.org/db/ • UN data: http://data.un.org • UN Human Development Index (2010): http://hdr.undp.org/en/statistics/ • World Health Statistics 2011 http://www.who.int/entity/whosis/whostat/EN_WHS2011_Part2.xls

58 IRFS – Regional Market Assessment (Supply and Demand) Study – Report

ANNEX 5 – NUGGESTED READING AND RECOMMENDED WEBSITES Suggested reading ACKELLO-OGUTU C. & ECHESSAH P., 1997. - Unrecorded Cross-Border Trade Between Kenya and Uganda. Implications for Food Security. 92 p. USAID. SD Publication Series Office of Sustainable Development Bureau for Africa, 59. ACKELLO-OGUTU C. & ECHESSAH P., 1998. - Unrecorded Cross-Border Trade Between Tanzania and Her Neighbors. Implications for Food Security SD Publication Series Office of Sustainable Development Bureau for Africa, 89. ANDERSEN M., 2010.- Cadre général pour le développement de l’aquaculture continentale dans les pays ACP, principalement en Afrique. Note: study carried on behalf of the CDE in collaboration with the EU funded ‘SFP’ programme ‘Strengthening Fishery Products Health Conditions in ACP/OCT countries’. BAUMÜLLER H., RUSSELL D., HANOOMANJEE S., NDIAYE P. G., ICHIBANE M., CRILLY R., ESTEBAN A. & HJORT A., 2011. – Mapping Africa’s International fisheries trade. Note: study funded by the Partnership for African Fisheries (an AU/NEPAD Programme) BERTILE E., CANABADY-MOUTIEN G., COUAPEL G., GOULAMALY A., MAINIX Y., MANDROUX F., MILLOT B., 2010. - L’insertion de la Réunion dans son environnement régional. 158 pages. St Andre (Guadeloupe, France): Imprimerie Graphica. BJØRNDAL T. & NORMAN-LOPEZ A., 2010. – Markets for tilapia. 37p. Globefish Research Programme, Volume 101. Rome: FAO. CIAN 2010. CIAN Conseil Français des Investisseurs en Afrique. Rapport 2011 Les entreprises françaises et l’Afrique. Le Moniteur du Commerce International, Hors Série, December 2010. www.lemoci.com – www.cian.asso.fr CIOLEK D., SENGEL R. & CRPMEM, 2011. - Etude économique et financière visant à mettre en place une interprofession des produits de la pêche et de l’aquaculture à la Réunion. 116 p. Réunion: CRPMEM. In collaboration with ARIBEV. Study carried with EU funds (European Fisheries Funds) on behalf of the EU and France. COMESA, 2011. COMESA Strategy for the Sustainable Development of Fisheries and Aquaculture. Annex I. 30 p. CS/IPPSD/AGC/MAENR//IV/2. CRPMEM, 2009. – Contribution du Comité Régional des Pêches et des Elevages Marins de la Réuion au Grenelle de la Mer et aux Etats Généraux pour l’Outre Mer. 16p. CRPMEM, 2009. Les Assises Régionales de la Pêche et de l’Aquaculture Ile de la Réunion 22-23 octobre 2009. 30 p. Réunion: CRPMEM. CRPMEM, 2011. Intégration du secteur de la pêche et de l’aquaculture dans le dispositif POSEI – Agri. Dossier de Presse, jeudi 6 janvier 2011. CSO, 2010. - Census of population and housing preliminary report. CSO: Central Statistical Office of Zambia. Département des Affaires foncières, Environnement et Conservation de La Nature, 1986. - Plan directeur des pêche, 1987. EU, 2009. – Commision Decision 2009/951/EU of 14 December 2009 amending Annexes I and II to Decision 2006/766/EC establishing the lists of third countries and territories from which imports of bivalve molluscs, echinoderms, tunicates, marine gastropods and fishery products are permitted. (notified under document C(2009) 9870). Official Journal of the European Union, L328: 70 - 75. Important note: systematically check the consolidated version on EUR- LEX website for latest version in force and any amendment (or repeal information). EVEN M. A., LAISNE C., 2011. – la demande alimentaire en 2050 : chiffres, incertitudes et marges de manoeuvre. Centre d’Etudes et de Prospective Analyse, 27 (février 2011). 4 p.

59 IRFS – Regional Market Assessment (Supply and Demand) Study – Report

FAILLER P., VAN DE WALLE G., LECRIVAIN N., HIMBES A.& LEWINS R., 2007. - Fish consumption in the European Union in 2015 and 2030. Part 1. European overview. In: Future prospects for fish and fishery products 4. FAO Fisheries Circular No. 972/4, Part 1 FIEP/C972/4, Part 1 (En). Rome: FAO. Note: available on the FAO website only. FAILLER P., VAN DE WALLE G., LECRIVAIN N., HIMBES A.& LEWINS R., 2008. - Fish consumption in the European Union in 2015 and 2030. Part 2. Country Projections. In: Future prospects for fish and fishery products 4. FAO Fisheries Circular No. 972/4, Part 2 FIEP/C972/4, Part 2 (En). Rome: FAO. Note: available on the FAO website only. FAO & WFP, 2010. - The State of Food Insecurity in the World: Addressing food insecurity in protracted crises. ‘SOFI 2010’ FAO Report. 62 p. Rome: FAO. FAO, date unknown. - Increase supply of Mukene (Rastrineobola argentea) for Human Consumption. FAO TCP/UGA/3204(D). Note by authors: sourced by Damien Legros, fish trade specialist as a relevant document to work on any supports on mukene. Recommended to obtain for further actions. FAO, 2002. – Long-term prospects for fish and fishery products: Preliminary projections to the years 2015 and 2030 based on FAO Food Balance Sheets. 83 p. Rome: FAO. FAO, 2010. - Progress towards Millennium Development Goal 1: Hunger Target. 1 p. Rome: FAO. FAVRE R., ZAPPACOSTA M. & AH POE C., 2011. - FAO/WFP Crop and Food Security Assessment Mission to Southern Sudan. 52. Rome: World Food Programme (WFP) and FAO. FEIDI I., 2004. – The market for seafood in the area of greater Cairo (Egypt). 33p. Morocco: Infosamak. FEIDI, I. 2005. Fish Supply and Demand in the Near East Region. 67 p. Rome: FAO. FAO GLOBEFISH Research Programme, Vol.83. FISH FARMING INTERNATIONAL (FFI), 2011. - Why should you invest in the World’s most volatile continent. July 2011: 22-27. GORDON A. & KASSAM L., 2011. - Aquaculture and markets: A research agenda. The WorldFish Center, Penang, Malaysia. Issues Brief 2011-34. 12 p. GROSSE O., 2009. - La place du poisson dans la consommation alimentaire des villageois des régions Centre et Ouest du Cameroun. Study carried out by the APDRA‐F Association Pisciculture et Développement rural en Afrique Tropicale humide – France. Under the funds of the project ‘PVCOC’ Projet pour une Pisciculture Villageoise rentable dans les Régions Centre et Ouest du Cameroun. HALL S.J., DELAPORTE A., PHILLIPS M. J., BEVERIDGE M. & O’KEEFE M., 2011. - Blue Frontiers: Managing the Environmental Costs of Aquaculture. 103 p. Penang, Malaysia: The WorldFish Center. HEMPEL E., 2010. - Value Chain Analysis in the Fisheries Sector in Africa. Note: study carried out in collaboration with INFOSA and funded by the Trade Working Group of the PARTNERSHIP FOR AFRICAN FISHERIES, an AU/NEPAD Programme. HLPE, 2011. - Price volatility and food security. 83p. A report by the High Level Panel of Experts on Food Security and Nutrition of the Committee on World Food Security. Rome: FAO. INFOSA, 2011. Africa’s Fish Industry. Africa’s Fish Industry Magazine, 4. INFOSAMAK, 2009. Directory of Fish importers and Exporters. Casablanca: INFOSAMAK. Note: contains useful contacts details in Egypt and Djibouti and other countries members of INFOSAMAK. INSEE, 2008. 10.3 Pêche In: INSEE-RÉUNION TER 2010. pp. 190 – 191. JOSUPEIT H., 2010. - World supply and demand of tilapia. 6 p. Rome: FAO. LEM A., 2011. - Artisanal Fishing: Its Future and Solvency as an Economic Activity. Presentation at the First Artisanal Fishing Day, Santiago, Spain, 11 July 2011. FAO. (Dr. Audun Lem, Senior Fishery Industry Officer, FAO).

60 IRFS – Regional Market Assessment (Supply and Demand) Study – Report

MAHUNINA A., 2010. – Rapport d’étude Préparé dans le cadre du projet TCP/RAF/3303 (D) Formulation d’un programme d’action et des outils de mise en œuvre pour la gestion durable des pêches et la sécurité alimentaire dans le bassin du fleuve Congo. 34 p. MINDE I.J. & NAKHUMWA T.O., 1998. - Unrecorded Cross-Border Trade between Malawi and Neighboring Countries. 69 p. USAID. SD Publication Series Office of Sustainable Development Bureau for Africa, 90. MINISTERE DE L’AGRICULTURE, RDC & FAO, 2008. - Plan national de développement de l’aquaculture en République Démocratique du Congo 2010-1015. MOEHL J., HALWART M., BRUMMETT R. & NOLTING M., 2005. - Report of the FAO- WorldFish Center Workshop on Small-scale Aquaculture in Sub- Saharan Africa: Revisiting the Aquaculture Target Group Paradigm. Limbé, Cameroon, 23–26 March 2004. CIFA Occasional Paper. No. 25. 54p. Rome: FAO. MUJINGA, LUAMBA, MUTALA & HÜSKEN, 2009. - Inventaire des espèces de poissons disponibles sur les marchés urbains de Lubumbashi, RDC. WorldFISH Center et FAO. NAZIRI D., 2011. - Financial Services for SME Aquaculture Producers: Egypt Case study. 30 pages. Notes: this report is an output from a project funded by the German Agency for Technical Cooperation (GTZ) for the benefit of developing countries. Draft only on the website African Fisheries and Aquaculture Investment Partnership website: www.africanfisheriesinvestment.org/. OPIC P., CONAND F. & BOURRET. P, 1994. - Poissons Commerciaux du Sud-Ouest de l’Océan Indien. COI - ORSTOM. 91 pages. Paris: ORSTOM. ISBN : 2-7099-1207-4 PRESIDENCE DE LA REPUBLIQUE, 2009. - Conseil interministériel de l’Outre-Mer, Mesures du CIOM déclinées par Territoire: La Réunion. Palais de l’Elysée, Vendredi 6 novembre 2009. Website: http://www.etatsgenerauxdeloutremer.fr . SPEEDY A. W. , 2003. - Global Production and Consumption of Animal Source Foods. J. Nutr., 133: 4048S–4053S. TOLLENS E., BILOSO A., 2006. - République Démocratique du Congo : Profil des marchés pour les évaluations d’urgence en sécurité alimentaire. Katholieke Universiteit Leuven. Programme Alimentaire Mondial, Service de l’évaluation des besoins d’urgence (ODAN). TSAMENYI M.& MCILGORM A., 2010. - Opportunities and Challenges for Intra-ACP Trade in Fish and Fish Products. Commonwealth Secretariat: London. UNKNOWN, 2009. – Dossiers Etats Généraux de l’Outre-Mer. Note: document including the report of the Etats Généraux de l’Outre Mer, Atelier 6 “L’insertion de la Réunion dans son environnement régional”, March - July 2009. Hard document provided by Mr. GOULAMALY, CEO of Armements des Mascareignes (Fishing, fish processing, fish wholesale/import/export company). UNIDO & UNCTAD, 2011. - Fostering Industrial Development in Africa in the New Global Environment. United Nations Series Economic developmment in Africa, Report 2011. UNCTAD/ALDC/AFRICA/2011 WALLIS W., J. FARCHY J. & MANSON K., 2011. - Agencies warn of East Africa famine. Financial Times’ website, 5 July 2011. Note: food price rises combined with severe drought and conflict to create the gravest threat of famine in years across large parts of east Africa and the Horn, according to aid agencies desperately short of funds. WORLDFISH CENTER, 2009. - Fish Supply and Food Security for Africa. Flyer.

61 IRFS – Regional Market Assessment (Supply and Demand) Study – Report

Other relevant websites International • Fish taxonomy - online database: o Fishbase: www.fishbase.org o Eschmeyer Catalog of fishes (finfish): http://research.calacademy.org/ichthyology/

Africa • ACP FISHII: www.acpfish2-eu.org . The ACP Fish II Programme aims to strengthen fisheries sectoral policy development and implementation. The Programme has five components.: 1. Improved fisheries policy and management plans at regional and national levels; 2. Reinforced control and enforcement capabilities; 3. Reinforced national and regional research strategies and initiatives; 4. Developed business supportive regulatory framework and private sector investment; and 5. Knowledge exchange for improved fisheries management. The component 3 has complementary actions with the Smartfish Programme trade component. See regional actions plans on the website in particular. • African Fisheries and Aquaculture Investment Partnership website: www.africanfisheriesinvestment.org/. Working group of the Partnership for African Fisheries, a Programme of the NEPAD Agency (started in January 2011). • AFTER project (African Food Tradition rEvisited by Research ): www.after-fp7.eu (2010 – 2014). EU Funds FP7. Note: AFTER includes a component on improving salted-dried fish processing then market acceptance in Benin and smoked fish in Senegal. Note by the authors: the coordinators were contacted, it is recommended to contact them for further actions under Smartfish on smoked and salted-dried fish. • ANAF: Aquaculture Network for Africa www.anafaquaculture.org . Network currently composed of ten African countries; Cameroon, Ghana, Kenya, Mali, Mozambique, Nigeria, Tanzania, Uganda ,Zambia and Sengal which have decided to lead the establishment of a web-based information system. • ASAA: http://www.aasa-aqua.co.za/ . Aquaculture Association of Southern Africa. • CABI: https://aquaculturecompendium.wiki.zoho.com. CABI is collating these stories for the wiki / https://aquaculturecompendium.wiki.zoho.com/Case-Studies.html on behalf of the European Commission-funded project, SARNISSA to illustrate the successes and failures of aquaculture development in sub-Saharan Africa. • CAPA: http://www.aqua.stir.ac.uk/public/development/CAPA/index.htm Association of Commercial Aquaculture Producers of Africa. • Central Statistics Agency of Ethiopia: http://www.csa.gov.et/ • COMESA - http://about.comesa.int/ and its statistical database on trade: http://comstat.comesa.int/ • IGAD: www.igad.int • SARNISSA: www.sarnissa.org . Sustainable Aquaculture Research Networks in Sub-Saharan Africa. • SFP website: www.sfp-acp.eu Strengthening Seafood Safety Programme in ACP/OCT countries. • Trade contact database Mauritius: http://www.sea-ex.com/countryinfo/mauritius.htm

Europe • Eurostat: EU statistics • TARIC: http://ec.europa.eu/taxation_customs/dds2/taric/taric_consultation.jsp?Lang=en to check custom taxes to import fishery products to EU.

62 IRFS – Regional Market Assessment (Supply and Demand) Study – Report

France • France Agrimer: www.franceagrimer.fr • National Institute of Economics and Statistics: http://www.insee.fr/fr/bases-de-donnees/ • Public web portal to data on French external trade : http://lekiosque.finances.gouv.fr/appchiffre/portail_default.asp note: detailed statistics available under costs.

Annex 6). Communications on trade supports within the IGAD region and the Smartfish Programme would be suitable. The literature review attached in Annex ‘Bibliography’ brings useful elements as initial points to understand the market and implement actions in the region too. The Worldfish Centre office in Egypt, the IFPRI regional office in Ethiopia and the CIRAD working on the AFTER project are relevant organisations to collaborate with.

63 IRFS – Regional Market Assessment (Supply and Demand) Study – Report

5.4 INDIAN OCEAN ISLANDS

5.4.1 SUPPLY Opportunities and potential: • Capture production: marine waters contain high value of large migratory pelagics and the demand of tuna is continuous (from Europe mainly but other international markets too). • Aquaculture production: Shrimp farming (P. monodon only authorised) has been hit by competition with similar products (P. vanamei) farmed at lower costs in Asia and Latin America. Some producers succeed in staying competitive by supplying niche markets of ecolabelled products. Indian Ocean countries (e.g. Mauritius) may have some potentials to supply the national market of high value marine fish with policy supports (as long as aquaculture production is market oriented by prices). • Regional trade (trade balance and national supply): High value farmed finfish: regional trade of high value farmed fish farmed in Mauritius may be possible in la Réunion. Yet, they enter in competition with the same product farmed at higher costs there creating trade conflicts (as seen during the field mission on recent imports of farmed fish). • Potential to increase demand in la Réunion exist if La Réunion aims to reach the consumption rate of France (see section supply above) in the future by seafood products promotions as does the Regional Fisheries Committee at the moment in partnership with the different stakeholders of the supply chain and distribution. Yet, it will be a question of purchasing power as the GDP per capita in la Réunion is half the GDP per capita in France.

Constraints/weaknesses The following constraints/weaknesses exist in the region: • Capture production: the marine waters consist of warm currents not bringing upwelling such as in North-western African coasts reducing potentials of large stocks of fish (with the exception of highly migratory fish). Also, continental plates are very narrow reducing possibilities of presence of demersal and benthic fisheries resources. In addition, exploitation level knowledge of small demersal fishery and artisanal fisheries is an issue (e.g. Madagascar). Fuel costs will raise fish price in the future yet producers will certainly tend to work on optimising energy use as in developed countries. • Aquaculture: in Madagascar, superficies for providing large amount of low value farmed fish for national and regional trade are available but production costs in Madagascar is an issue. Optimisation of production/supply to provide fish at affordable prices from imports or local production (wild or farmed fish and informal trade not paying taxes) is a major issue in Madagascar. • Recreational fishing: game fishing brings some products in Mauritius to restaurants and local markets. Yet, quality were said to be an issue as fish can stay onboard without the seafood requirements for fish fit for human consumption. • Product quality, value and supply chain: quality has been an issue raised by restaurant owners to get supplied (e.g. Mauritius). Complying with the cold chain from harvest to first icing (on land) is also an issue raised by wild fish producers obtaining fish from artisanal fisheries (e.g. Madagascar)

64 IRFS – Regional Market Assessment (Supply and Demand) Study – Report

• Regional trade (trade balance and national supply): Trade is not negligible but potentials is and will be slowed down by a slow increase of the population in Mauritius and Seychelles71). Transport costs in the region and transport sea roads to East Africa limit regional trade. In addition, la Réunion is only an observer at the COMESA weakening regional integration for trade with this territory. Key stakeholders are asking la Réunion to become member of the COMESA (see particularly Bertile et al., 2010 – in which the Smartfish programme is mentioned on page 112). Further analyses on la Réunion becoming a member maybe relevant to facilitate regional trade.

5.4.2 DEMAND

5.4.2.1 Consumer preferences and consumption growth Situation Countries are very diverse in terms of national income (reminder – see introduction and Context -: consumption is influenced by the following factors: income - and middle class growth -, population growth, consumer awareness, locations (urban, rural, island factor), culture (religions, habits)). The consumption rate in La Réunion and Mauritius are about 20kg per capita in 2010, which slightly more than half the rate in France -on overall 34). Per capita consumption may have ‘space’ for increase and advertising campaigns (public funds) promote consumption of fish on the French territory (CRPMEM, 2011). In Mauritius, tourists being large consumers of high value fish products. They may bring potentials for larger demands than estimated in the graphs above. Tourism represented 7.4% of GDP in the island in 2009 and increased (CIAN, 2010), the per capita consumption may raise thanks to this sector too (governmental supports tend to attract high spending tourism too). The political situation in Madagascar (having as consequence a GDP per capita and HDI stagnating) is expected to keep per capita consumption at low level (< 10kg/caput/year in the next 5 years).

71 UN data on long term estimate a decrease of populations in Seychelles from 2070 and in Mauritius from 2040 (the latter is already within a limited immigration politic for instance due to a high population density) (UN Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Population Division, 2011. - World Population Prospects. The 2010 Revision, CD-ROM Edition).

65 IRFS – Regional Market Assessment (Supply and Demand) Study – Report

5.5 SOUTHERN AFRICA

5.5.1 SUPPLY Overall, the Southern African countries have fairly low production levels in their capture fisheries and there is generally fairly little room for expansion. Aquaculture production levels are also currently fairly low, however, there is potential for increasing these further as all countries have beneficial climates and a vast number of water reservoirs. Though not discussed in the Results chapter, recreational fishing is another sector which remains popular in these countries, providing revenues and also fish for consumption/exports. Opportunities/potential Opportunities and potential in the region include: • Capture production: in Malawi, although some lake inshore areas have been overfished, an additional 40 000 t could be caught from an off-shore pelagic stock in Lake Malawi. However, acquiring the right gear to fish for this species appears to be a constraint. In Zimbabwe, restocking dried out ponds after droughts as well as enhancing existing stocks are seen as the way forward in the country. Some stock enhancement also appears to be carried out in Swaziland. However, restrictions in terms of funding and equipment are limiting progress. • Aquaculture production: with the many water reservoirs across the countries, and the (generally) beneficial climates, there is great potential for expanding/developing both small-scale and commercial aquaculture. Although progress has been slow to date for various reasons (see further below), the expansion and marketing of larger commercial companies (such as Lake Harvest in Zimbabwe and Zambia, as well as MALDECO in Malawi), might inspire as well as facilitate for others, e.g. by developing input markets and identifying/establishing export markets. • Recreational fishing: all countries in the region appear to have potential to expand recreational fishing. If properly managed and controlled, not only does this provide government revenue (e.g. from licenses), but it also offers opportunities to private companies/investors. It constitutes a niche market, which not only allows for export of the produce (including value-addition opportunities), but could also allow for entering into the eco-labelling market. • Product quality and value chain: generally, fish is sold at the landings site, or dried and transported to markets. This means it is either consumed the same day or processed to last without need for refrigeration. With regard to the exporting commercial aquaculture farmers, e.g. Lake Harvest in Lake Kariba, as they are already operating for the export market (including the EU), their products meet high standards. • Trade balance and national supply: all countries are net importers, however, with growing commercial aquaculture farming, increases in exports may be a future scenario. As intra-regional trade is already well established, there is potential for the countries to assist each other in meeting the great demand for fish and fish products in the region through increased trade.

Constraints/weaknesses The following constraints/weaknesses exist in the region: • Capture production: due to limited effort control, many water reservoirs, particularly the inshore areas, are overexploited. Overfishing and illegal fishing are real problems to be dealt with, though it should be recognized that controlling effort in the vast number of, and scattered, water reservoirs requires investment in terms of resources and personnel. Climate change and water pollution are other general threats. Lack of monitoring and data collection undermines the possibility of making of solid management decisions. In Zimbabwe, the main capture fishery (for kapenta) is under threat from illegal/overexploitation. Another suspected threat to this fishery is climate change.

66 IRFS – Regional Market Assessment (Supply and Demand) Study – Report

• Aquaculture: in several of these countries (at least in Zimbabwe and Malawi), the introduction of exotic species are restricted, limiting the choice of species for farming. However, whereas such regulation appears to be implemented in Malawi (possibly due to its great biodiversity and thereby greater sensitivity), in Zimbabwe, the exotic Nile tilapia is already widely introduced. Other general constraints include availability of seed/fingerlings and affordable feeds, as well as lack of expertise and extension services. In addition, lack of fish disease control systems in place (e.g. as in Zimbabwe) may pose a major problem for both commercial and small-scale farmers, particularly in rivers and in the large lakes. • Product quality and value chain: should exports increase, e.g. from farmed products, disease control systems, health and environmental standards will become ever more important. • Trade balance and national supply: in all countries apart from Swaziland, national production is the major contributor to national supply, not imports. This suggests that increases in imports could be a way to meet the domestic demand, however, limiting factors for this may need to be identified. Furthermore, reliance on generally overexploited, or at least fully exploited, stocks is not sustainable. Another interesting observation is that the countries’ exports often are re-exports (e.g. in Malawi and Zimbabwe).

5.5.2 DEMAND As net importers, demand from the Southern African countries themselves is of primary concern. Their low per capita consumption averages are generally viewed as caused by low supply levels rather than low demand (though in Swaziland, it is disputable how strong the preferences are for fish). However, there is increasing interest in subsistence and small-scale farming in Malawi, Zambia and Zimbabwe to provide for national demand. Furthermore, commercial aquaculture production levels are on the increase in these countries, already providing Nile tilapia for export markets (e.g. Lake Harvest in Zimbabwe). Considering the great demand in the majority of the African countries for Nile tilapia, there is undoubtedly demand for this supply. The question is rather how to best (and sustainably) increase the supply to meet the demand. Opportunities/potential In terms of demand in and outside the region, the following are some examples of opportunities that exist: • With regard to consumer preferences, there appears to be an ever-growing demand for fresh and frozen (Nile) tilapia both in Southern Africa as well as in other parts of the continent. This should provide incentives for both stock enhancement (e.g. in Zimbabwe, since Nile tilapia now is fairly widely spread as wild stocks there) and farming. Though catfish is not generally a preferred species in the region, it is elsewhere (e.g. in Nigeria) and this could provide an incentive for such farming for the export market (as well as for parts of the domestic market). • There appears to be great international demand for ornamental fish (particularly from Malawi).

67 IRFS – Regional Market Assessment (Supply and Demand) Study – Report

• Factors that affect demand include urbanization, middle class growth and health awareness. All three factors are linked and viewed as contributing to increasing demand for fish. In Southern Africa, with regard to urbanization72 (Figure 37), Zimbabwe and Zambia already have relatively high levels of urbanization and these will increase. This will also increase in Malawi, but from a current lower lever, whereas in Swaziland there appears to be a less discernable trend. With regard to middle class growth73,74, bringing growth in consumption expenditures amongst other things, it is suggested that this class has grown across Africa during the past two decades. However, with regard to the Southern African countries75, the middle classes76 in 2010 were still relatively small: Malawi (4.5%); Zambia (5.6%); and Swaziland (9.4%). These factors may impact on the projected growth in demand noted in the Results chapter.

50.00 45.00 40.00 35.00 Pe cr 30.00 e Malawi n 25.00 t a Swaziland g 20.00 e 15.00 Zambia 10.00 Zimbabwe 5.00 — 2010 2015 2020 Year

Figure 37: Southern Africa - ppercentage of population residing in urban areas (2010-2020)77

Constraints/weaknesses With regard to constraints, examples are as follows: • Apart from Nile tilapia, ornamental fish and recreational fishing, the Southern African region does not have much to offer the non-ESA-IO consumer preferences. • Lack of market information – lack of knowledge of who produces what and where, and what is in demand and where: for example, for expanding commercial aquaculture producers this is a major constraint. But it may also be a constraint for smaller-scale commercial farming companies, with less funds available for market research. • Compliance with health standards: although the larger exporting aquaculture companies have appropriate systems in place with regard to health standards, as with market research, for smaller companies this may pose a constraint for exports.

72 United Nations, Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Population Division (2010). World Urbanization Prospects : The 2009 Revision. CD-ROM Edition - Data in digital form (POP/ DB/WUP/Rev.2009). 73 The Middle of the Pyramid: Dynamics of the Middle Class in Africa. Prepared by Maurice Mubila, Chief Statistician (ESTA) and Mohamed-Safouane Ben Aissa (ESTA Consultant) under the supervision of Charles Leyeka Lufumpa, Director, Statistics Department (ESTA). Market Brief, April 20, 2011, www.afdb.org 74 The middle class is better educated, which could entail being more health aware. 75 No information on Zimbabwe available. 76 ‘Middle class without floating class’. 77 United Nations, Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Population Division (2010). World Urbanization Prospects: The 2009 Revision. CD-ROM Edition - Data in digital form (POP/ DB/WUP/Rev.2009).

68 IRFS – Regional Market Assessment (Supply and Demand) Study – Report

5.6 DATA/INFORMATION AVAILABILITY AND QUALITY During this assessment it was generally found that a wealth of data/information on fisheries and aquaculture existed, both in relation to specific countries, sub-regions, species or production methods. Obtaining government data/statistics was easier upon country visits than electronically. As only some countries were visited, official databases were relied upon to find more recent production and trade statistics. These databases rely on information provided by governments, and occasionally on qualified estimates, and should thus at least represent the official situation (if not the accurate). For ease of comparison between countries, such databases were also relied upon to complement government statistics (see chapters on Methodology and Results). Government statistics in some countries visited were noted to be incomplete and occasionally not updated. Also government information on trade volumes and destinations was not entirely compatible with data in the COMESA ComStat database (e.g. Ethiopia). Furthermore, in several countries, monitoring and data was focused on the main fisheries, hence did not provide an overall picture of the country’s production. With regard to more qualitative information, such as opportunities and constraints (see chapter on Discussion and Analysis) in countries not visited, this was more difficult to obtain hence there might be a certain bias towards findings from countries visited. It might also be biased towards the opinions of people met with. Overall however, it was found that the key limiting factor for this study was time to compile and cross-check data and information. It is also important to note the difficulties for governments in evaluating volumes of informal trade, which is considered in some sub-regions to be considerable.

69 IRFS – Regional Market Assessment (Supply and Demand) Study – Report

6 CONCLUSIONS AND PROPOSED ACTIONS

CONCLUSIONS

For each of the sub-regions the following was found: Eastern Africa plus DRC In the Eastern African sub-region, capture production is the main contributor to total production, whereas aquaculture contributes relatively little, apart from in Uganda. With regard to capture fisheries, most major inland fisheries in the region appear to be more or less fully exploited, though some smaller fisheries may have room for further expansion. Both Kenya and Tanzania, however, have underdeveloped national marine offshore fisheries. With regard to aquaculture, there is potential for expanding aquaculture/mariculture production in most of the countries due to the fairly large number of inland water reservoirs and the expansive coastlines of Kenya and Tanzania. Recreational fishing is another sector with potential for development, at least in Kenya and Tanzania (both inland and marine), providing revenues and also fish for consumption/exports. With regard to demand, the Eastern Africa sub-region consists of net importers (primarily DRC), net exporters (primarily Tanzania) and those which alternate between the two (Kenya). Most of them have an unsatisfied and increasing demand for fish and fish products – largest in Uganda, Tanzania and DRC, and lowest in Burundi. For several of the countries, the low consumption rate is due to lack of supply rather than lack of demand. Fresh fish is preferred when available (mostly closer to water bodies), and thereafter frozen (when refrigeration is not a problem); dried or canned (when refrigeration is not available). Tilapia is widely popular, but dried dagaa/mukene/omena is also popular (because of tradition/taste/storage convenience/low price) as is sardine/mackerel/herrings and other low-value marine species. Among the most popular export products from the sub-region are Nile perch fillets or fresh whole Nile perch. Increased government focus on, and promotion/facilitation of, aquaculture production could be one way of satisfying demand in the sub-region. The Ugandan success could provide lessons learned and best practice options for the other countries in the sub-region. Horn of Africa In this sub-region, national supply is mainly contributed to by capture fisheries. Capture fisheries production is low (except Egypt) and the covered countries are mainly consuming meat products. Aquaculture is marginal with increases in Sudan (but production levels are only around 2 000 t). Urbanization is still low (range: 16 - 40%) and prices of fish products are generally higher than meat in urban areas hampered by transport costs. Imports of fish products is low targeting upper – classes in urban areas (sold in supermarkets, special retails or restaurants) including certain foreign communities with higher purchasing powers like Ethiopia. Regional official trade is marginal and highly informal. Informal trade of dried catfish between Ethiopia and Sudan should be investigated further while the region may need a secondary specific mission to define next actions (the FAO forecasting to launch a regional trade capacity building project, Eritrea could be a country to visit as a complementary action to the FAO project). Countries are generally using their own production to supply the market, except Egypt being net importer, which could become an importing customer of regional products within the region as demand may increase. Demand projections may bring pressure on local production and imports may increase by population growth only. Niche markets of high value fish could be investigated too.

70 IRFS – Regional Market Assessment (Supply and Demand) Study – Report

Indian Ocean In this region, capture fisheries consist of pelagic fisheries (swordfish and tuna species mainly), shrimp and cephalopods (Madagascar) targeting the European market with frozen, canned and fresh products (except La Réunion where Asia is the main exporting region). Demersal fisheries (for instance groupers, emperors, snappers and breams) also exist but as the continental plates are narrow (with the exception of Madagascar), production levels remain low and demersal fish are often sold locally and partly traded regionally. Traditional fishing is present but generally productions are only provided as estimates from previous years. The latter is especially important in Madagascar participating to exports of products too. Aquaculture is negligible except in Madagascar but at 5% - 10% of total production, mainly ecolabelled P. monodon shrimp targeting the EU and international markets, tilapias and carps. Aquaculture development for domestic supply is often hampered by the competing presence of wild fish trade of similar species sold at lower prices (e.g tilapia, Madagascar) or farmed and wild similar products originating from Asia (e.g. farmed and wild shrimp). Countries are diverse in terms of economic level and sources of income - Seychelles and Mauritius approaching industrialized countries with a healthy tourism sector while Madagascar is facing a difficult economic situation since a decade back -, as a consequence a trade flow of fish products exists mainly from Madagascar to Mauritius, Réunion (observer at the COMESA only), Seychelles and Comoros. Yearly per capita consumption is around 20kg in the region with the exceptions of Seychelles (about 60) and Madagascar (less than 8). National demand consists of low value fish (frozen, sold fresh near landings, cured, by-catch of high value fish) for lower and middle classes with large imports from Asia while a market for high value fish (transported frozen in general) is present for the tourism sector in particular with low processing. In contrast with other countries of the region, Madagascar has a low per capita consumption (stagnating in the last years) and a low GDP in PPP per capita (decreasing slightly in the last years and since the 80’s) on average. This relates to the difficult economic situation that the country has been facing over the last ten (and even twenty years), especially in the last 5 years. Yet, demand in urban areas of low value fish is not met by national production and costs of importing products to Madagascar remain an issue. Indeed, trade with the African continent is marginal and hampered by low competition within the freight of commodities too. Specific and concrete potentials of regional relate to: (i) evaluating key species/products – and tariff barriers - to increase regional trade by optimising competition with similar fish products from Asia (with regional integration of la Réunion), (ii) evaluating source of low value fish in the region to respond to demand in urban areas in Madagascar and (iii) developing transport network for regional trade within the region and the African continent. Southern Africa In Southern Africa, countries have fairly low production levels in their capture fisheries and there is generally fairly little room for expansion. Aquaculture production levels are also currently fairly low, however, there is potential for increasing these further as all countries have beneficial climates and a vast number of water reservoirs. Recreational fishing is another sector which remains popular in these countries, providing revenues and also fish for consumption/exports. As net importers, demand from the Southern African countries themselves is of primary concern. Their low per capita consumption averages are generally viewed as caused by low supply levels rather than low demand (though in Swaziland, it is disputable how strong the preferences are for fish overall). However, there is increasing interest in subsistence and small-scale fish farming in Malawi, Zambia and Zimbabwe to provide for national demand. Furthermore, commercial aquaculture production levels are on the increase in some of these countries, already providing Nile tilapia for export markets (e.g. Lake Harvest in Zimbabwe). Considering the great demand in this sub-region, as in other African countries, for Nile tilapia, there is undoubtedly a market for this supply. The question is rather how to best (and sustainably) increase the supply to meet the demand.

71 IRFS – Regional Market Assessment (Supply and Demand) Study – Report

PROPOSED ACTIONS To explore some of the opportunities and potentials noted in the chapter 5 on Discussion and Analysis, as well as to address some of the weaknesses and constraints identified there, the following actions are proposed78 for the next phase of the SmartFish Programme’s trade component79: Supply 1. Scoping of eco-labelling opportunities for export products as a way to reduce pressure on resources (and as a niche market in the region): • Lake Victoria Nile perch. • Recreational target species, e.g. in Zimbabwe and Kenya. 2. Assessing opportunities and constraints to developing national marine capture fisheries in order to increase supply in, for instance: • Kenya. • Tanzania. 3. Supporting aquaculture development to increase supply through: • Public sector training and awareness-raising in countries with such identified needs, e.g. Zimbabwe: informing, and providing training to relevant government staff80 (broad or specific themes depending on level of awareness of staff) with the aim of increasing general awareness of potential benefits and issues in relation to aquaculture. Possibly jointly with FAO and WorldFish Center. Participation of the private stakeholders should be fostered. • Market assessment on availability of feeds and seeds/fingerlings – location and prices in the region and elsewhere. • Identification and evaluation of current on-line networks of fish farmers/traders to compile information for those who are not members. • Analysis of Uganda’s seemingly successful aquaculture development to identify lessons learned and best practice options. 4. Assessing specific threats to supply: • Scoping and evaluation of national/sub-regional/regional fish disease outbreak control systems, including analysis of consequences of not having such in place and proposed actions for next actions in relation to this under SmartFish. 5. Analysing supply chains to develop further actions/interventions81 for improvements, focusing on: Studies and literature review • Literature review of supply and value chain studies by sub-region to identify gaps (e.g. supply chains for which studies are warranted) and to identify/further develop potential actions (e.g. in order to build on actions proposed in these studies, if they have not been implemented so far). • Reviewing the situation in specific countries with identified supply chain issues, such as high post-harvest losses, in order to propose actions, e.g. in the Madagascar artisanal fisheries and in the lagoon fishery in Mauritius. • Review of data collection practices at borders between selected countries (including procedures for estimating informal trade if such exist) in order to identify areas for improved procedures as well as training.

78 These actions are proposed without order of priority. 79 Fisheries management and fisheries monitoring and surveillance actions are not included below. Development of trade should consider such related actions as it requires a holistic approach to avoid/limit negative impacts on fish stocks and the environment. 80 As a consistent national aquaculture development will need government spear-heading. 81 It is recommended that a thorough understanding of trade/tariff barriers or bottleneck issues is gained either in parallel or within the actions proposed here, in order to make supply chains operate with cost-efficiency and financial sustainability.

72 IRFS – Regional Market Assessment (Supply and Demand) Study – Report

• Examining the role of the informal trade of fish and fish products and its complementarity or threat (e.g. trade of illegal products) to the formal trade (e.g. in the Horn of Africa sub- region and the trade between Eastern Africa and DRC). • Examining the dried catfish trade between Sudan and Ethiopia, including for the purpose of identifying barriers/bottlenecks in the supply chain. • Identifying potential sources of low value fish to supply Madagascar in seasons of low availability, as well as identifying barriers to such trade (e.g. through a desk study followed by a field mission to e.g. South Africa and Namibia). • Mapping the regional trade in Zimbabwean wild tilapia and identifying barriers/bottlenecks in the supply chain. • For each sub-region, identifying the main transport and infrastructure strengths, weaknesses and potentials. This could include transport cost-analysis and proposed recommendations on public/private sector investment. • Scoping study to identify particular food safety issues in the region, in order to then propose support actions, including food safety awareness-raising and training for public sector staff and potentially also to the private sector.

Training and workshops • Bringing together (small-scale and larger scale) traders and trade associations82 from different sub-regions for lesson learning and general information exchange. This could involve the following steps: (i) identification and examination of key networks/associations of fish and aquaculture producers/traders on a sub-regional basis; (ii) organising workshops/business-to-business events in each of the four sub- regions, in order to strengthen the networks and allowing for discussions on supply chain improvements, etc.; (iii) through the workshops/business-to-business events, identifying appropriate actions of support to these networks/associations. 6. Product marketing • Technical support (TA and training) to companies for promoting of products (e.g. selected small private companies with potential for expansion).

Demand 1. Developing suitable consumer survey templates for the ESA-IO sub-regions through pilot assessments of national consumer demand in specific countries or sub-regions (with the aim of developing a tool for better understanding national/regional markets and consumer preferences and groups): • For instance in Kenya (considering its growing middle class83) and Eastern Africa (generally large and growing populations as well as increasing fish consumption trends). 2. Analysing specific import flows for a better understanding of national demand: • Identifying the sources and products of DRC’s imports as it is a clear net importer with high levels of imports and projected increase in demand. • General assessment (e.g. by sub-region) of what constrains imports (including tariff barriers) – i.e. when the demand is great, why is not more fish imported (e.g. specific study on Southern Africa or a specific study on a product, e.g. Nile tilapia)?

82 Cf. organisations of inter-professional associations of fish products supply chains in other countries/territories (e.g. La Reunion, France). 83 See Mubila et al., 2011.

73 IRFS – Regional Market Assessment (Supply and Demand) Study – Report

3. Analysing specific export flows to better understand certain trade flows and characteristics: • Re-exports: many countries re-export products, some with and some without any value- adding. What are the benefits? Which are the trade flows? 4. Researching/assessing markets to better understand demand as well as competition for specific products in the ESA-IO region as well as outside: • Catfish and Nile tilapia in the ESA-IO region as well as outside. • Understanding competition between similar products from other continents, e.g. tilapia and Vietnamese catfish, and evaluate possible actions for local products to become more competitive. • Identification and analysis of current and potential markets for fish waste and bycatch of multi-species fisheries followed by a demand survey on those two topics.

Complementary actions Identifying areas for collaboration with other projects and initiatives (e.g. private sector) involved in similar or related work is vital in order to maximize impact. Examples of such projects/initiatives include ACP Fish II, FAO, NEPAD (including the Partnership for African Fisheries Trade Working Group), and seafood fares. A more detailed list of complementary projects/programmes is available in Annex 6.

74 IRFS – Regional Market Assessment (Supply and Demand) Study – Report

ANNEXES

ANNEX 1 - COUNTRY PROFILES

Table 2: Countries covered by the market team Eastern Africa + DRC Horn of Africa 1. Burundi (landlocked) (FR) 1. Djibouti (FR) 2. Congo DR (FR) 2. Eritrea 3. Kenya* 3. Ethiopia (landlocked)* 4. Rwanda (landlocked) (EN/FR) 4. Somalia 5. Tanzania 5. Sudan 6. Uganda (landlocked) + Egypt (as potential importer) Indian Ocean Southern Africa 1. Comoros (FR) 1. Malawi (landlocked), 2. Madagascar (FR)* 2. Swaziland (landlocked), 3. Mauritius (EN/FR)* 3. Zambia (landlocked)**, and 4. Seychelles (EN/FR) 4. Zimbabwe (landlocked)* + Réunion (as potential importer; FR) + South Africa (as potential importer) [Mozambique (PT): covered in some circumstances for comparisons and potential supplier/importer only] Notes: a) country with an asterisk is a visited country; b) Zambia was briefly visited by one in the market team to participate in the SmartFish workshop on trade in Lusaka (see Annex 3: people met/interviewed and schedule for details) c) FR/PT: French/Portuguese; languages generally spoken/understood in the country; EN only when not quoted.

Note that FAO FIGIS and FISHSTATJ provide net weight for fish trade commodities, i.e. excluding the weight of the container and any liquid added for preservation or flavour (see FAO FIGIS website – www.fao.org ).

75 IRFS – Regional Market Assessment (Supply and Demand) Study – Report

EASTERN AFRICA Burundi, Congo DR, Kenya, Rwanda, Tanzania, Uganda BURUNDI • Capture Production (2009) Table 3: Burundi - capture production in live weight, Burundi, 2009 (FAO FISHSTATJ) Area Species Volume (t) Inland Dagaas 13 130 Freshwater perches nei 3 160 Freshwater fishes nei 1 280 Nile tilapia 130 Total: 17 700 FAO estimates • Aquaculture production (2009) Table 4: Burundi - aquaculture production in live weight, 2009 (FAO FISHSTATJ) Area Species Volume (t) Inland Nile tilapia 200 Total 200 Aquaculture production estimated worth 600 000 USD in 2009. • Commodity trade (2008 imports and exports, FAO FIGIS) - Import of fish products Table 5: Burundi - import of fish products in net weight, 2008 (FAO FISHSTATJ) Commodity Volume (t) Herrings, sardines, 21 anchovies Marine fishes not 15 identified Shrimps, prawns 1 Tunas, bonitos, billfishes 2 Total*: 39 *Total excludes products not presented in weight (e.g. crocodiles) as well as inedible products (corals, shells, fishmeals, oils, waste). Mussels; salmons, trouts, smelts:presence but less than 1t. Imports total value of 36 000 USD in 2008. - Export of fish products Table 6: Burundi - export of fish products in net weight, 2008 (FAO FISHSTATJ) Commodity Volume (t) Salmonoids, fresh or chilled, nei 1 Total: 1 Note: 11 tonnes of ornamental fish out of the 12t of total fish exports under FAO FISHSTATJ. Exports total value of 1000 USD in 2008. - Main trading partners in 2008 for fish products (Comstat in net weights; in italic ‘Smartfish countries’):

Imports of fish: o Key countries: Canada*84, Uganda, Kenya, Tanzania

84 Prepared or preserved fish; caviar and caviar substitutes prepared from fish eggs.-- Sardines, sardinella and brisling or sprats (HS code: 160413)

76 IRFS – Regional Market Assessment (Supply and Demand) Study – Report

Note: also imports of meat from East Africa.

o Other countries/continent: Europe (Belgium, Italy)

Exports of fish: o To DR Congo (Code HS6 30219 Fish, fresh or chilled, excluding fish fillets and other fish meat of heading 03.04.-- Other)

Informal trade occurs (numerous anecdotal information), additional literacy related to documents referred in the bibliography and field visits in the region may help to understand it in details.

See main text for:

• Production: total, capture, aquaculture from 2000 to 2009 • Demand of fish – national projections • Imports – exports of fish products from 2000 to 2008 • National supply and trade balance of fish and fish products (exports – imports)

77 IRFS – Regional Market Assessment (Supply and Demand) Study – Report

CONGO (Democratic Republic of) Remark: data collected with the support of Mr. B. MAHUNINA (see people met/interviewed for details). Data collected an analysis below are the sole responsibility of the report’s author yet. Note: The DRC has 37 km of coastline and a very small EEZ (FAO country profile), which reduces its marine fisheries capacity. In the opposite, the DR Congo has potentials for freshwater fish farming due to the inland water capacities by large rivers, large inhabited areas by the specific size, geography of the country. • Key governmental statistics (2010) on fisheries in the Democratic Republic of Congo Table 7: Congo DR - key governmental statistics on fisheries, 2010 Indicator Figure National production (tonnes) live weight 230 000 Imports (tonnes) live weight 150 582.597 Exports (tonnes) live weight 22 Quantity Available (tonnes) in live weight 380 560.597 Population (millions) 62 Average consumption (kg / person / year) 6,14

2010 statistical data from the Congolese government Additional information: The consumption rate, now 6.14 kg/per capita/year is down from 13.5 kg / person / year recorded in 1967 and 10.5 kg / person / year in 1985 (Mahunina, 2011; personal communication, see annex on trend of per capita consumption for details). • Capture Production (2009) Table 8: Congo DR - capture production in live weight, 2009 (FAO FISHSTATJ) Area Species Volume (t) Inland Miscellaneous freshwater fishes* 230 000 Marine Sharks, rays, chimaeras 2 760 Herrings, sardines, anchovies 1 200 Miscellaneous coastal fishes 840 Miscellaneous pelagic fishes 660 Marine fishes not identified 300 Flounders, halibuts, soles 120 Miscellaneous demersal fishes 120 Total: 236 000 In italic, FAO estimates. *: details not available under the FAOFISHSTAT. • Aquaculture production (2009) Table 9: Congo DR - aquaculture production in live weight, 2009 (FAO FISHSTATJ) Area Species Volume (t) Inland Tilapia nei 2 960 North African catfish 10 Total 2 970 In italic, FAO estimates, estimates since 2002. Aquaculture production worth 7 495 000 USD in 2009.

78 IRFS – Regional Market Assessment (Supply and Demand) Study – Report

• Commodity trade (2008 imports and exports, FAO FISTHSTATJ and 2010 data collected remotely) - Imports of fish products Table 10: Congo DR - import of fish products in net weight, 2008 (FAO FISHSTATJ) Commodity Volume (t) Marine fishes not identified 47 865 Herrings, sardines, anchovies 7 221 Cods, hakes, haddocks 5 806 Miscellaneous pelagic fishes 1 996 Miscellaneous freshwater fishes 426 Tunas, bonitos, billfishes 140 Tilapias and other cichlids 71 Miscellaneous coastal fishes 55 Miscellaneous demersal fishes 47 Oysters 25 Flounders, halibuts, soles 21 Squids, cuttlefishes, octopuses 14 Shrimps, prawns 12 Mussels 8 Salmons, trouts, smelts 5 Crabs, sea-spiders 0 0 Lobsters, spiny-rock lobsters 0 0 Miscellaneous aquatic invertebrates 0 0 Total: 63 712 Total excluding inedible products (FIGIS) 63 534 Note: “0 0” is negligible as more than zero but less than half of the unit used; 63 534 used as total under the FIGIS data due to exclusions of products slightly different (excluding inedible products such as corals, shells, fishmeals, oils, waste). First ranked detailed group: 38 200 tonnes of fish under ‘frozen marine fish nei’. Imports total value of 88 769 000 USD in 2008 (for the 63 712 tonnes above) in 2008.

DRC imports between 120,000 to 170,000 tons of fish in live weight. According to the Office Congolais de Contrôle (OCC – Congolese Control Office), the country imported in 2010 (in certified weight – live weight) the fish products as follows: Table 11: Congo DR – import of fish products in tonnes of live weight, 2010 (OCC) Frozen fish 118 143.908 Fresh or chilled fish 29 348.665 Dried fish, salted or in brine and smoked 2 959.610 Live molluscs, fresh and chilled 66.835 Fish fillets and other fresh and chilled fish meat 56.1 Crustaceans, fresh, chilled, frozen and dried. 7.479 TOTAL fish products 150 582.587

The majority of imports is frozen fish. The volume of imported fish is not given by species by the OCC.

79 IRFS – Regional Market Assessment (Supply and Demand) Study – Report

According to the OCC, the distribution of imports of fishery products by main importers in 2010 were as follows (in tonnes of live weight): Table 12: Congo DR – import of fish products by key importers in tonnes of live weight, 2010 (OCC)

FUTURE CREATION CONGO SPRL 58 912.878 MAICOFROID 56.100 Congo frais SPRL 58 156.811 Sieco SPRL 55.610 FISH AND MEAT CONGO 26 450.341 CONGO FUTUR 50.590 LIBERTY SPRL 2 026.250 HOLCIE SPRL 29.400 SCORE SPRL 1 067.030 EXODUS BIBI 28.040 ETS AGIZO 911.174 HOLGIC SPRL 27.550 INALCA SPRL 709.315 SOTICO . 27.550 SOCIMEX 692.500 GROUPE JAMBO 26.580 ORGAMAN SPRL 216.390 FISFISH AND MEAT CONGO 26.330 ATCOM 152.825 ETS KISANGANI SIAPATA 25.408 ISDR SPRL 110.784 LUTONADIO NDONGALA 13.000 ETS MINGFOOD 82.737 ELITRA SPRL 9.635 HYPER PSARO 59.536 KIN MART 7.479 In general, the major importers of frozen fish in the DRC are: ORGAMAN (with 40% market share), INALCA (25%), AFRITA (16%), CONGO FUTUR (11%). Imported fish species in the DRC The following table gives the main fish species imported in the Democratic Republic of Congo. The Horse mackerel (chinchard, FR) represents over 50% of frozen fish imported (in bold below). There is consumer preference in large towns to consume horse mackerel. Information of supply not meeting demand were available in the beginning of 2011, for example for horse mackerel (Anonymous, 201185). Table 13: Congo DR – imported fish products by species, 2010 (OCC) N° Scientific name English name Local name 01 Pellanovlla miodon -- Malawi 02 Pellanovlla miodon -- Ya tshuvi 03 Pellicotrisa -- Kashikisha ou kisense 04 Limnotrissa miodon -- Ndakala (Lumbu) 05 -- -- Petit fumé 06 Trachurus trachurus Horse mackerel Mpiodi, Thompson 07 Scorporena porcus -- Rouget 08 Scorporena scrofa -- Jack (rouget) 09 Tilapia melanopleura tilapia Tilapia 10 Gadidae Cods mainly Morues Merluciidae Hakes Hake 11 Solea solea Soles Soles 12 Salmo solar Salmon (fillet) Saumon (filet) 13 Genypterus spp. King klip King klip (capensis?)

85 Anonymous, 2011. - Un quota supplémentaire de poisson chinchard pour la RDC. Online article on Digitalcongo.net 3.0 , June 2011

80 IRFS – Regional Market Assessment (Supply and Demand) Study – Report

- Exports of fish products Table 14: Congo DR - export of fish products in net weight, 2008 (FAO FISHSTATJ) Commodity Volume (t) Total: 0 0

Exports total value of 0 0 USD in 2008.

- Main trading partners in 2008 (Comstat, OCC):

Imports: USA, France, Saudi Arabia, China, Mauritania, Uganda and Tanzania o Key ones in the regions are: Namibia (main provider of horse mackerel86, South Africa, Zimbabwe, Zambia. o Others: Canada, Belgium, Norway Zambia export to DR Congo: Tilapia melanopleura (fresh and smoked, Limnotrissa miodon (fresh and dried) and Pellicotrissa (dried) while Zimbabwe export le ‘Petit fumé’ (smoked, no scientific name available at time of writing) and some horse mackerels (frozen - reexports). Informal trade from Eastern Africa is considered non negligible consisting of dried, salted and smoked freshwater fish. Informal products in the region are estimated to be almost as important as official trade. Literature is available on informal trade under WorldFish Centre publications (see bibliography). Exports: The DRC exports fish products to neighbouring countries, including the Republic of Congo and Central African Republic (none recorded under the FAO in 2008). The export volume is at 22 tons per year in 2010 (live weight – OCC data). This figure is certainly under-estimated. These are products of inland fisheries: the Bagrus, Clarias (catfish), Protopterus, Synodontis, Mormyrus, Alestes and Labeo (carp). - Distribution/Demand: Given the difficulties encountered in the DRC in the field of transport and lack of infrastructure to avoid breaking the cold chain, the fish distribution is very irregular. In general, the bulk of the national production is consumed in cities near the places of production and frozen fish is consumed in Kinshasa and Bas-Congo. The distribution of frozen fish, whose price could bring a larger consumption, is hampered by the two difficulties presented above. 80% of frozen fish is estimated to be consumed between Kinshasa and Bas-Congo. Imported processed fish (especially salted) comes to the secondary markets of the DRC and 50% of imported fish is consumed between Kinshasa and Bas-Congo too. The distribution of frozen fish imported is necessarily limited to major centers of the country (Kinshasa, Matadi, Boma, Lubumbashi, Likasi, Kolwezi, Kikwit, etc.). Distributors of fish products are the importers of these products, having the correct transport assets (refrigerated trucks) and infrastructure for cold storage. For example Orgaman has cold storage in Kinshasa and in the cities of the interior of the country. Monthly demand of horse mackerel in Kinshasa was estimated at about 9 000 tonnes in December 2010 87. Supply shortage created price soaring and speculations were said to be due, mainly, to Mauritanian production decreases, another supplier of similar (low value) species in Western and Central Africa.

86 Main Namibian supplier: Namson Fishing Entreprises. This same supplier exported a third of its products to Mozambique in 2010. 87 Anonymous, 2011. - Un quota supplémentaire de poisson chinchard pour la RDC. Online article on Digitalcongo.net 3.0 , June 2011.

81 IRFS – Regional Market Assessment (Supply and Demand) Study – Report

Potential demand may come from mining companies and large NGOs based in the East. Informal trade of dried, salted, smoked freshwater fish is to be investigated further in association with Producer and Trade Association such as the one in Uganda (Rotsaert E., pers. comm., july 2011). Trade fro See main text for:

Appendix to the DR Congo supply and demand profile Table 15: Congo DR - average price of fish in different provinces in US$/kg, 2010 Fresh Smoked Salted Dried Frozen Aquaculture Province (US$/kg) (US$/kg) (US$/kg) (US$/kg) (US$/kg) (US$/kg) Kinshasa 5,0 4,2 4,8 3,7 3,5 4,0 Bas Congo 3,4 6,8 7,8 2,4 1,4 2,2 Bandundu 2.8 4,0 6,0 3.8 5,0 3,0 Équateur 2,0 2,5 3,0 3,0 4,0 1,5 K. Occidental 2,7 1,2 3,0 2,0 4,0 3,5 Kasai Oriental 5,5 2,8 2,0 1,0 2,9 2,0 Katanga 2,5 4,4 2,2 4,5 1,2 5,0 Nord Kivu 3,0 3,0 4,0 2,5 2,8 3,5 P. Orientale 3,5 3,5 4,5 4,0 4,6 2,5 Sud Kivu 2,7 2,2 2,4 3,0 2,8 2,9 Moyenne 3,24 3,46 3,97 2,99 3,22 3,01 Source: Service National d'aquaculture (SENAQUA) within a diagnostic study of the agriculture sector (under FAO funds), 2008 ; prices cross-checked in 2010.

Figure 38: Congo DR – average annual inflation rate, 1998 – 2008 (Banque Centrale du Congo) On average since 2002, the inflation rate is 12% (Banque Centrale du Congo). The inflation rate rose to 46% in 2009 but stabilized again to 15% in 2010 (CIAN, 2011), rates confirmed by US Dept of State data88 too.

88 US dept of Stae (2011). - Background Note: Democratic Republic of the Congo. Online: http://www.state.gov 15 April 2011.

82 IRFS – Regional Market Assessment (Supply and Demand) Study – Report

KENYA

1. NATIONAL OVERVIEW Population (millions) (year)89 40.5 (2010) Population growth factor (%) (2010-2015)90 2.69 Population density (habitants/km2)91 (year) 70 (2010) Human Development Index (year)92 128 (low human development) (2010) Life expectancy at birth (years) (year)93 Male 58 (2009) Female 62 (2009) National average consumption per caput 2.7 (2010) (kg/year) (year)94 Surface (km2)95 582 650 Length of coast (km) 96 640 Continental shelf (km2) 97 6 500 EEZ area (km2) 98 142 400 Gross domestic product per capita, current 938 (2010) prices (USD) (year)99 National production of fisheries (tonnes) Inland: 120 779 (2009) (year) 100 Marine: 7 926 (2009) Aquaculture: 4895 (2009) Imports of fish/fisheries products for direct 3 378 (2009) human consumption (tonnes) (year) 101 Exports fish/fisheries product102 11 114 (2009) 103 Type fisheries/aquaculture • Lake fisheries (Victoria, Turkana, Naivasha, Baringo): Omena (silver cyprinid), Nile perch, tilapia • National industrial shrimp fishing (for the moment stopped) • Artisanal coastal fishing • Aquaculture • Mariculture (for the moment experimental) • Sports fishing (rainbow trout, billfishes, etc.) • Ornamental fishery (on the coral reefs) Main species • Inland: Silver cyprinid (omena/ Rastrineobola argentea), Nile perch (Lates niloticus), Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus). • Marine: demersal, pelagic and crustaceans • Aquaculture: Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus), African sharptooth catfish (Clarias gariepinus) and Rainbow trout (Onchorynchus mykiss)

89 Population Division of the Department of Economic and Social Affairs of the United Nations Secretariat: World Population Prospects, the 2010 Revision: http://esa.un.org/unpd/wpp/index.htm 90 Ibid. 91 http://esa.un.org/unpd/wpp/unpp/p2k0data.asp 92 http://hdr.undp.org/en/statistics/ 93 http://www.who.int/entity/whosis/whostat/EN_WHS2011_Part2.xls 94 Kenyan Ministry of Fisheries Development. 95 FAO Country Profile: ftp://ftp.fao.org/FI/DOCUMENT/fcp/en/FI_CP_KE.pdf 96 FAO Country Profile: ftp://ftp.fao.org/FI/DOCUMENT/fcp/en/FI_CP_KE.pdf 97 FAO Country Profile: ftp://ftp.fao.org/FI/DOCUMENT/fcp/en/FI_CP_KE.pdf 98 FAO Country Profile: ftp://ftp.fao.org/FI/DOCUMENT/fcp/en/FI_CP_KE.pdf 99 http://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/weo/2010/01/weodata/weorept.aspx?sy=2008&ey=2015&scsm=1&ssd=1&sort=country &ds=.&br=1&c=664&s=NGDPDPC&grp=0&a=&pr.x=40&pr.y=7 100 Fisheries Annual Statistical Bulletin 2009, Ministry of Fisheries Development, Kenya. 101 Fisheries Annual Statistical Bulletin 2009, Ministry of Fisheries Development, Kenya. 102 Fisheries Annual Statistical Bulletin 2009, Ministry of Fisheries Development, Kenya. 103 Fisheries Annual Statistical Bulletin 2009, Ministry of Fisheries Development, Kenya.

83 IRFS – Regional Market Assessment (Supply and Demand) Study – Report

2. SUPPLY

2.1 Official production During the period 2000-2009, Kenya’s capture fisheries have been the main contributors to the country’s total production (Figure 39). Total production decreased between 2000 and 2003 and fluctuated thereafter.

250000

200000

oT 150000 n ne s 100000 Total production Capture 50000 Aquaculture

Year

Figure 39: Kenya - production of fish in live weight, 2000-2009 (FIGIS)

In 2009, the total national fish production was 133 600 tonnes (t) with an ex-vessel value of 13 billion Kenyan Shillings (KES) (approximately USD 174 million). Fish production in the country has been declining since 1999 when the highest quantity (214 709 t) of fish was landed but the ex-vessel value has been increasing year after year (Figure 40). Inland capture fisheries contributed ~90 percent of Kenya’s total fish production, with the main fishery being that of Lake Victoria, accounting for 108 934 t or 81.5 percent of the country’s total annual fish production that year. Lake Turkana, Kenya’s largest freshwater body produced 9445 t fish (~7 percent). Marine artisanal fish production was 7926 t (~6 percent of the national production) while aquaculture production amounted to 4895 t (~4 percent of the total production) (Figure 41).104

104 Fisheries Annual Statistical Bulletin 2009.

84 IRFS – Regional Market Assessment (Supply and Demand) Study – Report

Figure 40: Kenya - fish production by quantity and value, 1999-2009105

105 Fisheries Annual Statistical Bulletin 2009, Ministry of Fisheries Development, Kenya.

85 IRFS – Regional Market Assessment (Supply and Demand) Study – Report

Figure 41: Kenya - national fish production by fishery areas, 2009106

The Kenyan fisheries sector is mainly artisanal and made up of the following fisheries/fish farming types107:

Lake fisheries (primarily Victoria, Turkana, Naivasha, Baringo) With regard to Lake Victoria108, production declined in 2009 (108 934 t) compared to 2008 (111 369 t), however, due to the increase in price of fish (particularly Nile perch), the ex-vessel value increased from KES 9 429 765 000 in 2008 to KES 10 800 831 000 in 2009. Omena (silver cyprinid) has slightly dominated the catch over Nile perch during the past four years (see Figure 42 below), and in 2009 represented 45 percent of the catch in the lake, whereas Nile perch represented 39 percent. Nile tilapia contributed 13 percent. 109

106 Fisheries Annual Statistical Bulletin 2009, Ministry of Fisheries Development, Kenya. 107 Fisheries Annual Statistical Bulletin 2009, Ministry of Fisheries Development, Kenya. 108 Six percent of the surface area belongs to Kenya, with the rest shared between Tanzania (51 percent) and Uganda (43 percent) (FAO Country Profile). 109 Fisheries Annual Statistical Bulletin 2009, Ministry of Fisheries Development, Kenya.

86 IRFS – Regional Market Assessment (Supply and Demand) Study – Report

Figure 42: Kenya - trends of the main fish species composition in annual catches of Lake Victoria in the last decade110

With regard to Lake Turkana, in 2009, a total catch of 9 445 t was landed with an ex-vessel value of KES 305 178 000, representing an increase of 17 percent in production compared to 2008, when production was 8 070 t, valued at KES 229 171 000. Tilapia species dominated the landings by 47.5 percent, followed by Labeo horie (Cyprinidae family) (20.1 percent), Nile perch (Lates niloticus) (10.9 percent), Nile Distichodus (Distichodus niloticus) (10.8 percent) and Barbus spp. (Cyprinidae family) (5.5 percent).111 With regard to Lake Naivasha, in 2009, a total catch of 688 t was landed, with an ex-vessel value of KES 31 470 000. This represented a 206 percent increase in catches from 2008 (225 t). Mirror and Common carps (Cyprinus carpio carpio and Cyprinus carpio) remained the most abundant species contributing 99.7 percent of the total catch. Notably, species composition in the catches has drastically changed since 2002, when total catches were dominated by the tilapiines. Over the last seven years, however, tilapiines contribution in catches has declined with the introduced Common carp assuming greater prominence in the catches. A closed season on fishing activities in Lake Naivasha was effected from 1st June to 30th September 2009, as a part of management measure to allow the fishery to recover.112 With regard to Lake Baringo, the fishery mainly targets marbled (leopard) lungfish (Protopterus aethiopicus), catfish (Clarias spp.), tilapiines and Barbus spp. (Cyprinidae family). A total of 191 t of fish, with an ex-vessel value of KES 11 580 000, were landed in 2009. This represented a decline of 27.1 percent in quantity but an increase of 14.9 percent in value. The species catch composition was dominated by lungfish, contributing 80.1 percent, followed by catfish (14.1 percent), tilapiines (5.2 percent).113

110 Fisheries Annual Statistical Bulletin 2009, Ministry of Fisheries Development, Kenya. 111 Fisheries Annual Statistical Bulletin 2009, Ministry of Fisheries Development, Kenya. 112 Fisheries Annual Statistical Bulletin 2009, Ministry of Fisheries Development, Kenya. 113 Fisheries Annual Statistical Bulletin 2009, Ministry of Fisheries Development, Kenya.

87 IRFS – Regional Market Assessment (Supply and Demand) Study – Report

Other inland waters also contribute some smaller volumes of catch, e.g. Tana River Dams (Masinga, Kamburu and Kiambere). In 2009, 584 t of assorted species was landed, representing a 55.1 percent decline in fish production compared to the previous year. The value of the catch was KES 33 536 000 and the main species were Tilapia spp. (262 t: 44.9 percent), Common carp (178 t: 30.5 percent) and catfish (141 t: 24.1 percent). Other lake fisheries include that of Lake Kenyatta (369 t) and Kanyaboli (31 t).114 Artisanal coastal fishing The Kenyan inshore waters are exploited by local fishers targeting mainly demersal species (e.g. rabbit fish, scavenger, parrot fish, snapper, black skin, and pouter); pelagic (e.g. tuna, barracudas, little mackerels, mullets, cavalla jacks and sail fish); and crustaceans (prawns, crabs and lobsters). In 2009, 7926 t of assorted fish species were landed at the 141 landing sites distributed along the Kenyan coastline, valued at KES 726 725 000. This production reflected a decline of 9 percent from the previous year’s production (8725 t). Dermersal fish species dominated these landings by contributing 49 percent of the landings; the pelagic fish contributed 30 percent; sharks, rays and sardines made up 10 percent; crustaceans 5 percent; and mollusks 6 percent. Though with some marginal fluctuations, production from the marine artisanal fishery has remained fairly constant between 5000 and 8000 t over the years.115 National industrial shrimp fishing A national semi-industrial shrimp fishery was taking place within the territorial waters up until 2007 but was then stopped due to conflicts between artisanal nearshore fishing and the shrimp fishers. A management plan has now been established116, which includes a zoning system for the fishing. Most of by-catch (primarily finfish) caught by trawlers and small-scale fisher were consumed locally, while shrimp was exported. With the management plan now established, the fishery can be re-opened.117 The offshore waters are exploited by (licensed) foreign fleets targeting tuna and tuna like species. However, only a small quantity of catch from the Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ) is landed in Kenya, primarily tuna loins for processing for export118. The actual amount harvested by foreign fleets is not known, due to poor monitoring, control and surveillance (MCS). Aquaculture Fish farming was introduced in Kenya by the colonialists for the purpose of sport fishing at the beginning of the 1900s, which evolved to static water pond culture of tilapine fish in the 1920s. This was later supplemented by common carp and catfish. Rainbow trout was subsequently introduced as a riverine sport fish. However, although fish farming in rural Kenya has a relatively long history, it was only made popular in the 1960s through a government-run 'Eat More Fish' campaign, though no substantial progress has been achieved to date.119 For the moment, Kenyan aquaculture is mainly carried out at a subsistence level, however, with the new National Oceans and Fisheries Policy (2008) focusing on making aquaculture a major contributor to national fisheries production, the Kenyan government intends to change this. A National Aquaculture Strategy and Development Plan 2010-2015120 has been developed for this purpose, providing a framework for aquaculture development in the country. It involves a roadmap for creating a conducive and enabling environment for investment, to encourage commercial operations and public-private partnerships.

114 Fisheries Annual Statistical Bulletin 2009, Ministry of Fisheries Development, Kenya. 115 Fisheries Annual Statistical Bulletin 2009, Ministry of Fisheries Development, Kenya. 116 Kenya Gazette Supplement No. 13, Legislative Supplement No. 10, Legal Notice No. 20, The Fisheries Act (Cap. 378), Prawn Fishery Management Plan. 117 Kenyan Ministry of Fisheries Development. 118 FAO Country Profile: ftp://ftp.fao.org/FI/DOCUMENT/fcp/en/FI_CP_KE.pdf 119 FAO Aquaculture Country Profile Kenya: http://www.fao.org/fishery/countrysector/naso_kenya/en 120 National Aquaculture Strategy and Development Plan 2010-2015: “Filling the fish supply gap for food security, income and healthy living”, November 2010, Edition One. Kenyan Ministry of Fisheries Development.

88 IRFS – Regional Market Assessment (Supply and Demand) Study – Report

In 2009, 9116 earthen ponds were farmed, covering 2 753 696 square metres (m2) – this is to be compared to the 7530 ponds farmed in 2008 (covering 2 277 895 m2). In addition, 331 dams (5 473 346 m2) and 161 tanks/races (23 085 m2) were farmed. This corresponds to 825 hectares farmed 2009 compared to 728 hectares in 2008. In 2009, farming was taking place in all provinces apart from Nairobi and North Eastern. With regard to production, in 2009, 4 895 t of farmed fish was produced, valued at KES. 1 041 420 000. Tilapia contributed the bulk of the harvested fish with 3 424 t (70 percent), followed by catfish (Clarias spp.) (1 047 t), common carp (373 t) and rainbow trout (51 t) (see Figure 43 below). Other farmed species include Black bass, Koi carp and Gold fish but their overall contribution was minimal.121 An Economic Stimulus Program (ESP) was funded by the Government in 2009/2010 Financial Year and is seen as the reason behind the increase in farmed area. Under this Program, some 140 constituencies were to construct 200 fish ponds each. The increase in area of farmed fish can also be explained by the fact that most of the farmers who have been practicing subsistence farming have abandoned the activity while new farmers practicing commercial aquaculture have emerged owning bigger ponds, resulting in higher yields.122 (Further information in section 2.3)

Figure 43: Kenya - aquaculture production by species, 2009123

Mariculture124 For the moment, with the Kenyan Government providing technical support, mariculture activities in Kenya include125: • Participatory research on potential culture organisms in the marine environment in East Africa;

121 Fisheries Annual Statistical Bulletin 2009, Ministry of Fisheries Development, Kenya. 122 Fisheries Annual Statistical Bulletin 2009, Ministry of Fisheries Development, Kenya. 123 Fisheries Annual Statistical Bulletin 2009, Ministry of Fisheries Development, Kenya. 124 Kwetu Training Centre For Sustainable Development is also engaged in mariculture: www.kwetukenya.org 125 Personal comment: David Mirera, Research officer, Kenya Marine and Fisheries Research Institute (KMFRI).

89 IRFS – Regional Market Assessment (Supply and Demand) Study – Report

• Dissemination of culture technologies to communities, companies and individuals engaged in marine farming; • Development of innovations on how to improve production from mariculture; and • Provision of extension services.

Milkfish, mullets, prawns, crabs, oysters, seaweed and red snapper are farmed and currently consumed locally by farmers, or sold to middlemen or investors. Some of the produce is sold at local tourist hotels. Recreational fishing (marine and inland) Kenya enjoys the reputation of one of the world’s great big game sports fishing destinations and its marine waters contain most of the major target game species – the popular sport fishing areas are Malindi, Watamu, Shimoni and Lamu. There is also an underdeveloped but popular angling recreational activity in trout rivers in central and western Kenya, and also in inland lakes such as Lake Naivasha. 126 With regard to the marine sports fishing, the mainstay of the East African deep sea sport fishing are the billfishes, sharks and tunas. There are six species of billfishes present in these waters: Broadbill swordfish (Xiphias gladius); Black marlin (Makaira indica); Indo-Pacific blue marlin (Makaira nigricans); Striped marlin (Tetrapturus audax); Pacific sailfish (Istiophorus platypterus); and Shortbill spearfish (Tetrapturus angustirostris). Since 1987, the trend is increasingly towards releasing all billfishes alive after capture so that in 2010/2011 around 95 percent of all billfishes were released. At least one of the Kenyan sports fishing associations – the Kenya Association of Sea Anglers (KASA) has made a policy decision that all billfishes, sharks and the giant trevally (Caranx ignobilis) be released alive wherever possible.127 A very conservative estimate of the annual economic value of the Kenyan deep sea sports fishing would be USD 500 million.128 With regard to inland recreational fishing, efforts are being made at establishing an inland sport fishing industry in East Africa in order to enhance the conservation of inland waterways throughout the region. There is said to be a huge potential for expanding sport fishing in East Africa, not only in Kenya.129 More information as footnoted130. Ornamental fishery An ornamental fishery is found based on the coral reef, and many marine aquarium fish are exported to various destinations in the world. 131

126 FAO Country Profile: ftp://ftp.fao.org/FI/DOCUMENT/fcp/en/FI_CP_KE.pdf 127 Personal comment: Simon Hemphill, PhD, Chairman, Kenya Association of Sea Anglers. 128 Personal comment: Simon Hemphill, PhD, Chairman, Kenya Association of Sea Anglers. 129 Personal comment: Andrew Nightingale ([email protected]). 130 East Africa Sport Fishing Association: http://www.easfa.org/ 131 FAO Country Profile: ftp://ftp.fao.org/FI/DOCUMENT/fcp/en/FI_CP_KE.pdf

90 IRFS – Regional Market Assessment (Supply and Demand) Study – Report

2.2 Description of value chain and products For more detailed information about Kenya’s fisheries value chain, see a report by USAID132. Infrastructure and transport The availability and quality of infrastructure supporting Kenya’s fisheries varies, with the Nile perch fishery for export having the most developed support. In terms of landing sites, Lake Victoria has 331, Lake Turkana ten, Lake Naivasha three, Lake Baringo three, Tana river dams six, and the coastline 141.133 With regard to the inland fisheries, industrial fishing techniques are banned, and once landed, fish is usually sold to wholesale traders at the landings sites. A limited amount of ice is used by the fishermen in the boats and at the landing sites – overall conditions at the landing sites are generally poor. Nile perch is bought by traders or directly by processor agents at the landing sites and transported to the market or the factory. Other fish, e.g. tilapia and omena, is often transported in woven baskets, with minimal use of ice, to markets using public transport.134 Kenya suffered three EU bans on its Nile perch fish exports between 1996 and 2000, causing falls in revenues and badly affecting the economy of the Lake Victoria region135. Considering the export- oriented nature of the Nile perch industry, Kenya responded by introducing improved legislation and demonstrable hygiene standards in the fish processing industry, including the development of an efficient cold chain infrastructure and stringent adherence to the developed Hazard Analysis Critical Control Point (HACCP) system. Furthermore, product and system traceability systems for finished products have also been established. 136 (Further information in section 2.3 on Product quality.) Product form Fish in/from Kenya is mainly sold in three forms: • fresh (whole or gutted) – mostly for the traditional markets; • frozen (gutted or filleted) – mainly for retailers and supermarkets; • gutted, then either smoked, sun-dried or salted – mainly for the traditional markets.137 The most popular fish products are: fresh, sun-dried or smoked tilapia; dried omena; and by-products of Nile perch though undersized Nile perch is increasingly popular in the local market (often sold fresh and whole).138 With regard to Nile perch, once the fillets (fresh, chilled, or frozen) have been prepared for export, its many by-products are used to produce a variety of products, for export as well as local consumption139,140: • The swim-bladders (maws) are sun-dried and exported to the Far East. • Belly flaps, with their high oil content and visceral fat, are used to produce fish oil. • Fish leather skins; in the last five years, a small tanning industry has developed in Kenya, producing high quality leather goods from the skins. Fish skins are also deep-fried and sold for human consumption. • Fish frames and heads are sold on the local market, where they are fried and sold for consumption by street traders. These can also be used for making fishmeal (as below). • Factory rejects are often dried, or cut into pieces and sold fresh or deep-fried. • Other parts that are further used include: fish eggs, fillet trimmings and guts.

132 The Kenya Capture Fisheries Value Chain: an AMAP-FSKG Value Chain Finance Case Study. Microreport No. 122. By Ingrid Ardjosoediro and David Neven. October 2008. USAID. 133 Kenyan Ministry of Fisheries Development. 134 The Kenya Capture Fisheries Value Chain: an AMAP-FSKG Value Chain Finance Case Study. Microreport No. 122. By Ingrid Ardjosoediro and David Neven. October 2008. USAID. 135 FAO Country Profile: ftp://ftp.fao.org/FI/DOCUMENT/fcp/en/FI_CP_KE.pdf 136 FAO Country Profile: ftp://ftp.fao.org/FI/DOCUMENT/fcp/en/FI_CP_KE.pdf 137 Kenyan Ministry of Fisheries Development. 138 The Kenya Capture Fisheries Value Chain: an AMAP-FSKG Value Chain Finance Case Study. Microreport No. 122. By Ingrid Ardjosoediro and David Neven. October 2008. USAID. 139 Kabahenda, M.K. and Hüsken, S.M.C. (2009). A review of low-value fish products marketed in the Lake Victoria region. Regional Programme Fisheries and HIV/AIDS in Africa: Investing in Sustainable Solutions. The WorldFish Center. Project Report 1974. 140 The Kenya Capture Fisheries Value Chain: an AMAP-FSKG Value Chain Finance Case Study. Microreport No. 122. By Ingrid Ardjosoediro and David Neven. October 2008. USAID.

91 IRFS – Regional Market Assessment (Supply and Demand) Study – Report

Fishmeal, the protein ingredient of animal feeds, is made of Nile perch by-products (mainly fish frames after fillet removal) and low-quality grade omena.141 In the past, shrimp was exported and its bycatch sold/consumed locally, but as noted above, there has been no fishing since 2007. Some tuna is processed in Mombasa and exported in the form of tuna loins. Wholesale/retail The domestic market consumes about 70 percent of the total fish market. It is however not well defined or organized and involves buying fish at the beach by small scale traders and selling to various open-air markets and fish shops. Nairobi, with its Gikomba and City Markets, forms one of the main destinations for fish from Lake Victoria, Lake Naivasha, the Tana River Dams and even the coast.142 There are also local markets in the Central and Eastern Provinces, which buy fish from fish farmers directly from Tana River Dams. Some parts of Rift Valley Province also receive fish from Lake Turkana, Naivasha and even Lake Victoria. In other districts, the markets are fairly small.143 Marine catch, including sports fishing, is either sold to hotels or to local consumers144. Imported fish usually goes to hotels/supermarkets/retailers, then to consumers. Exports go from fishermen to processors to export market (country of destination) to retailers/supermarkets and then to final consumers. National products go from fishermen/farmers to traders/retailers/processors and then to final consumer.145

2.3 National supply status – opportunities and threats

Lake fisheries As noted in section 2.1, catches of all the main species in Lake Victoria appear to be declining. In the early 1980s, landings steadily increased to levels of well over 130 000 t by 1989. The highest landed volume was 200 153 t in 1999, but four years later (in 2003) only about 94 000 t was landed. Production from the lake then increased from 115 747 t in 2004 to 143 908 t in 2006. After that the production has been declining reaching a low of 108 934 t in 2009.146 Habitat degradation and overfishing constitute the major challenges to the fisheries of Lake Victoria. Caused by pollution, invasive weeds and soil erosion, habitat degradation impacts the fisheries by changing the species diversity and reduction in total harvestable biomass. An increase in number of fishers, from 38 431 (and11 515 fishing crafts) in 2000 to 42 307 (and 14 257 fishing crafts) in 2008, on the Kenyan side147 of the lake has contributed towards the overfishing. Furthermore, illegal nets, such as monofilament gillnets, have increased from 58 in 2004 to 469 in 2006 then to 4,190 in 2008.148

141 The Kenya Capture Fisheries Value Chain: an AMAP-FSKG Value Chain Finance Case Study. Microreport No. 122. By Ingrid Ardjosoediro and David Neven. October 2008. USAID. 142 In 2000, the total fish traded in Nairobi was 12 253 t, valued at KES 121 million. 143 Fishery industry in Kenya 2005, Export Processing Zones Authority. Kenya. 144 Personal comment: Simon Hemphill, PhD, Chairman, Kenya Association of Sea Anglers. 145 Kenyan Ministry of Fisheries Development. 146 Fisheries Annual Statistical Bulletin 2009, Ministry of Fisheries Development, Kenya. 147 Lake wide fishers increased from 129 205 to 199 242 and fishing crafts from 42 549 to 67 714 during the same period. 148 Fisheries Annual Statistical Bulletin 2009, Ministry of Fisheries Development, Kenya.

92 IRFS – Regional Market Assessment (Supply and Demand) Study – Report

Lake Turkana is Africa’s fourth-largest lake, with an area of 7 400 km2 lying in a low, closed basin, 365 m above sea level in the arid northwest of Kenya. 149 Having no surface outlet, its water budget is a balance between river inflow (from river Omo) and evaporation which imposes special physical chemical conditions making the lake saline. Due to fluctuations in lake levels caused by the dynamics of the climatic conditions, the fishery is characterized by decadal boom and bust cycles in fish landings.150 Lake Turkana is currently underexploited because of the distance from other more populated areas and in addition, people in the area are pastoralists, which means lack of preference for fish. Thus, currently, dried tilapia from Lake Turkana goes either to the market in Kisumu or to DRC (which has a preference for heavily salted, dried fish). Without establishment of proper infrastructure however, the lake cannot be further exploited.151 Lake Naivasha constitutes a closed basin in the central rift Valley, with an area of about 115 km2, fluctuating according to rainfall. Overexploitation caused by an increase in legal fishers as well as illegal fishers the fishery collapsed though in 2002, the situation began to reverse through increased stakeholder participation in management decisions. There was also reduction in illegal fishing, although this has remained a problem because of the poor MCS system. Species composition in the catches has drastically changed, from tilapiines dominating up to 2002, but common carp dominant since then. 152 Lake Baringo’s fishery used to be based on the tilapiine spp, however owing to changes in the lakes biophysical processes such as siltation and species introductions, the fishery is recently dominated by lungfish (Protopterus aethiopicus).153 The lake is shallow, with a mean depth of about 5.6 m, and becoming shallower due to increasing siltation. The lake is fed from the south by rivers Ndau, Chemeron, Perkerra, Molo and Arabel, all of which are seasonal except for Molo. 154 In summary, overfishing and changes to water levels and quality (e.g. through climatic changes, siltation and pollution) already pose threats to the production of the Kenyan inland waters. Thus, these waters, apart from Lake Turkana, may not be able to sustain increased production levels – rather, to ensure sustainability, fishing should ideally be reduced, leaving room for expanded aquaculture. Marine fisheries With regard to the coastal fisheries, landings have been fluctuating between 5 000 and 8 000 t while the value of the fish has maintained an upward trend over the years (see Figure 44 below). Although the nearshore areas are said to be overexploited, the potential of the EEZ as a whole has been estimated at more than 150 000 t (up to 300 000 t), according to a desk study conducted in 2003 with Commonwealth Secretariat assistance.155 However, the EEZ is being exploited by foreign fleets and little is known about the amount they catch because of the lack of an established MCS system.156 Noting that Mombasa port was not developed to meet demands of fishing vessels, there is a plan to establish a proper fishing port at Lamu, to attract (foreign) vessels to land their fish. This could perhaps also encourage the development of a national industrial fleet.157 Furthermore, the piracy issue in the region poses a threat to both a potential Kenyan national fleet as well as to foreign vessels currently fishing in Kenyan waters. Overall, in terms of Kenyan marine capture fisheries, some suggested developments include158: • Development of fishing ports to enhance fish transhipment and fish landings that would expedite development of marine fish processing and exports. • Installation and management of a Vessel Monitoring System (VMS) to improve monitoring of foreign fleets.

149 FAO Country Profile: ftp://ftp.fao.org/FI/DOCUMENT/fcp/en/FI_CP_KE.pdf 150 Fisheries Annual Statistical Bulletin 2009, Ministry of Fisheries Development, Kenya. 151 Kenyan Ministry of Fisheries Development. 152 FAO Country Profile: ftp://ftp.fao.org/FI/DOCUMENT/fcp/en/FI_CP_KE.pdf 153 Fisheries Annual Statistical Bulletin 2009, Ministry of Fisheries Development, Kenya. 154 FAO Country Profile: ftp://ftp.fao.org/FI/DOCUMENT/fcp/en/FI_CP_KE.pdf 155 FAO Country Profile and Fisheries Annual Statistical Bulletin 2009, Ministry of Fisheries Development, Kenya. 156 Fisheries Annual Statistical Bulletin 2009, Ministry of Fisheries Development, Kenya. 157 Kenyan Ministry of Fisheries Development. 158 FAO Country Profile: ftp://ftp.fao.org/FI/DOCUMENT/fcp/en/FI_CP_KE.pdf

93 IRFS – Regional Market Assessment (Supply and Demand) Study – Report

• Promotion of joint fishing and fish processing ventures between foreign fishing companies and Kenyan entrepreneurs. • Promotion of small-scale sport-fishing enterprises.

Figure 44: Kenya - trends of marine fish production by quantity and value, 1999-2009 159

With regard to deep sea sports fishing, sport fishers are not permitted to sell their catch under the existing Fisheries Act, however most do so anyway and have done so for decades. Currently, charter boat captains subsidize the income from tourism charters with sale of the catch and on much of the coast the crew receives a proportion of this catch as a bonus. Whereas some of the catch is sold in the local market, none of this is for export, or at least not directly. A recommended change to the law is to allow for sale of catch since the existing law is not easily enforced. However, specific groups of fishes including billfishes, sharks and giant trevally should be fished for release only.160 Furthermore, the Fisheries Act (1991) requires that all anglers be licensed but licenses are only obtainable from designated Fisheries Offices, which are not open on weekends or public holidays – the most common time for sports fishing.161 A consequence of that could be fishing without license, which contributes to poor monitoring of the sub-sector. Another issue is the lack of stakeholder involvement in management of the sports fishing sector – although Kenya has three angling associations, these are voluntary organizations and none receive any form of monetary assistance from the Kenya Government and there is no link between them and government to facilitate management. The angling associations also have no legal power to enforce management decisions.162

159 Fisheries Annual Statistical Bulletin 2009, Ministry of Fisheries Development, Kenya. 160 Personal comment: Simon Hemphill, PhD, Chairman, Kenya Association of Sea Anglers. 161 Sport fisheries management, by Simon Hemphill, PhD, Chairman, Kenya Association of Sea Anglers. 162 Sport fisheries management, by Simon Hemphill, PhD, Chairman, Kenya Association of Sea Anglers.

94 IRFS – Regional Market Assessment (Supply and Demand) Study – Report

It is suggested that there is little room for expansion in this fishery. Firstly, it requires large initial investments as well as high maintenance costs, and secondly, the season is fairly short (e.g. the billfish season is only about three months of the year). Typically it is believed that the ‘break even’ level is 100 boat days per annum and many of the companies struggle to reach anywhere near that. However, there are other possibilities for expansion and investment in sports fishing in Kenya, e.g. inshore fishing with spinning, fly or poppers is only done by private persons at the moment but could be developed into a tourist activity and an alternative livelihood for communities on the coast. 163 Aquaculture As noted in section 2.1, the Kenyan government is promoting aquaculture development and currently only 722 hectares is farmed of the estimated 1.4 million hectares of potentially suitable sites. Furthermore, the current average production level is 0.6 kg/m2 and could be compared to 1.5 kg/m2 in other Africa countries such as Nigeria and Egypt. Should Kenya be able to increase its production level to 1.5 kg/m2, using the present land under aquaculture alone, it would be able to increase its annual production from the current 4 250 t to about 11 000 t. Going further, with a projected increase in pond space of about 500 hectares per year, aquaculture production could increase to about 50 000 t in five years.164 However, challenges remain, including165,166: • Weak institutional and legal framework in the aquaculture sector; • Lack of quality and affordable fish seeds and feeds; • Weak institutional capacity; • Poor access to markets; • Inadequate access to information; • Lack of adequately trained staff for extension services; • Weak link between research and management; • Land use competition with other production sectors; • Water use conflicts; • Adverse weather changes, e.g. drought; and • Weak monitoring and evaluation framework.

Aquaculture is currently geared at the local market, though standards are being developed for aquaculture to meet exports standards (for EU, as expected partner).167

With regard to mariculture, it has been noted that there is a high potential for development as most of the Kenyan waters have been overexploited. However, investment in terms of technology and human resources as well as development of hatchery for marine species is needed. The latter is currently lacking in East Africa, except for one prawn hatchery in Tanzania. 168

Product quality Post-harvest losses constitute a major threat to fisheries resources but is also generally a great waste, reducing the potential income opportunity of the country and its citizens. For example, one of the major challenges in the exploitation of the Lake Turkana fishery is the lack of cold storage facilities within reach forcing all fishers to sell a majority of their catch as dried or smoked products, which command a much lower price than e.g. fresh fish. 169

163 Personal comment: Simon Hemphill, PhD, Chairman, Kenya Association of Sea Anglers. 164 National Aquaculture Strategy and Development Plan 2010-2015: “Filling the fish supply gap for food security, income and healthy living”, November 2010, Edition One. Kenyan Ministry of Fisheries Development. 165 National Aquaculture Strategy and Development Plan 2010-2015: “Filling the fish supply gap for food security, income and healthy living”, November 2010, Edition One. Kenyan Ministry of Fisheries Development. 166 Fisheries Annual Statistical Bulletin 2009, Ministry of Fisheries Development, Kenya. 167 Kenyan Ministry of Fisheries Development. 168 Personal comment: David Mirera, Research officer, Kenya Marine and Fisheries Research Institute (KMFRI). 169 Fisheries Annual Statistical Bulletin 2009, Ministry of Fisheries Development, Kenya.

95 IRFS – Regional Market Assessment (Supply and Demand) Study – Report

With regard to fish that is exported (mainly Nile perch), all fish factories must comply with stringent quality control procedures like the Hazard Analysis Critical Control Point (HACCP). In 2005, the fish industry was governed directly by at least six sets of standards operated through several Kenyan agencies and the EU. The regulations are based on HACCP principles, and define the practices governing fish production, handling, packaging, and transporting of fishery products destined for EU. Furthermore, standards are included with regard to construction of buildings, equipment, purification tanks, storage tanks intended for holding fish prior to export, on-premises laboratories, strict record keeping, and accurate labeling. These standards are enforced through the competent authority – the Ministry of Fisheries Development. 170 2.4 Imports In 2009, Kenya imported 3 378 t of fish and fishery products, worth KES 91 439 000. The imports were mainly (see Figure 45 and Table 16 below) 171: • Frozen mackerels (1 898 t) from Korea and New Zealand. • Frozen lizard fish (561 t) from India. • Frozen sardines (545 t) from Oman and India. • Frozen herrings (96 t) from Netherlands. Other important imports were in the form of fish meal (40 t) from United Kingdom; frozen reef cod (28 t) from India; frozen Pacific saury (25 t) from Korea; frozen Pangasius (23 t) from Vietnam; frozen Tilapia fillets (23 t) from China. In the same year, 57 852 pieces of ornamental fish (Kshs 502 000) were imported from Thailand, Malaysia and Singapore while 100 000 ova eggs (Kshs 166 000) were imported from USA. 172 Figure 45 below shows imports by product contribution in 2009.

170 Fishery industry in Kenya 2005, Export Processing Zones Authority. Kenya. 171 Fisheries Annual Statistical Bulletin 2009, Ministry of Fisheries Development, Kenya. 172 Fisheries Annual Statistical Bulletin 2009, Ministry of Fisheries Development, Kenya.

96 IRFS – Regional Market Assessment (Supply and Demand) Study – Report

Figure 45: Kenya - import of fish and fish products by commodity, 2009 173

Table 16 below shows imports by product quantity and value. Table 16: Kenya - imports of fish and fishery products, 2009 174 Commodity Quantity (Tonnes/Pieces) Value ('000 KES) Dory 6 450 Dry salted fish fillets 4 153 Frozen Billest Tuna 24 542 Frozen Herrings 96 2 433 Frozen Lizard fish 561 14 770 Frozen Mackerels 1 898 38 982 Frozen Pacific saury 25 378 Frozen Pangasius 23 1 748 Frozen Reef cod 28 683 Frozen Sardines 545 11 183 Frozen whole fish 80 1 500 Frozen Sharks 1 79 Tinforera 4 262 Tilapia fillets 23 5 046 Salmon 20 7 707 Fish meal 40 4 317

173 Fisheries Annual Statistical Bulletin 2009, Ministry of Fisheries Development, Kenya. 174 Fisheries Annual Statistical Bulletin 2009, Ministry of Fisheries Development, Kenya.

97 IRFS – Regional Market Assessment (Supply and Demand) Study – Report

Sub-Total Tonnes 3 378 90 233 Ornamental fish Pieces 57 852 502 Ova eggs Pieces 100 000 166 Oysters Pieces 720 36 Grand Total Tonnes 3 378 90 735 Pieces 158 572 704 KES 91 439

2.5 Exports In 2009, 11 114 t of fish and fish products were exported, equivalent to KES 3 715 607 000 in foreign exchange. These exports consisted mainly of Nile perch fillets, fish maws, octopus, sharks sword fish, crabs and fish skins, with Nile perch fillets175 accounting for 87.4 percent of the total quantity and 84.7 percent of the total earnings (see Table 17 below). Furthermore, fish maws contributed 5.6 percent in quantity and 11.3 percent in value and octopus contributed 4.8 percent in quantity and 3.2 percent in value. In that year, Nile perch fillets export decreased by 21.8 percent from the previous year’s export of 12 425 t.176 In addition to the above exports, 7 392 t of tuna loins were processed and transhipped through the port of Mombasa. This represented a decrease of 50.9 percent from the previous year’s transhipment of 15 069 t. It is suggested that the decline can be attributed to the piracy problems. 177 Table 17: Kenya - exports of fish and fishery products, 2009178 Commodity Quantity (tonnes) Value ('000 KES) Nile perch Fillets 9 712 3 148 308 Nile perch Maws 623 419 861 Nile perch Skins 23 711 Sword fish 44 3,604 Sharks 134 5,389 Shark fins 1 135 Lobsters 23 17 314 Octopus 530 117 637 Crabs 24 2 648 Sub-Total 11 114 3 715 607 Tuna loins 7 392 454 751 Grand Total 18 506 4 170 358

By country destination (see Figure 46 below), 4 420 t (or 45 percent of the total) of Nile perch exports went to Israel, followed by179: • Netherlands – 1 786 t (18 percent); • Portugal – 585 t (6 percent); and • Greece and United Arab Emirates (UAE) – 444/441 t (about 5 percent each).

175 By product type the exports of frozen Nile perch fillet contributed the highest percentage of 66 percent (6 358 t) followed by fresh fillets 29 percent (2 852 t). 176 Fisheries Annual Statistical Bulletin 2009, Ministry of Fisheries Development, Kenya. 177 Fisheries Annual Statistical Bulletin 2009, Ministry of Fisheries Development, Kenya. 178 Fisheries Annual Statistical Bulletin 2009, Ministry of Fisheries Development, Kenya. 179 Fisheries Annual Statistical Bulletin 2009, Ministry of Fisheries Development, Kenya.

98 IRFS – Regional Market Assessment (Supply and Demand) Study – Report

Figure 46: Kenya - exports of Nile Perch by destination, 2009 180

Before the exports bans, the EU (Netherlands, Belgium, Germany, Portugal, Italy, France and Spain) accounted for about 62 percent of all fish exported from Kenya. However, new markets emerged during the ban, e.g. Israel, the Far East, North America, the Middle East, and other African countries. Notably, Israel became the most prominent single importer of Kenya’s fish, a position it has retained to date. However, importantly, the EU is still the preferred market for fishery exports from Kenya because of its relative proximity and accessibility, which allows for greater profit margins. This is why meeting quality standards in the EU is so important for the industry. 181 Figure 47 below provides an overview of imports and exports, as reported to FAO during 2000-2008. It shows a fluctuating state of Kenya as a net exporter/net importer/net exporter.

180 Fisheries Annual Statistical Bulletin 2009, Ministry of Fisheries Development, Kenya. 181 Fisheries Annual Statistical Bulletin 2009, Ministry of Fisheries Development, Kenya.

99 IRFS – Regional Market Assessment (Supply and Demand) Study – Report

30000

25000

20000 oT n 15000 ne s Imports 10000 Exports

5000

0 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 Year

Figure 47: Kenya - imports and exports of fish products in net weight, 2000-2008 (FIGIS)

3. DEMAND 3.1 In-country In 2010, average per capita supply was 2.7 kg/year182, having declined from 6.1 kg/year in 1999183. This decline has been attributed to a decline in natural fish production and an increase in population. Kenyan fish consumption does vary considerably between different geographical regions and population groups within the country, with the highest consumption rate in the regions of the main fishery areas and in the main towns. The lowest rate is in traditionally pastoral areas in the north and parts of the Rift Valley. 184 In terms of product preferences, fresh fish is widely preferred by consumers, and is it also readily available in major urban centres and towns and in villages in the vicinity of landing sites. Frozen product from both the marine and Lake Victoria fish is also sold in up-country supermarkets, usually to higher-income consumers. Furthermore, cured fish, whether in the form of smoked, sun-dried or salted product, is popular with lower-income urban consumers. With its relatively long shelf life, the most widespread fish commodity is dried omena from Lake Victoria. This can conveniently be sold in small portions. However, since the early 1990s, omena has increasingly been utilized for the production of animal feed, a development that is viewed with concern because of the price pressures implied for local low-income consumers.185 Fresh tilapia is by far the most popular fish product, if given a choice, though the high demand is pushing up the price. Nile perch, though a major export product, has not been the preferred food fish by the traditional fish consumers186, however its by- products as well as undersized (juvenile) fresh fish is increasingly popular as commonly cheaper than fresh tilapia. 187

182 Kenyan Ministry of Fisheries Development. 183 In 2007, the average per capita supply of fish was 3.6 kg/year compared to 16 kg/year of meat that same year (FAO Food supply quantity statistics: http://faostat.fao.org/site/610/DesktopDefault.aspx?PageID=610 ). 184 FAO Country Profile: ftp://ftp.fao.org/FI/DOCUMENT/fcp/en/FI_CP_KE.pdf 185 FAO Country Profile: ftp://ftp.fao.org/FI/DOCUMENT/fcp/en/FI_CP_KE.pdf 186 This was evident during the fish export bans in 1996-1998, where the domestic market could not absorb the Nile perch catch, causing prices to drop drastically (FAO Country Profile). 187 The Kenya Capture Fisheries Value Chain: an AMAP-FSKG Value Chain Finance Case Study. Microreport No. 122. By Ingrid Ardjosoediro and David Neven. October 2008. USAID.

100 IRFS – Regional Market Assessment (Supply and Demand) Study – Report

Although fish is an invaluable source of protein food to many Kenyans, particularly those living close to the major fisheries and towns, roughly one-third of the population is made up of people who, for historical and cultural reasons, are not traditional consumers of fish. However, various trends are contributing towards a greater demand for fish, including: increased urbanization; the increasing awareness of fish as a healthy food; and wider availability of fresh, frozen and cured fish products in markets remote from landing centres. 188 Figure 48 below shows the projected growth in demand in Kenya between 2010 and 2020.

160000 140000 120000 100000 oT n 80000 ne s 60000 40000 20000 0 2010 2015 2020 Year

Figure 48: Kenya - projection of growth in demand of fish products in weight, 2010-2020 (FAO – UNDP)

3.2 In-ESA IO region (demand of products exported by the country) See section 2.5. Furthermore: • In the Lake Victoria region (Kenya, Tanzania and Uganda), catfish, tilapia, omena (mukene/dagaa) and Nile perch products are all popular. • Informal exports go to DRC, Burundi, South Sudan, etc. 3.3 Outside region (demand of products exported by the country to other African countries, the US, EU, Asia, etc.) See section 2.5.

188 FAO Country Profile: ftp://ftp.fao.org/FI/DOCUMENT/fcp/en/FI_CP_KE.pdf

101 IRFS – Regional Market Assessment (Supply and Demand) Study – Report

4. SUMMARY/CONCLUSION

Current status of market Figure 49 shows national supply of fish in Kenya during 2000-2008, indicating that national production is the main contributor to the supply (with relatively low levels of imports and exports). In 2008, 137 149 t were available for consumption in Kenya.

250000

200000

150000 oT n Total production ne s 100000 Imports Exports 50000 Balance

0 20002001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 Year

Figure 49: Kenya – national supply 2000-2008 (FAO FIGIS)

Weaknesses and threats • Inland: overfishing, climate change, pollution, post-harvest losses. • Marine: overfishing, illegal fishing, general lack of management, underdeveloped national industrial fleet (lack of experience and lack of dedicated fish port). • Aquaculture/mariculture: at the beginning of an expansion ‘push’, hence there are numerous challenges. Opportunities/potential • Lake Turkana is underdeveloped in terms of its fishery, however, because of its remote location substantial investment is required in developing supporting infrastructure. The area is also notoriously dry, hence may suffer from climate change impacts. • Aquaculture: could become a major contributor to meeting the great national demand for tilapia. And perhaps eventually export within the region as it appears to be a popular fish in the whole region (primarily Lake Victoria region but also elsewhere). • Small-scale coastal sports fishing: A way of reducing pressure on coastal resources, if cleverly developed. • Eco-labelling of Nile perch fishery. A way of increasing revenue while reducing fishing pressure.

102 IRFS – Regional Market Assessment (Supply and Demand) Study – Report

RWANDA • Capture Production (2009) Table 18: Rwanda - capture production in live weight, 2009 (FAO FIHSTATJ) Area Species Volume (t) Inland Freshwater fishes nei 5100 Nile tilapia 3950 Total: 9 050 FAO estimates • Aquaculture production (2009) Table 19: Rwanda - aquaculture production in live weight, 2009 (FAO FISHSTATJ) Area Species Volume (t) Inland Nile tilapia 300 North African catfish 60 Common carp 28 Total 388 FAO estimates Aquaculture production worth 644 350 USD in 2009. • Commodity trade (2008 imports and exports, FAO FIGIS) - Imports Table 20: Rwanda - imports of fish products in net weight, 2008 (FAO FISHSTATJ) Commodity (detailed) Volume (t) Miscallenaous dried fish, 3 385 whether or not salted, nei Sardines, sardinella, 195 brislings or sprats, prepared or preserved not minced, nei Fish frozen nei 8 Fish fillets frozen nei 5 Sardines, sardinella, 2 brislings or sprats, frozen Other products groups 5 from 1t and less Total: 3 600

Imports total value of 1 787 000 USD in 2008 (all fish products included within FISHSTAT J). - Exports Table 21: Rwanda - exports of fish products in net weight, 2008 (FAO FIGIS) Commodity Volume (t) Miscellaneous dried fish, whether or not salted, nei 43 Pacific salmon, frozen, nei 33 Fish, fresh or chilled, nei 1 Sardines, sardinellas, brisling or sprats, fresh or chilled 14 Total without marine fish products above 44

Note: re-export data under FISHSTAT not available or considered nill, yet Pacific salmon, frozen, nei and sardines, sardinellas, brisling or sprats, fresh or chilled cannot be produced locally – reexports. Removed from data below.

103 IRFS – Regional Market Assessment (Supply and Demand) Study – Report

Exports total value of 233 000 USD in 2008 for the total presented above.

- Main trading partners in 2008 (Comstat, in net weight, in italic ‘Smartfish countries’):

Imports: o Key ones: Tanzania, Kenya, Thailand; Uganda, Burundi, Europe (e.g.: Netherlands), UAE

o Products:

Products exported in high majority: “Fish, dried, salted or in brine; smoked fish, whether or not cooked before or during the smoking process; flours, meals and pellets of fish, fit for human consumption.—Other” (HS code: 30559) to Tanzania (3 200 tonnes) and to Uganda (400t)

Remark: frozen fish mainly from UAE

Exports: o Key ones (by order of importance): DR Congo, Uganda

o Others: none.

Main products exported (confirming FAOFISHSTATJ): “Fish, dried, salted or in brine; smoked fish, whether or not cooked before or during the smoking process; flours, meals and pellets of fish, fit for human consumption.—Other” (HS code 30559) to DR Congo then frozen fish (Uganda) then fresh fish and HS code 30559 to DRC.

See main text for:

104 IRFS – Regional Market Assessment (Supply and Demand) Study – Report

TANZANIA 1. NATIONAL OVERVIEW Population (millions) (year)189 44.8 (2010) Population growth factor (%) (2010-2015)190 3.08 Population density (habitants/km2)191 (year) 47 (2010) Human Development Index (year)192 148 (low human development) (2010) Life expectancy at birth (years) (year)193 Male 53 (2009) Female 58 (2009) National average consumption per caput 8.0 (2009) (kg/year) (year)194 Surface area (km2)195 886 037 Length of coast (km) 196 1 424 Territorial sea (km2) 197 64 000 EEZ area (km2)198 276 920 Gross domestic product per capita, current prices 592 (2010) (USD) (year)199 National production of fisheries (tonnes) (year) 321 151 (2009): 200 • Capture (inland): 269 402 (and 790 ‘Crocodiles and alligators’) • Capture (marine): 46 027 • Aquaculture: 5 722 Imports of fish/fisheries products for direct 6 874 (2008) human consumption (tonnes) (year) 201 Exports fish/fisheries products for direct human 69 838 (2008) consumption (tonnes) (year) 202 Type fisheries/aquaculture203 Marine: artisanal and industrial Inland: artisanal Aquaculture (including mariculture) Main species204 Lates niloticus, Oreochromis niloticus, Limnotherisamiodon, Rastrineobola argentae, Panuliru sornatus, Scomberomorus plulirineatus, Lethrinus rhodopterus,Penaeus bubulus, Octopus chromatus,Gymnasadanuda, etc.

189 Population Division of the Department of Economic and Social Affairs of the United Nations Secretariat: World Population Prospects, the 2010 Revision: http://esa.un.org/unpd/wpp/index.htm 190 Population Division of the Department of Economic and Social Affairs of the United Nations Secretariat: World Population Prospects, the 2010 Revision: http://esa.un.org/unpd/wpp/index.htm 191 http://esa.un.org/unpd/wpp/unpp/p2k0data.asp 192 http://hdr.undp.org/en/statistics/ 193 http://www.who.int/entity/whosis/whostat/EN_WHS2011_Part2.xls 194 Tanzanian National Economic Survey, 2009. 195 FAO Country Profile: ftp://ftp.fao.org/FI/DOCUMENT/fcp/en/FI_CP_TZ.pdf 196 The Fisheries Development Strategy (Draft, February 2010) (Ministry of Livestock and Fisheries Development, United Republic of Tanzania). 197 FAO Country Profile: ftp://ftp.fao.org/FI/DOCUMENT/fcp/en/FI_CP_TZ.pdf 198 The Fisheries Development Strategy (Draft, February 2010) (Ministry of Livestock and Fisheries Development, United Republic of Tanzania). 199 IMF World Economic Outlook Database (April 2011): http://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/weo/2010/01/weodata/weorept.aspx?sy=2008&ey=2015&scsm=1&ssd=1&sort=country &ds=.&br=1&c=738&s=NGDPDPC&grp=0&a=&pr.x=54&pr.y=2 200 FAO Fisheries and Aquaculture Information and Statistics Service: http://www.fao.org/fishery/statistics/programme/3,1,1/en (30 June 2011) 201 FAO Fisheries and Aquaculture Information and Statistics Service: http://www.fao.org/fishery/statistics/programme/3,1,1/en (30 June 2011) 202 FAO Fisheries and Aquaculture Information and Statistics Service: http://www.fao.org/fishery/statistics/programme/3,1,1/en (30 June 2011) 203 FAO Country Profile: ftp://ftp.fao.org/FI/DOCUMENT/fcp/en/FI_CP_TZ.pdf 204 Ministry of Livestock and Fisheries Development, United Republic of Tanzania.

105 IRFS – Regional Market Assessment (Supply and Demand) Study – Report

2. SUPPLY

2.1 Official production Figure 50 below provides an overview of Tanzania’s total production during 2000-2009. It shows that capture fisheries have provided the main contribution over the period, though aquaculture has shown some increase over the last few years. Inland fisheries contribute about 85 percent of the total annual fish landings while marine fisheries contribute the rest.205

400000 350000 300000 250000 oT n n 200000 e Total production s 150000 Capture 100000 Aquaculture 50000 0

Year

Figure 50: Tanzania - production of fish in live weight, 2000-2009 (FAO FIGIS)

Capture fisheries Table 22 below shows Tanzania’s reported capture production in 2009. That year, the capture fisheries of Tanzania produced 315 429 t of fish, mainly consisting of ‘miscellaneous freshwater fishes’. Table 22: Tanzania - capture production of fish in live weight, 2009 (FAO FIGIS) Area Species Volume (t) Inland Crocodiles and alligators No.: 790 Miscellaneous freshwater fishes 220 891 Tilapias and other cichlids 48 511 Marine Flounders, halibuts, soles 507 Herrings, sardines, anchovies 14 300 Marine fishes not identified 2 911 Miscellaneous coastal fishes 9 831 Miscellaneous pelagic fishes 7 805 Pearls, mother-of-pearls, shells 330 Red seaweeds 277 Sharks, rays, chimaeras 4 798 Shrimps, prawns 1 016 Squids, cuttlefishes, octopuses 1 121 Tunas, bonitos, billfishes 3 131 Total: 315 429

205 The Fisheries Development Strategy (Draft, February 2010) (Ministry of Livestock and Fisheries Development, United Republic of Tanzania).

106 IRFS – Regional Market Assessment (Supply and Demand) Study – Report

With regard to Tanzania’s capture fisheries, the main ones are:206 • The major lakes207 (Victoria, Tanganyika and Nyasa); • The (marine) territorial waters; and • The (marine) Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ). Being a tropical country, fisheries are multi-species in Tanzania, with catches generally comprised of many species with few dominating. However, the most important species include Scombridae (mackerels), Nile perch (Lates niloticus), sardines from Lake Tanganyika (Stolothrissa tanganicae and Limnothrissa miodon), Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) and silver cyprinid (dagaa) (Rastrineobola argentea).208 The inland fisheries are carried out in the major lakes, the minor lakes, dams and rivers – all artisanal.The minor lakes with significant fisheries are Rukwa, Babati and Manyara. In addition, there are some man-made dams with significant fisheries (mainly tilapia and catfish species): Mtera and Nyumba ya Mungu. Lastly, the major rivers fished are Pangani, Wami, Ruvu, Rufiji and Ruvuma, which all reach the Indian Ocean.209 In terms of the marine sub-sector, it is divided into artisanal and industrial fisheries. The artisanal fisheries all take place within the territorial waters (12 nautical miles) and the catch consists mostly of finfish and to a small extent of shrimps. The industrial fishery takes place both in the territorial waters and further out in the EEZ, catching mainly shellfish (shrimps and lobsters), cephalopods and crabs in the territorial waters and in the EEZ: tuna, tuna-like species, marlin, sword fish and sharks. The latter fishery is mainly conducted by licensed foreign vessels and the bulk of the catch is exported.210 Aquaculture In 2009, Tanzania’s aquaculture sector produced 5 722 t (Table 23), at a value of USD 1 277 000211. That year, production mainly consisted of ‘red seaweeds’.

Table 23: Tanzania - aquaculture production in live weight, 2009 (FAO FIGIS) Area Species Volume (t) Inland (brackishwater) Miscellaneous diadromous fishes 10 Crabs, seaspiders 2 Shrimps, prawns 108 Inland (freshwater) Salmons, trouts, smelts 7 Tilapias and other cichlids 75 Marine Red seaweeds 5 520 Total: 5 722

206 FAO Country Profile: ftp://ftp.fao.org/FI/DOCUMENT/fcp/en/FI_CP_TZ.pdf 207 All three of these lakes are shared with other countries. 208 FAO Country Profile: ftp://ftp.fao.org/FI/DOCUMENT/fcp/en/FI_CP_TZ.pdf 209 FAO Country Profile: ftp://ftp.fao.org/FI/DOCUMENT/fcp/en/FI_CP_TZ.pdf 210 FAO Country Profile: ftp://ftp.fao.org/FI/DOCUMENT/fcp/en/FI_CP_TZ.pdf 211 FAO Fisheries and Aquaculture Information and Statistics Service: http://www.fao.org/fishery/statistics/programme/3,1,1/en (30 June 2011)

107 IRFS – Regional Market Assessment (Supply and Demand) Study – Report

2.2 Description of value chain and products212

Infrastructure and transport With regard to infrastructure and transport, it is noted that Tanzania has 1 289 landings sites of which 22 are ‘improved’. Further, it has 22 fish processing and cold storage facilities. Transportation is done mainly by road but two airports exist, one in Mwanza and one in Dar es Salaam. No dedicated seaport exists as of yet.213 In relation to this, the following constraints, affecting product quality, have been noted214: • Poor infrastructure (poor roads, electricity shortages, lack of cold storage facilities); • Inadequate post-harvest handling facilities (inadequately equipped landing sites215, lack of ice boxes, etc.); • High percentage of post-harvest losses, especially in relation to sardine (‘dagaa’) processing due to poor processing technology/methods; and • Lack of a fish harbours. Product form In Tanzania, fish is mainly consumed fresh or processed (smoked, sun-dried, and salted/sun dried). Kilns are used to smoke fish. With regard to Nile perch, this is usually filleted. Most fish fillets and other processed fishery products including crabs, lobsters, octopus, shrimps and squids are exported. Fish that is exported in fresh or frozen form is generally processed in industrial fish processing plants. Fishmeal is mainly produced from the remains of Nile perch filleting, including frames as well as low quality sardines (mainly from Lake Victoria).216 Wholesale/retail Fish is sold in supermarkets, retailers, traditional markets and directly at landing sites.217 2.3 National supply status – opportunities and threats The Tanzanian fisheries sector faces a number of challenges and constraints, some of which include: high post-harvest losses; poor infrastructure; low level of value addition of fish and fishery products; environmental degradation; illegal, unreported and unregulated (IUU) fishing; illegal cross border trade; declining trend of catch in some of the water bodies; low investment in aquaculture; and over- dependence of coastal communities on fisheries resources.218

212 Further information on this section, with regard to Tanzania, can be found in: Kabahenda, M.K. and Hüsken, S.M.C. (2009). A review of low-value fish products marketed in the Lake Victoria region. Regional Programme Fisheries and HIV/AIDS in Africa: Investing in Sustainable Solutions. The WorldFish Center. Project Report 1974. 213 Ministry of Livestock and Fisheries Development, United Republic of Tanzania. 214 Ministry of Livestock and Fisheries Development, United Republic of Tanzania. 215 The fish landing sites in the coastal and lake areas lack appropriate facilities for receiving and handling fish. Investment in construction of proper fish receiving stations providing ice, freezing and cold storage facilities is needed. Possible ports for investment include Tanga, Kigoma, Mtwara and the Lake Victoria region (FAO Country Profile). 216 FAO Country Profile: ftp://ftp.fao.org/FI/DOCUMENT/fcp/en/FI_CP_TZ.pdf 217 Ministry of Livestock and Fisheries Development, United Republic of Tanzania. 218 The Fisheries Development Strategy (Draft, February 2010) (Ministry of Livestock and Fisheries Development, United Republic of Tanzania).

108 IRFS – Regional Market Assessment (Supply and Demand) Study – Report

As a way of battling these challenges as well as implementing the 2010 Fisheries Policy, the Tanzanian Ministry of Livestock and Fisheries Development, in collaboration with stakeholders, has developed a Fisheries Sector Development Strategy (FSDS) which will be implemented over five years. Amongst other things, the Strategy aims to ensure that the available aquaculture potential is tapped and oriented to business to significantly contribute to fish production, thus supplementing the capture fishery which is generally on the decline.219 A Fisheries Development Programme (of May 2011) has been developed to implement the Strategy, which includes components focusing on ‘resources utilization and marketing’220 as well as ‘Aquaculture development’.221 With regard to fish utilization, efficient fisheries resources utilization and marketing is constrained by inadequate infrastructure such as roads, fish markets, landing sites, cold chain and storage facilities, laboratories, fish handling and processing facilities. Further constraints include lack of a dedicated fishing harbour, inadequate airport facilities as well as poor communication, transportation and fish preservation technologies. In response to this, the FSDS aims to improve hygienic handling and processing at artisanal level as well as curbing post-harvest losses. At the industrial level, the emphasis is on ensuring export of value-added products. It also aims to promote and support private sector participation in the investment and rehabilitation of fisheries infrastructure and facilities.222 There are also opportunities in the Tanzanian fisheries sector to increase the contribution of the fisheries sector to the national economy and to households’ food security, including223: • Increased exploitation of certain underexploited pelagic fish species224 in both fresh and marine waters; • Value-addition and eco-labelling of fish and fishery products for domestic and export markets; • Increased exploitation of underexploited deep-sea and EEZ fisheries resources225; • Investment in small, medium and large-scale aquaculture farms, fish seeds and feeds production as well as fisheries shore-based facilities; • Sport fishing in both marine and fresh water fisheries; and • Eco-tourism potential in aquatic habitats. With regard to opportunities in processing and value-addition, the following examples have been noted226: • ‘Dagaa’, the lake sardines (Stolothrissa tanganicae from Lake Tanganyika and Rastrineobola argentea from Lake Victoria), could be canned for human consumption. Presently, these are processed through sun-drying, resulting in a product is of poor quality. Investment opportunities also exist in the exploitation of marine pelagic stocks • Tuna, and other tuna-like species, such as mackerel and swordfish, could also be canned.

219 The Fisheries Development Strategy (Draft, February 2010) (Ministry of Livestock and Fisheries Development, United Republic of Tanzania). 220 With the following sub-components: Quality Assurance, Standards and Control; Fisheries and Aquaculture Infrastructure and Technology Use; and Fisheries and Aquaculture Products Marketing. 221 The Fisheries Development Programme (May 2011), Ministry of Livestock and Fisheries Development, United Republic of Tanzania. 222 The Fisheries Development Strategy (Draft, February 2010) (Ministry of Livestock and Fisheries Development, United Republic of Tanzania). 223 The Fisheries Development Strategy (Draft, February 2010) (Ministry of Livestock and Fisheries Development, United Republic of Tanzania). 224 Investment opportunities exist in the pelagic resources of Lake Victoria and Lake Tanganyika: In Lake Victoria the available species is Rastrineobola argentea: and in Lake Tanganyika further expansion is possible for Stolothrissa and Limnothrissa spp., specifically in processing (FAO Country Profile). 225 Possibilities exist for exploitation of pelagic species such as tuna and tuna-like species (FAO Country Profile). 226 FAO Country Profile: ftp://ftp.fao.org/FI/DOCUMENT/fcp/en/FI_CP_TZ.pdf

109 IRFS – Regional Market Assessment (Supply and Demand) Study – Report

Aquaculture Aquaculture is an emerging industry in Tanzania and currently dominated by tilapia species, rainbow trout (Ochorynchus mykiss), seaweed (Eucheuma cottonii and E. spinosum) and milkfish (Chanos chanos). The industry is dominated by small-scale farmers producing fish for household consumption and for the domestic market. In 2008, 14 200 grow-out earthen ponds and nine raceway systems were in operation. Small-scale fish farming is being widely practiced in the country, but mostly practiced in the regions of Arusha, Mbeya, Iringa, Morogoro, Kilimanjaro, Ruvuma, Tanga, Coast, Dar es Salaam, Lindi and Mtwara.227 In Tanzania at the moment, the most commonly farmed species in fresh water is Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) and catfish (Clarias gariepinus). In marine waters, fish farming consists mainly of seaweed, milk fish (Chanos chanos), mullet, and pearl oysters. So far, aquaculture practices have been mainly at subsistence levels, however, recently commercial aquaculture has started to take off: with commercial prawn farming practiced in Mafia; Nile tilapia and catfish in Mwanza; and rainbow trout farming in Arusha. Seaweed farming is mainly practiced in Lindi, Mtwara, Tanga and coast regions. Farmed seaweed was the main contributor to total production of aquaculture in 2008 (see section 2.1). It is generally practiced by small-scale operators under contract to specific export companies.228 With regard to inland fish farming, this sub-sector has been dominated by small scale fish farmers that practice extensive and semi-intensive fish farming. These farms have relatively low output, mainly attributed to insufficient extension services, inadequate quality seeds and fish feeds as well as low level of investment. Commercial fish farming for tilapia and catfish started in late 2008, in the Mwanza region. In addition, rainbow trout is being farmed in Arusha.229 Overall, Tanzania has substantial potential for development of aquaculture due to the availability of water resources (including rivers, lakes, natural and man-made dams, and the Indian Ocean) in the country. Furthermore, many regions in Tanzania have beneficial climates that can support aquaculture development as well as provide sufficient water resources for the purpose.230 Furthermore, considering that demand for fish in both rural and urban areas is very high in Tanzania, and that this demand has not been sufficiently met from supply from existing capture fisheries, fish farming is seen as a way forward. In addition, there is high potential for farming of high value species for the export market.231 With regard to the main investment opportunities at present in the Tanzanian aquaculture sector, the Tanzanian Ministry of Livestock and Fisheries Development has noted the following232: • Seaweed farming; • Shrimp farming; • Finfish and mudcrab farming; • Pearl culturing; • Tilapia and catfish farming; and • Freshwater prawn farming. As noted at the beginning of this section, the DFDS aims to promote aquaculture development (including commercial aquaculture). Measures towards this end include233:

227 The Fisheries Development Strategy (Draft, February 2010) (Ministry of Livestock and Fisheries Development, United Republic of Tanzania). 228 The Fisheries Development Strategy (Draft, February 2010) (Ministry of Livestock and Fisheries Development, United Republic of Tanzania). 229 The Fisheries Development Strategy (Draft, February 2010) (Ministry of Livestock and Fisheries Development, United Republic of Tanzania). 230 The Fisheries Development Programme (May 2011), Ministry of Livestock and Fisheries Development, United Republic of Tanzania. 231 FAO National Aquaculture Sector Overview of Tanzania: http://www.fao.org/fishery/countrysector/naso_tanzania/en 232 Ministry of Livestock and Fisheries Development, United Republic of Tanzania.

110 IRFS – Regional Market Assessment (Supply and Demand) Study – Report

• Promotion and regulation of application of appropriate technologies, including cage culture, suitable polyculture farming systems, biotechnology and biosafety; • Strengthening surveillance and control of fish diseases and escapees; • Promotion of the use of forecast climatic information to advise farmers; • Promotion of research and extension services to develop, deliver and disseminate appropriate technologies and species to be adopted; • Promotion of value-addition (including for seaweed); • Development of an aqua-business training curriculum for fish farmers, managers and new entrants; • Etc. Constraints to the development of aquaculture include: low adoption of appropriate technologies including biotechnology and biosafety; inadequate aquaculture extension services; low capacity in fish disease diagnosis; inadequate expertise overall; insufficient infrastructure; poor culture management; unavailability of quality fish seeds and feeds; inaccessibility to capital and markets; and inadequate incentives to aqua-farmer investors.234 Further information on aquaculture in Tanzania as footnoted235. Ornamental fish Several of the main lakes, including Victoria, Tanganyika, Nyasa and Rukwa, as well as the coastal reefs, have very attractive aquarium fish. It has been noted that this fishery has great potential considering the vast markets for tropical aquarium fish.236 In 2009, about 53 188 pieces of ornamental fish were exported from Tanzania.237 Product quality See section 2.2. 2.4 Imports In 2008, Tanzania reported imports of 6 878 t (Table 24), at a value of USD 3 959 000238. These imports mainly consisted of ‘fish, fresh or chilled, excluding fillets and meat’. Table 24: Tanzania - imports of fish products in net weight, 2008 (FAO FIGIS) Commodity Volume (t) Crustaceans, frozen 1 Crustaceans, prepared or preserved 3 Fish fillets, frozen 11 Fish meat, whether or not minced, and fillets, fresh or chilled 1 Fish meat, whether or not minced, and fillets, frozen 3 Fish prepared or preserved 76 Fish, dried, salted or smoked 39 Fish, fresh or chilled, excluding fillets and meat 4 068 Fish, frozen, excluding fillets and meat 1 211 Fish, live 1 408

233 The Fisheries Development Strategy (Draft, February 2010) (Ministry of Livestock and Fisheries Development, United Republic of Tanzania). 234 The Fisheries Development Strategy (Draft, February 2010) (Ministry of Livestock and Fisheries Development, United Republic of Tanzania). 235 FAO National Aquaculture Sector Overview of Tanzania: http://www.fao.org/fishery/countrysector/naso_tanzania/en 236 FAO National Aquaculture Sector Overview of Tanzania: http://www.fao.org/fishery/countrysector/naso_tanzania/en 237 Ministry of Livestock and Fisheries Development, United Republic of Tanzania. 238 FAO Fisheries and Aquaculture Information and Statistics Service: http://www.fao.org/fishery/statistics/programme/3,1,1/en (30 June 2011)

111 IRFS – Regional Market Assessment (Supply and Demand) Study – Report

Meals 3 Oils 1 Seaweeds and aquatic plants 6 Molluscs and other aquatic invertebrates, live, fresh or chilled 10 Molluscs and other aquatic invertebrates, other than live, fresh or chilled 28 Molluscs and other aquatic invertebrates, prepared or preserved 9 Total: 6 878

2.5 Exports In 2008, Tanzania’s reported 71 833 t of exports (Table 25 below), at a value of USD 188 218 000239. This consisted mainly of ‘fish fillets, frozen’, ‘fish meat, whether or not minced, and fillets, fresh or chilled’, ‘fish, dried, salted or smoked’ and ‘seaweeds and aquatic plants’. With regard to aquaculture, in the early 2000s, only one farmer exported farmed fish (rainbow trout) to a neighbouring country and seaweed was at that time exported in dry form to Denmark and the United States of America.240 The domestic market and neighbouring countries (including the SADC region) constitute the main consumer markets for fish and fisheries products from Tanzania. Asian countries and the European Union (EU) provide the main market for Nile perch fillets and shrimps. Fish and fish products are the main foreign exchange earner after tourism and mining.241 Table 25: Tanzania - exports of fish products in net weight, 2008 (FAO FIGIS) Commodity Volume (t) Crustaceans, frozen 533 Crustaceans, not frozen 36 Fish fillets, frozen 18 133 Fish meat, whether or not minced, and fillets, fresh or chilled 18 091 Fish meat, whether or not minced, and fillets, frozen 442 Fish prepared or preserved 19 Fish, dried, salted or smoked 14 513 Fish, fresh or chilled, excluding fillets and meat 3 128 Fish, frozen, excluding fillets and meat 80 Fish, live 61 Corals and shells 432 Meals 1 476 Oils 86 Seaweeds and aquatic plants 12 536 Waste and other inedible products 51 Molluscs and other aquatic invertebrates, live, fresh or chilled 56 Molluscs and other aquatic invertebrates, other than live, fresh or chilled 2 210 Total: 71 833

With regard to the relationship between Tanzanian imports and exports during 2000-2009, Figure 51 shows that Tanzania is a net exporter.

239 FAO Fisheries and Aquaculture Information and Statistics Service: http://www.fao.org/fishery/statistics/programme/3,1,1/en (30 June 2011) 240 FAO National Aquaculture Sector Overview of Tanzania: http://www.fao.org/fishery/countrysector/naso_tanzania/en 241 FAO Country Profile: ftp://ftp.fao.org/FI/DOCUMENT/fcp/en/FI_CP_TZ.pdf

112 IRFS – Regional Market Assessment (Supply and Demand) Study – Report

80000 70000 60000 50000 oT n 40000 ne s Imports 30000 Exports 20000 10000 0 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 Year

Figure 51: Tanzania - imports and exports of fish products in net weight, 2000 - 2009 (FAO FIGIS)

3. DEMAND 3.1 In-country As noted in section 1, in Tanzania, average consumption of fish was 8 kg per capita in 2009 and the fisheries sector contributes about 30 percent of total national animal protein consumption.242 Based on that and projected population growth243, Figure 52 shows the projected increase in demand between 2010 and 2020.

600000

500000

400000 oT n 300000 ne s 200000

100000

0 2010 2015 2020 Year

Figure 52: Tanzania - projection of growth in demand of fish products in weight, 2010-2020 (FAO FIGIS)

242 The Fisheries Development Strategy (Draft, February 2010) (Ministry of Livestock and Fisheries Development, United Republic of Tanzania). 243 Population Division of the Department of Economic and Social Affairs of the United Nations Secretariat: World Population Prospects, the 2010 Revision: http://esa.un.org/unpd/wpp/index.htm

113 IRFS – Regional Market Assessment (Supply and Demand) Study – Report

3.2 In-ESA IO region (demand of products exported by the country) With regard to demand from within the ESA-IO region, key species include tilapias from inland waters and finfish from marine waters (e.g. Scombridae - mackerels).244 Dried dagaa is also in demand from neighbouring countries.245 3.3 Outside region (demand of products exported by the country to other African countries, the US, EU, Asia, etc.) Nile perch (Lates niloticus) is in particular demand from outside the ESA-IO region and the main product forms of this species are: fresh whole fish and frozen fish fillets. The main export destinations for fillets are: Asia (Hong Kong, Singapore, Japan), Australia, EU, Middle East, and USA. Sun-dried Nile perch maws are exported to Asian markets, in particular Hong Kong, China and Japan. Nile perch skin is exported to the UK.246 Prawns, other shellfish and molluscs (squids and octopus) from marine waters are also popular export products.247 4. SUMMARY/CONCLUSION

Current status of market In terms of national supply, i.e. total production plus imports minus exports, Figure 53 shows the trend for Tanzania during 2000-2008. It indicates that national production is the main contributor to the supply, with imports being relatively minor.

400000 350000 300000 250000 oT n 200000 Total production ne s Imports 150000 Exports 100000 Balance 50000 0 20002001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 Year

Figure 53: Tanzania - national supply of fish products in weight, 2000-2008 (FIGIS)

Weaknesses and threats With regard to weaknesses and threat, the Ministry of Livestock and Development of Tanzania noted the following: • Overfishing of stocks as well as illegal fishing in general. • High exploitation of Nile perch. • Overexploited prawn stocks (Penaeus) in the territorial waters.

244 Ministry of Livestock and Fisheries Development, United Republic of Tanzania. 245 FAO Country Profile: ftp://ftp.fao.org/FI/DOCUMENT/fcp/en/FI_CP_TZ.pdf 246 Ministry of Livestock and Fisheries Development, United Republic of Tanzania. 247 FAO Country Profile: ftp://ftp.fao.org/FI/DOCUMENT/fcp/en/FI_CP_TZ.pdf

114 IRFS – Regional Market Assessment (Supply and Demand) Study – Report

Opportunities/potential As noted in section 2.3, with regard to opportunities and potential, the Ministry of Livestock and Development of Tanzania has noted the following248: • Exploitation of certain underexploited pelagic fish species in both fresh and marine waters; • Value-addition and eco-labelling of fish and fishery products for domestic and export markets; • Exploitation of underexploited deep-sea and EEZ fisheries resources; • Investment in small, medium and large-scale aquaculture farms, fish seeds and feeds production as well as fisheries shore-based facilities; • Sport fishing in both marine and fresh water fisheries; and • Eco-tourism in aquatic habitats.

248 The Fisheries Development Strategy (Draft, February 2010) (Ministry of Livestock and Fisheries Development, United Republic of Tanzania).

115 IRFS – Regional Market Assessment (Supply and Demand) Study – Report

UGANDA

1. NATIONAL OVERVIEW Population (millions) (year)249 33.4 (2010) Population growth factor (%) (2010-2015)250 3.14 Population density (habitants/km2)251 (year) 139 (2010) Human Development Index (year)252 143 (low human development) (2010) Life expectancy at birth (years) (year)253 Male 48 (2009) Female 57 (2009) National average consumption per caput (kg/year) 15.6 (2007) (year)254 Surface area (km2)255 235 887 Area under water and swamps (km2) 256 42 383 (18% of the total land area of Uganda) Gross domestic product per capita, current prices 515 (2010) (USD) (year)257 National production of fisheries (tonnes) (year)258 476 654 (2009) Imports of fish/fisheries products for direct human 737 (2008) consumption (tonnes) (year)259 Exports fish/fisheries products for direct human 26 597 (2008) consumption (tonnes) (year)260 Type fisheries/aquaculture261 Mainly lake fisheries and aquaculture Main species262 Capture fisheries: Nile perch, Nile tilapia and mukene Aquaculture: North African catfish and Nile tilapia

249 Population Division of the Department of Economic and Social Affairs of the United Nations Secretariat: World Population Prospects, the 2010 Revision: http://esa.un.org/unpd/wpp/index.htm 250 Ibid. 251 http://esa.un.org/unpd/wpp/unpp/p2k0data.asp 252 http://hdr.undp.org/en/statistics/ 253 http://www.who.int/entity/whosis/whostat/EN_WHS2011_Part2.xls 254 FAO STAT: http://faostat.fao.org/site/610/default.aspx#ancor 255 FAO Country Profile: http://www.fao.org/fishery/countrysector/FI-CP_UG/en 256 FAO Country Profile: http://www.fao.org/fishery/countrysector/FI-CP_UG/en 257 http://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/weo/2010/01/weodata/weorept.aspx?sy=2008&ey=2015&scsm=1&ssd=1&sort=country &ds=.&br=1&c=746&s=NGDPDPC&grp=0&a=&pr.x=64&pr.y=2 258 FAO Fisheries and Aquaculture Information and Statistics Service: http://www.fao.org/fishery/statistics/programme/3,1,1/en (30 June 2011) 259 FAO Country Profile: 260 Ibid. 261 FAO Country Profile: http://www.fao.org/fishery/countrysector/FI-CP_UG/en 262 FAO Country Profile: http://www.fao.org/fishery/countrysector/FI-CP_UG/en

116 IRFS – Regional Market Assessment (Supply and Demand) Study – Report

2. SUPPLY

2.1 Official production In 2009, Uganda’s total production was 476 654 t263. Figure 54 provides an overview of the trend in productions during 2000-2009, indicating that capture production was the main contributor to supply during the whole period though aquaculture started to increased towards the latter half of the period.

600000

500000

400000 oT n 300000 ne s Total production 200000 Capture

100000 Aquaculture

Year

Figure 54: Uganda - production of fish in live weight, 2000-2009 (FIGIS)

Capture fisheries In 2009, Uganda’s capture fisheries produced 400 000 t (Table 26). Table 26: Uganda - capture production in live weight, 2009 (FAO FIGIS) Area Species Volume (t) Inland Carps, barbells and other cyprinids 24 700 Miscellaneous freshwater fishes 226 000 Tilapias and other cichlids 149 300 Total: 400 000

With regard to Uganda’s capture fisheries, Lake Victoria264 is by far the largest, and economically most significant one. However, there are other large lakes, including George, Edward, Albert, and Kyoga, along with the River Nile and a great variety of swamps and streams, which also contribute substantially to the annual national catch.265 Lake Edward and Lake George have in the past provided important fisheries with catch primarily of tilapia, catfishes (Bagrus spp. and Clarias spp.), and lungfish. However, due to the developments on Lake Victoria, the fish product trade flow, formerly from west to east in net volume, is now reversed. Large quantities of smoked and sun-dried fish originating from Lake Victoria are now traded into western Uganda and beyond, to markets in DRC. 266

263 FAO Fisheries and Aquaculture Information and Statistics Service: http://www.fao.org/fishery/statistics/programme/3,1,1/en (30 June 2011) 264 Lake Victoria is shared between Uganda (45%), Tanzania (49%) and Kenya (6%). 265 FAO Country Profile: http://www.fao.org/fishery/countrysector/FI-CP_UG/en 266 FAO Country Profile: http://www.fao.org/fishery/countrysector/FI-CP_UG/en

117 IRFS – Regional Market Assessment (Supply and Demand) Study – Report

Lake Albert (5 270 km2) is shared between Uganda (54%) and the DRC (46%). Its commercial catch is largely composed of three species, namely silversides (Alestes baremose), Elongate tigerfish (Hydrocynus forskahli), and Nile perch. Much of the Albert shoreline is remote from major centres of administration and commerce, and historically a good deal of the trade in fresh and processed fish products has been carried out through marketing points in the DRC.267 In addition to the lakes, Uganda is endowed with vast network of rivers and streams, but fisheries are dominated by the output from the lakes. Among the main rivers are River Nile, River Kafu, River Katonga, Kazinga Channel and Aswa River. Due to little government interest, the fluvial fisheries have largely been unregulated and unreported. 268 Aquaculture In 2009, Uganda’s aquaculture sector produced 76 654 t (Table 27), at a value of USD 144 805 000269. Table 27: Uganda - aquaculture production in live weight, 2009 (FAO FIGIS) Area Species Volume (t) Inland Carps, barbells and other cyprinids 76 Miscellaneous freshwater fishes 55 005 Tilapias and other cichlids 21 573 Total: 76 654

Aquaculture production in Uganda comes from small-scale fish farmers, emerging commercial fish farmers and stocked community water reservoirs and minor lakes. An estimated 20 000 ponds exist throughout the country with an average surface area of 500 m² per pond. Production ranges between 1 500 kg per hectare per year for subsistence farmers to 15 000 kg per hectare per year for emerging commercial fish farmers.270 In the early 2000s, two of the cultured species in Uganda contributed over 90 percent of the total aquaculture production in the country. North African catfish overtook Nile tilapia and was in the early 2000s the most common culture species in the country. However, as the government was investing in Nile tilapia, it was believed it would again overtake North African catfish in production volume.271 2.2 Description of value chain and products272,273 With regard to capture fisheries, in order to prolong the shelf-life of products intended for remote markets, extensive use is made of smoking, sun-drying and salting by local processors. The most widespread fish commodity is dried dagaa or mukene from Lake Victoria. This product is exported in significant quantities to markets in the DRC and Sudan. Dried mukene has a comparatively long shelf- life and can be easily be divided into small portions at point of sale, meaning that it can be had at prices affordable for the lower end of the market. 274 Since the early 1990s, mukene has increasingly been utilized for the production of animal feed. This trend may well result in an increase in price for local consumers.275

267 FAO Country Profile: http://www.fao.org/fishery/countrysector/FI-CP_UG/en 268 FAO Country Profile: http://www.fao.org/fishery/countrysector/FI-CP_UG/en 269 FAO Country Profile: http://www.fao.org/fishery/countrysector/FI-CP_UG/en 270 FAO Aquaculture Profile: http://www.fao.org/fishery/countrysector/naso_uganda/en 271 FAO Aquaculture Profile: http://www.fao.org/fishery/countrysector/naso_uganda/en 272 For further information in relation to this section, see: Marriot A., Dillon M., and Hannah S.Impacts of Globalisation on fish utilisation and marketing systems in Uganda. DFID Project R8112. Final Report. Manufacturing Improvement International Grimsby. August 2004. 273 For further information in relation to this section, see: Kabahenda, M.K. and Hüsken, S.M.C. (2009). A review of low- value fish products marketed in the Lake Victoria region. Regional Programme Fisheries and HIV/AIDS in Africa: Investing in Sustainable Solutions. The WorldFish Center. Project Report 1974. 274 FAO Country Profile: http://www.fao.org/fishery/countrysector/FI-CP_UG/en 275 FAO Country Profile: http://www.fao.org/fishery/countrysector/FI-CP_UG/en

118 IRFS – Regional Market Assessment (Supply and Demand) Study – Report

With regard to aquaculture, most rural farmers sell their fish at the pond site (when they decide to sell) and some have established stalls by the roadside or within the nearest trading centre where they sell their 'catch' from the pond on a regular basis. All fish sold by the ponds is fresh, while that sold to markets further away is processed.276 Farmers in a number of districts have formed associations through which they have arranged for synchronized harvesting and collective marketing. In some instances the fish is processed by sun- drying, salting or smoking and is transported in bulk to more lucrative markets such as urban centres or border points for regional trade. At the regional level the main importing countries are the Democratic Republic of Congo, Kenya and Rwanda in diminishing order of importance.277 2.3 National supply status – opportunities and threats

Capture fisheries As Lake Victoria currently contributes the main part of Uganda’s capture fisheries production, its ecosystem health is of particular concern. The following threats exist today278: • Overexploitation of the Nile perch due to illegal, unrecorded and unreported (IUU) fishing and cross-border illicit fish trade. • Water hyacinth (Eichhornia crassipes) expansion with its mats often choking sheltered bays and inlets. • Pollution from nearby housing and industry, leading to increasing eutrophication and the development of an anoxic layer at lower levels of the water column. • Expansion of the mukene fishery and recent development of a new fishery for the freshwater shrimp (C. niloticus) as Nile perch feed heavily on both of these species. C. niloticus is utilized for the production of animal feed, as is dried mukene, which is also a very important source of food for the wider national population. More generally, it has been noted that it is doubtful if the Lake Victoria fishery can support further expansion. This is because, under existing legislation, the fishery is basically operating under an ‘open access’ regime – there are fairly few restrictions on who may fish, and few technical measures to control fishing mortality. Furthermore, in relation to the existing regulations, compliance is low.279 However, as noted in section 2.1, Uganda has a vast network of rivers and streams that might support further exploitation. Aquaculture280 In Uganda, fisheries authorities have promoted small-scale pond culture for quite some time, with the primary aim of enhancing rural family diets. Its popularity reached its peak in the late 1960s, when some 11 000 ponds were reported to be in operation, covering a total area of 410 ha and yielding an annual harvest of 800–900 t. However, due to prolonged economic turmoil, civil unrest, and a general collapse of infrastructure and public services, in the late 1980s, such development of small-scale aquaculture had stagnated and reversed almost to the point of insignificance, with annual production being recorded in the range of 30 to 40 t. Statistics for recent years suggest that production levels have begun to increase again.281

276 FAO Aquaculture Profile: http://www.fao.org/fishery/countrysector/naso_uganda/en 277 FAO Aquaculture Profile: http://www.fao.org/fishery/countrysector/naso_uganda/en 278 http://www.fao.org/fi/oldsite/FCP/en/UGA/body.htm 279 http://www.fao.org/fi/oldsite/FCP/en/UGA/body.htm 280 For more information in relation to this section, see: Gordon, A and Kassam, L. (2011). Aquaculture and markets: A research agenda. The WorldFish Center, Penang, Malaysia. Issues Brief 2011-34. 12pp. 281 FAO Country Profile: http://www.fao.org/fishery/countrysector/FI-CP_UG/en

119 IRFS – Regional Market Assessment (Supply and Demand) Study – Report

The Ugandan aquaculture sector is still largely dominated by subsistence (95%) production from pond culture. However, change is occurring as a number of farmers (about 3% in the early 2000s) are turning to production for the local market. More intensive production geared towards the urban and regional markets is also underway, or as a way of utilizing the capacity of the established fish processing factories. In the early 2000s, the emerging commercial aquaculture farmers and investors formed 2% of the aquaculture farmers. Some of these were involved in fish seed production, and others yet focussed on grow-out production. The seed produced was usually procured by government to support the culture-based fisheries or for purposes of stock enhancement. Species included Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) and carps, but increasingly also North African catfish (Clarias gariepinus). Overall, most farmers at the time used extensive production, with little or no feed input. However, the commercial farmers are increasingly using feed produced on farm, especially those culturing North African catfish. Export markets in the region consist mainly of Democratic Republic of Congo, Kenya and Rwanda 282 With regard to species, the following can be noted283: • Due to the limited availability of fish seed, carp has fallen out of favour, and North African catfish, along with Nile tilapia, has taken its place. • Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) was until recently the most farmed species. Nile tilapia was transplanted from Lake Albert to restock Lakes Victoria and Kyoga and several of their surrounding minor lakes and adjoining river systems. Through restocking programmes and aquaculture, it has been planted in virtually all Uganda waters including shared/transboundary water bodies. The only drawback is its prolific reproduction and the seemingly resultant stuntedness. • North African catfish (Clarias gariepinus) has recently overtaken Nile tilapia as the most popular species for aquaculture in Uganda. Rural farmers have grown fond of it, and there is a growing regional market for this species. Its main characteristics are its fast growth and ability to literally feed on anything organic available at household level. Furthermore, it is found in all waters of Uganda, especially those linked to swamps, and it has traditionally been a primary target for a good segment of the fishing community. North African catfish currently contributes an estimated 60 percent of aquaculture production in Uganda, however, the most limiting aspect of the culture of the catfish in Uganda is the availability of good quality and sufficient fish seed as when required by the grow-out farmers. • The third most frequent species is the common carp (Cyprinus carpio) which was first introduced from Israel in 1941 with the aim of stocking the fingerlings in the relatively colder waters of Lake Bunyonyi in southwestern Uganda. Inability to produce sufficient quantity of fish seed, poor extension and change of focus of the post-independence governments did however not favour the expansion of carp aquaculture in Uganda. It is currently abundant in some parts of the country, but only as a minor component.284 For a more detailed overview of Uganda’s aquaculture sector, see e.g. FAO Aquaculture Profile285. 2.4 Imports In 2008, Uganda imported 975 t of fish products (Table 28), valued at USD 1 051 000286. These imports mainly consisted of ‘fish, dried, salted or smoked’. Table 28: Uganda - imports of fish products in net weight, 2008 (FAO FIGIS) Commodity Volume (t) Crustaceans, frozen 20 Fish fillets, frozen 3

282 FAO Country Profile: http://www.fao.org/fishery/countrysector/FI-CP_UG/en 283 FAO Aquaculture Profile: http://www.fao.org/fishery/countrysector/naso_uganda/en 284 FAO Aquaculture Profile: http://www.fao.org/fishery/countrysector/naso_uganda/en 285 FAO Aquaculture Profile: http://www.fao.org/fishery/countrysector/naso_uganda/en 286 FAO Fisheries and Aquaculture Information and Statistics Service: http://www.fao.org/fishery/statistics/programme/3,1,1/en (30 June 2011)

120 IRFS – Regional Market Assessment (Supply and Demand) Study – Report

Fish meat, whether or not minced, and fillets, fresh or chilled 16 Fish meat, whether or not minced, and fillets, frozen 3 Fish prepared or preserved 81 Fish, dried, salted or smoked 573 Fish, fresh or chilled, excluding fillets and meat 11 Fish, frozen, excluding fillets and meat 23 Corals and shells 1 Meals 16 Oils 5 Seaweeds and aquatic plants 6 Waste and other inedible products 216 Molluscs and other aquatic invertebrates, prepared or preserved 1 Total: 975

2.5 Exports In 2008, Uganda exported 27 286 t of fish products (Table 29 below), valued at USD 134 554 000287. That year, most exports went to Burundi, DRC, Egypt, Kenya, Rwanda, South Africa, Sudan, Tanzania in the ESA-IO region. Outside this region, exports went to: Australia, Bahrain, Canada, China, Cuba, EU (Belgium, Cyprus, Denmark, France, Germany, Greece, Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Italy, Portugal, Spain, United Kingdom), Ghana, Hong Kong, Iceland, India, Israel, Japan, Jordan, Kuwait, Lebanon, Macedonia, Singapore, Switzerland, Thailand, Turkey, United Arab Emirates, United States of America.288

Table 29: Uganda - exports of fish products in net weight, 2008 (FAO FIGIS) Commodity Volume (t) Crustaceans, frozen 2 Crustaceans, not frozen 4 Fish fillets, frozen 1 018 Fish meat, whether or not minced, and fillets, fresh or chilled 21 789 Fish meat, whether or not minced, and fillets, frozen 1 181 Fish prepared or preserved 72 Fish, dried, salted or smoked 773 Fish, fresh or chilled, excluding fillets and meat 604 Fish, frozen, excluding fillets and meat 1 149 Fish, live 3 Meals 33 Seaweeds and aquatic plants 2 Waste and other inedible products 656 Total: 27 286

With the boom of the Nile perch fishery on Lake Victoria, an important export market in frozen fillets and some fresh chilled product has developed. Some issues have over the years occurred, including the following289:

287 FAO Fisheries and Aquaculture Information and Statistics Service: http://www.fao.org/fishery/statistics/programme/3,1,1/en (30 June 2011) 288 COMESA ComStat: http://comstat.comesa.int/ 289 FAO Country Profile: http://www.fao.org/fishery/countrysector/FI-CP_UG/en

121 IRFS – Regional Market Assessment (Supply and Demand) Study – Report

• In the late 1990s, there were reports that some unscrupulous operators used poison to kill fish, which were subsequently sent to market. This severely disrupted established domestic, and particularly overseas, marketing activities. • Concerns have also been raised for some years that the demand for Nile perch by processing companies has driven up prices and diverted product away from domestic consumers. Reported negative consequences include the increased harvesting and trading of undersized fish on domestic markets, along with an increased traffic in low quality industrial plant by- products of Nile perch (frames, fish heads and skeletons) left over from filleting operations, which are often fried or smoked for local re-sale.290 Another issue noted is that increasingly, Nile tilapia, once a major species in local consumption and regional markets, is now being exported to premium markets, either chilled or frozen. 291 In the early 2000s, the two major aquaculture species traded were North African catfish (about 70 percent for the regional market) and Nile tilapia, most of which was traded locally with some also processed for export. Fish seed of both North African catfish and Nile tilapia is also traded in the region. From Uganda it is transported live to Rwanda, Tanzania and DRC for grow-out production, and to Kenya and Tanzania as bait for the Nile perch fishery on Lake Victoria.292 In terms of the relationship between imports and exports in Uganda during 2000-2008 (Figure 55 below), Uganda is a clear net exporter. During the period, imports remained at a relatively low but constant level whereas exports increased from 2000 to a peak in 2005 (of 38 396 t) and then decreased.

45000 40000 35000 30000 T o 25000 n n e 20000 s Imports 15000 Exports 10000 5000 0 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 Year

Figure 55: Uganda - imports and exports of fish products in net weight, 2000-2008 (FIGIS)

3. DEMAND 3.1 In-country In Uganda, fish is a very popular food although there are some traditionally pastoral areas in the north and parts of the west, where it is consumed less. Fresh fish is the preferred choice, but this is only available on a regular basis to those who live close to major water bodies or along main road and rail distribution routes.293

290 More information on this topic can be found in: Kabahenda, M.K. and Hüsken, S.M.C. (2009). A review of low-value fish products marketed in the Lake Victoria region. Regional Programme Fisheries and HIV/AIDS in Africa: Investing in Sustainable Solutions. The WorldFish Center. Project Report 1974. 291 FAO Country Profile: http://www.fao.org/fishery/countrysector/FI-CP_UG/en 292 FAO Aquaculture Profile: http://www.fao.org/fishery/countrysector/naso_uganda/en 293 FAO Country Profile: http://www.fao.org/fishery/countrysector/FI-CP_UG/en

122 IRFS – Regional Market Assessment (Supply and Demand) Study – Report

As noted in section 1, in 2007 Ugandan average consumption rate of fish was 15.6 kg per capita. This is to be compared with supply of meat, which was 9.9 kg/year that same year.294 Projected demand in 2020 is 708 614 t, up from 521 430 t in 2010 (Figure 56).

800000 700000 600000 500000 oT n 400000 ne s 300000 200000 100000 0 2010 2015 2020 Year

Figure 56: Uganda - projections of growth in demand of fish products, 2010-2020 (FIGIS – UNDP)

3.2 In-ESA IO region (demand of products exported by the country) See sections 2.2 and 2.5.

3.3 Outside region (demand of products exported by the country to other African countries, the US, EU, Asia, etc.) See sections 2.2 and 2.5.

4. SUMMARY/CONCLUSION

Current status of market Figure 57 provides an overview of the national supply trend, i.e. what was available for consumption in Uganda during 2000-2008. It indicates that national production was the major contributor to the national supply, with imports only playing a minor role.

294 FAO STAT: http://faostat.fao.org/site/610/default.aspx#ancor

123 IRFS – Regional Market Assessment (Supply and Demand) Study – Report

600000

500000

400000 oT n 300000 Total production ne s Imports 200000 Exports

100000 Balance

0 20002001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 Year

Figure 57: Uganda - national supply of fish products in weight, 2000-2008 (FIGIS)

Weaknesses and threats • Threats of overexploitation, pollution and invasive species to the Lake Victoria Nile perch stock. Opportunities/potential • Expansion/promotion of commercial aquaculture.

124 IRFS – Regional Market Assessment (Supply and Demand) Study – Report

HORN OF AFRICA Djibouti, Eritrea, Ethiopia, Somalia, Sudan + Egypt

DJIBOUTI • Capture Production (2009) Table 30: Djibouti - capture production in live weight, 2009 (FAO FISHSTATJ) Area Species (ISCAAP group) Volume (t) Marine Marine coastal fish (demersal marine fishes) 438 Marine fish not identified 114 Miscellaneous pelagic fishes 324 Tunas, bonitos, billfishes 182 Total: 1058 • Aquaculture production (2009) Table 31: Djibouti - aquaculture production in live weight, 2009 (FAO FISHSTATJ) Species Volume (t) Not data presented under FAO FISHSTAT for this country – assumed nil Total: 0 0 Aquaculture production worth in USD in 2009: negligible (see table above). • Commodity trade (2008 imports and exports, FAO FIGIS) - Imports Table 32: Djibouti - imports of fish products in net weight, 2008 (FAO FISHSTATJ) Commodity (ISSCAAP group) Volume (t) Cods, hakes, haddocks 10 Crabs, sea-spiders 16 Herrings, sardines, anchovies 38 Lobsters, spiny-rock lobsters 0 0 Marine fishes not identified 23 Miscellaneous freshwater fishes 0 0 Miscellaneous marine 1 crustaceans Miscellaneous marine molluscs 0 0 Miscellaneous pelagic fishes 1 Mussels 2 Oysters 1 Salmons, trouts, smelts 9 Scallops, pectens 0 0 Squids, cuttlefishes, octopuses 0 0 Tunas, bonitos, billfishes 320 Total: 424

Imports total value of 2 239 000 USD in 2008.

125 IRFS – Regional Market Assessment (Supply and Demand) Study – Report

- Exports Table 33: Djibouti - exports of fish products in net weight, 2008 (FAO FISTATJ) Commodity (ISSCAAP group) Volume (t) Clams, cockles, arkshells: clam meat frozen 12 Marine fishes not identified: fish fillets, fresh or chilled, nei 2 Miscellaneous marine molluscs: molluscs nei, dried, salted, pickled 3 Total: 17

Exports total value of 101 000 USD in 2008. Note that FISHSTAT J do not present any re-exports from Djibouti while anecdotal information of informal re-exports and illegal trade of products coming through, passing through Djibouti to go to Dubai (to enter the EU) have been mentioned during the field visit in Ethiopia.

- Main trading partners in 2008 (Comstat in net weight; in italic ‘Smartfish countries’):

Imports: o Key ones: Republic of Thailand, France, United Arab Emirates, United States of America, Singapore, Italy, Somalia, Ukraine, Yemen

o Main product:

“Prepared or preserved fish; caviar and caviar substitutes prepared from fish eggs.-- Tunas, skipjack and bonito (Sarda spp.)” (325t, from Thailand 223t)

Exports: Note: 2008 exports presented by COMSTAT (total: 259t) do not fit with the volumes and products presented under FISHSTATJ (17t, see above). Such elements should be cross-checked and understood further. o Key ones: Ethiopia (major importer: 200t*);

o Others: Taiwan; Hong Kong; Singapore; Singapore; Ukraine.

* Product: “Fish fillets and other fish meat (whether or not minced), fresh, chilled or frozen.—Other” HS Code 030499

See main text for graphs on: • Production: total, capture, aquaculture from 2000 to 2009 • Demand of fish – national projections • Imports – exports of fish products from 2000 to 2008 • National supply and trade balance of fish and fish products (exports – imports)

Other relevant information • A supply chain study expected to be launched by the UNIDO in August - September 2011 (Tor available upon request). • A study of market of artisanal fishery products of Djibouti by INFOSAMAK (see NAJI, 2010). • A workshop to launch a regional market support (TCP) by the FAO in October 2011, see Ethiopia profile and main report for additional details.

126 IRFS – Regional Market Assessment (Supply and Demand) Study – Report

ERITREA • Capture Production (2009) Table 34: Eritrea - capture production in live weight, 2009 (FAO FISHSTATJ) Area Species (ISSCAAP group) Volume (t) Marine Tunas, bonitos, billfishes 1 213 Miscellaneous coastal fishes* 1 044 Miscellaneous pelagic fishes 365 Shrimps, prawns (Penaeus spp.) 219 Sharks, rays, chimaeras 165 Flounders, halibuts, soles 15 Miscellaneous diadromous fishes 9 Lobsters, spiny-rock lobsters 0 0 Marine fishes not identified 0 0 Squids, cuttlefishes, octopuses 0 0 Total: 3 030 * Main species: groupers, emperors, carangids, barracudas, snappers, jobfishes, threadfin breams. • Aquaculture production (2009) Table 35: Eritrea - aquaculture production in live weight, 2009 (FAO FISHSTATJ/ FIGIS) Species (ASFIS) Volume (t) Estimated to be 0, absence of data under FAO FISHSTAT J FIGIS Total 0 0 Aquaculture production worth 0 0 USD in 2009. • Commodity trade (2008 imports and exports) - Imports Table 36: Eritrrea - imports of fish products in net weight, 2008 (FAO FISHSTATJ) Commodity Volume (t) European sardine, prepared or preserved, not minced, nei 60 Fish, frozen, nei 24 Haddock fillets, frozen 2 Marine fish nei, prepared or preserved, not minced 1 Haddock, frozen 1 European plaice fillets, frozen 1 Total: 89 Imports total value of 315 000 USD in 2008. - Exports Table 37: Eritrea - exports of fish products in net weight, 2008 (FAO FISHSTATJ) Commodity Volume (t) Mackerels, nei, fresh or chilled 26 Cuttlefishes and squids, live, fresh or chilled, nei 20 Shrimps and prawns, frozen, nei 20 Miscellaneous molluscs, other than live, fresh or chilled, nei 18 Shrimps and prawns, fresh or chilled, nei 9 Total: 93 Exports total value of 670 000 USD in 2008 of the above

127 IRFS – Regional Market Assessment (Supply and Demand) Study – Report

- Main trading partners in 2008 (Comstat in value USD; in italic ‘Smartfish countries’):

Imports: o Key ones: Yemen, Netherlands // other: UK, Italy.

o Key products: (i) Fish, frozen, excluding fish fillets and other fish meat of heading 03.04.-- Swordfish (Xiphias gladius) - Yemen; (ii) Fish fillets and other fish meat (whether or not minced), fresh, chilled or frozen.—Other; (iii) Fish, frozen, excluding fish fillets and other fish meat of heading 03.04.-- Haddock (Melanogrammus aeglefinus). (ii) and (iii): Netherlands

Exports: o Asia (ex. Taiwan) and Europe, no ‘Smartfish’ country mentioned.

Other relevant information See main text: FAO Regional office staff informally requesting Smartfish complementary support to Eritrea.

128 IRFS – Regional Market Assessment (Supply and Demand) Study – Report

ETHIOPIA Note: country capital, Addis Ababa, visited by the trade analyst, Vincent Defaux – 20 - 21 July 2011 (4 working days were expected, period reduced due to flight delays; decreased data collection on the field); for details of the mission, see Annex ‘Schedule of mission and people met’.

NATIONAL OVERVIEW Population (millions) (2010)295 82.95 Population growth factor (%) (2010-2015)296 2.071 Superficy (km2)297 1 235 000 Population density in 2010 (habitants/km2)298 75.1 Human Development Index (2010)299 0.328 Life expectancy at birth (years) (2009)300 54 National average consumption of fish per caput 0.16 (kg/year) (2007)301 Length of coast (km) - Continental shelf (km2) Landlocked country EEZ area (km2) Inland waterbodies 7 334 km2 of major lakes and reservoirs (two of the sources of the Nile are in Ethiopia including Lake Tana for the Blue Nile) 275 km2 of small water bodies 7 185 km of rivers within the country Gross domestic product per capita, current prices 360.84 (USD) (2010 estimate)302 Net exporter or importer (FAO FISHSTATJ Net importer but very marginal National production of fisheries (tonnes) 2010303 TOTAL: 18 058 Fisheries: freshwater capture fisheries Aquaculture: inland, data not available - estimated as marginal by FAO (around 25t in 2009 see below). Imports of fish/fisheries products for direct 41 (net weight) human consumption (tonnes) (2010)304 Exports fish/fisheries products for direct human 703 (net weight) consumption (tonnes) (2010)305 Type of fisheries306 Freshwater fisheries: seasonal ponds/lakes/reservoirs, rivers

Main species (families and English FAO name) Capture fishery (from major to minor key species) : tilapia, catfish, barbus, nile perch, carps // Farmed: marginal – tilapia mainly (80%), carps Type of supply chains (national production) Capture fishery: mainly artisanal –formal and informal trade of fresh, frozen and dried products

295 Population Division of the Department of Economic and Social Affairs of the United Nations Secretariat: World Population Prospects, the 2010 Revision: http://esa.un.org/unpd/wpp/index.htm 296 Ibid. 297 FAO Country Profile (2002): http://www.fao.org/fishery/countryprofiles/search/en 298 Similar source as the one for the indicator ‘population’ above. 299 UNDP: http://hdr.undp.org/en/statistics/ 300 http://www.who.int/entity/whosis/whostat/EN_WHS2011_Part2.xls 301 FAOSTAT | © FAO Statistics Division 2011 | 27 July 2011 302 IMF, 2010. – World Economic Outlook Database. IMF. Electronic version: http://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/weo/2010/01/weodata/index.aspx (note: not to confuse with the GDP per capita based on purchasing-power-parity (PPP)) 303 Data provided by the Agriculture Extension Directorate during the author’field mission, see description in text for details. 304 Calculated by author from Customs Authority’s data obtained on the field. Note: net weight not live weight. In Ethiopian Budget Calendar, year from July to June of the next year (i.e 2010 corresponds to July 2010 to June 2011) 305 Ibid. 306 Ibid.

129 IRFS – Regional Market Assessment (Supply and Demand) Study – Report

• Capture Production (2009) Table 38: Ethiopia - capture production in live weight, 2009 (FAO FISHSTATJ) Area Species Volume (t) Inland Tilapias nei 7 554 North African catfish 3 143 Nile perch 2 740 Cyprinids nei 1 936 Freshwater fishes nei 1 191 Common carp 293 Crucian carp 179 Naked catfishes 11 Total: 17 047

• Aquaculture production (2009) (FISHSTATJ) Table 39: Ethiopia - aquaculture production in live weight, 2009 (FAO FISHSTATJ) Species Volume (t) Nile tilapia 37.5 Tilapia nei 12.5 Cyprinids nei 6 Crucian carp 4 Total: 25 Aquaculture production worth 60 000 USD in 2009. • Commodity trade (2008 imports and exports) - Imports Table 40: Ethiopia - imports of fish products in net weight, 2008 (FAO FISHSTATJ) Commodity (ISSCAAP group) Volume (t)

Tunas prepared or preserved, not minced, nei 460 Sardines, sardinellas, brisling or sprats, prep. or pres., not minced, nei 68 Marine fish nei, prepared or preserved, not minced 65 Miscellaneous marine fishes, salted or in brine, nei 59 Fish fillets, fresh or chilled, nei 24 Toothfish (Dissostichus spp.), meat, frozen 8 Salmonoids, fresh or chilled, nei 6 Caviar and caviar substitutes 4 Shrimps and prawns, frozen, nei 4 Trouts and chars, fresh or chilled 4 Marine fish nei, minced, prepared or preserved 3 Other seaweeds and aquatic plants and products thereof 3 Salmons, fresh or chilled, nei 3 Shrimps and prawns, not frozen, nei 3 Shrimps, prawns, prepared or preserved, nei 3 Fish, frozen, nei 2 Mackerel prepared or preserved, not minced, nei 2 Agar agar nei 1 Anchovies, prepared or preserved, not minced 1 Cuttlefish and squid, other than live, fresh or chilled 1 Fish fillets, dried, salted or in brine 1

130 IRFS – Regional Market Assessment (Supply and Demand) Study – Report

Halibuts, fresh or chilled, nei 1 Miscellaneous molluscs, other than live, fresh or chilled, nei 1 Pacific salmon, frozen, nei 1 Salmons, smoked 1 Total: 729 Excluding fish meal 50t) Imports total value of 1 710 000 USD in 2008 for the above. From the list above, imported fish products seem to be responding to niche markets to supply supermarkets, which are retail sites for upper social classes of the Ethiopian population. - Exports Table 41: Ethiopia - export of fish products in net weight, 2008 (FAO FISHSTATJ) Commodity (commodity) Volume (t) Miscellaneous marine fishes, salted or in brine, nei 361 Fish fillets, frozen, nei 21 Fish fillets, dried, salted or in brine 6 Fish fillets, fresh or chilled, nei 6 Total: 394

Exports total value of 394 000 USD in 2008 (rounded value).

- Main trading partners in 2008 (in italic ‘Smartfish countries’):

Imports (Ethiopian Customs Authorities): o Key countries/continent of origin: Europe, Asia, Africa, Middle East - mainly

Main countries: France, Tanzania, Saudi Arabia, Djibouti, Somalia, South Africa, Yemen, Norway, United Arab Emirates.

o Key products

from Tanzania:frozen seafood (including prawns) (13t)

Key products from Somalia: fresh and chilled trout (4t)

Note Comstat statistics incomplete as only mentioning UAE (9t in total).

Exports: o Sudan – no other country indicated under Comstat and the Ethiopian Customs Authorities.

o Products by order of importance (elements cross-checked through the different databases – see below):

HS Code 30569: “Fish, dried, salted or in brine; smoked fish, whether or not cooked before or during the smoking process; flours, meals and pellets of fish, fit for human consumption.—Other” (361 tonnes; Comstat) corresponding to “Miscellanenous marine fishes salted or in brine” (FAO FISHSTATJ) (361 tonnes)

HS Code 30429: : Fish fillets and other fish meat (whether or not minced), fresh, chilled or frozen.—Other (20t). Note: under Ethiopian Customs Authorities, 6t of fresh tilapia whole and Nile Perch (assumed by authors to be produced in Somalia)

131 IRFS – Regional Market Assessment (Supply and Demand) Study – Report

Elements collected on the field Supply and local trade: Freshwater fish (tilapia, barbus) produced nationally is consumed nearby the fishing water bodies: lakes, seasonal tanks and rivers. Some products are frozen and transported to urban areas to then be filleted or filleted and then frozen (especially Addis Ababa, see picture attached to the report). Nile perch is a high value fish yet (can be sold 200% more than frozen tilapia – source: price collection on the field). Key traders of frozen fish: the former parastatal company FPME (also doing dried Nile perch) but the company is losing market shares (8% or loss of the production) (Gordon et al., 2007). Another key player is ETHIO FISHERY PLC (contact details available on their products and on the internet). Wholesalers request higher quality of fish and a respected cold chain too (anecdotal information collected on the field through rapid interviews). Tilapia can have price fluctuations in the year of the cooler season (fishing reduced in this period) and fasting periods (see demand below for details). 15-ETB/kg – price provided to fishermen. Upper-class populations buy fish from commercial malls and supermarkets too. Imports, while low, bring fish to the purchasing power population. A wholesale/retail supermarket, met during the field trip, had their major customers being the resident Chinese community living with higher purchasing and ready to buy marine fish307 imported from Tanzania fresh then frozen in Addis Ababa due to weak transport network to bring fish by road (see pictures, information not cross- checked by other interviews yet. Note the presence of imports from Somalia - trout308 and Tanzania – frozen marine fish - under the Customs Authorities but volumes are low. Some illegally traded products may enter Ethiopia by Djibouti but this information has not been cross-checked. Exports: Exports to Sudan only, it is assumed to be reexports but the statistics from the Customs Authorities and the FAOFISHSTATJ do not record or do not record them as reexports. Dried catfish is to be investigated as this product is assumed to be exported to Sudan by informal network and volumes may increase steadily (pers. comm.Hoekstra D. and Signa D., July 2011).

Demand: Consumer preference: Fish is not the main food commodity for Ethiopians (Ethiopia is a meat producer and populations eat generally beef309), the consumption per capita is low (less than 1kg/hab/year) at national level and urbanization is still low. Yet, trade of dried catfish produced in seasonal tanks occurs and is said to be increasing. Beef is generally cheaper than fish (differences may vary depending on sales location and parts of meat sold)

307 Snapper, octopus, shellfish, grouper, shrimps, crabs, lobsters, etc. - example of exporter from Tanzania to Ethiopia : ALPHAKRUST. Those products may not be fished in Tanzania waters yet. When Chinese are on holiday, volume of trade decreases. 308 The country of origin was Somalia, the authors cannot confirm by additional sources that the trouts were produced in Somalia. 309 Ethiopia produces 13 different sheep, 15 different goats and beef (Chamber of Trade, poster held in offices)

132 IRFS – Regional Market Assessment (Supply and Demand) Study – Report

Purchasing power is low for a majority of the population but fasting periods (more than 200 days each year mentioned by Hoekstra D., July 2011) for the Christian population (aound half of the population) could create demand for imported low value fish. Also it is worth notice that the rural population of Ethiopia is still high (84%). Urban population is then not representative of the national consumption. National currency value is often under inflation while artificial deflation of the currency in 2010 to improve exports (CIAN, 2011, confirmed during field interviews) has also created price increases on the domestic market (with an absence of change in population wages).

Other relevant information (including related supports and studies) A FAO regional trade capacity building project expected to start in October 2011 for 2 years (around 400 000 USD). A FISHII training on fisheries management plan made in Ethiopia recently (Ansen Ward) A Conference in Addis Ababa on Increasing Agricultural Productivity and enhancing food security in Africa (subthemes including – non exhaustive - markets, trade and regional integration, regional value-chain development) scheduled on 1-3 Nov. 2011 organised by IFPRI (CGIAR), the African Union Commission (UAC), the United Nations Economic Commission for Africa (UNECA) – see www.ifpri.org IFPRI may be able to help on household surveys should SMARTFISH request one to be done in the caried out nationally or in the region. The export promotion agency may be another source of information on fish trade to contact.

133 IRFS – Regional Market Assessment (Supply and Demand) Study – Report

SOMALIA • Capture Production (2009) Table 42: Somalia - capture production in live weight, 2009 (FAO FISHSTATJ) Area Species (ASFIS) Volume (t) Inland Freshwater fishes nei 200 Marine Marine fishes nei 28 700 Tropical spiny lobsters nei 500 Cephalopods nei 600 Total: 30 000 In italic, FAO estimates • Aquaculture production (2009) Table 43: Somalia - aquaculture production in live weight, 2009 (FAO FISHSTATJ) Species Volume (t) Estimated to be 0, absence of data under FAO FISHSTAT J FIGIS Total 0 0

Aquaculture production worth 0 0 USD in 2009. • Commodity trade (2008 imports and exports, FAO FISHSTATJ) - Imports Table 44: Somalia - import of fish products in net weight, 2008 (FAO FISHSTATJ) Commodity Volume (t) Tunas prepared or preserved, not minced, in airtight containers 660 Fish, frozen, nei 110 Tunas prepared or preserved, not minced, nei 84 Marine fish nei, minced, prepared or preserved 37 Miscellaneous dried fish, whether or not salted, nei 8 Albacore (=Longfin tuna), fresh or chilled 5 Tunas nei, frozen 3 Total: 907 Imports total value of 3 745 000 USD in 2008 for the above. - Exports Table 45: Somalia - export of fish products in net weight, 2008 (FAO FISHSTATJ) Commodity (Commodity) Volume (t) Marine fish, frozen, nei 2 316 Tilapias, frozen 447 American/European lobsters (Homarus spp.), nei, frozen 170 Fish, fresh or chilled, nei 100 Miscellaneous dried fish, whether or not salted, nei 79 Miscellaneous coastal fishes, nei, frozen 60 Sardines, sardinellas, brisling or sprats, prep. or pres., not minced, nei 49 Yellowfin tuna, frozen, nei 44 Lobsters nei, frozen 40 Scallops, live, fresh or chilled, nei 36 Miscellaneous crustaceans, not frozen, nei 20 Mackerels nei, frozen 18 Cuttlefish and squid, other than live, fresh or chilled 12 Fish fillets, frozen, nei 11 Cods nei, frozen 7 Marine fish nei, smoked 4 Trouts and chars, fresh or chilled 4

134 IRFS – Regional Market Assessment (Supply and Demand) Study – Report

Flatfishes, fresh or chilled, nei 4 Atlantic mackerel, frozen 3 Fish fillets, dried, salted or in brine 2 Fish meal fit for human consumption 2 Miscellaneous molluscs, other than live, fresh or chilled, nei 2 Swordfish meat, frozen 1 Salmonoids, frozen 1 Shrimps and prawns, not frozen, nei 1 Total: 3 433 Exports total value of 4 529 000 USD (approximate) in 2008 for the above products.

- Main trading partners (FAO country profile Somalia, 2005):

Note: Comstat do not provide elements on Somalia fish trade as not member of COMESA. UN Comtrade data do not provide recent data on imports – exports of fish products from/to Somalia too. Elements on origin and destination of products from/to Somalia should be tried to obtained by local authorities. Imports: o Key ones: Taiwan (canned fish products). Note: this trend seem to be products quoted by FAOFISHSTATJ above (660t of tunas prepared or preserved, not minced, in airtight containers)

Exports: o Middle East countries.

Remark: anecdotal information speaks of fish traded by sea (instead of by road) between Somalia and Sudan (pers. comm Signa D., July 2011)

Other relevant information - Fisheries are said to have potentials (known large and small pelagic fish resources and lightly exploited) but weak governance, weak infrastructure and piracy hamper benefits to the local and regional trade at the moment. - Tentative supports to fish trawling offshore (without landing in Somalia) to solve issues of by-catch discarded were not successful as fishing activities being too remote from the coasts create difficulties to collect it at sea – fuel costs too high (FAO Regional Office, Davide Signa, personal communication, 2011) - Current situation of the country (regular internal conflicts) will certainly bring high difficulties to support it under the Smartfish Programme.

135 IRFS – Regional Market Assessment (Supply and Demand) Study – Report

SUDAN Note the creation of the South Sudan in then end of July 2011. • Capture Production (2009) Table 46: Sudan - capture production in live weight, 2009 (FAO FISHSTATJ) Area Species (ASFIS) Volume (t) Inland Nile tilapia 40 920 Freshwater fishes nei 25 080 Marine Marine fishes nei 5 577 Sharks, rays, skates, etc. nei 79 Narrow-barred Spanish mackerel 34 Total: 71 690 Total without marine fishes 66 000 . • Aquaculture production (2009) Table 47: Sudan - aquaculture production in live weight, 2009 (FAO FISHSTATJ) Area Species (ASFIS) Volume (t) Inland Nile tilapia 2 000 Nile perch 200 Total 2 200 In italic, FAO estimates. Aquaculture production worth 7 700 000 USD in 2009. • Commodity trade (2008 imports and exports, FAO FISHSTATJ) - Imports Table 48: Sudan - import of fish products in net weight, 2008 (FAO FISHSTATJ) Commodity (Commodity) Volume (t) Tunas prepared or preserved, not minced, nei 709 Sardines, sardinellas, brisling or sprats, prep. or pres., not minced, nei 183 Pacific salmon, frozen, nei 110 Albacore (=Longfin tuna), frozen, nei 61 Swordfish fillets, frozen 57 Atlantic(Thunnus thynnus), Pacific(T.orientalis) bluefin tuna, live 56 Shrimps, prawns, prepared or preserved, nei 24 Trouts and chars, frozen 23 Albacore (=Longfin tuna), fresh or chilled 21 Marine fish nei, prepared or preserved, not minced 20 Flatfishes, fresh or chilled, nei 19 Miscellaneous marine fishes, salted or in brine, nei 18 Shrimps and prawns, not frozen, nei 13 Salmonoids, fresh or chilled, nei 12 Marine fish nei, minced, prepared or preserved 11 Flatfishes nei, frozen 8 Trouts and chars, fresh or chilled 7 Herrings prepared or preserved, not minced, nei 5 Shrimps and prawns, frozen, nei 3 Sockeye salmon (red salmon)(Oncorhynchus nerka), frozen 3 Toothfish (Dissostichus spp.), fillets, frozen 2 Ornamental fish nei 2 Total: 1 367 Imports total value of 1 922 000 USD in 2008 for the above.

136 IRFS – Regional Market Assessment (Supply and Demand) Study – Report

- Exports Table 49: Sudan - export of fish products in net weight, 2008 (FAO FISHSTATJ) Commodity (Commodity) Volume (t) Flatfishes, fresh or chilled, nei 531 Salmonoids, fresh or chilled, nei 19 Fish nei, dried, unsalted 12 Cuttlefishes and squids, live, fresh or chilled, nei 5 Crabs, not frozen 2 Shrimps and prawns, not frozen, nei 2 Miscellaneous marine fishes, salted or in brine, nei 1 Rock lobster and other sea crawfish (Palinurus, Panulirus, Jasus), frozen, nei 1 Total: 573 Exports total value of 330 000 USD in 2008.

- Main trading partners in 2008 (Comstat; in italic ‘Smartfish countries’):

Imports: o Key ones: Republic of Thailand (total: 750t), Saudi Arabia (total: 304t), Morocco (121t), Uganda (total: 58t)

o Other: Ethiopia, Kenya, UAE, Vietnam,

o Key products:

Uganda : Fish, frozen, excluding fish fillets and other fish meat of heading 03.04.— Other // Fish, frozen, excluding fish fillets and other fish meat of heading 03.04.-- Sockeye salmon (red salmon) (Oncorhynchus nerka) // Prepared or preserved fish; caviar and caviar substitutes prepared from fish eggs.-- Tunas, skipjack and bonito (Sarda spp.) ; Thailand (541t): prepared or preserved fish; caviar and caviar substitutes prepared from fish eggs.-- Tunas, skipjack and bonito (Sarda spp.) – Morocco (122t): Prepared or preserved fish; caviar and caviar substitutes prepared from fish eggs.-- Sardines, sardinella and brisling or sprats

Exports: o Key country: Egypt

527t out of the 570t recorded under Comstat;

Main product: Fish, fresh or chilled, excluding fish fillets and other fish meat of heading 03.04.-- Other (506t)

o Others: Hong Kong, Singapore

See main text for graphs on:

137 IRFS – Regional Market Assessment (Supply and Demand) Study – Report

EGYPT • Capture Production (2009) Table 50: Egypt - capture production in live weight, 2009 (FAO FISHSTATJ) Area Species (ASFIS) Volume (t) Inland waters Tilapias and other cichlids 91 270 Miscellaneous freshwater fishes 79 780 Miscellaneous coastal fishes 24 235 Carps, barbels and other cyprinids 23 710 Freshwater crustaceans 7 820 Miscellaneous pelagic fishes 5 450 Flounders, halibuts, soles 2 200 Freshwater molluscs 1 950 River eels 940 Shads 145 Marine areas Miscellaneous coastal fishes 45 550 Herrings, sardines, anchovies 30 950 Marine fishes not identified 19 430 Shrimps, prawns 11 710 Miscellaneous pelagic fishes 6 050 Squids, cuttlefishes, octopuses 4 700 Tunas, bonitos, billfishes 3 740 Crabs, sea-spiders 3 730 Miscellaneous demersal fishes 3 290 Sharks, rays, chimaeras 3 120 Miscellaneous marine molluscs 3 070 Flounders, halibuts, soles 1 160 Total: 374 000 • Aquaculture production (2009) Table 51: Egypt - aquaculture production in live weight, 2009 (FAO FISHSTATJ) Area Species (ASFIS) Volume (t) Brackish or freshwater Nile tilapia 390 300 Flathead grey mullet 210 000 Cyprinids nei 62 000 Torpedo-shaped catfishes 18 000 nei Common carp 12 000 European seabass 5 400 Gilthead seabream 5 300 Meagre 2 200 Jacks, crevalles nei 140 Penaeus shrimps nei 140 Marine fishes nei 10 River eels nei 10 Total 705 500 In italic, FAO estimates. Aquaculture production worth 1 247 543 100 (about 1.2 billion) USD in 2009.

138 IRFS – Regional Market Assessment (Supply and Demand) Study – Report

• Commodity trade (2008 imports and exports, FAO FISHSTATJ) - Imports Table 52: Egypt - import of fish products in net weight, 2008 (FAO FISHSTATJ) Commodity (ISSCAAP group) Volume (t) Marine fishes not identified 96 311 Miscellaneous pelagic fishes 58 658 Tunas, bonitos, billfishes 38 580 Shrimps, prawns 9 625 Herrings, sardines, anchovies 7 358 Squids, cuttlefishes, octopuses 4 893 Salmons, trouts, smelts 1 052 Flounders, halibuts, soles 474 Miscellaneous demersal fishes 414 Crabs, sea-spiders 251 Lobsters, spiny-rock lobsters 176 Miscellaneous aquatic plants 93 Miscellaneous marine crustaceans 85 Cods, hakes, haddocks 82 Mussels 63 Scallops, pectens 19 River eels 16 Miscellaneous marine molluscs 8 Oysters 2 Total 218 160* 209 000 tonnes according to FIGIS aggregated data (see figures in annex for details). Imports total value of around 400 000 000 USD in 2008 (estimate comparing FAO FISHSTATJ and Comstate for the same year) – code HS2007 03: 264 000 000 USD. Imports is mainly marine products. - Exports Table 53: Egypt - export of fish products in net weight in 2008 (FAO FISHSTATJ) Commodity (ISSCAAP group) Volume (t) Flounders, halibuts, soles 2 675 Marine fishes not identified 2 649 Squids, cuttlefishes, octopuses 709 Herrings, sardines, anchovies 419 Mussels 198 Miscellaneous aquatic mammals 98 Scallops, pectens 73 Miscellaneous marine molluscs 54 Cods, hakes, haddocks 32 Miscellaneous aquatic plants 25 Tunas, bonitos, billfishes 15 River eels 13 Salmons, trouts, smelts 12 Carps, barbels and other cyprinids 4 Lobsters, spiny-rock lobsters 3 Shrimps, prawns 2 Miscellaneous marine crustaceans 1 Total: 6 982 Exports total value of 10 775 000 USD in 2008.

139 IRFS – Regional Market Assessment (Supply and Demand) Study – Report

- Imports – Exports in 2008 (Comstat)

Imports - Key countries (by value of products): By order of importance (the most important one first – 15 first ones): Code HS - 03 Fish and crustaceans, molluscs and other aquatic invertebrates: worldwide - - Netherlands, Vietnam, Japan, China, Norway, Yemen, Ireland, Spain, Morocco, India, Pakistan, Saudi Arabia, Mauritania, United Arab Emirates, United States of America. Uganda ranked 27 - 0304 Fish fillets and other fish meat, whether or not minced, fresh, chilled or frozen Code HS 16 – relevant to fish products: (no import for the ESA-IO region under code 16) Republic of Thailand, Brazil, United States of America, Morocco, Jordan, Saudi Arabia, Philippines, China, Indonesia, Spain, Netherlands, Italy, Taiwan, France,Vietnam

Exports: Key countries (HS code products 03 and 16 containing fish): Europe, Asia, Middle East, Eastern and Northwestern Africa Such as (first 15 for the highest rank to the lowest – HS Code 03): Italy, Cyprus, Saudi Arabia, Lebanon, Greece, Israel, Jordan, Kuwait, Qatar, Malaysia, Spain, United Arab Emirates, Iraq, Libya, Indonesia, France, Sudan For Sudan – main exports of: Crustaceans, fit for human consumption, whether in shell or not, live, fresh, chilled, frozen, dried, salted or in brine ( 9 000 USD of value) fresh or chilled fish HS code 0302 (6 000 USD of value)

See main text for graphs on:

140 IRFS – Regional Market Assessment (Supply and Demand) Study – Report

INDIAN OCEAN Comoros, Madagascar, Mauritius, Réunion, Seychelles

COMOROS • Capture Production (2009) Table 54: Comoros - capture production in live weight, 2009 (FAO FISHSTATJ) Area Species (ISCAAP group) Volume (t) Marine Miscellaneous pelagic fishes 900 Herrings, sardines, anchovies 2 250 Sharks, rays, chimaeras 244 Lobsters, spiny-rock lobsters 28 Tunas, bonitos, billfishes 15 008 Marine fishes not identified 2 020 Total: 20 450 Italic, FAO estimates. Note: sharks are by catch fishing or targeted intentionally by artisanal fisheries (see notes on sharks imports/exports/consumption below too) for increasing demand of sharks fins overseas and possibilities to sell it locally (rather dried) and in Tanzania/Madagascar. Most commonly captured species are oceanic whitetip (Carcharhinus longimanus), grey reef shark (Carcharhinus amblyrhynchos) and hammerheads (Sphyrna spp.) Elasmobranch management were said to be necessary (Kamal et al. , 2009310). • Aquaculture production (2009) Table 55: Comoros - aquaculture production in live weight, 2009 (FAO FISHSTATJ) Species Volume (t) Estimated to be 0 (or marginal), absence of data under FAO FISHSTAT J Total 0 0 Aquaculture production worth 0 0 USD in 2009. • Commodity trade (2008 imports and exports of fish products, FAO FISHSTATJ) - Imports Table 56: Comoros - import of fish products in net weight, 2008 (FAO FISHSTATJ) Commodity Volume (t) Mackerel prepared or preserved, not minced, nei 198 Sardines, sardinellas, brisling or sprats, prep. or pres., not minced, nei 193 Fish, frozen, nei 10 Tunas prepared or preserved, not minced, nei 9 Miscellaneous dried fish, whether or not salted, nei 8 Cods nei, dried, salted or in brine 6 Tunas prepared or preserved, not minced, in airtight containers 1 Pacific cod fillets, frozen 1 Salmons, smoked 0 0 Fish fillets, dried, salted or in brine 0 0 Anchovies, prepared or preserved, not minced 0 0 Cape hake, frozen 0 0 Fish fillets, frozen, nei 0 0 Herring, salted or in brine 0 0 Total: 426

310 KAMAL M., HAUZER M., POONIAN C. & KISZKA J. (2009). – Artisanal shark fisheries of the Comoros: Status and Threats. IUCN Sharks specialist group. Poster. Note: data collected by semi-structured questionnaires conducted with artisanal fishers in local languages.

141 IRFS – Regional Market Assessment (Supply and Demand) Study – Report

Imports total value of 1 392 000 USD in 2008. Note that, even though commodity products not detailed above under FAO statistics, Comorians appreciate sharks (rather dried as reaching a higher value in the market) as fish consumption (Kame et al., 2009). Demand of shark sourced by imports (anecdotal information collected and cross-checked on the field in la Réunion, Madagascar, Mauritius) were said to be important too. - Exports Table 57: Comoros - export of fish products, 2008 (FAO FISHSTATJ) Commodity Volume (t) Sea urchins and other echinoderms: Sea cucumber dried, salted or brine 2 Total: 2

Exports total value of 14 000 USD in 2008.

Note: Comoros is said to trade informal products from Madagascar to the African continent by sea road due to a good transport network from Comoros to the African continent – by small passenger boats from Madagascar to Comoros (anecdotal information collected on the field in Madagascar). It is likely that sharks may reach Tanzania and Madagascar by those roads and may not be noted as official exports above.

142 IRFS – Regional Market Assessment (Supply and Demand) Study – Report

MADAGASCAR Note: country visited by the trade analyst, Vincent Defaux – 13 – 16 June 2011 (4 working days); for details of the mission, see Annex People met and schedule for details.

1. NATIONAL OVERVIEW Population (millions) (2010)311 20.7 Population growth factor (%) (2010-2015)312 2.822 Superficy (km2)313 587 000 Population density in 2010 (habitants/km2)314 35 Human Development Index (2010)315 0.435 Life expectancy at birth (years) (2009)316 65 National average consumption of fish per 7.35 caput (kg/year) (2007)317 Length of coast (km)318 5 600 Continental shelf (km2)319 177 000 EEZ area (km2)320 1 140 000 Gross domestic product per capita, current 393 (inflation rate seems controlled: 9% in 2010, expected 8.8% in 2010 – prices (USD) (2010 estimate)321 CIAN, 2010) Net exporter or importer (estimated from data Net exporter below in 2005) – status expected in the future National production of fisheries (tonnes) TOTAL: 130 858 (in 2005: 142 899323; FAO profile) 2010322 Fisheries: freshwater 30 000 ; marine: 93 358 Aquaculture: Inland 5 500; Marine 2 000 Imports of fish/fisheries products for direct 17 782 human consumption (tonnes) (2005)324 Exports fish/fisheries products for direct 34 458 human consumption (tonnes) (2005)325 Type of fisheries326 Marine: industrial and artisanal (including traditional) ; Freshwater: tank/lakes, rivers// Aquaculture: marine and freshwater (EU fisheries agreement) (renewable agreement for tuna fishing, current expires: 12.2012) Main species (families and English FAO Fishery: shrimp (Penaeidae), low quality small fish from shrimp by catch, name) octopus, tilapias, carps; eels, crabs // Farmed: shrimp (Penaeus monodon mainly), freshwater shrimp (Macrobrachium spp.), tilapias, carps, trouts (marginal) Type of supply chains (national production) Via traditional fishing: collectors - wholesalers or retail or informal sector; Via industrial fishing/fish farming: wholesalers - exporters. Freswhater: collectors and informal sector. Presence of supermarkets in large towns

311 Population Division of the Department of Economic and Social Affairs of the United Nations Secretariat: World Population Prospects, the 2010 Revision: http://esa.un.org/unpd/wpp/index.htm 312 Ibid. 313 EC - EuropeAid website: http://ec.europa.eu/europeaid/where/acp/country-cooperation 314 Similar source as the one for the indicator ‘population’ above. 315 UNDP: http://hdr.undp.org/en/statistics/ 316 http://www.who.int/entity/whosis/whostat/EN_WHS2011_Part2.xls 317 FAOSTAT | © FAO Statistics Division 2011 | 27 July 2011 318 FAO Country Profile (2008): http://www.fao.org/fishery/countryprofiles/search/en 319 Ibid. 320 DE YOUNG C., 2006 (ed.). - Review of the state of world marine capture fisheries management: Indian Ocean. 458 pages. Rome: FAO. FAO Fisheries Technical Paper. No. 488. 321 IMF, 2010. – World Economic Outlook Database. IMF. Electronic version: http://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/weo/2010/01/weodata/index.aspx (note: not to confuse with the GDP per capita based on purchasing-power-parity (PPP)) 322 Data provided by the Ministry of Fisheries during the author’field mission, see description in text for details. 323 FAO Country Profile (2008): http://www.fao.org/fishery/countryprofiles/search/en 324 Ibid 325 Ibid. 326 Ibid.

143 IRFS – Regional Market Assessment (Supply and Demand) Study – Report

2. SUPPLY 2.1. Official production • Type of industry at national level:

o Fisheries: inland and marine. Note: a fisheries agreement with the EU (see details under DG MARE Website). o Aquaculture: inland (tilapia, carps, catfish; marginal: trout) and marine (Panaeus monodon shrimp mainly)

o Fisheries sub-sector: traditional, artisanal, industrial. Artisanal fishing is made by fishing permits. Industrial one is authorised with fishing licences. Traditional fishing is carried out by fishing boats without engines. Artisanal fishing is motorised with engines less than 25hp . For the latter, boats tend to be less than 12m. Professionals collecting artisanal and traditional fish at landing are called collectors and are authorised to carry out this activity officially by using a collecting permit (“permis de collecte”).

• 2010 contribution by subsectors (percent contribution by volume – pie chart): Figure 58: Madagascar - national production ratio by sub-sectors in live weight, 2010 (Directorate of Fisheries)

Marine aquaculture

0% Freshwater 1 capture fisheries Artisanal Aquaculture fishing Industrial fishing

Freshwater aquaculture

Quantity Ratio Fisheries - total 130 858 100% Capture fisheries - total 123 358 94% Marine capture fisheries 93 358 76% Industrial fishing 19 445 16% Artisanal fishing* 73 913 60% Freshwater capture fisheries 30 000 24% Aquaculture - total 7 500 6% Marine aquaculture 2 000 2% Freshwater aquaculture 5 500 4% *: traditional and artisanal combined Source: calculated by authors from data provided by the Ministry in charge of Fisheries “Ministère de la Pêche et des Ressources Halieutiques (M.P.R.H), July 2011.

144 IRFS – Regional Market Assessment (Supply and Demand) Study – Report

The capture fisheries is the main source of fish nationally (94%). Marine fisheries is the main production source (2/3 of the fisheries in total) while artisanal marine fishing is important and represents 60% of the fisheries (capture and aquaculture) in total. Traditional fishing stocks (multispecies fisheries) are often unknown, which is concern raised by the Department of fisheries. Shrimp trawling tends to be well managed (with VMS, TEDs, BEDs), tuna fishing is more complex to do so and illegal fishing is an issue (see other country profiles mentioning the same issue, reminder: Smartfish has components dealing with fisheries management, governance, MCS and illegal fishing).

National aquaculture is not a large supplier of fish for local consumption (note that household aquaculture is not evaluated in the figure yet) but still high (6%) in the total production ratio “capture – aquaculture” compared to other countries in the IO region. Marine aquaculture consists of shrimp (Penaeus monodon). Freshwater aquaculture consists of carps, tilapia, trout (marginal) and some freshwater prawn (marginal).

• Detailed production (aquaculture and capture fisheries) in 2010 by group of species (volume): Table 58: Madagascar - fisheries production by type of fisheries and species in tonnes of live weight, 2010 (Directorate of fisheries) 2010 Marine Production 93 358 Industrial fishing 19 445 - Tuna species 14 000 -Shrimp 3 059 - By-catch of shrimp fishing 'Poissons d'accompagnement' 2 276 - Deep sea shrimp 0 - Deep sea fish 110 Artisanal fishing 0 - Shrimp 0.00 - Fish 0.00 Traditional fishing 73 913 - Shrimp 3 450 - Crabs 2 019 - Spiny lobster 'Langoustes' 367 - Trépangs (sea cucumber) 415 - Algae 3 600 - Fish 56 000 - Other (eels, cephalopods,shellfish) 8 061 Aquaculture: marine (shrimp farming) 2 000 Freshwater production 35 500 Inland fisheries 30 000 Fish farming in tanks 2 850 Trout production ND Rice fish farming 2 650 TOTAL 130 858 Source: data translated by the author; data provided by the Ministry in charge of Fisheries, Statistical Services, July 2011

145 IRFS – Regional Market Assessment (Supply and Demand) Study – Report

• Production over 15 years (total):

140,000

135,000

130,000

125,000

120,000 National Production 1995 - 2010 115,000

110,000

105,000 1995 1996 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2008 2009 2010 1997 2007

Figure 59: Madagascar - annual national production (capture plus aquaculture) in tonnes of live weight, 1995 - 2009 (Directorate of Fisheries)

• Production: total, capture, aquaculture from 2000 to 2009 (FIGIS) 180,000 160,000 140,000 120,000 100,000 80,000 Capture 60,000 40,000 20,000 0 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009

Capture Aquaculture

Figure 60: Madagascar - production in live weight (tonnes), Madagascar, 2000-2009 (FAO FIGIS)

Description of primary/secundary processing, supply chain and products National supply: products from marine fisheries are either supplied directly by shrimp fishing vessels owners (products frozen on board) being also wholesalers or by collectors from traditional fishing. Products from freshwater fisheries (capture and aquaculture) are supplied by collectors in general. Fresh products are sold nearby the landing sites mainly. Dried, dried and salted, smoked products (freshwater mainly) are important ways to preserve fish and can be found in markets in towns such as Antananarivo (market visited during the field visit327). Low social classes in towns purchase fish either preserved as by the process above, fresh (nearby products) or frozen and consume it in the next hours.

327 Prices and type of products collected.

146 IRFS – Regional Market Assessment (Supply and Demand) Study – Report

Exports is either from industrial fishing or by traditional fishing (volumes of artisanal fishing is low – see figures in table above). Imports Note: Data on imports were unavailable or not detailed enough locally due to a historical embargo since 1997 (pers. comm. Haja RALALASOA, Sce Statistique du Ministère de la Pêche et des Ressources Halieutiques (M.P.R.H), 9 August 2011; information not cross-checked from other sources yet). However, COMSTAT figures exist as well as FAO FIGIS/FISHSTAT J ones. FAO figures were mainly used to allow comparison with other countries. Interestingly, main products imported are frozen tunas (for information, re-export is negligible consisting of frozen shrimps and prawns nei at 34t mainly) (FAO FIGIS data below). Table 59: Madagascar - import of fish products in net weight, 2008 (FAO FIGIS) Commodity Volume (t) Skipjack tuna, frozen 10 972 Yellowfin tuna, frozen, nei 1 752 Tunas nei, frozen 775 Pilchards (Sardinops spp.), prep. or pres., not minced, nei 766 Fish meals, nei 662 Shrimps and prawns, frozen, nei 70 Fish waste, nei 66 Tunas prepared or preserved, not minced, nei 59 Clupeoids nei, frozen 44 Crabs nei, frozen 26 Cuttlefishes and squids, live, fresh or chilled, nei 16 Mussels, live, fresh or chilled, nei 10 Salmons, smoked 7 Shrimps, prawns, prepared or preserved, nei 7 Marine fish nei, minced, prepared or preserved 6 Mackerel prepared or preserved, not minced, nei 5 Seabreams nei, fresh or chilled 5 Marine fish nei, prepared or preserved, not minced 4 Anchovies, prepared or preserved, not minced 2 Atlantic salmon and Danube salmon, frozen 2 Molluscs and other aq. invertebrates, prep. or pres. 2 Agar agar nei 1 Albacore (=Longfin tuna), fresh or chilled 1 Anchovies, salted or in brine 1 Caviar and caviar substitutes 1 Crab meat nei, prepared or preserved 1 Fish fillets, frozen, nei 1 Fish meat, whether or not minced, frozen, nei 1 Fish, fresh or chilled, nei 1 Livers, roes, milt, fresh or chilled, nei 1 Mussels nei, other than live, fresh or chilled 1 Oysters, live fresh or chilled, nei 1 Salmonoids, not minced, prepared or preserved 1 Soles, frozen, nei 1 Trouts and chars, frozen 1 American/European lobsters (Homarus spp.), nei, frozen // Bigeye tuna, fresh or chilled // Crabs, not frozen // Fish body 0 0 oils, nei // Fish fillets, dried, salted or in brine // Fish fillets, fresh or chilled, nei // Fish live, nei // Herrings nei, smoked // Herrings prepared or preserved, not minced, nei // Herrings, fresh or chilled, nei //Lobster tails or meat, prep. or pres. // Marine fish nei, smoked // Marine mammal oils, nei // Miscellaneous dried fish, whether or not salted, nei // Miscellaneous molluscs, other than live, fresh or chilled, nei // Other seaweeds and aquatic plants and products thereof // Pacific salmon, frozen, nei // Salmons, fresh or chilled, nei // Scallops, live, fresh or chilled, nei // Scallops, other than live, fresh or chilled // Swordfish fillets, frozen // Trouts and chars, fresh or chilled // Tunas, fresh or chilled, nei //Yellowfin tuna, fresh or chilled Total (excluding fish meals and fish waste above) 14 544 Note: data extracted removing corals and like and miscellaneous coral and shells. Imports total value of 26 051 000 USD in 2008 (for the 14 544t).

147 IRFS – Regional Market Assessment (Supply and Demand) Study – Report

- Main trading partners in 2008 (Comstat) by continent, countries (in italic ‘Smartfish countries’):

Note that COMSTAT figures in value and volume for HS4 code 03 and 16 related to fish fit for human consumption 9.2 million USD and 5 148t, highly different figures from FAO ones. Key countries and continent recorded by COMSTAT below are then only providing a non exhaustive trend on origins328. Remark: countries are assumed to be countries of provenance, it may differ from country of origin as COMSTAT figures do not show the difference between both indicators.

Imports from the international markets: Europe is the main source of imports (55%).

Imports from the IO sub-region: Madagascar imports from the IO sub-region (35%); mainly frozen tunas (not in fillets) – confirming FAO figures - and prepared or preserved fish .

Imports from the African continent: highly marginal.

Table 60: Madagascar - import of fish product by countries of provenance in net weight (t), 2008 (COMSTAT) Country of provenance Qty (t) Seychelles (see products below) 1 798.49 Spain 1 304.04 France 979.43 Italy 521.06 Morocco 363.49 Mauritius 41.38 Unspecified 38.52 Indonesia 31.00 Republic of Thailand 21.62 Netherlands 15.42 Chile 10.23 Belgium 8.89 Portugal 5.62 China 4.24 Lebanon 2.57 Equador 1.51 Denmark 0.43 Vietnam 0.06 Norway 0.06 United States of America 0.05 Algeria 0.03 South Africa 0.03 Switzerland 0.02 Canada 0.00 Japan 0.00 Total 5 148.19 Extracted by authors

328 Using COMSTAT provides only a broad understanding of destination and origin of products. For a highly accurate understanding of volumes, values, destinations and origins, different statistical sources should be compared (including Eurostat ; note that FAO FIGIS do not provide details on destinations and origins) complemented with an understanding of informal trade level. This task was not conducted during the study due to time constraint.

148 IRFS – Regional Market Assessment (Supply and Demand) Study – Report

Key products - 030343 : Fish, frozen, excluding fish fillets and other fish meat of heading 03.04.-- (with HS code 6 Skipjack or strip-bellied bonito (1 370t) digit level) of - 030342 : Fish, frozen, excluding fish fillets and other fish meat of heading 03.04.-- importance for Yellowfin tunas (Thunnus albacares) (370t) Seychelles - 030349 : Fish, frozen, excluding fish fillets and other fish meat of heading 03.04.— Other (57t) Other: - 160413: Prepared or preserved fish; caviar and caviar substitutes prepared from fish eggs.-- Sardines, sardinella and brisling or sprats - 160414 : Prepared or preserved fish; caviar and caviar substitutes prepared from fish eggs.-- Tunas, skipjack and bonito (Sarda spp.)

Table 61: Madagascar - import of fish products by provenance, quantity and percentage (net weight), 2008 (COMSTAT) Region/continent Qty (t) % Europe (exc. Réunion) 2 834.98 55.07% Indian Ocean (inc. Réunion and Mayotte) 1 839.87 35.74% North Africa (inc. Egypt) 363.52 7.06% Asia 56.92 1.11% Unspecified 38.52 0.75% South America and Central America 11.74 0.23% Middle East 2.57 0.05% North America 0.05 0.00% Southern Africa (inc. South Africa) 0.03 0.00% Caribbeans 0.00 0.00% Oceania (inc. Guadeloupe) 0.00 0.00% Eastern Africa 0.00 0.00% Total 5 148.20 100.00% Extracted by authors

Exports Exports consists mainly in shrimp either farmed or wild caught. According to FAO data, main products are frozen shrimps nei, prepared and preserved tunas, seaweeds and aquatic plants, frozen crabs and octopus confirming elements gathered during the field study. Table 62: Madagascar - export of fish products in net weight, 2008 (FAO FIGIS) Commodity Volume (t) Shrimps and prawns, frozen, nei 10 056 Tunas prepared or preserved, not minced, nei 7 545 Other seaweeds and aquatic plants and products thereof 1 551 Crabs nei, frozen 1 151 Octopus, other than live, fresh or chilled 660 Octopus, live, fresh or chilled 340 Miscellaneous molluscs, other than live, fresh or chilled, nei 260 Lobsters nei, frozen 207 Fish, frozen, nei 152 Fish, fresh or chilled, nei 147 Miscellaneous dried fish, whether or not salted, nei 114 Cods nei, dried, salted or in brine 64 Swordfish, fresh or chilled 62 Yellowfin tuna, fresh or chilled 52 Cuttlefish and squid, other than live, fresh or chilled 49 Mussels nei, other than live, fresh or chilled 33

149 IRFS – Regional Market Assessment (Supply and Demand) Study – Report

Fish fillets, fresh or chilled, nei 32 Shrimps, prawns, prepared or preserved, nei 32 Crab meat nei, prepared or preserved 25 Salmonoids, frozen 25 Albacore (=Longfin tuna), fresh or chilled 20 Cuttlefishes and squids, live, fresh or chilled, nei 18 Flatfishes nei, frozen 13 Fish fillets, frozen, nei 9 Eels, frozen 8 Eels and elvers live 7 Sharks nei, fresh or chilled 5 Fish waste, nei 4 Swordfish fillets, fresh or chilled 3 Atlantic(Thunnus thynnus)and Pacific(Thunnus orientalis) bluefin tuna, fresh or chilled 2 Crabs, not frozen 2 Flatfishes, fresh or chilled, nei 2 Salmonoids, fresh or chilled, nei 2 Tunas nei, frozen 2 Bigeye tuna, fresh or chilled 1

Crustaceans nei, frozen // Crustaceans, fresh, chilled or boiled in water, nei // Molluscs and other aq. invertebrates, live, fresh or chilled, nei // Molluscs and other aq. invertebrates, prep. or pres. // Salmon nei, not minced, prepared or preserved // Shrimps and prawns, not frozen, nei // Swordfish meat, frozen 0 0 Total (excluding fish waste above) 22 651 Exports above: total value of 160 438 000 USD in 2008.

- Main trading partners in 2008 (Comstat) by continent, countries (in italic ‘Smartfish countries’): Exports: For around 12 000 tonnes of fish products exported recorded by COMSTAT (note the total volume highly different from FAO FIGIS), the countries of destination were as by the tables below. Export to international markets: In a very large majority, the main destination is Europe (88% , COMSTAT figures below) especially France then Spain. then the Indian Ocean countries (ASH data – COMSTAT figures). Réunion is the second most important country in terms of weight according to COMSTAT figures. Export to the African continent Exports to the African continent is marginal – confirmed by interviews with operators - (with the exception of South Africa – exporters mentioned potentials there but to investigate further with caution: as long as fishing stocks especially demersal fish can sustain it). Table 63: Madagascar - export of fish product by countries of destination in net weight (t), 2008 (COMSTAT) Country of destination Qty (t) France 9 566.461 Réunion 476.024 Netherlands 331.724 Mauritius 301.408 Japan 282.419 Belgium 262.822 Spain 218.924 United Kingdom 191.123 Italy 148.874 Hong Kong 142.237

150 IRFS – Regional Market Assessment (Supply and Demand) Study – Report

Portugal 133.987 Martinique 66.588 Unspecified 43.814 Comoros 31.860 South Africa 26.243 Guadeloupe 24.000 Antigua and barbuda 10.500 Germany 10.194 United Arab Emirates 4.112 China 3.050 Egypt 3.050 Canada 1.397 Switzerland 1.128 Singapore 0.715 Malaysia 0.414 Vietnam 0.276 Korea 0.100 Mayotte 0.050 Seychelles 0.045 Total 12 283.539 Extracted by authors Table 64: Madagascar - exports of fish products by destination, quantity and percentage (net weight), 2008 (COMSTAT) Region/continent Qty t) % Europe (exc. Réunion) 10 865.237 88.45% Indian Ocean (inc. Réunion and Mayotte) 809.387 6.59% Asia 429.211 3.49% Caribbeans 77.088 0.63% Unspecified 43.814 0.36% Southern Africa 26.243 0.21% Oceania (inc. Guadeloupe) 24 0.20% Middle East 4.112 0.03% North Africa (inc. Egypt) 3.05 0.02% North America 1.397 0.01% South America 0 0.00% Eastern Africa 0 0.00% Total 12 283.539 100.00% Extracted by authors

151 IRFS – Regional Market Assessment (Supply and Demand) Study – Report

• Imports – exports from 2000 to 2008

35,000 Exports 30,000 25,000 20,000 15,000 Imports 10,000 5,000 0 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008

Figure 61: Madagascar - import and export of fish products in net weight (tonnes), 2000-2008 (FIGIS) • National supply and trade balance (exports – imports)

Trade balance:

20,000 18,000 16,000 14,000 12,000 Madagascar; 10,000 8,107 8,000 6,000 4,000 2,000 0 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008

Figure 62: Madagascar - trade balance of fish products in net weight (tonnes), 2000-2008 (FIGIS) National supply:

180,000 Madagascar; 160,000 129,792 140,000 120,000 100,000 80,000 60,000 40,000 20,000 0 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008

Figure 63: Madagascar - national supply of fish and fish products in tonnes, 2000-2008 (FIGIS) See note on the calculation of ‘national supply’ in the methodology section of the main report.

152 IRFS – Regional Market Assessment (Supply and Demand) Study – Report

• Threats and opportunities by subsector Marine capture: fisheries: the artisanal fishing has almost disappeared competing with the traditional fishing.

Inland aquaculture: key species tilapia

Threats for development of tilapia aquaculture are mainly: o Production costs. For instance, a private funded trial of industrial tilapia cage farming in rivers two or three years by a company exporting wild shrimp and selling by catch locally was successful in terms of biological production but a failure in terms of market. The main issue was production costs too high against wild tilapia.

Tariff issue: some producers/wholesalers were concerned about difficulties to compete with the formal sector. Operators suggested reduction of VAT (issue raised during the field mission).

DEMAND The Per capita consumption in Madagascar is stagnating and even decreased in the last years. Even though these average figures at national level can be recalculated in more details and provide differences between different areas (coasts, towns), rapid surveys on the field demonstrated per capita consumption between 5 and 10kg/capita/year (10kg for upper middle classes). It is assume that projections of demand grow by population growth mainly in the next except if the Malagasy economy and political situation improve.

Consumer preferences: Fish is in direct competition with other protein sources (reminder: price elasticity of demand and substitution with other protein sources, see main text Context and Introduction for details). In large towns, low value fish is under high demand. Frozen marine small fish (from by-catch or from traditional fishing) is under high demand329 with seasonal supplies not meeting it all year round (main consumer preference croaker and yellowstriped goatfish “trois dents” and “rouget” being the local names – see photos attached to the report) due to price below meat in fish shops and markets of the city districts. Cured fish is also consumed by lower social classes (in Antanarivo at least) being a mean to preserve fish at home.

329 Revealed by a FAO study on demand in Antananarivo (carried out in around 2004 – estimated to 300 – 500t/month in Tana – pers. comm SICOCEAN, July 2011), report not managed to be found/collected during the market study.

153 IRFS – Regional Market Assessment (Supply and Demand) Study – Report

• Demand – projections of national fish consumption 200,000 150,000 100,000 50,000 0 2010 2015 2020

Figure 64: Madagascar - projection of average national growth in demand of fish products in tonnes 2010-2020 Calculated by authors from FIGIS and UNDP populuation projections

Demand outside the IO region: A Malagasy food market researcher, Maharavo R. C., suggested that a regional market could be present for restaurants for high value fish on the Eastern African continent especially countries with higher national income levels (Zambia for example, see country profile indeed).

3. SUMMARY/CONCLUSION

• Current status of market - Shrimp targetting exports (mainly EU) – by catch sold locally (coasts and towns such as Antanarivo) - Local market in a gloomy situation due to the economic and political situation of the country but some potentials for low value fish (demand high in Antanarivo for instance) - Marginal exports to the African continent.

• Weaknesses and threats

Weaknesses - Local demand: fish purchasing power low in the majority of the population, targetting low value fish (frozen, cured or fresh fish if near landing sites); - Marine fishery : traditional fishing (see definition above) is highly unknown in terms of catching/landing data then market; - Transports costs and frequency of transport (sea mainly) to the African continent is a trade issue. - Farmed tilapia for the local market – difficulty on market price: a feasibility issue due to (current) production costs being high (fuel price, transport costs, labour costs330 in Madagascar for instance*), competition with the informal trade (not paying taxes) and competition with wild tilapia presence.

Threats: - Shrimp farming and shrimp fishing: competition on the European market and potential environmental issues has reduced supplies having consequences of reduction of low value fish from by-catch on the national (urban) market. This trend may continue.

330 Higher labour costs compared with Asian countries mentioned several times by fish specialists of Madagascar or by private operators.

154 IRFS – Regional Market Assessment (Supply and Demand) Study – Report

• Opportunities/potential - including trends (for supply and demand)

- Low value fish:

Shrimp fishing has 60% - 70% of by catch consisting of low value fish. They are sold locally and not satisfying local demand in urban areas as shrimp fishing got down (for different reasons – see above and main report). There may be a potential market of low value marine fish in the region if coming from a country with surplus stocks (or population not eating fish). Is Mozambique such a country? South Africa may be a potential supplier. One exporter to Mauritius requested Smartfish assistance to source low value fish from Eastern Africa during Jan-March when local production is not able to supply him. Conditions: price must be below products arriving from India (he did do an import test this year on some low value fish from India to respond to the local demand). Remark: a Malagasy shrimp producer thinks of future potentials on salted dried fish in Eastern African coast.

- High value fish – for information: Potential to investigate in South Africa (as long as fisheries stocks –especially demersal fish - can sustain it)

155 IRFS – Regional Market Assessment (Supply and Demand) Study – Report

MAURITIUS

1. NATIONAL OVERVIEW Population (millions) (year)331 1.3 (2010) Population growth factor (%) (2010-2015)332 0.53 Population density (habitants/km2)333 (year) 637 (2010) Human Development Index (year)334 72 (high human development) (2010) Life expectancy at birth (years) (year)335 Male 69 (2009) Female 76 (2009) National average consumption per caput (kg/year) 21.1 (2009) (year)336 Surface area (km2)337 1 996 Length of coast (km) 338 276 Continental shelf (km2) 339 3 046 (Limited shelf area around the islands except for larger shelf areas on certain banks situated far to the North.) EEZ area (km2) 340 1.9 million Gross domestic product per capita, current prices 7 605 (2010) (USD) (year)341 National production of fisheries (tonnes) (year) Total: 8 975 (2009)

Contribution of main fisheries: • Lagoon/artisanal fisheries: 820 t • Banks fishery: 2 233 t • St Brandon inshore fishery: 390 t • Longline swordfish fishery: 246 t • Sea cucumber fishery: 114 t • Aquaculture: 435 t • Recreational: 650 t • (Foreign fleet tuna fishery: 35 863 t) Imports of fish/fisheries products for direct human 11 258 (2009) (total import: 139 342) consumption (tonnes) (year)342 Exports fish/fisheries products for direct human 85 234 (2009) consumption (tonnes) (year)343 344 Type fisheries/aquaculture • Lagoon/artisanal fisheries • Offshore demersal fishery off the banks of the Mascarene Plateau and the Chagos Archipelago • St Brandon fishery • Longline swordfish fishery • Sea cucumber fishery

331 Population Division of the Department of Economic and Social Affairs of the United Nations Secretariat: World Population Prospects, the 2010 Revision: http://esa.un.org/unpd/wpp/index.htm 332 Ibid. 333 http://esa.un.org/unpd/wpp/unpp/p2k0data.asp 334 http://hdr.undp.org/en/statistics/ 335 http://www.who.int/entity/whosis/whostat/EN_WHS2011_Part2.xls 336 Central Statistics Office, Mauritius. In Annual Report 2009, Fisheries Division, Ministry of Agro Industry, Food Production and Security. 337 FAO Country Profile: http://www.fao.org/fishery/countrysector/FI-CP_MU/en 338 FAO Country Profile: http://www.fao.org/fishery/countrysector/FI-CP_MU/en 339 FAO Country Profile: http://www.fao.org/fishery/countrysector/FI-CP_MU/en 340 FAO Country Profile: http://www.fao.org/fishery/countrysector/FI-CP_MU/en 341 http://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/weo/2010/01/weodata/weorept.aspx?sy=2008&ey=2015&scsm=1&ssd=1&sort=country &ds=.&br=1&c=684&s=NGDPDPC&grp=0&a=&pr.x=58&pr.y=5 342 Annual Report 2009, Fisheries Division, Ministry of Agro Industry, Food Production and Security. 343 Annual Report 2009, Fisheries Division, Ministry of Agro Industry, Food Production and Security.

156 IRFS – Regional Market Assessment (Supply and Demand) Study – Report

• Aquaculture • Mariculture • Recreational fishery • Foreign fleet tuna fishery Main species • Lagoon: lethrinids, scarids, sigannids and mullets • Banks: lethrinids and snappers/groupers • Tuna • Swordfish • Aquaculture (inland and marine): red drum

2. SUPPLY

2.1 Official production Figure 65 shows Mauritian production during 2000-2009, indicating that it has been fluctuating as well as that capture fisheries contributed the majority of the national production in each year.

12000

10000

8000 oT n 6000 ne s Total production 4000 Capture

2000 Aquaculture

Year

Figure 65: Mauritius - production of fish in live weight, 2000-2009 (FIGIS)

The fisheries sector of Mauritius consists of several sub-sectors345: • Lagoon/artisanal fisheries • Offshore demersal fishery off the banks of the Mascarene Plateau and the Chagos Archipelago • St Brandon fishery • Longline swordfish fishery • Sea cucumber fishery • Aquaculture (including mariculture) • Recreational fishery • Foreign fleet tuna fishery In 2009, the total annual production of these fisheries and aquaculture was 8 975 metric tonnes (t), excluding catch of the foreign fleet tuna fishery (see Table 65 below).

344 Annual Report 2009, Fisheries Division, Ministry of Agro Industry, Food Production and Security. 345 Annual Report 2009, Fisheries Division, Ministry of Agro Industry, Food Production and Security.

157 IRFS – Regional Market Assessment (Supply and Demand) Study – Report

Table 65: Mauritius - overview of annual total production by sub-sector, 2005-2009 346

Capture fisheries

Lagoon fishery Compared to 2008, an increase of 20.2 percent was noted with regard to the production of fresh fish, due to an increase in catch from the large net fishery347, estimated at 820 t in 2009. This comprised 496 t from the lagoon and 324 t from off-lagoon.348 Banks fishery With regard to the banks fishery (around Saya de Malha, Nazareth, Albatross and Chagos Archipelagos)349, 2 233 t of frozen fish was landed (mainly lethrinids [emperors]: 87.1 percent; but also snappers/groupers, 12.8 percent, and tuna/others). This represented an increase of 32 percent and was attributed to greater fishing effort.350

346 Annual Report 2009, Fisheries Division, Ministry of Agro Industry, Food Production and Security. 347 Gears/fishing methods used in this fishery include: large nets, gill nets, basket traps, hooks and lines, harpoons, basket traps/lines and on foot. 348 Annual Report 2009, Fisheries Division, Ministry of Agro Industry, Food Production and Security. 349 The Banks fishery vessels were primarily flagged to Mauritius but also to Comoros and Madagascar. 350 Annual Report 2009, Fisheries Division, Ministry of Agro Industry, Food Production and Security.

158 IRFS – Regional Market Assessment (Supply and Demand) Study – Report

St. Brandon inshore fishery Furthermore, the produce from the St. Brandon fishery in 2009 (Table 66) amounted to 390 t of chilled, salted and frozen fish (mainly lethrinids, but also and other species, namely Spotted coralgrouper [Plectropomus maculates], lyretail [Variola spp.], Shoemaker spinefoot [Siganus sutor], Bluespine unicornfish [Naso unicornis] and parrotfish [Scarus spp.] as well as frozen octopus and lobster.351

Table 66: Mauritius - St. Brandon inshore fishery production (t), 2005 - 2009 352

Sea cucumber fishery Collection, processing and export of sea cucumbers took place on a quota basis for the period 1st April to 31st July 2009. The total wet weight of sea cucumbers collected were 114 t, mainly comprised of Holothuria atra (76 percent), Actinopyga mauritianna (9 percent), Holothuria leucospilota (6 percent), Bohadscia argus (5 percent) and Holothuria edulis (4 percent). However, a two-year moratorium period was adopted since 1st October 2009 for the conservation 353 of sea cucumbers. Longline swordfish fishery In 2009, one Mauritian longliner, targeting swordfish, landed 246 t of which 74 percent was composed of swordfish (see Figure 66 below).354

Figure 66: Mauritius - catch composition of longline fishery, 2009 355

351 Annual Report 2009, Fisheries Division, Ministry of Agro Industry, Food Production and Security. 352 Annual Report 2009, Fisheries Division, Ministry of Agro Industry, Food Production and Security. 353 Annual Report 2009, Fisheries Division, Ministry of Agro Industry, Food Production and Security. 354 Annual Report 2009, Fisheries Division, Ministry of Agro Industry, Food Production and Security.

159 IRFS – Regional Market Assessment (Supply and Demand) Study – Report

Tuna and other foreign fleets – licenses and transhipments Mauritius has fishing agreements with the Government of Seychelles and the Federation of Japan Tuna Fisheries Co-operative Associations (FJTFCA)356, under which 49 licences were issued in 2009 to tuna fishing vessels (see Table 67 below), and extensions were granted to nine.357 Table 67: Mauritius - licenses issued to foreign fishing vessels under fishing agreements, 2009 358

Licenses were also issued to foreign vessels not falling under a fishing agreement, as per Table 68.359 Table 68: Mauritius - licenses issued in 2009 to foreign fishing vessels not falling under fishing agreement 360

In 2009, the number of foreign licences issued increased compared to 2008 as a result of the resumption of licensing of European Community fishing vessels. That year, licence fees obtained from foreign fishing vessels amounted to USD 1 388 500 and MUR 45 000. 361 In terms of transhipments, in 2009 a total of 35 863 t of tuna and tuna-like species were transhipped at Port Louis by tuna fishing vessels and carriers. Albacore tuna constituted 62 percent of the total catch. The volume of yellowfin and skipjack tuna transhipped sharply increased due to transhipment effected by some European purse seiners which mostly target these species. 362

355 Annual Report 2009, Fisheries Division, Ministry of Agro Industry, Food Production and Security. 356 The fishing agreement with the Japan Tuna Fisheries Cooperatives Association (JTFCA) provides for licensing of 50 Japanese fishing vessels to fish for tuna and associated species in the Mauritius EEZ from 2009 to 2011. 357 Annual Report 2009, Fisheries Division, Ministry of Agro Industry, Food Production and Security. 358 Annual Report 2009, Fisheries Division, Ministry of Agro Industry, Food Production and Security. 359 Annual Report 2009, Fisheries Division, Ministry of Agro Industry, Food Production and Security. 360 Annual Report 2009, Fisheries Division, Ministry of Agro Industry, Food Production and Security. 361 Annual Report 2009, Fisheries Division, Ministry of Agro Industry, Food Production and Security. 362 Annual Report 2009, Fisheries Division, Ministry of Agro Industry, Food Production and Security.

160 IRFS – Regional Market Assessment (Supply and Demand) Study – Report

Table 69: Mauritius - species composition of catch transhipped by foreign fleets in Mauritius, 2009 (t) 363

Other transhipments In 2009, 1 276 tonnes of patagonian toothfish was transhipped in Port Louis. A further 3 931 t of other deep-sea demersal fishes were transhipped with the main species being alfonsino, cardinal, orange roughy, blue nose, spiky dory, smooth dory, butter fish, boar fish, black dory, black barracouda, icefish, travella, armour head, ribaldo and grouper. 364 Aquaculture In 2009, governmental seed production of berri rouge, fresh water ornamental fish and the giant freshwater prawn (Macrobrachium rosenbergii) were pursued. Technical advice was provided to 92 persons embarking on aquaculture projects. Furthermore, training sessions on breeding and culture of freshwater ornamental fish were held. The total aquaculture production (freshwater and marine) amounted to 435 t, of which the majority came from mariculture (floating cages) (see Table 70 below).365

Table 70: Mauritius - aquaculture production, 2009 366

Recreational fishing Recreational fishing, targeting marlin and tuna, is run by the hotels, using FADs further out at sea to avoid conflict with other activities. No data exists on this fishery, though estimates indicate catches of around 650 t per year (see section 2.1, Table 65).367 2.2 Description of value chain and products

Infrastructure and transport The value chain for the tuna industry is well developed and modern in Mauritius with few obstacles apart from the occasional entering into force of new EU regulations368. Port Louis is the only port of

363 Annual Report 2009, Fisheries Division, Ministry of Agro Industry, Food Production and Security. 364 Annual Report 2009, Fisheries Division, Ministry of Agro Industry, Food Production and Security. 365 Annual Report 2009, Fisheries Division, Ministry of Agro Industry, Food Production and Security. 366 Annual Report 2009, Fisheries Division, Ministry of Agro Industry, Food Production and Security. 367 Personal comment: Mr Sreenivasan Soondron, Albion Fisheries Research Center.

161 IRFS – Regional Market Assessment (Supply and Demand) Study – Report

Mauritius and it operates on a 24-hour, 7-day-a-week, 365-day basis, equipped with deep water quays available for fish handling operations capable of berthing vessels ranging from small 15-metre-long boats to 100-metre super seiner vessels and reefer carriers. Furthermore, more than 250 reefer containers plug in points are available for the shipment of seafood products under controlled temperature to export markets. In addition, there is a Free Port Zone, which has further added impetus to the use of the modern facilities for transhipment and export-oriented port based activities.369 In terms of the bank fisheries, these vessels are equipped to freeze or keep catch chilled. On the other hand, with regard to the lagoon fishery, with its 61 landing sites, cold storage facilities are lacking and little ice is used on the fishing vessels.370 Product form More or less all fish from the lagoon fishery as well as about 90 percent of the banks fisheries catch is consumed domestically. Catch from the lagoon fishery is consumed fresh, sold either directly from fisher to household or via the market, as delivery is rapid from the 61 landing sites to sales points inland. The banks fishery delivers chilled (retailed from chilling cabinets or iced) or frozen (stored in cold stores, -18°C, ashore for distribution to retail outlets in urban areas and villages equipped with frozen storage facilities. In St Brandon, salted fish is produced for shipment to Mauritius. Sun-dried octopus and salted fish products formerly produced in Rodrigues have over the years declined to negligible levels. 371 In terms of the tuna and tuna like species processing and exports, products include canned tuna, fresh and frozen loins, smoked fish, fresh and frozen fillet processed from skipjack, albacore and marlin swordfish.372 Wholesale/retail A new development in terms of the Mauritian value chain is the establishment of a fish auction market. This is currently being established in Port Louis and is nearly finished (operational from 2012). Its purpose is to be the official selling point of bycatch from the tuna fisheries (long lines), which would increase transparency amongst other things. Ideally, all fisheries will sell their fish at this market (including the lagoon and banks fisheries) though this may take some time.373 However, for the moment, the lagoon fishery catch is sold directly on the beach, at the landing sites, or at the fish market. Prices for various lagoon species in 2009 are shown in Table 71 below.

368 E.g. see EU Regulations on IUU Fishing, Policy and Practice to Tuna Processing in Mauritius. By Ardill, D., and Barnes, C., Cambridge Resource Economics. July 2010. MEXA Seafood Council. 369 Paper prepared for the Commonwealth Secretariat by the Ministry of Agro Industries and Fisheries (Fisheries Division) of Mauritius, for the ESA MEETING ON TRADE AND SUSTAINABLE APPROACHES TO FISHERIES NEGOTIATIONS UNDER WTO/EPA, Labourdonnais Waterfront Hotel, Port Louis- Mauritius, 2-4 May 2007. 370 Personal comment: Mr Sreenivasan Soondron, Albion Fisheries Research Center. 371 FAO Country Profile: http://www.fao.org/fishery/countrysector/FI-CP_MU/en 372 MEXA Export Directory. 373 Personal comment: Mr Sreenivasan Soondron, Albion Fisheries Research Center.

162 IRFS – Regional Market Assessment (Supply and Demand) Study – Report

Table 71: Mauritius - yearly average retail price of fresh fish from the lagoon fishery (Rs/kg), 2005 - 2009374

Hotels are generally supplied by fishmongers directly and other sale is through supermarkets (imported, frozen, etc.). 2.3 National supply status – opportunities and threats Various developments are taking place in the Mauritian fisheries sector at the moment. One is the promotion by the Government of Mauritius as an important seafood hub, with the aim of maximizing value from the landings of catches in the region and to boost up activities in the re-export sector. In 2005, 35 percent of total exports were re-exports.375 Another development is the promotion of aquaculture and encouragement of investment in this sector.376 In addition, the Mauritian Government would like to see a diversification of the local seafood production (which presently does not satisfy local consumption). For example, the artisanal fishery, as a business sector, is lagging behind in development as compared to e.g. the textiles industry.377

374 Annual Report 2009, Fisheries Division, Ministry of Agro Industry, Food Production and Security. 375 ESA meeting on trade and sustainable approaches to fisheries negotiations under WTO/EPA. Mauritius Paper: Trade and Sustainable Approaches to WTO/EPA Negotiations on Fisheries. Paper prepared for the Commonwealth Secretariat by the Ministry of Agro Industries and Fisheries (Fisheries Division) of Mauritius. 2007. 376 Potential for Sustainable Aquaculture Development in Mauritius. By Board of Investment and Ministry of Agro-Industry and Fisheries (Fisheries Division). December 2007: http://www.kalipso.mu/wp-content/uploads/aquacultureopportunities- boi2.pdf 377 Trade Chakra: Fishing Industry in Mauritius: http://www.tradechakra.com/economy/mauritius/fishing-industry-in- mauritius-315.php

163 IRFS – Regional Market Assessment (Supply and Demand) Study – Report

Capture fisheries In terms of expanding the current capture fisheries sector to un- or underexploited fish stocks, two possibilities have been noted. One is deep-sea fishing on the shelves of the banks, at depths of 100- 350 m. This fishery is aimed at high value snappers and red fish caught by line. In 2006, FAO made a stock assessment and discovered 1000 t of deepwater snapper, whereas only 450 t was caught last year. Furthermore, a study by FAO in the 1970s estimated a Maximum Sustainable Yield (MSY) of 14-26 000 t per year of mackerel on the banks, which is currently not being fished.378 Lagoon fishery The lagoon fishery is commercial in the sense that the fishermen tend to not only fish for subsistence – they sell their catch fresh for local consumption. It is an open access fishery and the fishers go out in the morning (2-3 people in 8 m pirouges) and come back mid day and sell the catch to fish mongers, who buy the fuel, etc., for the fishermen and generally also own the boats. At present, 2300 fishermen are registered with the government379, however, the total estimated number of fishermen is 22-23 000. The 61 landing sites are sampled for catch. MSY is estimated at 1700 t per year, but only about 800 t is recorded annually. Stocks are still deemed to be overfished.380 Outer lagoon fishing is currently being promoted to take pressure off the lagoon stocks, with the use of Fishing Aggregating Devices (FADs). In 2009, the number of FADs set around Mauritius was increased from 20 to 22 with FADs deployed for the first time off Grand River North West and Mon Choisy. In the same year, regulations for the control of fishing around FADs were drafted. Projects are carried out to support the FAD fishery, including the FAD Fishery Development Sub-programme, under the International Fund for Agricultural Development (IFAD) Rural Diversification Programme.381 Figure 67 below shows catch per fisherman-day (CPFD) for 2005 to 2009 in the artisanal fishery.

Figure 67: Mauritius - catch per fisherman-day in the artisanal fishery, 2005-2009 382

378 Personal comment: Mr Sreenivasan Soondron, Albion Fisheries Research Center. 379 Being an open access fishery, registration includes benefits (such as bad weather allowance) in return for the government being able to keep track of the fishers and their catch. 380 Personal comment: Mr Sreenivasan Soondron, Albion Fisheries Research Center. 381 Annual Report 2009, Fisheries Division, Ministry of Agro Industry, Food Production and Security. 382 Annual Report 2009, Fisheries Division, Ministry of Agro Industry, Food Production and Security.

164 IRFS – Regional Market Assessment (Supply and Demand) Study – Report

The Banks fishery The banks fishery involves about seven motherships with small dories. They go out for about two months at the time, fishing mainly Lethrinids (emperors) – this is the main source of frozen fish for Mauritius. The fishery is managed through a licensing system (limited entry and catch quota: 3800 t per year) and the stocks are in good shape with an MSY of 4200 t. However, only around 2000 t is being caught annually (see Figure 68 below). The main problem is rather that the fishermen are not interested in this fishery anymore – the motherships are old and they do not want to stay out for two months. There is a market for the fish but it is difficult to find the fishermen for the job. A project with Norway is looking into using traps in this fishery, which would require fewer fishermen. 383

Figure 68: Mauritius - trend in catch for the banks fishery, 2005 – 2009384

St Brandon fishery A semi-chilled fishery targeting emperors takes place at St Brandon, bringing back 2-3 t per fishing trip. Fresh fish is kept on ice (chilled) and supplies hotels and supermarkets. As prices are higher for fresh/chilled fish, this fishery is the focus of development. 385 Tuna and other industrial/foreign fisheries In 2009, 192 fishing licences were issued to foreign vessels to operate in Mauritius waters while 20 licensed Mauritian vessels were involved in different fishing activities. A total of 604 fishing vessels called at Port Louis for transhipment, bunkering, dry docking, supply of provisions and changing of crew. 264 fishing vessels, comprising 32 local and 232 foreign vessels, reported to the Fisheries Monitoring Centre. A total of 35 088 tonnes of tuna and tuna-like species was transhipped at Port Louis by tuna fishing vessels and carriers. The amount of toothfish transhipped was 1 276 tonnes. 386

383 Personal comment: Mr Sreenivasan Soondron, Albion Fisheries Research Center. 384 Annual Report 2009, Fisheries Division, Ministry of Agro Industry, Food Production and Security. 385 Personal comment: Mr Sreenivasan Soondron, Albion Fisheries Research Center. 386 Annual Report 2009, Fisheries Division, Ministry of Agro Industry, Food Production and Security.

165 IRFS – Regional Market Assessment (Supply and Demand) Study – Report

Climate change Climate change is a real threat to the Mauritian fisheries sector, with coastal erosion, coral bleaching and increased surface temperatures as visible results. However, so far no study has been carried out on impacts on catch, though overall fishing pressure is too high, which reduces resilience. With regard to the tuna industry, there were concerns in the canning industry because of lack of raw material, and it was believed it was due to climate change and its effect on the thermocline. This was never confirmed and now catch is high again, hence it could have been a matter of fluctuation. 387 With regard to the coral reef ecosystem and seawater quality, long term monitoring takes place at established sites around the island. In 2009, some monitoring sites showed a gradual decline in coral cover since 2005. Sea surface temperature recorded in the lagoons in the north of Mauritius showed a significant increase up to 31ºC in January in that year. This contributed to a bloom of microalgae which led to the depletion of dissolved oxygen, which in turn resulted in some fish mortality and the smothering of live corals in the lagoon of Poudre d’Or and Anse La Raie. Furthermore, surveys were conducted at Belle Mare, Anse La Raie and Bel Ombre, and at the fore reef of Ile aux Benitiers to assess the extent of bleached coral. However, follow up surveys during the year showed that 85 percent of the bleached corals at Belle Mare had recovered. 388 To combat coastal erosion, the Government has over the past 10-15 years been planting mangroves389. In 2009, the work continued and seedlings were propagated at Bassin Léon, Le Morne, within the context of the mangrove propagation programme, resulting in some 9 500 mangrove seedlings successfully propagated over an area of 5 000m2.390 Piracy Piracy is a major issue, primarily affecting the tuna fisheries as it increases the cost of fishing because of insurances needed for the vessels, etc.391 Aquaculture To date, freshwater aquaculture has had some constraints due to lack of suitable water resources, the high cost of using rivers (need for government approval, etc.), as well as high electricity prices. Furthermore, Mauritians generally prefer the taste of marine fish.392 There have been various attempts at freshwater aquaculture, including freshwater prawn (camaron), carps, red tilapia and freshwater crayfish, many discontinued due to the low consumer demand. In the case of the freshwater prawn, the production was transferred to the private sector for commercial production, however, in 2002 it was abandoned because of high costs and water scarcity. It was taken over by the Government hatchery to ensure production of juveniles to support medium and small-scale farmers around the island and this is still ongoing393. The same happened to the red tilapia (berry rouge) farming, with the Government taking over and distributing fingerlings to small-scale farmers, which is also still 394 395 ongoing .

387 Personal comment: Mr Sreenivasan Soondron, Albion Fisheries Research Center. 388 Annual Report 2009, Fisheries Division, Ministry of Agro Industry, Food Production and Security. 389 Personal comment: Mr Sreenivasan Soondron, Albion Fisheries Research Center. 390 Annual Report 2009, Fisheries Division, Ministry of Agro Industry, Food Production and Security. 391 Personal comment: Mr Sreenivasan Soondron, Albion Fisheries Research Center. 392 Personal comment: Mr Sreenivasan Soondron, Albion Fisheries Research Center. 393 In 2009, juveniles were sold to 17 farmers at the rate of Rs. 1.25/unit. 394 A total of 1 620 fingerlings were distributed free of charge to 125 small-scale farmers and 23 960 were sold to 15 large- scale farmers at Rs. 1.25/unit for a total of Rs. 29 950. 395 Potential for Sustainable Aquaculture Development in Mauritius. Board of Investment and Ministry of Agro-Industry and fisheries (Fisheries Division), December 2007.

166 IRFS – Regional Market Assessment (Supply and Demand) Study – Report

With regard to mariculture, in 1989 sea bream seed production was developed and fingerlings released in the coastal waters for stock enhancement. Marine shrimps were also tried though the private sector did not join in due to high capital investment and lack of available rearing space in the coastal areas. Again the Government hatchery continued production of juveniles for release in the lagoon for stock enhancement. Seed production of crab was also attempted but without encouraging results. In 2002, however, floating cage culture was introduced, culturing red drum, sea bream and rabbit fish by a private farmer.396 So far, only one company is involved and it imports juveniles of red drum from the USA and exports to USA and Dubai, etc. It is currently trying another species – seabass (bar), which is imported from France. 397 A Master Plan for the Mauritian fisheries sector (to be finalized in August 2011) identifies 21 potential sites for expanded mariculture, based on a study in 2008). These sites are located far away from tourist places to avoid conflict (the cages could attract sharks, local fishermen do not like the cages as they are worried the fish might escape and reproduce in the wild and disturb the natural ecosystem, etc.). Currently, only eight sites are being used but there is a potential for production of 29-40 000 t year.398 Furthermore, trials for asexual reproduction of the sea cucumbers Holothuria leucospilota, Holothuria atra and Stichopus chloronotus and induced sexual reproduction of Holothuria leucospilota were carried out. Lastly, breeding and culture of the freshwater ornamental fish, gold fish (Carassius auratus), platy (Xiphophorus maculatus) and molly (Poecilia latipinna) were also carried out. 399 Product quality With regard to the tuna industry, existing processing companies presently engage in the following major fish processing activities: filleting, packaging, canning, vacuum packing and production for ready-to-eat markets. All export seafood companies operate in accordance to EU standards and/or the Food and Drug Administration norms and are HACCP registered to ensure the required level of food and safety compliance of their products.400 With regard to the landings of the artisanal lagoon fishery, there is a problem with the lack of cold storage and use of ice.401 However, in 2009, 269 fishmongers dealing in fresh fish attended a training course in fish handling, preservation and marketing, with the objective of providing them with the necessary knowledge and skills to offer quality fish to consumers.402 A pressing issue is the risk of presence of ciguatoxin in fish from the banks. Some 21 species on the banks can potentially become toxic as they get toxins from algae. Of this catch, 1-2 percent is toxic and all potentially toxic species are banned, with campaigns to inform consumers.Tests on samples are done regularly to check for the presence of the toxin, however, it happens that fish is consumed containing the toxin and fatalities occur.403 Monitoring of potentially harmful marine microalgae is also undertaken at four established sites, namely Albion, Blue Bay, Le Morne and Trou aux Biches. The sites are sampled on a quarterly basis for the presence and density of harmful marine microalgae.404

396 Potential for Sustainable Aquaculture Development in Mauritius. Board of Investment and Ministry of Agro-Industry and fisheries (Fisheries Division), December 2007. 397 Personal comment: Mr Sreenivasan Soondron, Albion Fisheries Research Center. 398 Personal comment: Mr Sreenivasan Soondron, Albion Fisheries Research Center. 399 Annual Report 2009, Fisheries Division, Ministry of Agro Industry, Food Production and Security. 400 MEXA Export Directory. 401 Personal comment: Mr Sreenivasan Soondron, Albion Fisheries Research Center. 402 Annual Report 2009, Fisheries Division, Ministry of Agro Industry, Food Production and Security. 403 Personal comment: Mr Sreenivasan Soondron, Albion Fisheries Research Center. 404 Annual Report 2009, Fisheries Division, Ministry of Agro Industry, Food Production and Security.

167 IRFS – Regional Market Assessment (Supply and Demand) Study – Report

2.4 Imports One objective of the Master Plan being developed is to reduce imports and increase local production. Currently, 50-55 percent of domestic production is imported. As standard of living is improving and tourism is increasing (2 million tourists per year estimated for 2020) demand is likely to increase further.405 In 2009, imports of fish and fish products for direct consumption amounted to 11 258 t, representing about 11.5 percent of the total imports to Mauritius that year. Fish and fish products imported for direct consumption are classified into four categories, namely fish, crustacean, cephalopod and shellfish. Crustaceans consisted of prawns, shrimps, crabs and lobsters and cephalopods of octopii, squids and cuttlefish; and shellfish of mussels, oysters, clams and scallop. 406 (See Figure 69 for import composition in 2009.)

Figure 69: Mauritius - imports of fish products per category, 2009 407

Fish and fish products were imported in different forms of preservation: frozen, chilled, canned, dried, smoked and live crustaceans. The main imports were constituted by frozen (7 630 t) and canned products (3 314 t). An overview of imports of fish and fish products by country of origin for direct consumption are presented in Figure 70 below. 408

405 Personal comment: Mr Sreenivasan Soondron, Albion Fisheries Research Center. 406 Annual Report 2009, Fisheries Division, Ministry of Agro Industry, Food Production and Security. 407 Annual Report 2009, Fisheries Division, Ministry of Agro Industry, Food Production and Security. 408 Annual Report 2009, Fisheries Division, Ministry of Agro Industry, Food Production and Security.

168 IRFS – Regional Market Assessment (Supply and Demand) Study – Report

Figure 70: Mauritius - import of fish and fish products by country of origin, 2009409

In 2009, imports of frozen fish and fish products (mainly “capitaine”, “cateau”, “vacoas”, “vieille”, catfish, marlin, sailfish and tuna) were mainly from India, China, South Africa, Madagascar, Thailand and Indonesia. In addition, imports included frozen fish from foreign fishing vessels operating in the high seas and calling at the Freeport. Import of canned fish and fish products such as sardines, mackerels, anchovy, salmon, tuna, crabmeat and mussels were imported from Morocco, Chile, Peru, South Africa, Thailand, Madagascar, Singapore, India, Malaysia, China, France and the United Kingdom. The main countries for the supply of sardines and mackerel were Morocco, South Africa and Chile. For overviews of imports of frozen and canned fish and fish products 2005-2009, see Tables 72 and 73 below.410

Table 72: Mauritius - imports of frozen fish and fish products, 2005-2009 (t)411

409 Annual Report 2009, Fisheries Division, Ministry of Agro Industry, Food Production and Security. 410 Annual Report 2009, Fisheries Division, Ministry of Agro Industry, Food Production and Security. 411 Annual Report 2009, Fisheries Division, Ministry of Agro Industry, Food Production and Security.

169 IRFS – Regional Market Assessment (Supply and Demand) Study – Report

Table 73: Mauritius - imports of canned fish and fish products, 2005-2009 (t) 412

Amounting to 181 t in 2009, chilled fish and fish products were mainly imported from Seychelles, India and France. A total of 50 t of fish was imported from Seychelles, mostly comprising “capitaine”, “sacréchien”, ”vacoas” and “bourgeois”. “Bourgeois‟ fish was imported for sale to hotels only. The main imports from India consisted of 5 t of lobsters, prawns and crab meat. From France, a total of 121 t was imported, consisting of 19 t of salmon amongst other products. 413 A total of 203 t of dried fish and fish products were imported from India, China, Malaysia, Indonesia, Pakistan and Singapore. 414 Smoked fish and fish products were imported from France, Denmark, Singapore and the United Kingdom for the supermarkets, hotels and restaurants. Comprised mainly herring, trout, salmon, haddock and mackerel, they amounted to 12 t. 415 Of fish products mainly in the form of fish fingers, fish cakes and fish balls, 846 t were imported in 2009. 416 The tuna processing plants imported 85 111 t of raw material from fishing vessels transshipping in Seychelles. From New Zealand and Namibia, 776 tonnes of frozen barracouta (snoek: Thyrsites atun) was imported for the production of salted snoek.417 In terms of by-catch from tuna longliners, 370 t were purchased in 2009 by the Agricultural Marketing Board and sold to fishermen cooperatives, comprising of non-targeted tuna species, oil fish, sailfish, moonfish, marlin, becune, angelfish, shark and “dorade”. 418 Furthermore419: • Some 330 kg of live crab were imported from Madagascar. • A total of 931 767 units of live fresh water ornamental fishes were imported from Singapore and Malaysia, including gold fish, tetra, guppies, mollies, cichlids, arrowana and fresh water turtles. • A total of 102 t of dried fishmeal and 410 t of fish-waste were imported from France and the Freeport. These products were used in the manufacture of animal feed. • A total of 169 t of pet food was imported from Thailand, Chile, Singapore and France for sale on the local market. 2.5 Exports With regard to exports, these can be divided into four different categories and as an overview, in 2009, the following were exported420:

412 Annual Report 2009, Fisheries Division, Ministry of Agro Industry, Food Production and Security. 413 Annual Report 2009, Fisheries Division, Ministry of Agro Industry, Food Production and Security. 414 Annual Report 2009, Fisheries Division, Ministry of Agro Industry, Food Production and Security. 415 Annual Report 2009, Fisheries Division, Ministry of Agro Industry, Food Production and Security. 416 Annual Report 2009, Fisheries Division, Ministry of Agro Industry, Food Production and Security. 417 Annual Report 2009, Fisheries Division, Ministry of Agro Industry, Food Production and Security. 418 Annual Report 2009, Fisheries Division, Ministry of Agro Industry, Food Production and Security. 419 Annual Report 2009, Fisheries Division, Ministry of Agro Industry, Food Production and Security.

170 IRFS – Regional Market Assessment (Supply and Demand) Study – Report

• locally caught/farmed fresh/chilled fish (213 t); • marine ornamental fish (2 753 units); • raw products that have been imported and processed (canned tuna [32 511 t], tuna loins [38 382 t], salted snoek [102 t], fishmeal [2 374 t], fish oil [330 t]; and • re-exports (canned products: 83 t). With regard to chilled fish, two companies exported a total of 23 t to Réunion Island, mainly consisting of: Blacktip grouper (Epinephelus fasciatus), White-edged lyretail (Variola albimarginata), Tomato hind (Cephalopolis sonnerati), Oblique-banded snapper (Pristipomoides zonatus) and White- blotched grouper (Epinephelus multinotatus). 421 From the aquaculture sub-sector, 190 t of chilled red drum were exported to France, South Africa, USA, Portugal, Spain and Italy, while 141 t of red drum, silver sea bream and rabbit fish were produced for the local market. In terms of marine ornamental fish, three companies exported 2 753 units of live ornamental marine fish to USA, Hong Kong, United Kingdom, Germany, Israel, France, Japan, Singapore, Africa and Spain. 422 With regard to processing, the local cannery imported 48 429 t of raw tuna from European vessels for processing. 32 511 tonnes of canned tuna were exported to European countries and 983 t were put on sale on the local market. Since 2007, pet food has not been produced. For an overview of the canned tuna export and local sale between 2005 and 2009, see Table 74 below. 423

Table 74: Mauritius - export and local sale of canned tuna and pet food (t), 2005-2009. 424

With regard to production of tuna loins for export, in 2009, one processing plant imported 56 723 t of raw frozen tuna and produced a total of 48 881 t of tuna loins/chunks/flakes. Of this, 38 382 t were exported to Spain, Italy, France, Greece , Portugal, Belgium, Israel, Denmark, Germany, Netherlands, South Africa, United Kingdom and USA. 425 In terms of salted snoek (Thyrsites atun), two companies are engaged in the production of this (made of imported frozen raw material), and in 2009, 543 t of salted snoek were sold on the local market 426 while 102 t were exported. In 2009, one company was involved in fishmeal production, made of raw materials (tuna offal) obtained from the local fish processing factories. A total of 11 119 t of fishmeal was produced. Out of this, 8 745 t were sold on the local market and 2 374 t were exported to South Africa, Australia and Madagascar. Table 75 provides an overview of the fishmeal production over the past five years.

420 Annual Report 2009, Fisheries Division, Ministry of Agro Industry, Food Production and Security. 421 Annual Report 2009, Fisheries Division, Ministry of Agro Industry, Food Production and Security. 422 Annual Report 2009, Fisheries Division, Ministry of Agro Industry, Food Production and Security. 423 Annual Report 2009, Fisheries Division, Ministry of Agro Industry, Food Production and Security. 424 Annual Report 2009, Fisheries Division, Ministry of Agro Industry, Food Production and Security. 425 Annual Report 2009, Fisheries Division, Ministry of Agro Industry, Food Production and Security. 426 Annual Report 2009, Fisheries Division, Ministry of Agro Industry, Food Production and Security.

171 IRFS – Regional Market Assessment (Supply and Demand) Study – Report

Table 75: Mauritius - fishmeal production in tonnes, 2005-2009427

In 2009, one company was engaged in the production and export of fish oil (oil extracted from fish), exporting 330 t to China that year. Lastly, two companies were involved in the import and re-export of canned products of sardines, pilchards, mackerel and tuna meat. In 2009, 83 t of canned products were imported from Morocco and Chile and re-exported mainly to Madagascar but also to Seychelles and Comoros. Figure 71 provides an overview of the relationship between Mauritian imports and exports during 2000-2009. It indicates that Mauritius is a net importer and that imports have been steadily increasing during the period. Exports have also been increasing but to a lesser extent.

160000 140000 120000 100000 oT n 80000 ne s Imports 60000 Exports 40000 20000 0 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 Year

Figure 71: Mauritius - imports and exports of fish products, 2000-2008 (FIGIS)

3. DEMAND 3.1 In-country In Mauritius, the per capita consumption of fish428 has risen over the past five years (see Table 76 below). Fish and fishing have always been important to Mauritius though local production has never been high. As has been indicated earlier, it does not cover the high demand for fish and fish products, with 50-55 percent of demand being covered by imports.

427 Annual Report 2009, Fisheries Division, Ministry of Agro Industry, Food Production and Security. 428 In 2007, the average per capita supply of fish was 20.6 kg/year compared to 45.5 kg/year of meat that same year (FAO Food supply quantity statistics: http://faostat.fao.org/site/610/DesktopDefault.aspx?PageID=610 ).

172 IRFS – Regional Market Assessment (Supply and Demand) Study – Report

Table 76: Mauritius - annual per capita consumption of fish (kg), 2005-2009 429

In terms of trends, it was noted earlier that fresh fish is less popular than marine fish in Mauritius. But generally, people eat more fish because they are getting wealthier and more health conscious. There is also a notable increased interest in value-added products, e.g. ready-meals, frozen fish from the banks or canned fish (e.g. pilchard from SA).430 Furthermore, as tourism is increasing, this is also a demand to take into account. Figure 72 below shows the projected increase in demand for Mauritius between 2010 and 2020, indicating a fairly slow growth rate likely to be caused by the small population and low population growth (see section 1).

35000

30000

25000

oT 20000 n ne s 15000 10000

5000

0 2010 2015 2020 Year

Figure 72: Mauritius - projection of growth in demand of fish products, 2010 - 2020 (FAO FIGIS)

3.2 In-ESA IO region (demand of products exported by the country) As noted in section 2.5, in 2009, the main export destinations among the ESA IO countries were (in alphabetical order, not by export amount): Comoros, Madagascar, Réunion, Seychelles and South Africa. Products imported by these countries consisted mainly of: • Comoros: re-export of canned products (pilchard, sardine, mackerel and tuna) • Madagascar: fishmeal, re-export of canned products (pilchard, sardine, mackerel and tuna) • Réunion: chilled fish • Seychelles: re-export of canned products (pilchard, sardine, mackerel and tuna) • South Africa: red drum (aquaculture), tuna loins, fishmeal.

429 Annual Report 2009, Fisheries Division, Ministry of Agro Industry, Food Production and Security. 430 Personal comment: Mr Sreenivasan Soondron, Albion Fisheries Research Center.

173 IRFS – Regional Market Assessment (Supply and Demand) Study – Report

3.3 Outside region (demand of products exported by the country to other African countries, the US, EU, Asia, etc.) In 2009, the main export destinations outside the ESA IO region were (in alphabetical order, not by export amount): Australia, China, EU, Hong Kong, Israel, Japan, Morocco, Singapore and USA. Products imported by these countries consisted mainly of: • Australia: fishmeal • China: fishoil • EU: red drum (aquaculture), ornamental fish, canned tuna, tuna loins • Hong Kong: ornamental fish • Israel: ornamental fish, tuna loins • Japan: ornamental fish • Singapore: ornamental fish • USA: red drum (aquaculture), ornamental fish, tuna loins 4. SUMMARY/CONCLUSION

Current status of local market With regard to national supply, i.e. what is available for consumption each year, Figure 73 shows that imports are the main contributor to national supply. National production remains at a much lower level.

160000 140000 120000 100000 oT n 80000 Total production ne s Imports 60000 Exports 40000 Balance 20000 0 20002001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 Year

Figure 73: Mauritius - national supply of fish products in tonnes, 2000-2008 (FIGIS)

Weaknesses and threats Considering the low local production of fish and the threats of climate change and piracy, might there be a risk involved in the dependency on tuna exports? When situations occur such as the entering into force of the new EU IUU Regulation in January 2010, a threat arose but was managed. Further, a recent Free Trade Agreement with Papua New Guinea is attracting many seafood operators and therefore representing a threat to the Mauritian local operators. Managing such threats require constant follow-up and negotiations with the EU to enable visibility and safeguard the existing market access. In addition, MEXA Seafood Council and Enterprise Mauritius are working on a promotional and marketing campaign to enable operators to have wider market access. Examples of activities include participation in Brussels Seafood Show, various local and international negotiations, workshops, conferences and symposiums to attract buyers. 431

431 MEXA Annual Report 2010.

174 IRFS – Regional Market Assessment (Supply and Demand) Study – Report

Another threat to the tuna industry was the global economic downturn, which led to the tuna industry suffering from supply shortages, in turn causing prices of canned skipjack and yellowfin to rise (because of lower catches in the Eastern and Western Pacific). Higher prices led to decreased consumption in the US. 432 In addition, the Thai tuna industry continues to expand in global markets, gaining a stronghold in the United States and Middle Eastern markets and successfully penetrating emerging markets in Africa, Latin America and the Caribbean. 433 However, despite these threats, exports have increased.434

Opportunities/potential Export opportunities exist in emerging markets: Turkey435, Russia and South African are examples of such for both fresh tuna and canned. However, generally, to enter other emerging markets (e.g. in Africa), information is needed on consumer preferences. Market access depends on knowing consumer preferences and consumer surveys would help but often do not exist. Another point for accessing markets in Africa is that one should also take into account the large foreign populations, e.g. the Chinese community. These communities often have greater purchasing power. The Eastern African markets are expanding and PPP is growing in Tanzania, Kenya and Rwanda. 436 Mariculture represents another opportunity for Mauritius to increase its national production.

432 MEXA Annul Report 2010. 433 MEXA Annul Report 2010. 434 MEXA Annul Report 2010. 435 Mauritius is presently negotiating a PTA with Turkey, with a potential for seafood products among other things. 436 Personal comment: Mauritius Export Association.

175 IRFS – Regional Market Assessment (Supply and Demand) Study – Report

RÉUNION Outermost region of France Note: country visited by the trade analyst, Vincent Defaux – 10 – 13 July 2011 (2 working days); for details of the mission, see Annex Schedule of mission and people met.

1. NATIONAL OVERVIEW Population (millions) (2009)437 0.821 Population growth factor (%) (2010-2015)438 1.14 Superficy (km2)439 2 504 Population density (habitants/km2) 322.8 Human Development Index (2005)440 0.881 (France: 0.952) Life expectancy at birth in 2008441 74.6 (men) 82.1 (women) Average consumption per caput (kg/year) 20 (34 nationally in France) (estimation in 2010)442 in live weight Surface area (km2)443 2 512 Length of coast (km)444 207 Continental shelf (km2) n.a EEZ area (km2)445 318 000 Gross domestic product per capita, current prices 24 400 (in USD PPP (2005): around 17k USD, 50% the amount of the French (USD) (2009)446 Exchange rate USD/Euro (2009): PIB per capita on average in the same period) 1.39447 National production of fisheries (tonnes of live TOTAL marine fisheries + aquaculture: 4 147 weight) (2008)448 // Note: exclude the ‘TAAF’ Marine (capture) fisheries: 3 360 (longline) + 647 (small scale) = 4007 capture fisheries (6 400t; 2008) recorded as imports Inland and Marine Aquaculture: 140 at customs when landed at la Réunion. See text for Inland fisheries: marginal explanation and to compare with FAO figures. Net exporter or importer (estimated from national Net importer (in terms of volume) data below, 2008) Imports of fish/fisheries products for direct 10 409 human consumption (tonnes of net weight) (2008)449 Exports fish/fisheries products for direct human 4 446 consumption (tonnes of net weight) (2008)450 Type of fisheries451 Marine: longline, coastal, aquaculture // Inland: freshwater aquaculture (trout and tilapia) Main species (families and English FAO name) Highly migratory pelagic fish (swordfish and tuna species), red drum (fish farming), demersal fish (grouper, snapper, emperors mainly), trout and tilapia (fish farming) Type of supply chains (ex. large scale with or Large scale (longline) and small scale. Presence of supermarket chains. without industrial equipments; small-scale with or Note: vessels with tuna fishing licences in Malagasy water under the Fisheries without artisanal equipments) Partnership Agreement.

437 INSEE, French National Institute of Statistic and Economic Studies www.statistiques-locales.insee.fr 438 World Population Prospects 2008 Revision, UN. Medium variant. http://data.un.org/ 439 INSEE. 440 Ibid. 441 Ibid. 442 CRPMEM Reunion, 2011. – Intégration du secteur de la pêche et aquaculture de la Réunion dans le dispositif POSEI- Agric. Dossier de Presse, 6 Janvier 2011. Page 9. 443 Ibid. 444 CIA World Factbook, 2006. 445 Bertile et al, 2010. - L’insertion de la Réunion dans son environnement régional. 158 pages. St Andre (Guadeloupe, France): Imprimerie Graphica. 446 Calculated by author from INSEE (PIB per capita in USD PPP (2005): around 17 000 USD, 50% the amount of the French PIB on average in the same period). 447 www.oanda.com 448 Direction de la mer du Sud de l'océan Indien (DMSOI - ex DRAM) in H&G figures, live weight calculed by the CRPMEM (CRPMEM, 2011 page 8 figure 1 – ‘ARIPA’ report). CRPMEM figures estimating informal captures. 449 DNSCE - DIS 450 DNSCE-DIS 451 CRPMEM - INSEE.

176 IRFS – Regional Market Assessment (Supply and Demand) Study – Report

2. SUPPLY

To allow comparison with the other countries, FIGIS data were used in the Réunion profile for capture and aquaculture production. However FIGIS data on import and export for La Réunion are available from 1988 to 1995 only. Imports and exports detailed data on fish trade were available only after purchase at the DNSCE-DIS (National Department of Statistics for External Trade – Information Division).

• Capture Production (2009) Table 77: Réunion - capture production in live weight, 2009 (FAO FIGIS) Area Species (ISSCAAP group) Volume (t) Marine Tunas, bonitos, billfishes (by order of importance: swordfish (FR: espadon), albacore 2717 (FR:thon germon), bigeye tuna (FR: thon obèse), yellowfin tuna (FR: thon albacore), common dolphinfish (FR: dorade coryphène) (Ifremer FIS, 2008 production data)) Marine fishes not identified 123 Miscellaneous pelagic fishes 69 Sharks, rays, chimaeras 64 Miscellaneous coastal fishes 17 Herrings, sardines, anchovies 5 Miscellaneous demersal fishes 5 Crabs, sea-spiders 0 0 Squids, cuttlefishes, octopuses 0 0 Shrimps, prawns - Inland Miscellaneous freshwater fishes 0 0 Total (FAO estimate): 3 000 Note: figures exclude “TAAF” capture fisheries (6 400t of live weight in 2008) and recorded as imports at customs when landed at la Réunion (see section ‘imports’ below for details). Figures are different from different sources. It does generally require to use homogeneous or to know the accurate conversion factors as weight are in H&G or net weight (for fillets), for instance total capture fisheries calculated by the DMSOI is 3 800t in 2009 in H&G (DMSOI, 2011). The producers in association with the CRPMEM report established cross-references of volumes in 2010 - 2011 (CRPMEM, 2011) and brought more accurate figures (see CRPMEM, 2011) : total capture fishery of 4 0007 t (live weight) in 2008 (volume in live weight not available in 2009). Stock situation of tuna and tuna species: The IOTC, RFMO, responsible to provide scientific advice on the tuna and tuna species in the Indian Ocean and adjacent areas (FAO area 51 and 57). Those stocks are shared between industrial and artisanal fisheries in the Indian Ocean. Within the 13th session of its Scientific Committee, the IOTC indicates that : - Swordfish (espadon, in French) Bigeye tuna (patudo in French) are under acceptable level ; - Data on skipjack (listao, FR) and albacore (germon , FR) should be improved to define the stocks situation ; - Yellowfin tuna (albacore, FR) is probalby overexploited. Potential for further exploitation of bigeye tuna may exist (information extracted from CRPMEM, 2011). La Réunion has for objective to increase the production of longline fisheries to 1 000t over 5 years (CRPMEM, 2011).

177 IRFS – Regional Market Assessment (Supply and Demand) Study – Report

Demersal fisheries stocks situation is less known.

• Aquaculture production (2009) Table 78: Réunion - aquaculture production in live weight, 2009 (FAO FIGIS) Area Species Volume (t) Marine Ballan wrase 44 Red drum … Freshwater* Tilapias nei 60 Trout 40 Total 144 (*excluding ornamental fish) Aquaculture production worth 1 225 660 USD in 2009. Remark: while the FAO data consider the presence of ballan wrasse production, local figures do not mention ballan wrasse but red drum (one producer) produced since 2005 – 2006 for commercial sale and tonnes are around 30 -35t at the moment Silver sea bream is also produced by the red drum producer at around 8t in 2010 (pers. comm. during field visit; CRPMEM, 2011). Yet volumes (tonnes) recorded on local figures for tilapias, trout and total tonnage are very similar at a few tonnes of difference (CRPMEM, 2011). • Commodity trade (2008 imports and exports) Analysis of fish trade is carried out for the year 2008 to compare with other countries within this study. A detailed analysis was undertaken on 2009 customs data by the CRPMEM to develop a funding system for the inter-profession ARIPA about to be operational by using public (EU funds to France) and private funds (see CRPMEM, 2011). It is recommended to read for further details and comparison for next actions on exports to la Réunion within the Smartfish programme. - Imports Table 79: Réunion, imports of fish products in net weight, 2008 (DNSCE - DIS) HS4 code Commodity groups (HS4) – remark Volume (t) 0306 Crustaceans, fit for human consumption, whether in shell or not, live, fresh, chilled, 2 974.222 frozen, dried, salted or in brine, incl. crustaceans in shell cooked beforehand by steaming or by boiling in water; flours, meals and pellets of crustaceans, fit for human consumption 0304 Fish fillets and other fish meat, whether or not minced, fresh, chilled or frozen 2 218.069 1604 Prepared or preserved fish; caviar and caviar substitutes prepared from fish eggs 1 717.169 0303 Edible fish frozen (excluding fillets and other fish meat from heading 0304) 1 608.334 0305 Fish, fit for human consumption, dried, salted or in brine; smoked fish, fit for human 988.408 consumption, whether or not cooked before or during the smoking process; flours, meals and pellets of fish, fit for human consumption 0307 Molluscs, fit for human consumption, whether in shell or not, live, fresh, chilled, 416.896 frozen, dried, salted or in brine, incl. aquatic invertebrates (other than crustaceans and molluscs); flours, meals and pellets of aquatic invertebrates other than crustaceans fit for human consumption

0302 Edible fish fresh or chilled (excluding fillets and other fish meat from heading 0304) 383.906 1605 Crustaceans, molluscs and other aquatic invertebrates, prepared or preserved 94.572 0301 Live fish (excluding ornmental fish) – 99% consisting of eels from Madagascar 7.056 1603 Extracts and juices of meat, fish or crustaceans, molluscs and other aquatic 0

178 IRFS – Regional Market Assessment (Supply and Demand) Study – Report

invertebrates Total (rounded): 10 409 Extracted by authors

Imports total value of 40.8 million euros equivalent to 59 976 000 USD in 2008 (DNSCE-DIS). EUR/USD in 2008: 1.47 (www.oanda.com) - Exports Table 80: Réunion - export of fish products in net weight, 2008 (DNSCE - DIS) HS4 Commodity (HS4 heading) Volume (t) 0303 Edible fish frozen (excluding fillets and other fish meat from heading 0304): mainly 3 529.18 toothfish (3 000t), yellowfin tuna, albacore 0306 Crustaceans, fit for human consumption, whether in shell or not, live, fresh, chilled, 472.59 frozen, dried, salted or in brine, incl. crustaceans in shell cooked beforehand by steaming or by boiling in water; flours, meals and pellets of crustaceans, fit for human consumption 0304 Fish fillets and other fish meat, whether or not minced, fresh, chilled or frozen: includes 361.485 58t of swordfish 0302 Edible fish fresh or chilled (excluding fillets and other fish meat from heading 0304): 77.794 mainly swordfish and tunas 0307 Molluscs, fit for human consumption, whether in shell or not, live, fresh, chilled, frozen, 0.38 dried, salted or in brine, incl. aquatic invertebrates (other than crustaceans and molluscs); flours, meals and pellets of aquatic invertebrates other than crustaceans fit for human consumption 1604 Prepared or preserved fish; caviar and caviar substitutes prepared from fish eggs 4.4 0301 Live fish (excluding ornmental fish) 0 0305 Fish, fit for human consumption, dried, salted or in brine; smoked fish, fit for human 0 consumption, whether or not cooked before or during the smoking process; flours, meals and pellets of fish, fit for human consumption 1603 Extracts and juices of meat, fish or crustaceans, molluscs and other aquatic invertebrates 0 1605 Crustaceans, molluscs and other aquatic invertebrates, prepared or preserved 0 Total (rounded): 4 446 Extracted by authors Exports total value of 43 660 000 USD in 2008.

- Main trading partners in 2008 (DNSCE - DIS; in italic ‘Smartfish countries’ or partner countries):

Imports : Réunion imports mainly from Asia (61% in volume mainly from Vietnam, India, Thailand, Indonesia) mostly frozen fish while imports within the Indian Ocean region is not negligible (11%) and mainly from Madagascar (see tables below). Namibia is also a country exporting to La Réunion. The Asian products are usually found in supermarkets. Imports for Madagascar consist mostly of fresh or chilled fish tunas followed by crustaceans and frozen fish (see table dedicated to Madagascar products below).

The exhaustive list of countries exporting to La Réunion is presented below: Table 81: Réunion – imports of fish products by country/continent of origin, 2008 (DNSCE – DIS) Region Countries (number: 30) ESA – IO region (and partner Kenya, countries) Madagascar, Mauritius,

179 IRFS – Regional Market Assessment (Supply and Demand) Study – Report

Seychelles, Tanzania, Zimbabwe ---- Mozambique, South Africa Other African region/Antarctic Morocco, Namibia, Territory of the French Southern and Antarctic Lands (France) America Argentine, Brazil, Canada, France Europe Belgium, Netherlands, Norway, Spain Middle-East UAE, Oman Asia China, India, Indonesia, Malaysia, Sri-Lanka, Thailand, Vietnam Oceania Fiji, New-Zealand Extracted by authors

Table 82: Réunion – imports of fish products in net weight and percentage by continent/region of origin, 2008 (DNSCE – DIS) Region/continent Qty (t) % Asia 6 400. 965 61.5% Indian Ocean (excluding TAAF) 1 160. 131 11.1% North Africa 991.785 9.5% Southern Africa (including 605 674 5.8% Namibia and South Africa) Europe (exc. TAAF) 524 469 5.0% TAAF 324 333 3.1% North America 162 797 1.6% Middle East 89.370 0.9% South America 58.809 0.6% Eastern Africa 52.800 0.5% Oceania 37. 499 0.4% Total 10 408. 632 100.0% Extracted by authors

Key countries (first 10 in volumes with presentation of key products) are (see table below): Table 83: Réunion - imports by first ten countries of origin in net weight with presentation of key products for selected countries, 2008 (DNSCE-DIS) Country Volume (t) Key products for selected countries Vietnam frozen marine fish, frozen freshwater fish, frozen fish meat (marine and freshwater), frozen swordfish meat, frozen fish fillets (marine and freshwater excluding tunas and swordfish) frozen tunas fillets frozen swordfish fillets frozen shrimps (mainly Penaeus spp.) frozen crabs frozen shellfish frozen cephalopods note : frozen fish including mainly 2 772. 529 Pangasius India 2 054. 206 -- Madagascar 1 034. 436 See additional table below

180 IRFS – Regional Market Assessment (Supply and Demand) Study – Report

Morocco 991. 785 -- Indonesia 733. 388 -- Namibia 508. 911 -- Spain 462. 708 -- Thailand 450. 309 -- China 354. 102 -- TAAF « Terres Australes Françaises » 324. 333 Mostly frozen toothfish Canada 162. 797 Extracted by authors

Table 84: Réunion - imports of fish products from Madagascar in volume (t – net weight), 2008 (DNSCE- DIS) HS4 Commodity (HS4 heading) Qty (t) 0302 Edible fish fresh or chilled (excluding fillets and other fish meat from heading 0304) 310.394 Crustaceans, fit for human consumption, whether in shell or not, live, fresh, chilled, frozen, dried, salted or in brine, incl. crustaceans in shell cooked beforehand by steaming or by boiling 0306 in water; flours, meals and pellets of crustaceans, fit for human consumption 284.002 0303 Edible fish frozen (excluding fillets and other fish meat from heading 0304) 204.639 Molluscs, fit for human consumption, whether in shell or not, live, fresh, chilled, frozen, dried, salted or in brine, incl. aquatic invertebrates (other than crustaceans and molluscs); flours, meals 0307 and pellets of aquatic invertebrates other than crustaceans fit for human consumption 190.199 0304 Fish fillets and other fish meat, whether or not minced, fresh, chilled or frozen 37.551 0301 Live fish (excluding ornmental fish) 6.936 1605 Crustaceans, molluscs and other aquatic invertebrates, prepared or preserved 0.715 Fish, fit for human consumption, dried, salted or in brine; smoked fish, fit for human consumption, whether or not cooked before or during the smoking process; flours, meals and 0305 pellets of fish, fit for human consumption 0 1603 Extracts and juices of meat, fish or crustaceans, molluscs and other aquatic invertebrates 0 1604 Prepared or preserved fish; caviar and caviar substitutes prepared from fish eggs 0 Total (rounded): 1 034.436 Extracted by authors

Exports: Exports is mostly occuring to Asia (2/3 of total exports – mostly toothfish, note that market for toothfish is low in Europe) and North America (17%) while exports within the IO region is only 2.5%. Exports to Europe* represent only 8% of total exports (analysis in quantity). Re-export occurs mainly for toothfish caught in the ‘TAAF’ (see tables below and table on exports above for details). *: Note that exports of fish products from la Réunion to the EU are supported financially by the EU through the multi-year Programme POSEI. This aid is designed to compensate for the restrictions caused by the exceptional geographic situation of these regions. (see EU regulation 791/2007452 for details).

Table 85: Réunion – exports by countries of destination (exhaustive list) in net weight (t) with presentation of key products for a selection of countries 2008 - (DNSCE – DIS) Country of destination Qty (t) Key products for a selection of countries Japan 1 370.217 frozen toothfish (not fillets) 862t + 52t of tootfish frozen meat; frozen lobster (not tailed, including peeled and/or pre-cooked) 462t

452 Council Regulation (EC) No 791/2007 of 21 May 2007 introducing a scheme to compensate for the additional costs incurred in the marketing of certain fishery products from the outermost regions the Azores, Madeira, the Canary Islands, French Guiana and Réunion

181 IRFS – Regional Market Assessment (Supply and Demand) Study – Report

US 744.272 China 560.922 Hong Kong 529.347 Thailand 198.781 South Korea 184.586 Spain 133.534 Signapore 119.620 Italy 118.305 South Africa 100.794 Portugal 67.782 Mauritius 55.107 Mayotte 55.046 Canada 47.524 TAAF 44.302 Vietnam 39.274 UK 28.650 Chile 24.064 Morocco 12.702 Netherlands 11.000 Total 4 445.829 Extracted by authors

Table 86: Réunion – exports of fish products by region/continent of destination in net weight, 2008 (DNSCE-DIS) Region/continent Qty t) % Asia 3 002.747 67.5% North America 791.796 17.8% Europe (exc. TAAF) 359.271 8.1% Indian Ocean (excluding TAAF) 110.153 2.5% Southern Africa (including S. Africa) 100.794 2.3% TAAF 44.302 1.0% South America 24.064 0.5% North Africa 12.702 0.3% Middle East 0 0.0% Eastern Africa 0 0.0% Oceania 0 0.0% Total 4 445 829 100.0% Extracted by authors

• Key players: Fishing operators usually have different roles in the sector: they can be also owners of fishing vessels fishing under EU licences in Madagascar, owners of fishing vessels fishing in the ‘TAAF’, owners of fish farming or processing companies in other neighbouring countries (Madagascar, Mozambique), importers, exporters and wholesalers (see CRPMEM, 2011 for names and additional details). They are organised in assocation by type of operations. Note also, an inter-professional association grouping the different operators in the supply chain from catch to retail/supermarket sales is currently being created, the ARIPA. [see CRPMEM, 2011 for further details and names]

For import, note that key players are not all members of the SICR (the Union of Importers of food and and other non edible products in La Réunion –) and not (or not yet) member of the fish sector inter-professional organisation (ARIPA) and should be met individually.

182 IRFS – Regional Market Assessment (Supply and Demand) Study – Report

• Production: total, capture, aquaculture from 2000 to 2009

5,000 4,500 4,000 3,500 3,000 2,500 2,000 Capture 1,500 1,000 500 0 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009

Capture Aquaculture

Figure 74: Réunion - production of fish in live weight (tonnes), 2000-2009 (FAO FIGIS) • Imports – exports from 2000 to 2008

12,000 Imports 10,000 8,000 6,000 Exports 4,000 2,000 0 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008

Figure 75: Réunion - imports and exports of fish products in net weight (t) 2003-2008 (DNSCE-DIS) Data not collected from 2000 to 2003 through the purchased data • Trade balance (exports minus imports)

0 -1,000 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 -2,000 -3,000 -4,000 -5,000 -6,000 -7,000 -8,000

183 IRFS – Regional Market Assessment (Supply and Demand) Study – Report

Figure 76: Réunion - trade balance of fish products in tonnes of net weight, 2003-2008 (DNSCE-DIS)

• National supply 14,000 12,000 10,000

8,000 Reunion; 9,100 6,000 4,000 2,000 0 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008

Figure 77: Réunion - national supply of fish products in tonnes 2000-2008 (FIGIS & DNSCE-DIS) See note on calculation on “national supply” in the section methodology of the main report: graph provided for trends only as comparing figures in live and net weights.

Supply chain includes supermarkets chains (with about 20 fresh fish stalls, pers. comm. Ciolek D., July 2011) such as – not exhaustive: Score (Jumbo Score being large supermarkets of the chain), Super U, Champion, Cora, Casino, Leader Price (hard discounts). E. Leclerc is currently building stores. Anecdotal information mentioned the supermarket chain, E. Leclerc, is thinking about not having fish retails of fresh products in their new sites in construction due to a low demand of fresh products (this latter information has not been cross-checked yet). Supermarket chains arrived in the late 80’s (anecdotal information collected on the field by interviews). For fishing vessels less than 12m, fishermen sells directly to individual clients/restaurants etc but otherwise a collector called ‘accapareur’ or ‘bazardier’. This collector has not offical recognition in the seafood supply chain yet. The ‘accapareur’ can sell to supermarket chains or sell by the road. They do not sell to exporter as problem of traceability of products via the collector Processing companies get supplied by >12m fishing vessels only. . Fishermen try to get organised in 5 GIE (‘groupes d’intérêt économique’ – economic interest groups) in 5 locations only : St Leu (1), St Pierre (3) and Etang Salé (1) (pers. comm, Ciolek D., July 2011). Ecolabelling could focus rather on export markets as no significant impact locally- (trials of local ecolabels do not seem to have provided positive impact on local sales – example Ombrine with a label as local product ; pers. comm, Ciolek D., July 2011)).

184 IRFS – Regional Market Assessment (Supply and Demand) Study – Report

3. DEMAND 3.1 In-country

• Demand – projections (in live weight)

19,500 Reunion; 19,000 18,980 18,500 18,000 17,500 17,000 16,500 16,000 15,500 2010 2015 2020

Figure 78: Réunion - projection of growth in demand of fish products in tonnes of live weight, 2010-2020 (FIGIS-UNDP) Calculated by authors from FIGIS and UNDP population projections

Average per capita consumption is around 20kg while in France it is about 30kg (CRPMEM, 2011). Note that as in the French metropolis, Réunionese are large consumers of meat in particular chicken453. The Réunionese economy is turned towards exports due to a limited local market. GDP per capita in PPP is half the one in the French metropolis. Unemployment rate (percentage of unemployment within ILO standards) is high and has increased from 24% in 2007 to 29% in 2010 (online INSEE survey in 2010).In terms of human development, progress in the last 20 years are noticeable but delays persist. HDI is around the one in French metropolis in 1985 (INSEE website: Goujon, 2008454). This economic context (briefly reviewed during the study) can explain the large demand in low value fish products – in terms of price - from Asia (see section above on imports). Regarding demography, projections by the UNDP estimate constant growth to be positive (due to a high fecundity ratio) but decreasing steadily from 1.1% (2010 – 2015) to 0.6% (2095 – 2100) [to compare with growth being at 0.6% in 2010-2015 and starting to be negative from the 2030-2035 in Mauritius] (UNDP, 2011455). As a consequence demand may increase by growth (see figure above) only while source of fish products will need to continue to come from imports (as long as foreign production can sustain increasing demand) and partly from local production. In addition, tourism contributes moderately to the fish consumption as less developed than in Mauritius.

453 For low income population, demand is mainly chicken then porks then a bit of beef then low value fish (especially pangasius for ‘carry’ and frozen products from Asia ex. shrimps). Reunionese used to it cod twenty years ago, it was not cultural to eat fish (anecdotal information gathered on the field). 454 GOUJON M., 2008. - L'indice de développement humain : une évaluation pour La Réunion. INSEE/CAF - Région et Développement n° 27-2008. 455 UN, Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Population Division, 2011. - World Population Prospects: The 2010 Revision, CD-ROM Edition.

185 IRFS – Regional Market Assessment (Supply and Demand) Study – Report

4. SUMMARY/CONCLUSION

Imports of fish comes at large volumes from Asia at more competitive prices than products coming from the Indian Ocean region (mainly Madagascar) while the latter are generally premium products (shrimp, eels, tuna; mostly chilled when finfish). Potential for demand of regional products (by imports) is mainly related to population growth in the next 10 years. Per capita consumption (20 kg/caput/year) may slightly increase to be in line with other French territories and the French metropolis (about 34kg for the latter) but the Réunionese economy is expected to have great difficulties to reach the level of the French metropolis. Even though beyond the scope of this study, La Réunion could be more integrated regionally (only observer at the COMESA). The current situation is indeed hampering possibilities to strengthen regional trade by flexibility on tariff barriers. Then, following action could occur on evaluating potentials and actions (including tariff barriers reduction including the tax called ‘Octroi de Mer’) to import more products from the French region including studies on maritime lines within the African continent.

186 IRFS – Regional Market Assessment (Supply and Demand) Study – Report

SEYCHELLES 1. NATIONAL OVERVIEW Population (year)456 87 000 (2010) Population growth factor (%) (2010-2015)457 1.50 Population density (habitants/km2)458 (year) 190 (2010) Human Development Index (year) N/A Life expectancy at birth (years) (year)459 Male 69 (2009) Female 77 (2009) National average consumption per caput (kg/year) 64.3 (2007) (year)460 Surface area (km2)461 444 Length of coast (km) 462 600 Continental shelf (km2) 463 50 000 EEZ area (km2) 464 1.3 million Gross domestic product per capita, current prices 11 444 (2010) (USD) (year)465 National production of fisheries (tonnes) (year)466 81 489 (2009) Imports of fish/fisheries products for direct human 36 213 (2009) consumption (tonnes) (year)467 Exports fish/fisheries products for direct human 14 662 (2009) consumption (tonnes) (year)468 469 Type fisheries/aquaculture • Artisanal fisheries (several gear types) • Semi-industrial: pelagic species • Industrial: tuna species • Mariculture • Recreational 470 Main species • Artisanal: Lutjanus spp. (snappers), Aprion virescens (green jobfish), Epinephelus spp. (groupers), Lethrinids spp. (capitaines) and semi-demersal Carangoides spp. (trevally) • Semi-industrial: swordfish • Industrial: tunas • Mariculture: giant black tiger prawn (Penaeus monodon), pearl oyster and giant clam.

456 Population Division of the Department of Economic and Social Affairs of the United Nations Secretariat: World Population Prospects, the 2010 Revision: http://esa.un.org/unpd/wpp/index.htm 457 Ibid. 458 http://esa.un.org/unpd/wpp/unpp/p2k0data.asp 459 http://www.who.int/entity/whosis/whostat/EN_WHS2011_Part2.xls 460 FAO STAT: http://faostat.fao.org/site/610/default.aspx#ancor 461 FAO Country Profile: http://www.fao.org/fishery/countrysector/FI-CP_SC/en 462 FAO Country Profile: http://www.fao.org/fishery/countrysector/FI-CP_SC/en 463 FAO Country Profile: http://www.fao.org/fishery/countrysector/FI-CP_SC/en 464 FAO Country Profile: http://www.fao.org/fishery/countrysector/FI-CP_SC/en 465 http://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/weo/2010/01/weodata/weorept.aspx?sy=2008&ey=2015&scsm=1&ssd=1&sort=country &ds=.&br=1&c=676&s=NGDPDPC&grp=0&a=&pr.x=39&pr.y=3 466 FAO Fisheries and Aquaculture Information and Statistics Service: http://www.fao.org/fishery/statistics/programme/3,1,1/en (30 June 2011) 467 FAO Fisheries and Aquaculture Information and Statistics Service: http://www.fao.org/fishery/statistics/programme/3,1,1/en (30 June 2011) 468FAO Fisheries and Aquaculture Information and Statistics Service: http://www.fao.org/fishery/statistics/programme/3,1,1/en (30 June 2011) 469 FAO Country Profile: http://www.fao.org/fishery/countrysector/FI-CP_SC/en 470 FAO Country Profile: http://www.fao.org/fishery/countrysector/FI-CP_SC/en

187 IRFS – Regional Market Assessment (Supply and Demand) Study – Report

2. SUPPLY

2.1 Official production The fisheries sector in the Seychelles is made up of three different fisheries471: • The artisanal fishery: carried out by local fishers, with small, motorized boats targeting mainly demersal and semi-pelagic species; • The semi-industrial fishery: consisting of small (14 to 22 m), locally-owned long-liners targeting pelagic species (mainly tuna and swordfish); and • The industrial fishery: comprising foreign-owned purse seiners and large long-liners primarily targeting tuna species (yellowfin and skipjack). During 2000-2009, the country’s production increased from 33 203 t in 2000 to 109 452 t in 2005, and then decreased to 81 489 t in 2009 (Figure 79). The capture fisheries contributed almost all of the production during this period.

120000

100000

80000 oT n 60000 ne s Total production 40000 Capture

20000 Aquaculture

Year

Figure 79: Seychelles - production of fish products, 2000-2009 (FIGIS)

Capture The artisanal fisheries include a variety of gear types but the main part of the catch consists of the following species: Lutjanus spp. (snappers), Aprion virescens (green jobfish), Epinephelus spp. (groupers), Lethrinids spp. (capitaines) and Carangoides spp. (trevally), which are found mostly on the Mahe and Amirantes plateaus. Over the past 20 years, the total landings for this fishery have remained fairly constant, with approximately 4 000 tonne of fish landed annually. The different types of fisheries include472: • Accounting for more than 73 percent, the handline fishery is by far the most important fishery. • The trap fishery accounts for 15 percent of total landings, mostly targeting species associated with reef and shallow coral banks. It is a seasonal fishery, taking place when adverse weather conditions force fishermen to operate in inshore areas (sometimes inside the reefs). • The net fishery uses small outboard-powered vessels to carry out the operation with a crew of 3-4 persons, targeting mainly mackerel (Rastrelliger spp.) using encircling nets.

471 FAO Country Profile: http://www.fao.org/fishery/countrysector/FI-CP_SC/en 472 FAO Country Profile: http://www.fao.org/fishery/countrysector/FI-CP_SC/en

188 IRFS – Regional Market Assessment (Supply and Demand) Study – Report

• The snapper crab (Ranina ranina) fishery, introduced in the 1980s, is a limited fishery utilizing scoop nets on the flat sandy bottom of the Mahe plateau. The fishery involves three vessels, with annual landing averaging between 10 and 30 tonne for the last 10 years. • The lobster fishery is a seasonal fishery and the lobsters are harvested at night by skin divers using underwater lights. • The sea cucumber fishery is carried out by skin and scuba divers. This is a limited-entry fishery, with only 25 licences granted to fishermen and three to processors and exporters. • The shark fishery, mostly by longline, has increased in importance in the last five years. In view of the high demand for shark fins from Far Eastern markets, the fishery has shifted from a purely bycatch fishery to a target fishery, with most fishermen keeping only the fins and discarding the carcasses at sea. With regard to the semi-industrial fishery, this fishery targets swordfish and tuna stocks found outside the Mahe plateau (though mostly within the EEZ). In the early 2000s, the peak annual landing of the semi-industrial fleet was approximately 500 t. Swordfish is the predominant species (60 percent of the catch), followed by yellowfin and big-eye tuna, and the catch is sold to the two local exporting companies, exporting mostly to the European Union (EU) (principally France, Italy and the United Kingdom). 473 In terms of the industrial fishery, it is mainly operated by foreign-owned, licensed vessels, but includes some Seychelles-registered vessels. There is one purse seine fishery (in the early 2000s, mainly French and Spanish vessels), targeting mostly surface-swimming tuna (skipjack and yellowfin), and there is one longline fishery (mainly Taiwanese and Japanese vessels) targeting deep- swimming big-eye and yellowfin tuna. The purse seine catches have remained stable over the last ten years, with around 300 000 tonne of tuna caught in waters in the South-West Indian Ocean (including 15 percent in the Seychelles EEZ). However, during a few years in the early 2000s, catches were exceptionally high, with landings of over 359 000 tonne (with yellowfin as the dominant species being).474 Inland fisheries are negligible. 475 Table 87 provides an overview of the country’s capture production in 2009. That year, the total capture production was 81 189 t, mainly consisting of ‘tunas, bonitos, billfishes’. Table 87: Seychelles - capture production in live weight, 2009 (FAO FIGIS) Area Species Volume (t) Marine Marine fishes not identified 2 254 Miscellaneous coastal fishes 1 708 Miscellaneous demersal fishes 126 Miscellaneous pelagic fishes 938 Sharks, rays, chimaeras 330 Tunas, bonitos, billfishes 74 978 Sea-urchins and other echinoderms 838 Squids, cuttlefishes, octopuses 17 Total: 81 189

Aquaculture Due to the unavailability of land and freshwater resources in the Seychelles, mariculture is the focus in the country. Three of the projects implemented by the early 2000s were: the Coetivy Prawn Farm, the Pearl Oyster Farm and the Giant Clam Farm. 476

473 FAO Country Profile: http://www.fao.org/fishery/countrysector/FI-CP_SC/en 474 FAO Country Profile: http://www.fao.org/fishery/countrysector/FI-CP_SC/en 475 FAO Country Profile: http://www.fao.org/fishery/countrysector/FI-CP_SC/en 476 FAO Country Profile: http://www.fao.org/fishery/countrysector/FI-CP_SC/en

189 IRFS – Regional Market Assessment (Supply and Demand) Study – Report

• The Prawn Farm was operated by the Seychelles Marketing Board and is located on Coetivy Island, 300 km from Mahé. The farming operation started in 1989 and now occupies at least half of the island (including housing facilities for the staff), with 200 rearing ponds covering a total area of 80 ha. The main species reared is the giant black tiger prawn (Penaeus monodon), with brood stocks still imported from Madagascar and Mozambique. In 2003, 835 tonne of frozen prawn were exported, worth SR 37.9 million. • The Pearl Oyster Farm was run by the Praslin Ocean Farm Ltd., and was established in 1995. It is located in the National Park between Praslin and Curieuse, covering a total area of 18.7 ha. An underwater longline system (demarcated by surface buoys) is used for the production of adult oysters and the collection of spats (oyster juveniles) from the wild. • The Giant Clam farm, which was under the same management as the Pearl Oyster farm, was established in 1993. The clams are reared in four raceways located on land at L’Amitie, next to the Praslin airport. In 2009, from its mariculture sector, Seychelles produced 300 t of ‘shrimp, prawns’ at a value of USD 1 586 000 (Table 88). Table 88: Seychelles - aquaculture production, 2009 (FAO FIGIS) Species Volume (t) Shrimps, prawns 300

Recreational fishing In the Seychelles, the recreational sector mostly involves handline fishing techniques, targeting demersal species such as groupers, snappers and lethrinids, and semi-demersal species such as carangids and sphyraenids.477 2.2 Description of value chain and products Most of the catch is consumed fresh in the Seychelles, and is sold in the district markets, of which the most important is Victoria (the capital). With regard to high quality species such as Serranidae and Lutjanidae, these are usually sold to the main export and fish processing companies to then be sold on to the hotels or exported fresh on ice to Réunion and Europe. Occasionally fish is frozen for distribution mostly for the lower end of the market. 478 With regard to the local market, fish processing is limited and mainly focuses on smoking of marlin and sailfish, e.g. for the hotel market. Some vessels fishing in the southern groups of islands undertake longer trips and seasonally salt fish for sale in the main islands. The shark fishery exports to the Far East. Sea cucumbers are salted and then also exported to the Far East. 479 The swordfish and the tuna caught by the semi-industrial long-liner fishery are exported fresh on ice, mostly to the EU (France, Italy and the United Kingdom), with some to Japan. In the early 2000s, there was a decline in the catch, which can be attributed to less fishing effort following a ban on swordfish exports to the EU. 480 With regard to the industrial purse seine tuna fishery, the majority of the catch is transshipped to refrigerated vessels destined for Europe, Mauritius, Puerto Rico and Thailand. Approximately 85 percent of this catch is transshipped in Port Victoria, with around 90 000 tonne being landed for processing by the Indian Ocean Tuna factory. 481

477 FAO Country Profile: http://www.fao.org/fishery/countrysector/FI-CP_SC/en 478 FAO Country Profile: http://www.fao.org/fishery/countrysector/FI-CP_SC/en 479 FAO Country Profile: http://www.fao.org/fishery/countrysector/FI-CP_SC/en 480 FAO Country Profile: http://www.fao.org/fishery/countrysector/FI-CP_SC/en 481 FAO Country Profile: http://www.fao.org/fishery/countrysector/FI-CP_SC/en

190 IRFS – Regional Market Assessment (Supply and Demand) Study – Report

In the early 2000s, Seychelles had two fish processing plants producing for both the local market and export, and a large canning factory processing an average of 350 tonne of tuna a day, mostly for the export market. In addition, there were about six ice plants on Mahe, producing an average of 35-40 t of ice per day, and one on Praslin, producing 3 t/day. Due to the increase in fishing effort and the effect of large semi-industrial vessels entering the fishery, there was still a shortage of ice. One processing company had two cold stores, with a total capacity of 600 t, whilst the other had a smaller cold store, of 40 t. 482 In 2003, the export of fish and fish products accounted for 92% percent of Seychelles domestic exports, with the principal markets being France, Germany, Japan, Mauritius, Réunion and the United Kingdom. 483 2.3 National production status – opportunities and threats

Capture fisheries With regard to threats or constraints in the capture fisheries, the following examples should be noted484: • In the early 2000s, there was a considerable decline in the swordfish catch (with landings of less than 100 tonne in 2003), due mostly to a ban on swordfish exports to the EU as high levels of cadmium had been found in the fish. • High capital investment and operating costs relative to the low return on investment. In addition, the financial cost associated with the investment, such as high interest rates on loans and cost of insurance, represents a major hurdle to the individual investor. • Lack of an experienced and reliable labour force, which hampers the smooth development of the sector. Despite the efforts of the Maritime Training Centre (MTC) to train young people for the industry, success has been negligible, with most graduates ending up in jobs outside the fishing industry. The labour supply constraint affects not only the artisanal fishery but also the industrial fishery, as they are unable to recruit fishermen to meet the quota for Seychellois seamen required to work on the industrial tuna fleet. • Ice supply – although ice production has improved recently, with the construction of ice plants at Anse La Mouche and Anse Royale, the tsunami disaster caused a temporary disruption in ice production. Fortunately this coincided with a reduction in fishing effort due to the damage suffered by certain fishing vessels. • Periodic lack of fishing material and bait due to seasonal demand. With regard to capture fishery potential, the following examples should be noted485: • A potentially important small-seine fishery exists for small pelagics, in particular horse mackerel (Decapterus spp.). This fishery was identified on the Mahe plateau in the late 1970s and early 1980s, with a total biomass of 150 000 t and a proposed maximum sustainable yield (MSY) of 45 000. • The opportunity for a large increase in the landings of demersal fish is moderate, though there is potential for cautious further exploitation of the demersal resources in deeper waters at the edge of the plateaus and on small offshore banks beyond the Mahé and Amirantes plateaus. Aquaculture See 2.1.

482 FAO Country Profile: http://www.fao.org/fishery/countrysector/FI-CP_SC/en 483 FAO Country Profile: http://www.fao.org/fishery/countrysector/FI-CP_SC/en 484 FAO Country Profile: http://www.fao.org/fishery/countrysector/FI-CP_SC/en 485 FAO Country Profile: http://www.fao.org/fishery/countrysector/FI-CP_SC/en

191 IRFS – Regional Market Assessment (Supply and Demand) Study – Report

Product quality To maximize export value, more efficient post-harvest handling and quality control is needed. However, more investment by the private sector in fish processing facilities that already meet internationally accepted standards of hygiene and quality control would also lead to an increased utilization rate and improved earnings.486 2.4 Imports With regard to imports, in 2008 Seychelles imported 36 367 t of fish products, mostly consisting of ‘fish, frozen, excluding fillets and meat’, at a value of USD 63 584 000 (Table 89). Table 89: Seychelles – imports of fish products in net weight, 2008 (FAO FIGIS) Commodity Volume (t) Corals and shells 2 Crustaceans, frozen 124 Crustaceans, not frozen 116 Crustaceans, prepared or preserved 33 Fish fillets, frozen 5 Fish meat, whether or not minced, and fillets, fresh or chilled 2 Fish prepared or preserved 198 Fish, dried, salted or smoked 96 Fish, fresh or chilled, excluding fillets and meat 9 Fish, frozen, excluding fillets and meat 35 434 Meals 154 Molluscs and other aquatic invertebrates, live, fresh or chilled 24 Molluscs and other aquatic invertebrates, other than live, fresh or chilled 132 Molluscs and other aquatic invertebrates, prepared or preserved 1 Seaweeds and aquatic plants 37 Total: 36 367

2.5 Exports In 2008, Seychelles exported 15 808 t of fish products (mainly ‘fish prepared or preserved’), at a value of USD 97 155 000 (Table 90). Table 90: Seychelles – exports of fish products in net weight, 2008 (FAO FIGIS) Commodity Volume (t) Crustaceans, frozen 2 Crustaceans, not froze n 29 Fish fillets, frozen 1 Fish meat, whether or not minced, and fillets, fresh or chilled 14 Fish prepared or preserved 13 534 Fish, dried, salted or smoked 248 Fish, fresh or chilled, excluding fillets and meat 262 Fish, frozen, excluding fillets and meat 32 Meals 1 146 Molluscs and other aquatic invertebrates, live, fresh or chilled 2 Molluscs and other aquatic invertebrates, other than live, fresh or chilled 1 Oils 537

486 FAO Country Profile: http://www.fao.org/fishery/countrysector/FI-CP_SC/en

192 IRFS – Regional Market Assessment (Supply and Demand) Study – Report

Total: 15 808

With regard to the relationship between imports and exports by Seychelles, during 2000-2008, Figure 80 shows that between 2000 and 2002, Seychelles was a net exporter. It then became a net importer (2000-2008), however, from around 2007 imports began to sharply decrease, and exports also decreased though more slowly.

140000

120000

100000

oT 80000 n ne s 60000 Imports 40000 Exports

20000

0 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 Year

Figure 80: Seychelles, imports and exports of fish products in net weight 2000-2008 (FAO FIGIS)

3. DEMAND 3.1 In-country Seychelles has a very high per capita consumption rate – in 2007, it was 64.3 kg487. However, considering its small population (87 000 in 2010)488, the projected growth in demand 2010-2020 is still minor (Figure 81).

7000

6000

5000

oT 4000 n ne s 3000 2000

1000

0 2010 2015 2020 Year

Figure 81: Seychelles - projection of growth in demand of fish products, 2010-2020 (FIGIS)

487 See section 1. 488 See section 1.

193 IRFS – Regional Market Assessment (Supply and Demand) Study – Report

3.2 ESA IO region (demand of products exported by the country). No information obtained. 3.3 Outside region (demand of products exported by the country to other African countries, the US, EU, Asia, etc.). No information obtained. 4. SUMMARY/CONCLUSION

Current status of market Figure 82 shows the national supply for Seychelles 2000-2009, i.e. how much fish is available for consumption in each year. In 2008, 107 964 t were available for consumption in the Seychelles.

180000 160000 140000 120000 T o 100000 n Total production n e 80000 s Imports 60000 Exports 40000 Balance 20000 0 20002001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 Year

Figure 82: Seychelles - national supply of fish products, 2000-2008 (FIGIS)

Weaknesses and threats • Little interest among the people in the Seychelles to become fishermen, hence low recruitment level in the industry.

Opportunities/potential • Mariculture • Un/underexplored fish stocks.

194 IRFS – Regional Market Assessment (Supply and Demand) Study – Report

SOUTHERN AFRICA Malawi, Swaziland, Zambia, Zimbabwe

Malawi

1. NATIONAL OVERVIEW Population (millions) (year)489 14.9 (2010) Population growth factor (%) (2010-2015)490 3.24 Population density (habitants/km2)491 (year) 126 (2010) Human Development Index (year)492 153 (low human development) (2010) Life expectancy at birth (years) (year)493 Male 44 (2009) Female 51 (2009) National average consumption per caput (kg/year) 5.0 (2007) (year)494 Surface area (km2)495 118 484 Water area (km2) 496 24 405 Gross domestic product per capita, current prices 336 (2010) (USD) (year)497 National production of fisheries (tonnes) (year)498 70 945 t (plus 3 105 Miscellaneous aquatic animals = crocodiles) (2009) Imports of fish/fisheries products for direct human 3 740 (2008) 499 consumption (tonnes) (year) Exports fish/fisheries products for direct human 34 (2008) consumption (tonnes) (year)500 Type fisheries/aquaculture501 Artisanal, small-scale commercial and aquaculture. Main species502 Capture: Chambo (tilapia/cichlid) (Oreochromis spp.), kambuzi (cichlid) (Haplochromis spp.), usipa (Lake sardine) (Engraulicypris sardella), utaka (cichlid) (Copadichromis spp.), kampango (Bargrus meridionalis) and mlamba (catfish) (Clariid gariepinus). Aquaculture: Chilunguni (redbreast tilapia) (Tilapia rendalli), makumba (Chilwa tilapia) (Oreochromis shiranus), chambo (tilapia/cichlid) (Oreochromis karongae) and mlamba (African sharptooth catfish) (Clarias gariepinus).

489 Population Division of the Department of Economic and Social Affairs of the United Nations Secretariat: World Population Prospects, the 2010 Revision: http://esa.un.org/unpd/wpp/index.htm 490 Ibid. 491 http://esa.un.org/unpd/wpp/unpp/p2k0data.asp 492 http://hdr.undp.org/en/statistics/ 493 http://www.who.int/entity/whosis/whostat/EN_WHS2011_Part2.xls 494 FAO STAT: http://faostat.fao.org/site/610/default.aspx#ancor 495 FAO Country Profile 2005: http://www.fao.org/fishery/countrysector/FI-CP_MW/en 496 FAO Country Profile 2005: http://www.fao.org/fishery/countrysector/FI-CP_MW/en 497 http://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/weo/2010/01/weodata/weorept.aspx?sy=2008&ey=2015&scsm=1&ssd=1&sort=country &ds=.&br=1&c=676&s=NGDPDPC&grp=0&a=&pr.x=39&pr.y=3 498 FAO Fisheries and Aquaculture Information and Statistics Service: http://www.fao.org/fishery/statistics/programme/3,1,1/en (30 June 2011) 499 FAO Fisheries and Aquaculture Information and Statistics Service: http://www.fao.org/fishery/statistics/programme/3,1,1/en (30 June 2011) 500 FAO Fisheries and Aquaculture Information and Statistics Service: http://www.fao.org/fishery/statistics/programme/3,1,1/en (30 June 2011) 501 FAO Country Profile 2005: http://www.fao.org/fishery/countrysector/FI-CP_MW/en 502 FAO Country Profile 2005: http://www.fao.org/fishery/countrysector/FI-CP_MW/en

195 IRFS – Regional Market Assessment (Supply and Demand) Study – Report

2. SUPPLY

2.1 Official production Malawi is a landlocked country of which about 20 percent is covered by water, supporting both capture and aquaculture production These water reservoirs support over 800 species of fish and nearly 15 percent of the global freshwater fish biodiversity. 503 In 2009, Malawi reported total production was 70 945 t, with a further 3 105 crocodiles produced (Figure 83).

80000 70000 60000 50000 oT n n 40000 e Total production s 30000 Capture 20000 Aquaculture 10000 0

Year

Figure 83: Malawi - production of fish in live weight, 2000-2009 (FAO FIGIS) Capture fisheries In Malawi, there are five major water bodies important for fish production504: • Lake Malawi is the largest water body, which in 2003 contributed over 75 percent of the total annual catch. • The other water bodies are: Lake Chilwa (about 750 km2, contributing about 14 percent of the total catch in 2003), Lake Malombe (about 390 km2; 1.2 percent), Lake Chiuta (about 200 km2; 2.4 percent), and two sections of the Shire River (upper and lower; contributing less than one percent and about 4.2 percent respectively). Capture fisheries are multi-species and multi-gear and are categorically divided into two, the artisanal or traditional fisheries and commercial fisheries. Artisanal fisheries are open access and operate in all water bodies, with the main target species being: chambo (Oreochromis species), kambuzi (Haplochromis species), usipa (Engraulicypris sardella), utaka (Copadichromis species), kampango (Bargrusmeridionalis) and mlamba (Clariid gariepinus). These fisheries contribute about 85-90 percent of the total fish landings in Malawi. The small-scale commercial fisheries are mechanized, capital intensive and use mainly trawling and purse seining (‘ring net’) and are confined in the southern part of Lake Malawi, contributing about 10-15 percent of the total fish landings.505 In 2003, utaka (Haplochromis spp.) contributed about 31.3 percent to the total catches, chambo (Oriochromis spp.) about 12.7 percent, and usipa (Engraulicypris sardella) about 10.2 percent.506 According to Table 91, the capture production in 2009 was 69 325 t (with the majority of the catch consisting of tilapias) as well as 3 105 ‘crocodiles and alligators’. Table 91: Malawi – capture production in live weight, 2009 (FAO FIGIS)

503 FAO Country Profile: http://www.fao.org/fishery/countrysector/FI-CP_MW/en 504 FAO Country Profile: http://www.fao.org/fishery/countrysector/FI-CP_MW/en 505 FAO Country Profile: http://www.fao.org/fishery/countrysector/FI-CP_MW/en 506 FAO Country Profile: http://www.fao.org/fishery/countrysector/FI-CP_MW/en

196 IRFS – Regional Market Assessment (Supply and Demand) Study – Report

Area Species Volume (t) Inland Crocodiles and alligators No.: 3 105 Carps, barbells and other cyprinids 26 822 Miscellaneous freshwater fishes 9 949 Tilapias and other cichlids 32 554 Total: 69 325

Aquaculture Although potential exists both at small-scale and at commercial levels, fish farming is still at an early stage of development in Malawi. In the early 2000s, there were about 4 000 fish farmers owning about 7000 fish ponds across the country, producing about 650 t in 2002. The pond sizes then ranged from 50 to 500 m2. Farmed species primarily include Tilapia rendalli (chilunguni), Oreochromis shiranus (makumba), Oreochromis karongae (chambo) and Clarias gariepinus (mlamba).507 In 2009, Malawi produced 1 620 t from aquaculture, mainly consisting of tilapias (Table 92). This was of a value of USD 5 435 000508. Table 92: Malawi - aquaculture production, 2009 (FAO FIGIS) Area Species Volume (t) Inland Carps, barbells and other cyprinids 25 Miscellaneous freshwater fishes 80 Salmons, trouts, smelts 15 Tilapias and other cichlids 1 500 Total: 1 620

Ornamental fisheries The aquarium trade is based on the exploitation and exportation of ‘mbuna’509, the highly coloured cichlids commonly found within 100 m. In the early 2000s, ornamental fishing operations were confined to two licensed operators.510 2.2 Description of value chain and products Infrastructure and transport Generally, most of the landing sites in Malawi are used as market sites, often with few chilling facilities. In selling fish on a beach, it is often sold by auction whereby bidding is done by the traders or by selling fish in dozens by charging a predetermined price by the fisher. This is common in some places on Lakes Malawi, Malombe and Lake Chilwa for fresh fish, particularly with the most valuable species for which demand is quite high. Fish marketing distribution consists mainly of fish traders, either processing their own catch or selling processed fish, utilizing public or private transport. Some of the small-scale commercial fishing companies have their own fish handling, processing and marketing facilities at their landing bases. MALDECO fishing company is one example, which has its own ice plants, cold rooms, freezing plants, smoking kilns, within its premises very close to Lake Malawi. The company uses insulated fish distribution lorries to distribute fish to its fish market outlets in urban centres.511

507 FAO Country Profile: http://www.fao.org/fishery/countrysector/FI-CP_MW/en 508 FAO Fisheries and Aquaculture Information and Statistics Service: http://www.fao.org/fishery/statistics/programme/3,1,1/en (30 June 2011) 509 Appears to be a collective name for various species. 510 FAO Country Profile: http://www.fao.org/fishery/countrysector/FI-CP_MW/en 511 FAO Country Profile: http://www.fao.org/fishery/countrysector/FI-CP_MW/en

197 IRFS – Regional Market Assessment (Supply and Demand) Study – Report

Fish marketing and distribution network has been very densely concentrated in the Southern part of the Central Region and the whole of the Southern Region. This reflects a series of factors such as the existing north-south variations in the country’s fish production patterns and population densities, the road system, the proximity to market centres and certainly also the comparatively high road transport costs. With regard to longer distances, transportation of dried or smoked fish, lake steamers and public bus services are used. Depending on the quality of processing, dried fish has a shelf life of at least one month. 512 Product form Fish is either sold to the consumer fresh, iced, frozen, smoked, sun-dried or para-boiled and then dried. Fresh fish is more popular in villages and towns near the lakes and rivers, while most remote rural areas are supplied with processed fish. There are a number of fish processing techniques practiced in Malawi, ranging from the traditional type like dug-out smoking ovens and drying racks made of reeds and mats to improved facilities such as Bena kiln and wire drying racks. About 90 percent of the fish from capture fisheries in Malawi is preserved by means of smoking or roasting (40 percent), and sun-drying (50 percent). The rest is fresh, chilled and frozen.513 Wholesale/retail In all principal urban centres of Malawi, including Lilongwe, Blantyre Limbe, Zomba and Mzuzu, public retail markets exist. Occasionally, fresh fish is available in Kasungu and Mzuzu. In most public retail markets, fresh fish is sold on separate stalls by size and piece, but not usually displayed on ice. Only in some supermarkets is fresh fish sold on price per kilogram basis. Dried/smoked fish is sold at public markets by piece or in small heaps for given prices, and not by weight. 514 2.3 National production status – opportunities and threats

Capture fisheries With regard to the status of the capture fisheries, some inshore waters appear to be overfished. At the same time, it has also been noted that an additional 40 000 t of fish can be caught annually from Lake Malawi, from under-utilized pelagic off-shore stocks. However, acquiring the appropriate fishing gears to catch this fish constitutes the main problem. In addition to exploiting such resources, good management of current fisheries, to ensure that yields are maintained at sustainable levels, is proposed as the way forward. 515 Aquaculture With the introduction of rainbow trout (Onchorhynchus mykiss) for angling in 1906, fish farming began in Malawi. In 1956/57, the use of indigenous species in fish farming began with the culture of Oreochromis shiranus and Tilapia rendalli. With the establishment in 1957, of the Domasi Experimental Fish Farm for breeding and distribution to farmers of these species, pond culture increased. In the 1970s and 1980s, the sector received support from several donor-supported projects and in the 1990s, NGOs encouraged wide adoption of fish farming in Malawi. In the early 2000s, the most commonly used production system was low-input integrated aquaculture, using polyculture of mainly Oreochromis shiranus and Tilapia rendalli, sometimes including Clarias gariepinus. Estimated production ranged from 750 and 1 200 kg/ha/year.516 Tilapia rendalli is a popular fish in Malawi because of its flavour and it is the second most common cultured species in the country. The fish species is indigenous to Malawi and its growth rate exceeds that of O. shiranus and O. karongae. It is for these reasons that it is probably considered to be most suitable by small-scale aquaculture farmers. 517

512 FAO Country Profile: http://www.fao.org/fishery/countrysector/FI-CP_MW/en 513 FAO Country Profile: http://www.fao.org/fishery/countrysector/FI-CP_MW/en 514 FAO Country Profile: http://www.fao.org/fishery/countrysector/FI-CP_MW/en 515 FAO Country Profile: http://www.fao.org/fishery/countrysector/FI-CP_MW/en 516 National Aquaculture Sector Overview: http://www.fao.org/fishery/countrysector/naso_malawi/en 517 National Aquaculture Sector Overview: http://www.fao.org/fishery/countrysector/naso_malawi/en

198 IRFS – Regional Market Assessment (Supply and Demand) Study – Report

The use of exotic species is restricted in Malawi – the Fisheries Conservation and Management Act (1997) restricts the introduction of exotic species in order to protect Malawi's fish biodiversity. In addition, the National Aquaculture Strategic Plan (2005) safeguards against the use of exotic fish species in aquaculture in order to protect the endemic species of fish in Lake Malawi.518 However, common carp (Cyprinus carpio) – one of the fast growing exotic species – was introduced into Malawi in 1976, though in 1992 further importation and distribution to farmers was prohibited. Another exotic fish species cultured is the rainbow trout, Onchorhynchus mykiss which is still produced on the Zomba Plateau, in some parts of Mulanje and in the rivers around Nyika. Intensive fish farming systems of tilapias in ponds are now emerging in the pre-urban as well as urban areas of Malawi. There is high demand for farmed fish in the upland areas away from the lakes, and in the urban centres. Most fish in these areas are sold at the farm gate. A cage culture farm in Lake Malawi has been initiated by MALDECO in the Mangochi district in the southern region of the country. Aquaculture products from commercial fish farms are sold in the urban centres of Blantyre, Lilongwe, Zomba and Mzuzu through department stores and selected food shops.519 It is estimated that more than 11650 km2 of land in Malawi is under or has potential for aquaculture, corresponding to about 15 percent of the land available. The Department of Fisheries is promoting fish farming by integrating aquaculture with agriculture, i.e. Integrated Aquaculture-Agriculture (IAA). Large-scale commercial aquaculture has also been promoted by putting in place a policy framework conducive to attract investors.520 With regard to further information on current aquaculture activities in Malawi, WorldFish Center provides both reports521,522, 523, 524 and contacts525. 2.4 Imports In 2008, Malawi imported 3 740 t (most of which consisted of ‘fish, dried, salted or smoked’) (Table 93 below), at a value of USD 1 765 000526. That year, most imports were from Canada, China, EU (France and the United Kingdom), Indonesia, Kenya, Papua New Guinea, Mozambique, Namibia, South Africa, Tanzania, Thailand, United Arab Emirates.527 Table 93: Malawi – imports of fish products in net weight, 2008 (FAO FIGIS) Commodity Volume (t) Fish fillets, frozen 9 Fish meat, whether or not minced, and fillets, frozen 13 Fish prepared or preserved 86 Fish, dried, salted or smoked 3 025 Fish, fresh or chilled, excluding fillets and meat 1 Fish, frozen, excluding fillets and meat 90

518 National Aquaculture Sector Overview: http://www.fao.org/fishery/countrysector/naso_malawi/en 519 National Aquaculture Sector Overview: http://www.fao.org/fishery/countrysector/naso_malawi/en 520 FAO Country Profile: http://www.fao.org/fishery/countrysector/FI-CP_MW/en 521 Russel A.J.M., Grötz P.A., Kriesemer S.K. and Pemsl D.E. 2008. Recommendation Domains for Pond Aquaculture. Country Case Study: Development and Status of Freshwater Aquaculture in Malawi. WorldFish Center Studies and Reviews No. 1869. The WorldFish Center, Pengang, Malaysia. 52 p. 522 Dey M.M, Kambewa P., Prein M., Jamu D., Paraguas F.J., Pemsl D.E. and Briones R.M. Impact of the Development and Dissemination of Integrated Aquaculture – Agriculculture Technologies in Malawi. In International Research on Natural Resource Management. FAO abd CAB International 2007. Eds Waibel H. and Zilberman D. 523 Dey M.M, Paraguas F.J., Kambewa P., and Pemsl D.E. The impact of integrated aquaculture-agriculture on small-scale farms in Southern Malawi. Agriculture Economics 41 (2010): 67-79. 524 FAO. Report of the Workshop on the Promotion of Sustainable Commercial Aquaculture in Zambia and Malawi. Lusaka, Zambia, 2-4 October 2002. FAO Fisheries Report No. 733. Rome, 2004. 46 p. 525 Dr. Daniel Jamu at WorldFish Malawi: [email protected]. 526 FAO Fisheries and Aquaculture Information and Statistics Service: http://www.fao.org/fishery/statistics/programme/3,1,1/en (30 June 2011) 527 COMESA ComStat: http://comstat.comesa.int/

199 IRFS – Regional Market Assessment (Supply and Demand) Study – Report

Meals 511 Seaweeds and aquatic plants 4 Molluscs and other aquatic invertebrates, prepared or preserved 1 Total: 3 740

2.5 Exports In 2008, Malawi exported 34 t of fish (Table 94), valued at USD 294 000528. That year, the main export destinations were EU (Belgium, Denmark, France, Italy, Spain, Sweden, United Kingdom), Hong Kong, Japan, South Africa (frozen fish) and Zambia (dried, salted fish), United Arab Emirates. 529 The only product to non-ESA-IO countries that year appears to have been ornamental fish. In the early 2000s, this was the only fisheries sub-sector that was promoted by the Malawi Export Promotion Council (MEPC). 530 It has been observed that most of the fish products exported from Malawi are re-exported, indicating a growing number of middlemen who supply e.g. coastal fish resources to other neighbouring countries. Since 1997, such re-exports have constituted over 80 percent of the total products exported, including fish such as frozen shrimps and prawns, trout salmonid, cod fish and flat fish. 531 Table 94: Malawi - exports of fish products in net weight, 2008 (FAO FIGIS) Commodity Volume (t) Fish, dried, salted or smoked 12 Fish, live 22 Total: 34

With regard to past trends of imports and exports (Figure 84), since 2005, imports have increased while exports have fluctuated at a relatively low level.

3500

3000

2500

oT 2000 n ne s 1500 Imports 1000 Exports

500

0 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 Year

Figure 84: Malawi - imports and exports of fish products in net weight, 2000-2008 (FAO FIGIS)

528 FAO Fisheries and Aquaculture Information and Statistics Service: http://www.fao.org/fishery/statistics/programme/3,1,1/en (30 June 2011) 529 COMESA ComStat: http://comstat.comesa.int/ 530 FAO Country Profile: http://www.fao.org/fishery/countrysector/FI-CP_MW/en 531 FAO Country Profile: http://www.fao.org/fishery/countrysector/FI-CP_MW/en

200 IRFS – Regional Market Assessment (Supply and Demand) Study – Report

3. DEMAND 3.1 In-country As noted in section 1, in 2007 the average supply of fish was 5.0 kg per capita. This can be compared with the per capita supply of meat that year, which was 5.9 kg, i.e. not much higher.532 In the past, the supply of fish per capita has steadily fallen due to high population growth against declining fish production. In 1976, per capita annual fish supply was 12.9 kg, falling to 7.9 kg in the 1990s and then further decreasing to 3.6 kg in 2001.533 Due to the high demand of fish, all fish caught in Malawi are used for direct human consumption, much of it consumed in rural areas and thus contributing to the nutritional needs of some of the poorest people in the country. However, it has also been noted that Malawians now find it more difficult and more expensive to obtain fish than ever before.534 In terms of projected growth in demand, due to a fairly high population growth rate (more than 3%), Malawian demand in 2020 is estimated at 103 385 t (up from 74 505 t in 2010) (Figure 85).

120000

100000

80000 oT n 60000 ne s 40000

20000

0 2010 2015 2020 Year

Figure 85: Malawi - projection of growth in demand of fish products in weight, 2010-2020535

3.2 In-ESA IO region (demand of products exported by the country) As noted in section 2.5, the main export destinations among ESA-IO countries were South Africa (frozen fish) and Zambia (dried, salted fish). 3.3 Outside region (demand of products exported by the country to other African countries, the US, EU, Asia, etc.) As noted in section 2.5, the main export destinations among non-ESA-IO countries were: EU (Belgium, Denmark, France, Italy, Spain, Sweden, United Kingdom), Hong Kong, Japan and United Arab Emirates. Again, the only product to non-ESA-IO countries that year appears to have been ornamental fish. 4. SUMMARY/CONCLUSION

Current status of market

532 FAO STAT: http://faostat.fao.org/site/610/default.aspx#ancor 533 FAO Country Profile: http://www.fao.org/fishery/countrysector/FI-CP_MW/en 534 FAO Country Profile: http://www.fao.org/fishery/countrysector/FI-CP_MW/en 535 FAO FIGIS

201 IRFS – Regional Market Assessment (Supply and Demand) Study – Report

With regard to national supply, i.e. fish available for consumption in the country in a particular year, Figure 86 shows that this is mainly coming from national production, primarily the capture sector. Although there might be room for expansion in this sector, targeting underexploited pelagic stocks, constraints include the need for other gear types to target those stocks. To accommodate for the projected increase in demand, increased aquaculture production and imports may provide some solutions.

80000 70000 60000 50000 oT n 40000 Total production ne s Imports 30000 Exports 20000 Balance 10000 0 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 Year

Figure 86: Malawi - national supply of fish products in weight, 2000-2008 ( FAO FIGIS)

Weaknesses and threats • Overfishing in inshore areas. • Climate change impacts.

Opportunities/potential • Underexploited pelagic stocks.

202 IRFS – Regional Market Assessment (Supply and Demand) Study – Report

SWAZILAND

1. NATIONAL OVERVIEW Population (millions) (year)536 1.2 (2010) Population growth factor (%) (2010-2015)537 1.36 Population density (habitants/km2)538 (year) 68 (2010) Human Development Index (year)539 123 (medium human development) (2010) Life expectancy at birth (years) (year)540 Male 47 (2009) Female 50 (2009) National average consumption per caput (kg/year) 6.5 (2007) (year)541 Surface area (km2)542 17 203 Water area (km2) 543 160 Gross domestic product per capita, current prices 3 026 (2010) (USD) (year)544 National production of fisheries (tonnes) (year)545 143 (2009) Imports of fish/fisheries products for direct human 931 (2008) consumption (tonnes) (year) 546 Exports fish/fisheries products for direct human 59 (2008) consumption (tonnes) (year) 547 Type fisheries/aquaculture Small-scale/subsistence capture and aquaculture, as well as sport fishing. Main species Tilapias (T. mossambicus and T. rendalli) and catfish (Clarius garipinus). Sport fishing: largemouth bass (Micropterus salmaides), rainbow trout (Salmo giardeneri) and tiger fish (Hydrocynus vittatus).

536 Population Division of the Department of Economic and Social Affairs of the United Nations Secretariat: World Population Prospects, the 2010 Revision: http://esa.un.org/unpd/wpp/index.htm 537 Population Division of the Department of Economic and Social Affairs of the United Nations Secretariat: World Population Prospects, the 2010 Revision: http://esa.un.org/unpd/wpp/index.htm 538 http://esa.un.org/unpd/wpp/unpp/p2k0data.asp 539 http://hdr.undp.org/en/statistics/ 540 http://www.who.int/entity/whosis/whostat/EN_WHS2011_Part2.xls 541 FAO STAT: http://faostat.fao.org/site/610/default.aspx#ancor 542 FAO Country Profile (2008): ftp://ftp.fao.org/FI/DOCUMENT/fcp/en/FI_CP_SZ.pdf 543 FAO Country Profile (2008): ftp://ftp.fao.org/FI/DOCUMENT/fcp/en/FI_CP_SZ.pdf 544 http://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/weo/2010/01/weodata/weorept.aspx?sy=2008&ey=2015&scsm=1&ssd=1&sort=country &ds=.&br=1&c=734&s=NGDPDPC&grp=0&a=&pr.x=57&pr.y=13 545 FAO Fisheries and Aquaculture Information and Statistics Service: http://www.fao.org/fishery/statistics/programme/3,1,1/en (30 June 2011) 546 FAO Fisheries and Aquaculture Information and Statistics Service: http://www.fao.org/fishery/statistics/programme/3,1,1/en (30 June 2011) 547 FAO Fisheries and Aquaculture Information and Statistics Service: http://www.fao.org/fishery/statistics/programme/3,1,1/en (30 June 2011)

203 IRFS – Regional Market Assessment (Supply and Demand) Study – Report

2. SUPPLY

2.1 Official production Swaziland is a landlocked country, without any natural lakes, swamps or floodplains of significance. However, a number of dams have been constructed principally for hydropower and irrigation purposes: e.g. Hendrick Van Eck, Luphohlo, Maguga, Mkimkomo, Mnjoli and Sand River Dams. Other smaller dams are spread across the country but these are predominantly located in the lowveld (the ecological zone most prone to drought in the country) for water supply for human and livestock uses. Such dams are normally stocked with tilapia species, mainly to improve food security among local communities. Furthermore, there is also the Jozini Dam, which is shared between Swaziland and South Africa. However, more than 98% of it is in South Africa. 548 Overall, the contribution of the fisheries sector in general to the national economy is negligible, though it does contribute to food security as Swazis fish mainly for subsistence reasons, providing for the household. There is little recorded capture fishing occurring and, due to some illegal fishing, a decrease in fish stocks has been noted in some of the dams. However, there is growing interest in angling as a recreational activity and aquaculture is said to be encouraged by the government, with fishponds located across the country.549 However, as can be seen in Figure 87 below, recorded total production has not reached more than a maximum of 143 t (and usually much less) in any year during the past ten years.

160 140 120 100 oT n n 80 e Total production s 60 Capture 40 Aquaculture 20 0

Year

Figure 87: Swaziland, production (total, capture, aquaculture) in live weight, 2000-2009 (FAO FIGIS)

Capture In capture fisheries, tilapias (T. mossambicus and T. rendalli) and catfish (Clarius garipinus) are the main species exploited. 550 As for recorded catch in 2009 (Table 95), only 70 t was caught. Table 95: Swaziland – capture production in live weight, 2009 (FAO FIGIS) Area Species Volume (t) Inland Miscellaneous freshwater fishes 70

548 FAO Country Profile (2008): ftp://ftp.fao.org/FI/DOCUMENT/fcp/en/FI_CP_SZ.pdf 549 FAO Country Profile (2008): ftp://ftp.fao.org/FI/DOCUMENT/fcp/en/FI_CP_SZ.pdf 550 FAO Country Profile (2008): ftp://ftp.fao.org/FI/DOCUMENT/fcp/en/FI_CP_SZ.pdf

204 IRFS – Regional Market Assessment (Supply and Demand) Study – Report

Aquaculture In 2007, there were about 40 community ponds around the country, with an average size of 200 m2. Mozambican tilapia (Oreochromis mossambicus) and catfish (Clarias gaiepinus) are the most commonly farmed species. Rainbow trout (Salmo giardeneri) and common carp (Cyprinus carpio) are also cultured. The tilapia is sourced locally, while other species are imported from South Africa.551 In 2009, Swaziland reported production of 73 t from its aquaculture sector, at a value of about USD 131 000 (Table 96). Table 96: Swaziland - aquaculture production, 2009 (FAO FIGIS) Area Species Volume (t) Inland Tilapias and other cichlids 73

Recreational fishing Fishing for recreational purposes is usually carried out in highland rivers and dams, with a total of 144 sport-fishing permits issued in 2007. The main species targeted in sport fishing (angling) include largemouth bass (Micropterus salmaides), rainbow trout (Salmo giardeneri) and tiger fish (Hydrocynus vittatus).552 2.2 Description of value chain and products No information obtained. 2.3 National production status – opportunities and threats

Capture fisheries Though it cannot be quantified due to lack of data, a decrease in catch has been observed in the rivers and dams. This is generally attributed to illegal fishing, with people using unregulated and non- selective netting material for fishing.553 Aquaculture For the moment, the development of fisheries and aquaculture in Swaziland is based on the enhancement of production from small water bodies and reservoirs whilst also promoting small-scale fish farming in rural areas, with the aim of providing an additional source of protein as well as income for the rural population. 554 The country’s climate is conducive to aquaculture development, however, the following constraints have been recognized555: • Lack of fingerlings for aquaculture production and restocking of dams. • No data collection and analysis system in place. • Loss of fisheries biodiversity due to recurring droughts and overexploitation. • Limited fisheries research. • Shortage of fisheries personnel. Product quality No information obtained.

551 FAO Country Profile (2008): ftp://ftp.fao.org/FI/DOCUMENT/fcp/en/FI_CP_SZ.pdf 552 FAO Country Profile (2008): ftp://ftp.fao.org/FI/DOCUMENT/fcp/en/FI_CP_SZ.pdf 553 FAO Country Profile (2008): ftp://ftp.fao.org/FI/DOCUMENT/fcp/en/FI_CP_SZ.pdf 554 FAO Country Profile (2008): ftp://ftp.fao.org/FI/DOCUMENT/fcp/en/FI_CP_SZ.pdf 555 FAO Country Profile (2008): ftp://ftp.fao.org/FI/DOCUMENT/fcp/en/FI_CP_SZ.pdf

205 IRFS – Regional Market Assessment (Supply and Demand) Study – Report

2.4 Imports Considering the low level of production in Swaziland, Swaziland serves as a market destination for fish and fish products from neighboring countries. Fish imports include fresh and chilled and/or frozen fish, fish fillets and other fish products salted, dried and smoked fish products as well as fishmeal. Tinned fish products are widely distributed in the country, whereas most of the fresh or frozen fish products only reach urban areas where there are better refrigeration facilities. Fishmeal is exclusively used in animal feeds. 556 In 2008, Swaziland reportedly imported 1 319 t of fish and fish products (Table 97), at a value of USD 4 050 000557. Table 97: Swaziland - imports of fish products in net weight, 2008 (FAO FIGIS) Commodity Volume (t) Crustaceans, frozen 62 Fish fillets, frozen 88 Fish meat, whether or not 8 minced, and fillets, fresh or chilled Fish prepared or preserved 306 Fish, dried, salted or 1 smoked Fish, fresh or chilled, 61 excluding fillets and meat Fish, frozen, excluding 403 fillets and meat Fish, live 2 Meals 374 Oils 14 Total: 1 319

2.5 Exports In 2008, Swaziland exported 97 t of fish products (Table 98), valued at USD203 000558. Table 98: Swaziland - exports of fish products in net weight, 2008 (FAO FIGIS) Commodity Volume (t) Fish meat, whether or not 40 minced, and fillets, fresh or chilled Fish prepared or preserved 9 Fish, fresh or chilled, 8 excluding fillets and meat Fish, frozen, excluding 2 fillets and meat Meals 38 Total: 97

With regard to Swazi imports and exports, Figure 88 shows that both trade flows decreased in 2004 and the following years, though imports decreased more than the exports.

556 FAO Country Profile (2008): ftp://ftp.fao.org/FI/DOCUMENT/fcp/en/FI_CP_SZ.pdf 557 FAO Fisheries and Aquaculture Information and Statistics Service: http://www.fao.org/fishery/statistics/programme/3,1,1/en (30 June 2011) 558 FAO Fisheries and Aquaculture Information and Statistics Service: http://www.fao.org/fishery/statistics/programme/3,1,1/en (30 June 2011)

206 IRFS – Regional Market Assessment (Supply and Demand) Study – Report

8000 7000 6000 5000 oT n 4000 ne s Imports 3000 Exports 2000 1000 0 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 Year

Figure 88: Swaziland – imports and exports of fish products, 2000-2008 (FAO FIGIS)

3. DEMAND 3.1 In-country In 2007, the per capita supply of fish in Swaziland was 6.5 kg. That same year, the corresponding supply of meat was 28.0 kg.559 This supply appears to be fluctuating – in 1997, it was 11.6 kg, which decreased considerably to 2.4 kg in 2003. Though in the past, it was said that Swazis are not fish eaters, it is now said that there has been a major shift towards more and fish and fish products being consumed in the country560 (contradicting Figure 90, in section 4). With regard to projected growth in demand, considering population increase561, it is expected to increase from 7 709 t in 2010 to about 8 717 in 2020 (Figure 89). However, considering the low level of national production, the demand in foreseeable future is likely to be met by a supply of imported fish and fish products. 562

8800

8600

8400

8200

8000

7800

7600

7400

7200 2010 2015 2020

Figure 89: Swaziland – projection of growth in demand of fish products in weight, 2010-2020563

559 FAO STAT: http://faostat.fao.org/site/610/default.aspx#ancor 560 FAO Country Profile (2008): ftp://ftp.fao.org/FI/DOCUMENT/fcp/en/FI_CP_SZ.pdf 561 Ibid. 562 FAO Country Profile (2008): ftp://ftp.fao.org/FI/DOCUMENT/fcp/en/FI_CP_SZ.pdf 563 Calculated by authors based on FAO FIGIS and UN data on population projections.

207 IRFS – Regional Market Assessment (Supply and Demand) Study – Report

3.2 In-ESA IO region (demand of products exported by the country) No information obtained. 3.3 Outside region (demand of products exported by the country to other African countries, the US, EU, Asia, etc.) No information obtained. 4. SUMMARY/CONCLUSION

Current status of market With regard to national supply in Swaziland, since 2004 this has been decreasing, primarily due to decreasing imports and stagnating (low) production levels (Figure 90).

8000 7000 6000 5000 oT n 4000 ne Total production s 3000 Imports 2000 Exports 1000 0 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 Year

Figure 90: Swaziland - national supply of fish products, 2000-2008 (FIGIS)

Weaknesses and threats • Climate change (if causing increasing frequency and duration of droughts).

Opportunities/potential • Potential for stock enhancement and small-scale fish farming if there is interest. • Potential for increased imports.

208 IRFS – Regional Market Assessment (Supply and Demand) Study – Report

ZAMBIA 1. NATIONAL OVERVIEW Population (millions) (year)564 13.1 (2010) Population growth factor (%) (2010-2015)565 3.05 Population density (habitants/km2)566 (year) 17 (2010) Human Development Index (year)567 150 (low human development) (2010) Life expectancy at birth (years) (year)568 Male 46 (2009) Female 50 (2009) National average consumption per caput (kg/year) 6.2 (2007) (year)569 Surface area (km2)570 752 972 Water area (km2)571 145 194 Gross domestic product per capita, current prices 1 317 (2010) (USD) (year)572 National production of fisheries (tonnes) (year)573 93 221 (plus 25 575 (no.) crocodiles) (2009) Imports of fish/fisheries products for direct human 3 464 (2008) consumption (tonnes) (year) 574 Exports fish/fisheries products for direct human 1 817 (2008) consumption (tonnes) (year) 575 Type fisheries/aquaculture576 Industrial and artisanal fisheries Aquaculture Recreational fishing Main species577 Capture fisheries: Lake Tanganyika sardine (kapenta) (Limnothrissa miodon) Aquaculture: three-spotted tilapia (Oreochromis andersonii), the green-headed tilapia (Oreochromis macrochir), and the red-breasted tilapia (Tilapa rendalli)

564 Population Division of the Department of Economic and Social Affairs of the United Nations Secretariat: World Population Prospects, the 2010 Revision: http://esa.un.org/unpd/wpp/index.htm 565 Population Division of the Department of Economic and Social Affairs of the United Nations Secretariat: World Population Prospects, the 2010 Revision: http://esa.un.org/unpd/wpp/index.htm 566 http://esa.un.org/unpd/wpp/unpp/p2k0data.asp 567 http://hdr.undp.org/en/statistics/ 568 http://www.who.int/entity/whosis/whostat/EN_WHS2011_Part2.xls 569 FAO STAT: http://faostat.fao.org/site/610/default.aspx#ancor 570 FAO Country Profile (2006): http://www.fao.org/fishery/countrysector/FI-CP_ZM/en 571 FAO Country Profile (2006): http://www.fao.org/fishery/countrysector/FI-CP_ZM/en 572 http://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/weo/2010/01/weodata/weorept.aspx?sy=2008&ey=2015&scsm=1&ssd=1&sort=country &ds=.&br=1&c=754&s=NGDPDPC&grp=0&a=&pr.x=71&pr.y=11 573 FAO Fisheries and Aquaculture Information and Statistics Service: http://www.fao.org/fishery/statistics/programme/3,1,1/en (30 June 2011) 574 FAO Fisheries and Aquaculture Information and Statistics Service: http://www.fao.org/fishery/statistics/programme/3,1,1/en (30 June 2011) 575 FAO Fisheries and Aquaculture Information and Statistics Service: http://www.fao.org/fishery/statistics/programme/3,1,1/en (30 June 2011) 576 FAO Country Profile (2006): http://www.fao.org/fishery/countrysector/FI-CP_ZM/en 577 FAO Country Profile (2006): http://www.fao.org/fishery/countrysector/FI-CP_ZM/en

209 IRFS – Regional Market Assessment (Supply and Demand) Study – Report

2. SUPPLY

2.1 Official production Zambia has 15 million hectares of water in the form of rivers, lakes and swamps, providing the basis for extensive freshwater fisheries. The major basins in Zambia are the Zambezi, Lake Mweru Wantipa catchment, Luapula and Lake Tanganyika578: • The Zambezi basin is the largest, comprising Luangwa river, Lukanga swamps, Kafue river, Upper Zambezi, Lake Kariba and Lower Zambezi. • The Luapula Basin consists of the Chambeshi river, Bangweulu lakes and swamps complex, Luapula river and Lake Mweru. • The Lake Tanganyika basin is the smallests. The Lake Mweru Wantipa catchment could be considered as stand alone as it is an internal drainage system with no outlet. Furthermore, the Bangweulu lakes and swamps complex is made up of six principal lakes and vast fringing papyrus flood plain swamps.579 In 2009, Zambia’s reported a total production of 93 221 t (Figure 91), with an addition of 25 575 crocodiles. Capture production has fluctuated somewhat over the past ten years, however, from 2006 it has increased and aquaculture has increased slightly from 2008 to 2009.

100000 90000 80000 70000 oT 60000 n 50000 ne s 40000 Total production 30000 Capture 20000 Aquaculture 10000 0

Year

Figure 91: Zambia – productions (total, capture, aquaculture), 2000-2009 (FAO FIGIS)

Capture On Lake Kariba and Lake Tanganyika, industrial fisheries exploit mostly the clupeids (sardines) such as Lake Tanganyika sardine (kapenta) (Limnothrissa miodon) and Lake Tanganyika sprat (Stolothrissa tanganicae). In Lake Kariba, the catches consist mainly (about 98 percent) of L. miodon, with small amounts of by-catch of tilapia, Momyrus, Synodontis, Serranochromis, Hydrocyon and other Characid species, whereas the Lake Tanganyika fishery is shifting from the clupeids to Lates species (Lates angustifrons, L. microlepis and L. mariae) and Luciolates spp. 580

578 FAO Country Profile (2006): http://www.fao.org/fishery/countrysector/FI-CP_ZM/en 579 FAO Country Profile (2006): http://www.fao.org/fishery/countrysector/FI-CP_ZM/en 580 FAO Country Profile (2006): http://www.fao.org/fishery/countrysector/FI-CP_ZM/en

210 IRFS – Regional Market Assessment (Supply and Demand) Study – Report

There are eleven main capture fisheries, of which four belong to the Congo River basin and seven to the Zambezi River basin. In 2000, the Congo basin fisheries accounted for 43 percent of annual production, including Bangweulu, Mweru-Luapula, Mweru Wantipa and Tanganyika. The Zambezi basin contains Kafue, Kariba, Lukanga, Upper Zambezi, Lower Zambezi, Itezhi-tezhi and Lusiwashi.581 Industrial operators and traditional/artisanal fishers constitute the capture fishing sector of Zambia, with the industrial operators mainly found on Lake Kariba and Lake Tanganyika operating large fishing vessels (exploiting pelagic stocks, primarily kapenta). However, the artisanal fisheries, with more than 25 000 fishers, still dominate in terms of production output (contribute about 85 percent of catches in the early 2000s, while the industrial fishers contribute about 15 percent).582 In 2009, Zambia reported a capture production of 84 716 t as well as 25 575 ‘crocodiles and alligators’ (Table 99). Table 99: Zambia - capture production in live weight, 2009 (FAO FIGIS). Area Species Volume (t) Inland Crocodiles and alligators No.: 25 575 Miscellaneous freshwater fishes 84 716

Aquaculture In 2009, Zambia’s aquaculture production was at a level of 8 505 t, consisting mainly of tilapias (Table 100). This production was of a value of USD 25 515 000583. Table 100: Zambia - aquaculture production in live weight, 2009 (FAO FIGIS). Area Species Volume (t) Inland Carps, barbells and other cyprinids 68 Tilapias and other cichlids 8 437 Total: 8 505

Recreational fishing In Zambia, the recreational sector is mainly tourist-oriented, based on the exploitation of tiger fish (Hydrocynus vittatus). The subsector is spearheaded by the Zambia Sport Fishing Association (ZSFA) and destinations include the Kafue, Luangwa and Zambezi rivers, and lakes Bangweulu, Kariba and Tanganyika.584 2.2 Description of value chain and products

Infrastructure and transport In Zambia, the main part of the products is distributed by private and individual traders, of which a large number are women.585 Product form Almost all fish produced in the Zambia is intended for human consumption. Fish is processed and distributed in various forms: fresh, salted, smoked, sun-dried, frozen and filleted. In the early 2000s, about 65 percent of the production (mostly kapenta) was dried, smoked or simply sun-dried. Tilapia is sometimes salted. This type of processing is due to the long distance between catching and consumption areas and the limited cold storage and transport facilities that exist.586

581 FAO Country Profile (2006): http://www.fao.org/fishery/countrysector/FI-CP_ZM/en 582 FAO Country Profile (2006): http://www.fao.org/fishery/countrysector/FI-CP_ZM/en 583 FAO Fisheries and Aquaculture Information and Statistics Service: http://www.fao.org/fishery/statistics/programme/3,1,1/en (30 June 2011) 584 FAO Country Profile (2006): http://www.fao.org/fishery/countrysector/FI-CP_ZM/en 585 FAO Country Profile (2006): http://www.fao.org/fishery/countrysector/FI-CP_ZM/en 586 FAO Country Profile (2006): http://www.fao.org/fishery/countrysector/FI-CP_ZM/en

211 IRFS – Regional Market Assessment (Supply and Demand) Study – Report

Wholesale/retail The domestic fish market is still a sellers’ market with production oriented at meeting the domestic demand. Large markets are found in Central, Copper Belt, Eastern and Lusaka provinces, as these have huge, dense populations.587 2.3 National production status – opportunities and threats Population growth is overtaking increases in total fish production. Issues, such as periodic outbreaks of cholera in production areas and seasonal restrictions, affect production and market conditions. 588 Capture fisheries Drastic declines in fish catches per unit effort indicate that the fish stocks either are fully- or overexploited. One reason is the unlimited entry into fisheries. While fishing in a particular fishery is regulated by way of licensing, the number of licences issued is not limited. Lack of reliable sector information (statistics) severely limits the scope of interventions in the regulation and development of the sector. Information is insufficient on parameters such as statistics on fish production levels, number of stocked and un-stocked ponds, pond yield, fish stocks, levels of exploitation and market data. 589 Aquaculture Zambia, being a country richly endowed with natural resources ideally suited to aquaculture production, it has a long history of such activities, dating back over forty years. The Department of Fisheries, in cooperation with international assistance agencies and NGOs, has done some considerable work in promoting aquaculture practices in the country. In addition, in the early 2000s, 16 large commercial fish farmers had started production in the Copper belt, Lusaka and Southern Province. In that period, about 75 percent of production came from small-scale aquaculture, while commercial fish farmers contributed 25 percent.590 Systems range from extensive to intensive systems, and include both multispecies culture and monoculture. Small-scale fish farmers rely on family labour and practise extensive culture, whereas emergent fish farmers produce for income generation. They purchase some inputs and practise integration – combining fish farming, crops and livestock. They may use family or hired labour for various tasks. Commercial fish farming is market oriented and may include processing for export.591 Commonly farmed species include the three-spotted tilapia (Oreochromis andersonii), the green- headed tilapia (Oreochromis macrochir), and the red-breasted tilapia (Tilapa rendalli). Other species include common carp, Nile tilapia and freshwater crayfish.592 All produce is currently consumed within the pond or on the farms and there is no elaborate marketing system except for the cage fish farmers who have supply outlets in the major cities. There are good export possibilities in neighboring countries and beyond, but there are no accurate figures on how much fish is currently exported.593 Constraints to further expanding and developing the aquaculture sector include594: • Lack of technical skills among most small-scale fish farmers in terms of fish husbandry practices and pond construction. • Lack of comprehensive training packages and materials. • Lack of capital to improve and increase small-scale farmers’ investment in aquaculture • Inadequate extension services. • Chronic shortages of quality fish seed and fingerlings, high cost of fish feed. • Poor marketing support.

587 FAO Country Profile (2006): http://www.fao.org/fishery/countrysector/FI-CP_ZM/en 588 FAO Country Profile (2006): http://www.fao.org/fishery/countrysector/FI-CP_ZM/en 589 FAO Country Profile (2006): http://www.fao.org/fishery/countrysector/FI-CP_ZM/en 590 FAO Country Profile (2006): http://www.fao.org/fishery/countrysector/FI-CP_ZM/en 591 FAO Country Profile (2006): http://www.fao.org/fishery/countrysector/FI-CP_ZM/en 592 FAO Country Profile (2006): http://www.fao.org/fishery/countrysector/FI-CP_ZM/en 593 National Aquaculture Sector Overview: http://www.fao.org/fishery/countrysector/naso_zambia/en 594 FAO Country Profile (2006): http://www.fao.org/fishery/countrysector/FI-CP_ZM/en

212 IRFS – Regional Market Assessment (Supply and Demand) Study – Report

• The Department of Fisheries is constrained by limited funding and capacity (training and staff shortages). Lastly, aquaculture development in Zambia has not been uniform and the major determining factors are rainfall and markets. Small-scale fish farms are dependent on locations in areas which receive sufficient rainfall whereas commercial fish farmers have the capacity to store and manage water throughout the year by means of reservoirs and dams, hence the location of their operations is determined by markets.595 Further analysis of aquaculture in Zambia is done in reports by FAO596 and WorldFish Center597. Product quality No information obtained. 2.4 Imports In 2008, Zambia imported 7 473 t (Table 101) at a value of USD 8 935 000598. That year, imports came from Andorra, Botswana, Egypt and United Arab Emirates.599 Table 101: Zambia – imports of fish products in net weight, 2008 (FAO FIGIS) Commodity Volume (t) Crustaceans, frozen 3 Crustaceans, prepared or preserved 1 Fish fillets, frozen 60 Fish meat, whether or not minced, and fillets, fresh or chilled 1 Fish meat, whether or not minced, and fillets, frozen 30 Fish prepared or preserved 211 Fish, dried, salted or smoked 380 Fish, fresh or chilled, excluding fillets and meat 63 Fish, frozen, excluding fillets and meat 2 690 Meals 4 001 Oils 8 Seaweeds and aquatic plants 1 Molluscs and other aquatic invertebrates, live, fresh or chilled 1 Molluscs and other aquatic invertebrates, other than live, fresh or chilled 12 Molluscs and other aquatic invertebrates, prepared or preserved 11 Total: 7 473

2.5 Exports Due to the unsatisfied demand for fish in the local market, exports are restricted. Generally, the major import and export flows mainly consist of the fresh water sardines Limnothrissa spp. and Stolothrissa spp., whereas smoked and fresh Lates stappersi and smoked Clarias species are heavily traded in the region. With regard to foreign exchange earnings, the ornamental fish trade is the main contributor.600 Exports to the region are mostly for consumption (including to Botswana, DRC, South Africa and Zimbabwe), whereas exports to destinations outside the region mainly consist of ornamental species. Common destinations for this trade are Belgium, Canada, Denmark, UK, Germany, Russia, Sweden and the United States of America.601

595 National Aquaculture Sector Overview: http://www.fao.org/fishery/countrysector/naso_zambia/en 596 FAO. Report of the workshop on the promotion of sustainable commercial aquaculture in Zambia and Malawi. Lusaka, Zambia, 2-4 October 2002. FAO Fisheries Report No. 733. Rome, 2004. 46p. 597 Runnebaum J.M., Beveridge M.C.M., Hüsken S.M.C, Enright N., and Lungu P. Aquaculture Big Numbers Study, Zambia. Country Report. 2011. Draft. 598 FAO Fisheries and Aquaculture Information and Statistics Service: http://www.fao.org/fishery/statistics/programme/3,1,1/en (30 June 2011) 599 COMESA ComStat: http://comstat.comesa.int/ 600 FAO Country Profile (2006): http://www.fao.org/fishery/countrysector/FI-CP_ZM/en 601 FAO Country Profile (2006): http://www.fao.org/fishery/countrysector/FI-CP_ZM/en

213 IRFS – Regional Market Assessment (Supply and Demand) Study – Report

In 2008, Zambia exported 1 817 t (Table 102), at a total value of USD 1 295 000602. That year, the main export destinations were Angola, Australia, Burundi, DRC, EU (Belgium, Denmark, Germany, Spain), Hong Kong and Israel. Table 102: Zambia – exports of fish products in net weight, 2008 (FAO FIGIS) Commodity Volume (t) Fish prepared or preserved 6 Fish, dried, salted or smoked 1 721 Fish, fresh or chilled, excluding fillets and meat 32 Fish, frozen, excluding fillets and meat 23 Fish, live 35 Total: 1 817

With regard to the import-export balance (Figure 92), Zambia increased its imports up to 2005, whilst at the same time exports were fluctuating at a lower level. From 2005, imports have been decreasing.

7000

6000

5000

oT 4000 n ne s 3000 Imports 2000 Exports

1000

0 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 Year

Figure 92: Zambia - imports and exports of fish products in net weight, 2000-2008 (FIGIS)

3. DEMAND 3.1 In-country As noted in section 1, Zambia’s per capita supply of fish was 6.2 kg in 2007. In that year, the per capita supply of meat was 12.0 kg. 603 Fish is still an important food item in the Zambian diet, accounting for up to 55 percent of the national dietary animal protein. In the early 2000s, rural households accounted for 47 percent of fish consumption, followed by poor urban households (30 percent). Urban dwellers generally consumed more fish than people in rural areas. Overall, everyone, irrespective of socio-economic status, enjoys fish in Zambia and therefore the government has recognised the potential in aquaculture. However, demand for domestic fish for consumption still outstrips total fish production.604 Figure 93 shows the projected increase in demand up to 2020, in Zambia. This is likely to increase from a demand in 81 152 t in 2010 to 111 092 t in 2020.

602 FAO Fisheries and Aquaculture Information and Statistics Service: http://www.fao.org/fishery/statistics/programme/3,1,1/en (30 June 2011) 603 FAO STAT: http://faostat.fao.org/site/610/default.aspx#ancor 604 FAO Country Profile (2006): http://www.fao.org/fishery/countrysector/FI-CP_ZM/en

214 IRFS – Regional Market Assessment (Supply and Demand) Study – Report

120000

100000

80000 oT n 60000 ne s 40000

20000

0 2010 2015 2020 Year

Figure 93: Zambia – projection of growth in demand of fish products, 2010 – 2020605

3.2 In-ESA IO region (demand of products exported by the country) As noted in section 2.5, exports to the region are mostly for consumption (including to DRC, South Africa and Zimbabwe). In 2008, the main export destinations were Burundi and DRC. 3.3 Outside region (demand of products exported by the country to other African countries, the US, EU, Asia, etc.) As noted in 2.5 exports to destinations outside the region mainly consist of ornamental species. Common destinations for this trade are Belgium, Canada, Denmark, UK, Germany, Russia, Sweden and the United States of America.606 In 2008, exports went to Australia, EU (Belgium, Denmark, Germany, Spain), Hong Kong and Israel. Other African export destinations include Angola and Botswana. 4. SUMMARY/CONCLUSION

Current status of market With regard to the national supply of fish, Figure 94 shows the trend during 2000-2008. It indicates that the national production is the main contributor whereas imports only contribute a small part to meeting the national demand.

605Calculated by authors based on FAO FIGIS and UN projections on population growth. 606 FAO Country Profile (2006): http://www.fao.org/fishery/countrysector/FI-CP_ZM/en

215 IRFS – Regional Market Assessment (Supply and Demand) Study – Report

100000 90000 80000 70000 60000 oT n 50000 Total production ne s 40000 Imports 30000 Exports 20000 Balance 10000 0 20002001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 Year

Figure 94: Zambia – national supply of fish products in weight, 2000-2008 (FIGIS)

Weaknesses and threats • Overfishing • Climate change

Opportunities/potential • Aquaculture

216 IRFS – Regional Market Assessment (Supply and Demand) Study – Report

ZIMBABWE

1. NATIONAL OVERVIEW Population (millions) (year)607 12.6 (2010) Population growth factor (%) (2010-2015)608 2.15 Population density (habitants/km2)609 (year) 32 (2010) Human Development Index (year)610 169 (low human development) (2010) Life expectancy at birth (years) (year)611 Male 47 (2009) Female 50 (2009) National average consumption per caput (kg/year) 1.3 (2007) (year) 612 Surface area (km2)613 390 800 Water area (km2)614 3 910 Gross domestic product per capita, current prices 438 (2010) (USD) (year)615 National production of fisheries (tonnes) (year) 616 13 152 (2009): • Capture:10 500 t • Aquaculture: 2 652 t • 62 101 crocodiles Imports of fish/fisheries products for direct human 2 471 (2009) consumption (tonnes) (year) 617 Exports fish/fisheries products for direct human 2 318 (plus 1 806 t of meals) (2008) consumption (tonnes) (year) 618 Type fisheries/aquaculture • Artisanal in rivers and lakes. • Semi-industrial fisheries in lakes. • Large scale tilapia cage culture. • Commercial crocodile farming • Several larger fish pond farms and many undocumented small-scale fish farmers. Main species Primarily Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) and kapenta (Limnothrissa miodon) but also: Cichlids (Sargochromis codrintgtonii, Oreochromis mossambicus, Oreochromis mortmeri, Tilapia rendalli); Clariid (Clarias gariepinus), Cyprinid (Labeo altivelis); ,characid (Hydrocynus vittatus), mormyrids (Momyrus longirostris, Mormyrops anguilloides); Salmonidae (Oncorhynchus mykiss)

607 Population Division of the Department of Economic and Social Affairs of the United Nations Secretariat: World Population Prospects, the 2010 Revision: http://esa.un.org/unpd/wpp/index.htm 608 Ibid. 609 http://esa.un.org/unpd/wpp/unpp/p2k0data.asp 610 http://hdr.undp.org/en/statistics/ 611 http://www.who.int/entity/whosis/whostat/EN_WHS2011_Part2.xls 612 FAO STAT: http://faostat.fao.org/site/610/default.aspx#ancor 613 FAO Country Profile: http://www.fao.org/fishery/countrysector/FI-CP_ZW/en 614 FAO Country Profile: http://www.fao.org/fishery/countrysector/FI-CP_ZW/en 615 http://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/weo/2010/01/weodata/weorept.aspx?sy=2008&ey=2015&scsm=1&ssd=1&sort=country &ds=.&br=1&c=698&s=NGDPDPC&grp=0&a=&pr1.x=75&pr1.y=5 616 FAO Fisheries and Aquaculture Information and Statistics Service: http://www.fao.org/fishery/statistics/programme/3,1,1/en (30 June 2011) 617 Ministry of Agriculture, Zimbabwe. 618 FAO Fisheries and Aquaculture Information and Statistics Service: http://www.fao.org/fishery/statistics/programme/3,1,1/en (30 June 2011)

217 IRFS – Regional Market Assessment (Supply and Demand) Study – Report

2. SUPPLY

2.1 Official production Fish production in Zimbabwe during 2000-2009 mainly consisted of capture production, as shown in Figure 95.

18000 16000 14000 12000 T o 10000 n ne 8000 s Total production 6000 Capture 4000 Aquaculture 2000 0

Year

Figure 95: Zimbabwe – production (total, capture, aquaculture) in live weight, 2000-2009 (FIGIS)

In Zimbabwe, the fisheries sector consists of capture fisheries, aquaculture and recreational (sports) fishing. However, up-to-date production statistics specific for the different fisheries/reservoirs are not readily available, hence figures presented below are the latest estimates available. Overall, as reported to FAO for 2009, Zimbabwe’s total production was 13 152 tonnes (t). Furthermore, 62 101 crocodiles were produced. Aquaculture produced 2 652 t that year. With regard to imports, 2 318 t was imported for direct human consumption in 2008 (and an additional 1 806 t of meals were imported). In the same year, 1 487 t were exported.619 Capture fisheries In the capture sub-sector, the main commercially exploited fish stocks are within five reservoirs – Kariba, Chivero, Manyame, Mazvikadei and Mutirikwi.620 Lake Kariba621 holds the largest fishery, contributing almost 90 percent of the country’s fish production. It supports an open water (pelagic) semi-industrial fishery that exploits kapenta (Limnothrissa miodon) and an artisanal inshore fishery restricted to the shallow inshore water where exploitation is through gillnets.622 Nine species comprising of Kariba tilapia (Oreochromis mortimeri), Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus), green happy (Sargochromis codringtonii), redbreast tilapia (Tilapia rendalli), rednose labeo (Labeo altivelis), African tigerfish (Hydrocynus vitattus), Eastern bottlenose mormyrid (Mormyrus longirostris), cornish jack (Mormyrops anguilloides) and North African catfish (Clarias gariepinus) are exploited commercially within the inshore fishery. In 2001, 13 226 t was produced from the lake (9 826 t from the pelagic fishery and 3 400 t from the artisanal fishery).623 In the last few years, the kapenta fishery has gone down to about 5 000 tonnes per year.624

619 FAO Fisheries and Aquaculture Information and Statistics Service: http://www.fao.org/fishery/statistics/programme/3,1,1/en (30 June 2011) 620 FAO country profile: http://www.fao.org/fishery/countrysector/FI-CP_ZW/en 621 Shared with Zambia. 622 FAO country profile: http://www.fao.org/fishery/countrysector/FI-CP_ZW/en 623 FAO country profile: http://www.fao.org/fishery/countrysector/FI-CP_ZW/en 624 Ministry of Agriculture/University of Zimbabwe

218 IRFS – Regional Market Assessment (Supply and Demand) Study – Report

Lake Chivero, a hyper-eutrophic lake, supports a commercial fishery which utilizes seine nets in marginal shallow regions of the lake and gillnets in shallow to relatively deep waters. Its annual production between mid 1990s and mid 2000s has varied from between 160 and 450 tonnes (t) fresh weight.625 The dominant species in the fishery are longfin tilapia (Oreochromis macrochir), redbreast tilapia and rednose labeo. However, Nile tilapia, which was introduced in the mid-1990s, is increasing and gradually replacing longfin tilapia in terms of dominance.626 Due to an uncontrolled influx of fishermen in the lake fishery, in the past few years, fish production has declined from 2008 (1 444 t), 2009 (1 337 t) and 2010 (603 t). Despite the lake’s high productivity, there are fears that the fishery is now on the verge of collapse.627 Commercial fishing also occurs on Lake Manyame which is downstream of Lake Chivero. In early 2000s, production varied between 160 and 400 t628, with the common species in the commercial fishery being longfin tilapia, redbreast tilapia and rednose labeo. Eutrophication has caused fish populations to increase.629 There are no recent data on catches, however, 29 fishing permits have been allocated for the lake though there is reason to suspect higher catches.630 Furthermore, Mazvikadei dam supports a gillnet fishery, yielding about 4 t per year in the early 2000s. Zimbabwe’s largest inland water-body, Lake Mutirikwi, supports gillnetting and seining, with relatively low annual production – varying between 14 and 20 t, and the main commercial fish species are longfin tilapia, Mozambique tilapia (Oreochromis Mossambicus), redbreast tilapia, African catfish, largemouth black bass (Micropterus salmonides) and yellow-belly bream (Serranochromis robustus). 631 There are no recent data on catches from these fisheries. 632 In addition, commercial fishing commenced in 2002 on four recently constructed reservoirs namely Zhowe, Osborne, Muzhwi and Manyuchi while Manjirenji dam also supports a commercial gillnet fishery.633 Again, there are no recent data on catches from these fisheries. 634 In all of the country’s main rivers and reservoirs, there is some form of artisanal fishery taking place, though it is very difficult to quantify since much of it is illegal. 635 Aquaculture Aquaculture was first introduced in Zimbabwe as early as the 1950s, and the main activities at that time were stocking farm dams and commercial trout farming in the Eastern Highlands. Intensive research was also initiated at the then Hendersen Research Station. Still, aquaculture never really took off in Zimbabwe. Despite this, Zimbabwe is famous for being home to the first commercial Nile tilapia project in Africa, undertaken by Lake Harvest.636 This company began its operations in Lake Kariba in 1997, with cage culture of Nile tilapia. 637 Beyond Lake Harvest’s Nile tilapia farming, there is one major crocodile farm in Zimbabwe, some trout farmers as well as an uncounted number of small-scale/subsistence farmers. Main species farmed include various tilapia species, rainbow trout, tigerfish, catfish and various species of carp.638 In the Eastern Highlands high-value trout farming (rainbow trout [Oncorhynchus mykiss] and brown trout [Salmo trutta]) is practised both by national parks and private farms. This is mainly for export and recreational fishing. Figures on production are not available but it is known to be a lucrative

625 FAO country profile: http://www.fao.org/fishery/countrysector/FI-CP_ZW/en 626 http://www.fao.org/fi/oldsite/FCP/en/ZWE/body.htm 627 Ministry of Agriculture/University of Zimbabwe 628 FAO country profile: http://www.fao.org/fishery/countrysector/FI-CP_ZW/en 629 http://www.fao.org/fi/oldsite/FCP/en/ZWE/body.htm 630 Ministry of Agriculture/University of Zimbabwe 631 http://www.fao.org/fi/oldsite/FCP/en/ZWE/body.htm 632 Ministry of Agriculture/University of Zimbabwe 633 FAO country profile: http://www.fao.org/fishery/countrysector/FI-CP_ZW/en 634 Ministry of Agriculture/University of Zimbabwe 635 Ministry of Agriculture/University of Zimbabwe 636 Fish Farming International, July 2011 Issue, www.intrafish.com 637 Personal comment: Hanlie Schreuder, operational manager, Lake Harvest. 638 Personal comment: Dr Nhiwatiwa, University of Zimbabwe.

219 IRFS – Regional Market Assessment (Supply and Demand) Study – Report business especially for tourism. Fish from this industry are normally not accessible to the local community because of the high prices. 639 With regard to the subsistence pond farming, indigenous species such as Mozambique tilapia (Oreochromis mossambicus), the red-breasted Tilapia (Tilapia rendalii), the green-headed tilapia (Oreochromis macrochir), the Kariba tilapia (Oreochromis mortimeri) and sharptooth catfish (Clarias gariepinus) are utilized. One estimate of annual production from subsistence aquaculture is 900 t.640 Recreational Sport fishing for trout (see section on Aquaculture above) is carried out in reservoirs and rivers in Nyanga National Park in the Eastern Highlands while that for largemouth black bass is carried out on Mutirikwi, Manyuchi, Manjirenji, Matopos, Ncema and Mayfair dams. Furthermore, sport fishing for African tiger fish (Hydrocynus vittatus) is also done in the Zambezi River and its tributaries. Lastly, subsistence angling is a common activity in all reservoirs near urban centres mainly Lake Chivero, Lake Manyame and Lake Kariba.641 No data on production are available. 2.2 Description of value chain and products

Infrastructure and transport Processing facilities and large-scale cold storage at commercial scale are only available at Lake Harvest’s processing plant, at Lake Kariba. Small-scale fishermen are dependent on household refrigeration if they have access to electricity. Post-harvesting processing for fish is limited and the infrastructure in place is thus minimal – kapenta from Lake Kariba is either salted and sun-dried on drying racks or frozen. Most commercial artisanal fish catches are sold fresh/frozen, sun-dried or smoked.642 Overall transportation infrastructure is today underdeveloped with a total of 3497 km of railways linking most of the major cities but only 313 km electrified. Hence the country is still dependent on diesel locomotives. Furthermore, there are 97 267 km of road of which only 18 481 km paved, and 216 airports of which less than 19 have paved runways and 197 have unpaved runways. Less than 5 airports have capabilities of handling large commercial aircraft. Lastly, as Zimbabwe is a landlocked country the ports of Beira (Mozambique), Durban (South Africa) and Walvis Bay (Namibia) are utilized by Zimbabwe. 643 With regard to kapenta (from Lake Kariba), practically all is distributed throughout the country by road. Costs of transport are usually borne by the wholesalers, who either use their own trucks or commercial trucking companies. In general, commercial trucking companies are used by most producers. Where regular large deliveries are required, discounts are given on transport costs.644 Fresh or frozen fish from Lake Kariba is transported to Harare and other main destinations in Zimbabwe in refrigerated trucks. Commercial fish farmers usually rely on their own transport. 645 Imported fish and fish products from South Africa are either transported by refrigerated truck or air freighted. The main fish trading companies use their own refrigerated trucks. Fish from other destinations (Kenya, Mozambique and Tanzania) are transported either by air or road. 646

639 Ministry of Agriculture/University of Zimbabwe. 640 http://www.fao.org/fi/oldsite/FCP/en/ZWE/body.htm 641 FAO country profile: http://www.fao.org/fishery/countrysector/FI-CP_ZW/en 642 Ministry of Agriculture/University of Zimbabwe. 643 Ministry of Agriculture/University of Zimbabwe. 644 ALCOM market study (1995): http://www.fao.org/docrep/005/AD030E/AD030E05.htm 645 ALCOM market study: http://www.fao.org/docrep/005/AD030E/AD030E05.htm 646 ALCOM market study: http://www.fao.org/docrep/005/AD030E/AD030E05.htm

220 IRFS – Regional Market Assessment (Supply and Demand) Study – Report

Product form Generally fresh fish such as tilapia fetch higher market prices than preserved fish (using methods such as drying). However, this is not the case with kapenta that increases significantly in price after drying. Lake Harvest is the only company that sells more processed fish in the form of whole frozen fish and fillets. At the small artisanal scale, preservation is normally done if fish are in excess of demand to prevent losses, otherwise it is often sold fresh on the beach for consumption the same day (due to lack of electricity). 647 Wholesale/retail Generally speaking, the artisanal fishers supply the local market, selling their fish at landing sites to small-scale traders who after sun-drying transport the fish to farms, towns and rural areas for marketing. Commercial operators supply fresh fish to retail shops in urban centres. Dried kapenta is sold locally in jute bags weighing 30 kg to traders and retail supermarkets where it is re-packaged into smaller units. 648 Tilapia (various species) caught in Lake Kariba and elsewhere is sold either fresh or dried to fish buyers (companies, cooperatives or individuals), which then distribute it throughout Zimbabwe. Some of the tilapia is filleted, packaged and sold either frozen or fresh, mainly to supermarkets in urban centres. Tilapia caught by local fishermen in small reservoirs is usually sold fresh, smoked or dried to people in the nearby area. 649 With regard to aquaculture produce, the Lake Harvest Nile tilapia is sold either locally or exported as frozen whole fish or fillets to the European market and in the southern African region. Factory by- products from the Lake Harvest processing plant are sold from a factory gate shop. Trout is exported or sold locally as frozen trout, trout fillets, smoked trout and trout pates.650 Tilapia produced by small- scale farmers is usually consumed locally. 651 There is no fish market in Zimbabwe (not by Lake Kariba, nor in Harare). 652 2.3 National production status – opportunities and threats

Capture fisheries With regard to the main capture fishery, the kapenta fishery in Lake Kariba, Figure 96 shows a declining trend in the catches of kapenta. At the same time, there are indications of legal fishing effort going down, however, illegal fishing is a major issue and taking this into account, fishing effort is probably higher now than ever before. Another reason for the decline in catches may be climate change (see further below).653

647 Ministry of Agriculture/University of Zimbabwe 648 Ministry of Agriculture/University of Zimbabwe/http://www.fao.org/fishery/countrysector/FI-CP_ZW/en 649 ALCOM market study: http://www.fao.org/docrep/005/AD030E/AD030E05.htm 650 Ministry of Agriculture/University of Zimbabwe/http://www.fao.org/fishery/countrysector/FI-CP_ZW/en 651 ALCOM market study: http://www.fao.org/docrep/005/AD030E/AD030E05.htm 652 Ministry of Agriculture/University of Zimbabwe. 653 Ministry of Agriculture/University of Zimbabwe

221 IRFS – Regional Market Assessment (Supply and Demand) Study – Report

Figure 96: Zimbabwe - kapenta catches in Lake Kariba against effort (1974-2010) 654

With regard to the commercial fishery on Lake Chivero, attempts were made at allowing more fishers to fish, but with smaller quotas to avoid increasing total effort. However, this has failed and resulted in catches declining from 1 444 t in 2008, to 1 337 t in 2009, and finally to 603 t in 2010. As noted in section 2.1, annual production of the Chivero fishery has ranged between 160 and 450 t but due to the increase in fishing effort, this was greatly surpassed. There are now concerns that the fishery may be on the verge of collapse despite the lake’s high productivity.655 With regard to the 11 000 small reservoirs, little is known about their present contribution to total production. 656 In addition to illegal/overfishing, in reservoirs near urban centres, pollution is also posing a threat. Lake Chivero is one example where sections of the lake cannot be fished because of sewage inflows. Climate change has been touted by some experts as a problem in Lake Kariba, for example by affecting the kapenta stock.657 However, such conclusions are not yet based on concrete research findings. Another more visible impact of negative weather patterns is the drying out of ponds and dams. A rough estimate suggests that 30 percent of these small ponds dry out every year, leading to fish in those small waters dying. Re-stocking is thus needed. 658 In terms of opportunities, the 11 000 dams/ponds/reservoirs across the country could be used for either aquaculture (see below) or, if stock enhancement is carried out, additional capture fishing. In the past, the government assisted with stock enhancement, however, at the moment the government’s capacity to provide such support is very limited. To avoid introduction of exotic species (and thereby risking competition and/or cross-breeding with resulting biodiversity loss), the responsibility of stock enhancement/re-stocking falls on the Government. However, it has been noted that introduction of exotic species (e.g. Nile tilapia) has and is widely taking place.659

654 Ministry of Agriculture/University of Zimbabwe 655 Ministry of Agriculture/University of Zimbabwe 656 Ministry of Agriculture/University of Zimbabwe 657 Lake Kariba study on potential effects of climate change on stocks: to see if the downhill development of the kapenta stocks are caused by overfishing or if its caused by water warming? Water is/might be warming up, affecting algae growth, which in turn affects the zooplankton that the kapenta feeds on. It is suggested that the thermocline is changing, with effects on productivity levels. The study will be ready in December. (Personal comment: Dr Nhiwatiwa, freshwater ecologist, University of Zimbabwe). 658 Ministry of Agriculture/University of Zimbabwe 659 Ministry of Agriculture/University of Zimbabwe

222 IRFS – Regional Market Assessment (Supply and Demand) Study – Report

Aquaculture So far, apart from Lake Harvest’s operations, aquaculture has only been carried out at fairly small- scale level and production has not been consistent. Generally, both the aquaculture and capture fisheries in the ponds/dams are of low productivity. 660 With regard to the small-scale farming, some general constraints or threats include – as for capture fisheries – poaching. Another issue is that the indigenous species farmed (e.g. Mozambican tilapia) grow slowly, hence farmers lose interest. For example, Mozambican tilapia takes eight months to reach table-size. It is thus suggested that species are needed that grow faster. Furthermore, disease outbreaks is another potentially major issue – although systems are in place to control outbreaks in other livestock types, there is no system in place for fish661. In addition, as mentioned above, climate change, if it means increased risk of droughts, is also a problem as dams are already running dry, with the consequence of fish dying. 662 It has been further noted that there is a lack of government staff trained in aquaculture – only about five people in the Ministry of Agriculture currently has any kind of training in/knowledge of aquaculture, with the addition of a few provincial staff. 663 Additional constraints and weaknesses noted by the Ministry of Agriculture include664: • There is no clear legal framework targeting the economic growing of the sector. • To support the above, there is a need to develop flexible regulatory frameworks with coordination across government agencies and levels of government (e.g. agriculture, fish, urbanization). Currently, grey areas exist within the state departments vis a vis their mandates and the practicalities on the ground). • Seed supply is not guaranteed as there are no dedicated hatcheries to meet public demand, no production scheduling, no diversification/genetic improvements/supply, little or no quality improvement, no cost reduction initiatives from the State. • Commercial feeds are currently expensive. • No local investment incentives and support schemes for development and technical research. • No financial support from the banking sector. • No framework in place of suitable environment standards for the sector. • Currently no identification, control and transmission management system in place with regard to disease outbreaks (no effective monitoring and early-warning systems). However, a number of opportunities do exist665: • Right climatic conditions. • Large demand for fish and fish products within Zimbabwe.

660 Ministry of Agriculture/University of Zimbabwe 661 There have been cases of fish disease outbreaks in this region, see e.g. FAO. Report of the International Emergency Disease Investigation Task Force on a Serious Finfish Disease in Southern Africa, 18–26 May 2007. Rome, FAO. 2009. 70p. http://www.fao.org/docrep/012/i0778e/i0778e00.htm 662 Ministry of Agriculture/University of Zimbabwe 663 Ministry of Agriculture/University of Zimbabwe 664 Ministry of Agriculture/University of Zimbabwe 665 Ministry of Agriculture/University of Zimbabwe

223 IRFS – Regional Market Assessment (Supply and Demand) Study – Report

• Abundant freshwater resources to sustain high fish production levels and no major competition from other economic activities (estimates suggest that Zimbabwe is currently using just 12 percent of its freshwater resources for productiction). • An increasingly stable multiple currency economy. With regard to Lake Harvest’s operation, these are under expansion666 and an overview of the company’s activities and thinking is provided in Box 1 below. Box 1: Zimbabwe - an overview of Lake Harvest’s operation

Lake Harvest estimates a production level of 7 000 t in Zimbabwe in 2011, up from about 2 500 t in 2010. For 2012, the production level is estimated at around 12 000 t. Although the company is export-oriented, 90 percent of the exports are currently regional and only 10 percent leaves Africa.

In Zimbabwe, Lake Harvest only operates in Lake Kariba and currently has no plans to expand elsewhere in the country as its operations (cage culture) require deep waters. For the feed plant, soya is imported from India and Argentina (60 percent of the company’s demand is met by imports in 2011). Vitamins, fishmeal and oil are all imported from South Africa. Though kapenta could be a source for fishmeal production, the Zimbabwean stocks are heavily overfished. In relation to reliance on imports, it was noted that in an unstable environment such as Zimbabwe, it is better for a company to control as much of the supply/value-chain as possible. If the situation was more stable, it could be more efficient to buy inputs needed from other local producers. However, at the same time, instability also makes you more dependent on inputs from ‘outsiders’ (in Zimbabwe and elsewhere).

For processing, Lake Harvest relies on one (EU-certified) processing plant which is operating at maximum capacity, with fresh and frozen products as the main outputs. Of total production, 80 percent is shared between Zambia and Zimbabwe. The rest goes to DRC, Congo, South Africa and the UK.

By -products include heads, frames, etc., and all by-products are sold apart from the guts. In the Lake Kariba area, as part of a social responsibility approach, by-products are sold for 1 USD per kg and in Harare, they are sold for 1.25 USD per kg. With regard to threats, one issue noted was biosecurity – although an Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) is required prior to establishment, and the company is assessed against it, the company’s operation is highly dependent on upstream activities (in Zambia). Thus, it is vulnerable with regard to diseases and water quality. On a positive note, Lake Harvest is certified by GLOBAL G.A.P.* (for good farming practices) and assessed every year (e.g. in relation to traceability of farming inputs). In considering key challenges to commercial aquaculture in Zimbabwe, two were noted: 1) price sensitivity – to be able to sell at a price which gives sufficient returns; and 2) poor availability of local raw materials. With regard to key opportunities, it was noted that there is a huge growth potential in Zimbabwe and that the country has much skilled labour.

Source: Hanlie Schreuder, operational manager, Lake Harvest. * http://www.globalgap.org/

More generally in relation to aquaculture, accurate statistics are difficult to obtain even on basic data such as production and number of people currently involved. As there is no regulatory framework in place667, no official registration process exists. 668

666 Lake Harvest recently bought a farm in Zambia, which is estimated to be up and running from end of 2012/beginning of 2013. Lake Harvest also has a small farm in Uganda, which produces about 30 t a year. At this farm, 90 percent of the produce is exported to Kenya. 667 There are laws on introduction of exotic species, however these are not regularly enforced. 668 Personal comment: Dr Nhiwatiwa, freshwater ecologist, University of Zimbabwe.

224 IRFS – Regional Market Assessment (Supply and Demand) Study – Report

The Government currently has one hatchery that is a fairly up and running. This is a well-designed research station, which was working well in the 90s and has about 40 ponds, however now it is run down and only about 3-4 ponds are functioning. It does sell fingerlings however (Nile tilapia) and judging by the amount of fingerlings being bought, there are aquaculture activities taking place. National Parks (the government agency in charge of fisheries enforcement/regulatory work) also has fingerlings ponds (about 20) from which they sell fingerlings (mainly trout for sports fishing and for fruit farmers’ irrigation systems).669 Further suggestions on what is needed for aquaculture to take off in Zimbabwe include670: • Capacity-building: agriculture extension services are very well developed in the country, but these staff have insufficient knowledge of aquaculture. • Government leadership/buy-in: government needs to take a lead. • A strategy needs to be developed for both fisheries and aquaculture in Zimbabwe, to create a common vision671. Lastly, the only ongoing aquaculture project in Zimbabwe is an International Labour Organization (ILO672) project in partnership with University of Zimbabwe and a non-governmental organization (NGO) called Aquaculture Zimbabwe. It is a youth empowerment project with the aim of creating youth employment through aquaculture training. It began its operation in July 2011 and will end in November the same year. Lake Harvest is providing Nile tilapia fingerlings for the project and ponds are currently being constructed and stocked.673 Recreational fishing Before the land reform, white farmers were interested in sports fishing and introduced trout, tigerfish and bass for private sports fishing. The catch from this sub-sector is generally not recorded.674 Product quality In Zimbabwe, there are no major product quality issues, nor any major post-harvest losses. For example, there is no real need for ice on the boats in Lake Kariba (and elsewhere) as for example, nets are set at night and catch collected in the morning and taking directly to the beach where it is sold.675 Apart from the Lake Harvest Nile tilapia, kapenta is one of the few (if not the only) species being processed (but only by salting and sun-drying). If the catch is too big for demand, it is dried, leading to small post-harvest losses (production is low and demand is high). 676 2.4 Imports In 2007, Zimbabwe imported 1 720 t with an estimated value of USD 1 735 364. This increased in 2008 with total imports of 1 973 t (estimated value of USD 2 424 774). In 2009, imports increased again to 2 471 t (valued at USD 3 279 152). (See Table 103 below.)677 Table 103: Zimbabwe – imports of fish products in net weight and value, 2007-2009 678 FISH AND FISH PRODUCTS 2007 2008 2009 Net weight Value Net weight Value Net weight Value (USD) (kg) (USD) (kg) (USD) (kg) Live ornamental fish, 353 2 324 10 67 2 287 20 294 salt water

Other live fish 5 331 15 953 35 705 59 347 93 366 115 389 fresh chilled livers 13 2 132 1 471 2 140 146 1 614

669 Personal comment: Dr Nhiwatiwa, freshwater ecologist, University of Zimbabwe. 670 Personal comment: Dr Nhiwatiwa, freshwater ecologist, University of Zimbabwe. 671 A draft will be developed during the next few months (by University of Zimbabwe and the Ministry of Agriculture). 672 www.ilo.org 673 Personal comment: Dr Nhiwatiwa, freshwater ecologist, University of Zimbabwe. 674 Ministry of Agriculture/University of Zimbabwe. 675 Personal comment: FAO Regional Office Southern Africa. 676 Ministry of Agriculture/University of Zimbabwe. 677 Ministry of Agriculture, Zimbabwe. 678 Ministry of Agriculture, Zimbabwe.

225 IRFS – Regional Market Assessment (Supply and Demand) Study – Report

Frozen Trout 3 297 7 191 558 6 992 2 363 43 736 Frozen Salmon 1 298 10 328 202 5 538 306 5 189 Frozen Tuna 369 519 3 9 468 7 690 Frozen Sadines 1 018 5 040 319 2 897 24 011 20 236 Frozen Hadock and 1 218 366 708 290 1 411 400 1 304 912 1 378 266 1 225 184 Mackerel Frozen fish salted water 64 285 151 634 86 970 72 840 140 985 320 995 Frosen Fish Fresh 11 282 51 600 20 494 71 303 110 445 223 526 water Frozen Fish meal ( 31 318 3 101 3 657 5 022 8 387 Human consumption) Fish fillets and Livers 3 506 18 304 6 710 17 526 7 623 29 546 Smoked Salmons 4 639 28 458 2 236 13 304 112 168 101 481 Dried fish 379 447 571 907 383 052 811 079 579 814 1 115 319 Herring and other salted 1 125 5 525 7 746 9 520 9 828 9 890 fish Lobsters 25 361 154 263 11 611 41 943 3 422 28 556 Shrimps and prawns 40 238 953 984 0 0 Frozen crabs 418 1 341 730 18 550 2 121

Imports mainly come from neighboring countries such as Mozambique, Namibia, South Africa and Zambia. It has been suggested that since it is very easy to get an import permit, informal trade is small (i.e. no reason for informality). 679 With regard to species and products, today more kapenta is coming into Zimbabwe than being exported (as Zimbabwean stocks are overexploited). Most of the kapenta is coming from Mozambique. Horse mackerel from Namibia used to be very popular680, however imported quantities have gone down as it is not as popular as it used to be. Furthermore, pilchard (Lucky Star) from South Africa is very popular.681 Imports of fishmeal and oil used to be very common in the past but are now considered very expensive, though demand is great. Two years ago, the price for soya was low but it has picked up, with the result of increasing production in Zimbabwe (farmers are beginning to see soya as a promising cash crop). 682 2.5 Exports For 2008, Zimbabwe reported exports of 1 487 to FAO.683 Further, a consolidated calculation using data from Zimbabwe Revenue Authority (ZIMRA) from 2000 to 2009 revealed that about 9 142 t of fish products (worth USD 44 million) had been exported from Zimbabwe during that period (see Table 104 below). It was noted that Zimbabwe was exporting fish products that the country does not produce, suggesting that middlemen may be importing fish for re-export. 684 Table 104: Zimbabwe - consolidated exports of fish products in destination, weight and value, 2000-2009 685

Fish products Country exported to Weight (kgs) Value (USD) Live ornamental fish, fresh water Botswana, Japan 32821 192, 684.5

679 Ministry of Agriculture, Zimbabwe. 680 Its popularity in the past (early 1990s) was caused by it being a cheap product and it was the first time this type of product was available and people were excited about being able to buy fish whenever they wanted to. In addition, beef and poultry prices were on the increase. But now, with the economic recovery, people can afford better quality products. 681 Ministry of Agriculture, Zimbabwe. 682 Ministry of Agriculture, Zimbabwe. 683 FAO Fisheries and Aquaculture Information and Statistics Service: http://www.fao.org/fishery/statistics/programme/3,1,1/en (30 June 2011) 684 Ministry of Agriculture, Zimbabwe. 685 Ministry of Agriculture, Zimbabwe.

226 IRFS – Regional Market Assessment (Supply and Demand) Study – Report

Luxembourg, Netherlands South Africa, Zambia Live trout(salmo trouta, onc'ync'mykiss, clarki, ag'ab'ta, Malawi 1000 3, 988.16 gilae, apach & chryso) Other live fish, salt water Botswana, Zambia 3250 296.15 Other live fish, fresh water United Kingdom 1500 4,851.14 Fresh or chilled trout, salt water Zambia 4000 4, 237.42 Fresh or chilled trout, fresh water Zambia 25500 25,921.31 Fresh or chilled salmonidae Botswana, Zambia 7720 6,705.59 Fresh or chilled flat fish (excl. halibut, plaice & sole), fresh Botswana, South Africa 106 181.97 water United Kingdom Fresh or chilled tunas, nes Netherlands, Zambia 2642 5,322.50

Fresh or chilled sardines, brisling or sprats, salt water Congo 9 46.59 Fresh or chilled mackerel Zambia 1520 23,594.49 Fresh or chilled fish, nes, saltwater Réunion 430 2,574.12 Fresh or chilled fish, nes, fresh water Botswana, France 187776 204,378.50 Malawi, Zambia

Fresh or chilled livers & roes of fresh water fish Botswana, Zambia 39510 72,698.40 Other Pacific salmon Zambia 6400 47,968.86 Frozen trout, salt water Zambia 8000 13,802.01 Frozen trout, fresh water Botswana, Zambia 9130 13,879.62 Other Malawi 1250 2,615.45 Frozen salmonidae (excluding specified headings), salt France 756 5,650.20 water Frozen salmonidae (excluding specified headings), fresh Angola, Belgium, Botswana 419744 2,874,119.00 water France, Malawi, Mozambique, Namibia Netherlands, South Africa United Kingdom, Zambia Frozen flat fish (excl. halibut, plaice & sole), fresh water Botswana, Zambia 15136 20,986.38 Frozen mackerel Mozambique, South Africa 26085 56,810.18

Frozen fish, nes, salt water Botswana, Zambia 24530 22,973.99

Frozen fish, nes, fresh water Botswana, Congo, 3499400 5,514,801.00 France, Luxembourg Malawi, Mozambique Réunion, South Africa Unspecified, Zaire Zambia Frozen livers and roes of salt water fish Zambia 5010 11,523.00 Fresh or chilled fish fillets & other fish meat, salt water France, Luxembourg 60125 273,605.60 Netherlands, Réunion South Africa

227 IRFS – Regional Market Assessment (Supply and Demand) Study – Report

Fresh or chilled fish fillets & other fish meat, fresh water Anguilla, Belgium 2457787 10,474,266.00 Botswana, France Germany, Italy Latvia, Luxembourg MalawI, Mozambique Netherlands, Réunion South Africa, United Arab Emirates, United Kingdom United States, Zambia Other fish nes Mauritius, Zambia 26017 110.75 Frozen fish fillets, salt water Réunion, South Africa 17585 68,920.42 Zambia Frozen fish fillets, fresh water Belgium, Botswana 473077 2,177,588.00 France, Luxembourg Mozambique, Namibia Netherlands, Réunion South Africa, United Kingdom, Zambia Other frozen fillets Botswana, Congo, France 166451 8,837,549.00 Luxembourg, Namibia Réunion, Russian Federation United Kingdom, DRC Zambia Frozen fish meat (excluding fillets), salt water Botswana, Zambia 5971.9 7,540.99 Frozen fish meat (excluding fillets), fresh water Botswana, Luxembourg 542130 11,539,256.00 Mozambique, Namibia Netherlands, Réunion South Africa, United Kingdom, Zambia Swordish frozen fillet(Xiphias gladius) Luxembourg, Zambia 48095 340,823.50

Other fish fillets Botswana, France 173881 139,499.10 Luxembourg, Zambia Fish meal fit for human consumption, salt water Malawi, DRC, Zambia 26339 121,387.80 Fish meal fit for human consumption, fresh water Botswana, Malawi 233661 521,006.80 South Africa, DRC, Zambia Livers & roes of fish , dried, smoked, salted or in brine, of France, South Africa 5924 30,981.86 fresh water fish United Kingdom, Zambia Fish fillets, dried, salted or in brine, unsmoked, of salt France, Netherlands 9777 44,179.33 water fish Réunion, South Africa United Kingdom Fish fillets, dried, salted..., unsmoked of fresh water fish France, Luxembourg 58821 104,313.20 Réunion, South Africa Zambia

228 IRFS – Regional Market Assessment (Supply and Demand) Study – Report

Smoked Pacific, Atlantic & Danube salmon (incl. fillets), Réunion 390 27,770.46 fresh water Smoked fish (excl. salmon & herrings), salt water South Africa 300 2,286.90 Smoked fish (excl. salmon & herrings), fresh water Namibia, Zambia 3000 3,725.72 Dried cod, not smoked South Africa, United 27774 37,146.58 Kingdom, Zaire, Zambia Dried fish, not smoked (excl. cod), salt water Botswana, Congo 185510 212,443.90 South Africa, DRC, Zambia Dried fish, not smoked (excl. cod), fresh water Botswana, South Africa 270780 637,420.10 United Kingdom, DRC Zambia Herrings salted or in brine but not dried or smoked South Africa 1250 2,748.84 Of salt water fisk Zambia 900 981.16 Other fish, salted or in brine, not dried or smoked, nes, Botswana, South Africa 2060 3,867.35 fresh water Frozen rock lobster and other sea crawfish Malawi, Zambia 1901 3,095.44 Frozen lobsters of salt water,potted or tinned Zambia 1943 800.00 Frozen shrimps and prawns of salt water Botswana, Malawi 6185 13,822.11 Mozambique, Zambia Frozen crabs of salt water Botswana, Mozambique 1300 623.73 Frozen Crabs, fresh water Zambia 4000 4,785.79 Frozen crustaceans, incl.flours, meals & pellets of Malawi 2874 11,627.00 crustaceans,human consump Shrimps and prawns excl.frozen,not potted or tinned Botswana, Switzerland 3304 3,886.85

TOTAL 9142337.9 44579760.73

With regard to the relationship between imports and exports during 2000-2008 (Figure 97), imports decreased significantly from 2000 to 2003 and from thereon increased slightly, albeit in a fluctuating manner. Exports were slowly increasing during this period.

8000 7000 6000 5000 oT n 4000 ne s Imports 3000 Exports 2000 1000 0 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 Year

Figure 97: Zimbabwe - imports and exports of fish products in net weight, 2000-2008 (FIGIS)

229 IRFS – Regional Market Assessment (Supply and Demand) Study – Report

3. DEMAND

3.1 In-country In Zimbabwe, the latest average per capita consumption figure given is 1.3 kg/year686 and this low figure is generally seen as being caused by supply not meeting demand. Tilapia species687 and kapenta are the most popular across the nation. Catfish is not so popular, due to religious reasons or other beliefs. 688 Imports of horse mackerel from Namibia used to cater for the low income end of the market, being a cheap product. However, since the economic recovery began, their visibility in shop fridges has declined significantly. A range of other fish products are imported, including prawns, shellfish and calamari but these are for the very top end of the market. 689 With regard to consumer trends, these are known to be changing, primarily as a result of the economic recovery. With increased financial security, there is room for more choice regarding type, quality and quantity of fish products eaten, with consumers increasingly favouring tilapia.690 Still, affordability is key when it comes to fish consumption in Zimbabwe but generally speaking, there is a great demand for fish in Zimbabwe, though there is simply not enough fish. 691 Lastly, with regard to food security, the primary issue in Zimbabwe at the moment is that of micronutrients deficiency. With kapenta being the common choice in rural (and poorer) areas, it was noted that drying in the sun for too long can destroy some vitamins. In addition, when soaking the dried fish (preparing a meal), some vitamins and minerals that are water soluble may disappear in the water.692 In a market assessment report693 on fish and fish products in Zimbabwe, from 1995, the following was concluded – much of which is likely still valid today (apart from the horse mackerel): • 73% of rural respondents and 78% of urban respondents participating in a consumer survey, bought fish. Of these, 42% and 61% of rural and urban respondents respectively, bought frozen horse mackerel. 35% of rural and 13% of urban respondents bought dried kapenta, and 23% of rural and 20% of urban respondents purchased tilapia. The main reasons for purchasing horse mackerel was price (=cheap); the main reasons for purchasing dried kapenta was taste and price; and the main reasons for purchasing tilapia was taste. • Dried kapenta is more popular in rural areas because no refrigeration is required. • Other imported fresh and frozen fish is targeted at high income consumers, which represent a very small proportion of the total market for fish. Whitefish such as hake and kingklip, in filleted or processed form is very popular. • The main variables affecting market segmentation are income and residence location. • The market for fish in Zimbabwe has been rapidly changing and expanding as a result of increased supplies of low value imported fish and increased prices of traditional sources of animal protein. It is a volatile market and whilst the trend in fish consumption is clearly rising, the rate of increase in demand is dependent on availability of product, prices of alternatives.

686 In 2007, Zimbabwe’s per capita supply of fish was 1.3 kg/year whereas the per capita supply of meat was 19 kg/year. (FAO Food supply quantity statistics: http://faostat.fao.org/site/610/DesktopDefault.aspx?PageID=610 ). 687 The price of tilapia is about 1 USD/kg but can be as much as 2 USD/kg in retail. Kapenta is sold mostly dried for 5-6 USD/kg. The higher price than tilapia is said to be caused by the fact that more meals can be prepared from the dried kapenta per kg than the tilapia. 688 Ministry of Agriculture/University of Zimbabwe. 689 Ministry of Agriculture/University of Zimbabwe. 690 Ministry of Agriculture/University of Zimbabwe. 691 Ministry of Agriculture/University of Zimbabwe. 692 Personal comment: FAO Regional Office, Southern Africa. 693 ALCOM study: http://www.fao.org/docrep/005/AD030E/AD030E00.htm

230 IRFS – Regional Market Assessment (Supply and Demand) Study – Report

• Overall, the impact of imports is considered to be positive, because cheaper sources of animal protein are now available to be majority of the population and because local production, in general, has not been negatively affected. • The current distribution of frozen fish is limited to areas where there are shops with refrigeration facilities, whilst most fish captured in small reservoirs is eaten close to where it has been caught. Commercially farmed tilapia and most of the catches from Lake Kariba is mostly sold in urban and peri-urban areas. It is therefore likely that the biggest increase in fish consumption is in the urban areas and rural growth points. With regard to projected increase in demand in Zimbabwe (Figure 98), from 2010 to 2020, the expected increase is from 15 085 t in 2010 to 18 652 t in 2020.

25000

20000

15000 oT n ne s 10000

5000

0 2010 2015 2020 Year

Figure 98: Zimbabwe – projection of growth in demand of fish products in weight, 2010-2020694

3.2 In-ESA IO region (demand of products exported by the country) As noted in section 2.5, the main export destinations among the ESA-IO countries in 2000-2009 were DRC, Malawi, Mozambique, Réunion, South Africa and Zambia. 3.3 Outside region (demand of products exported by the country to other African countries, the US, EU, Asia, etc.) As noted in section 2.5, the main export destinations among the non-ESA-IO countries in 2000-2009 were Angola, Botswana, Congo, Namibia in Africa. Outside Africa, exports went to the EU (Belgium, France, Italy, Germany, Luxembourg, Netherlands, UK), Japan, Russia, Switzerland, United Arab Emirates, United States of America. 4. SUMMARY/CONCLUSION

Current status of market Zimbabwe was a net importer in 2008695, with a total supply of around 13 933 t that year696. It has been suggested that the rate of increase in demand is dependent on a number of factors: availability of product, price and prices of alternatives. 697 But overall, as noted repeatedly throughout this report, the low fish consumption in Zimbabwe is widely recognized to be caused by low supply.

694 Calculated by authors based on FIGIS and UN population projections data. 695 FAO Fisheries and Aquaculture Information and Statistics Service: http://www.fao.org/fishery/statistics/programme/3,1,1/en (30 June 2011) 696 National production (13 102 t) plus imports (2 318 t) minus exports (1 487 t) = 13 933 t. 697 ALCOM study: http://www.fao.org/docrep/005/AD030E/AD030E00.htm

231 IRFS – Regional Market Assessment (Supply and Demand) Study – Report

Looking at the trend national fish supply during the 2000-2008 period (Figure 99), national production is the main contributor to meeting the national demand, whereas imports are relatively minor.

25000

20000

15000 oT n Total production ne s 10000 Imports Exports 5000 Balance

0 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 Year

Figure 99: Zimbabwe – national supply of fish products, 2000-2008 (FIGIS)

Opportunities/potential As noted above, increased supply in Zimbabwe will be met by a ready market. 698 In the 1990s, imports of frozen mackerel had a significant impact on the market for fish in Zimbabwe, without a noticeable negative impact on the demand for other fish and fish products including locally produced products. With the increasing prices of beef and poultry at the time, it meant consumers still had access to animal protein.699 Though increasing imports is one alternative, two other options are increased aquaculture production (small-scale and larger, commercial) as well as stock enhancement. Weaknesses and threats With the Government current weak position and lack of aquaculture expertise, a great push towards increased national production may seem difficult to achieve. Should such a push nevertheless be achieved, difficulties may arise from, for example, lack of international market linkages for smaller producers, appropriate monitoring systems and risk of disease outbreaks (lack of disease control system in place). 700 Thus, some areas suggested as priority for future support included701: • Information management (fisheries should be included in the livestock information management system [linked to SADC]). • Training in aquaculture. • Disease control.

698 Ministry of Agriculture/University of Zimbabwe. 699 ALCOM study: http://www.fao.org/docrep/005/AD030E/AD030E00.htm 700 Ministry of Agriculture/University of Zimbabwe. 701 Ministry of Agriculture/University of Zimbabwe.

232 IRFS – Regional Market Assessment (Supply and Demand) Study – Report

ANNEX 2 – NERMS OF REFERENCE

AGROTEC CONSORTIUM

Assignment Name Implementation of a Regional Fisheries Strategy (IRFS) for ESA-IO Mission Schedule Number 4M1.2.1-TOR

Coordinator Chris Short, KE3; Coordinator of RESULT 4: Regional Trade Strategy Technical Verifier Chris Short, KE3; Coordinator of RESULT 4: Regional Trade Strategy Background to The IRFS Programme was launched in February 2011 with the aim of assignment contributing to an increased level of social, economic and environmental development and deeper regional integration in the ESA-IO region through the sustainable exploitation of fisheries resources. The Programme is financed by the European Union under the 10th European Development Fund within a total financial contribution of Euro 21 million. The Programme is implemented by the Indian Ocean Commission (IOC) in collaboration with the Common Market for East and Southern Africa (COMESA), the East Africa Community (EAC) and the Inter-Governmental Authority on Development (IGAD). Other regional institutions involved include the Southern African Development Community (SADC) and regional fisheries management organizations, such as the Indian Ocean Tuna Commission (IOTC), the Southwest Indian Ocean Fisheries Commission (SWIOFC), the Lake Victoria Fisheries Organization (LVFO), and the Lake Tanganyika Fisheries Organization (LTFO). The first phase of the Programme will be implemented over a period of 31 months (March 2011- September 2013). The overall objective of the Programme is to contribute to an increased level of social, economic and environmental development and deeper regional integration in the ESA-IO region through the sustainable exploitation of fisheries resources. The expected results and outcome of the Programme falls into the following five categories: fisheries governance; fisheries management; monitoring, control and surveillance; regional fish trade and food security. This assignment falls under Result 4 (regional fish trade component) of the project. The development of a regional trade strategy is the thrust of the Programme. This will be implemented through national and regional level trade and marketing approaches and regional consensus to support strategy development. The traditional focus on large international trading blocks has reduced efforts from developing a regional trade approach. Regional trade holds great potential for development and will be examined within this Programme and integrated with strategic marketing plans at the regional and national level. Many national and regionally driven and oriented activities will develop objective requirements for achieving this goal. Marketing strategies will be prepared at the national level and a comprehensive understanding of existing and potential trade, especially intra-regionally, will be required. This data will ensure regional trade strategies meet the requirements of the beneficiary countries and that trade potential is fully understood. This assignment falls under the start up activities for the Programme that will assist with the situational analysis of key Programme components and set the ground work for the ultimate project outcomes.

233 IRFS – Regional Market Assessment (Supply and Demand) Study – Report

Background to this activity This activity will contribute to supporting and understanding of the present and potential supply and demand for fish and fisheries products in the region vis-à- vis intra-regional trade primarily but with a broader view to other potential markets outside the region. Individual country assessments should be the focus in terms of production / catch capability (supply) and where possible identifying species level and product level capability. The demand situation is to be understood at a country level within the region with specific identification of preferences for fish and fish products. 2 consultants are envisaged for this activity to allow for a division of countries and a more comprehensive study result.

Issues to be addressed The specific task is to: Assess market potential (through a desk study on supply and demand in the region and in situ assessments in selected countries). Two Senior Fisheries Market Analysts are required to work on this assignment, preferably on the same schedules. The region will be split between them

Activities of the The expert shall perform the following tasks: Consultant a) In conjunction with technical coordinator, review and identification of existing studies in the region recently completed or about to be completed for purposes of avoiding overlap and duplication b) Desk study for background data gathering – at the country level, for the region’s supply and demand situation for all beneficiary countries under the Programme. Include data from existing studies. c) Prepare, at a strategic level, a comprehensive supply and demand study, including fish species and fisheries products (demand side) and production / catch (supply side) to identify opportunities for countries in terms of potential regional trade. Regional trade d) Consider demand outside the region as a and assess potential for these export markets in the demand component e) Identify weaknesses and gaps in the data available and provide an assessment of the quality of the data gathered f) Conduct meetings in selected countries for the purposes of confirming supply and demand dynamics in more detail (short missions to 3 or 4 countries are envisaged during this assignment) g) Report writing h) Presentation that summarizes the findings of the study to be prepared along with the final report. Presentation to be arranged at a later date at a workshop on the subject

Expected outputs The Experts shall produce a report demonstrating the work done, namely: a) Comprehensive report detailing all aspects with respect to the tasks above b) A Table of Contents for the report to be verified as a first step with technical coordinator to ensure balance of report and areas of emphasis The report to be produced using MS Word (and other MS Office software if necessary) and be available in hard copy and electronic form, both in Word (and other MS Office Programmes as appropriate) and all the elements together in single file pdf format.

234 IRFS – Regional Market Assessment (Supply and Demand) Study – Report

Format of each report - MS Word Styles for IRFS Programme Reports and Technical Papers - Structure - Title pages in model format as per other Programme Reports – to be supplied - Table of contents, to three levels, formal format – to be agreed - List of annexes if appropriate - Tables of tables, figures and pictures all formal format - Abbreviations and acronyms - Layman’s summary (one paragraph encapsulating key elements that can be used in magazine/web i.e. not over technical) - Executive Summary (1 to 2 pages), in English, and French - Introduction - Main body of report divided into different sections as appropriate, normally Context, Methodology, Performance in relation to TOR, and Discussion (up to 20 pages) - Conclusions and recommendations (each recommendation must be preceded by a conclusion, that refers to a discussion in the main body of the report) - Annex 1 Terms of reference (if appropriate) - Annex 2 Schedule and people met (with contacts) - Annex 3 Aide Memoire (max. one page on execution of mission, findings, conclusions, and recommendations in bullet points) - Any other annex(es) as appropriate - Format as per PMU indications.

Report to be reviewed Chris Short, Key Expert for Trade Component by Duration 2 Senior Fisheries Market Analysts share the total days Working days (per expert) (i) Desk Study to commence at home base 12 (6) (ii) Travel to Mauritius (as base for remainder of work) 2 (1) (iii) Meetings in Mauritius and Travel to selected countries 32 (16) (iv) Further data collection and research from Mauritius 8 (4) (v) Report writing at IRFS office in Mauritius 8 (4) (vi) Discuss and present draft report and de-briefing 2 (1) (vii) Final report preparation (after receipt of comments) at 4 (2) home base Total 68 (32) Total input days: 68 working days

Start date Approx: Mid May to Start June 2011 Completion dates for Draft report Whilst on Mission Reports and fee Comments from PCM Within 2 weeks after reception payment schedule Final report 2 working days after receipt of comments by IRFS/PCM Final report basis for relevant payments

235 IRFS – Regional Market Assessment (Supply and Demand) Study – Report

Experience and Two Senior Fisheries Market Analysts qualification Qualifications and skills: - fluency in one of French or English and working knowledge of other - Experience: Extensive demonstrated experience preparing market studies, supply and demand studies and other trade development related assessments for fisheries - Experience working with EU projects an advantage - Ability to travel and work in ACP countries

Locations and travel Base in Mauritius / travel in region as required:

Travel from: (Home base) to Mauritius, to regional countries; to Mauritius; to (Home base)

236 IRFS – Regional Market Assessment (Supply and Demand) Study – Report

ANNEX 3 - NEOPLE MET AND SCHEDULE This Annex contains a list of contacts met with during the assessment as well as the schedules of the consultants. Acknowledgements We would hereby like to express our gratitude for the valuable assistance provided by all the contacts listed.

Furthermore, Mr DEFAUX wishes to express particular thanks for the assistance provided by: - World Fish Centre staff in particular Dr. Beveridge and Jocelyn Runnebaum, Zambia office, the Director of Fisheries in Madagascar for his useful assistance; - The Director of Fisheries in Madagascar; and - The CRPMEM staff in la Réunion.

237 IRFS – Regional Market Assessment (Supply and Demand) Study – Report

6.1.1 LIST OF PEOPLE MET WITH CONTACT DETAILS For further details, see schedule below. ORGANISATION with address and Position(s)/former NAME First name Phone number Emails brief information on the relevant post(s), Fax (if any) Website (if any) organisation (specialisms if any) EASTERN AFRICA - DR Congo SENADEP, National Service for the Deputy National MAHUNINA Alain + 243 81 518 84 39 [email protected] Promotion and Development of Coordinator of the KITSWAKA Fisheries (Service National de SENADEP Promotion et de Développement de la Pêche), Ministry of Agriculture, Kinshasa, DR CONGO Note: supported in collecting data EASTERN AFRICA - Kenya Ministry of Fisheries Development Warui Simon [email protected] Director of Fisheries Monor Godfrey Deputy director Makgola, Mr. Okumu [email protected] Directorate of marine and coastal Mutitu fisheries Directorate of Aquaculture Principle fisheries Mbaluka, Mr. Raphael 0721 285751 [email protected] Development officer Directorate of Fish Inspection and Assistant Director of Obungu, Mrs. Lucy [email protected] Quality Control Fisheries Directorate of Inland and Riverine Deputy director of Muiruri Mwalha [email protected] fisheries fisheries Directorate of planning Assistant director Njeri Kinya Jane [email protected] Food security and climate change Assistant director of Kibwage Jane [email protected], fisheries [email protected], [email protected] Rural Development Sector Delegation of the Nardi Pietro +254 20 271 3020/1 -- EC in Kenya AFIPEK Executive Officer Wagude Beth -- --

238 IRFS – Regional Market Assessment (Supply and Demand) Study – Report

ORGANISATION with address and Position(s)/former NAME First name Phone number Emails brief information on the relevant post(s), Fax (if any) Website (if any) organisation (specialisms if any) EA - Uganda SWIOFP Coordinator PAYET, Rondolph -- -- SWIOFP EUROPE ACP FISH II Coordination Unit, CACAUD Philippe www.acpfish2-eu.org MCS and legal expert FISH II Regional NJIFONJOU Oumarou Coordination Central Africa CIRAD – International Cooperation Unité Mixte de MIKOLASEK (PhD) Olivier +33 (0)4 67 59 38 37 http://aquatrop.cirad.fr/ Centre in agriculture research in Recherche 110 less developed countries (Centre de (CIRAD/IFREMER) http://www.sarnissa.org coopération internationale en "INTensification CIRAD, with the Institute of Aquaculture, recherche agronomique pour le Raisonnée & University of Stirling coordinates the développement) Ecologique pour une SARNISSA (Sustainable Aquaculture TA B-110/A Avenue Agropolis , Pisciculture Research Network in Sub-Saharan Africa) 34398 Montpellier cedex 5, France Durable" (INTREPID), Département Persyst

France Agrimer Promotion and STENDER Charles -- -- Expertise of International Markets Unit Freelance Consultants Fish Trade specialist LEGROS Damien -- [email protected] and Aquaculture specialist

239 IRFS – Regional Market Assessment (Supply and Demand) Study – Report

ORGANISATION with address and Position(s)/former NAME First name Phone number Emails brief information on the relevant post(s), Fax (if any) Website (if any) organisation (specialisms if any) Fish trade specialist, ROTSAERT Erik -- [email protected] Former technical coordinator of the Seafood sector support, CDE Centre of Private Sector Development in ACP countries (EU funded) www.cde.int Freelance / Tropical HEMPEL Erik, former Fish Trade directorr Specialist / Former Director of Infosa COFREPECHE / Project Officer ICHIBANE Mohamed www.cofrepeche.fr Former staff of Infosamak MOALIA, SPAIN Importer of fresh BODIN Jean- -- [email protected] tuna and swordfish François www.moalia.com to Europe HORN OF AFRICA – Ethiopia FAO, Subregional Office for Agribusiness & MINAE Susan Tel.: +251 11 551 72 [email protected] Eastern Africa (SFE) Entreprise 30/33 www.fao.org/africa/sfe CMC Road/Ethio-China Road Development Cel. : +251 (0) 911 Officer PO BOX 5336, Addis Ababa 50 95 30 ETHIOPIA Fisheries and SIGNA Davide Tel.: +251 11 647 88 [email protected] Aquaculture 88 Consultant Cel.: +251 (0)9 22 11 24 40

240 IRFS – Regional Market Assessment (Supply and Demand) Study – Report

ORGANISATION with address and Position(s)/former NAME First name Phone number Emails brief information on the relevant post(s), Fax (if any) Website (if any) organisation (specialisms if any) IFPRI – International Food Policy Secretary of the n.a (Regional Coordinator n.a Ph.: +251 (0) 11 617 [email protected] Research Institute Regional of IFPRI: Mr. Kwadwo 25 00 P.O. Box 5689, Addis Ababa, Coordinator of ASESO-OKYERE) Ethiopia (nb: near FAO office) IFPRI ILRI - International Livestock IPMS Project HOEKSTRA Dirk Tel. +251 11 617 [email protected] Research Institute Manager 2401 www.ilri.org P.O. Box 5689, Addis Ababa, IPMS Ethiopian Direct: +251 11 646 www.ipms-ethiopia.org Ethiopia (within the same group of Farmers Project 0259 buildings as IFPRI) INDIAN OCEAN - Madagascar COPEFRITO Managing Director CHAN KIT WAYE Jaco Tel.: +261 20 94 438 [email protected] Seafood Exporter and national 02 www.copefrito.com wholesaler, especially frozen octopus Fax. +261 20 94 414 Avenue de France, Mahavatsy II, 02 Tuléar 601, Madagascar Cel.: +261 32 02 090 49 Ministry of Agriculture, Livestock General Secretary of RAFOMANANA Georges Tel. :+261 20 22 293 [email protected] and Fisheries the Minister, 14 // Cel: +261 32 Research Director 07 201 PhD ENSAR, France Fisheries Directorate, Ministry of Director of Fisheries RAZAFINDRAJERY Tantely Cel. +261 32 02 11 [email protected] Agriculture, Fisheries and Livestock 692 Director of the RASOLONJATOVO Norosoa Cel. +261 32 02 664 [email protected] Aquaculture Dept. Alice 00 / 33 23 043 92 Director of the Name not available Fisheries Management Dept. Director of the ANDRIAMBALOTIANA Nirina Cel.: +261 32 02 952 [email protected] seafood value Herissa 54 / 34 01 515 72 addition and market

241 IRFS – Regional Market Assessment (Supply and Demand) Study – Report

ORGANISATION with address and Position(s)/former NAME First name Phone number Emails brief information on the relevant post(s), Fax (if any) Website (if any) organisation (specialisms if any) Officer in charge of RALALASOA Haja Cel.: +261 33 269 02 statistical fisheries data processing GAPCM – Groupement des General Secretary RALISON Andrianirina Tel.: +261 20 22 628 [email protected] Aquaculteurs et Pêcheurs de 29 www.gapcm.org Crevettes de Madagascar Cel.: +261 33 15 110 Association of Malagasy shrimp 08 farmers and fishing companies Fax: +261 20 22 321 Villa Maria Lot VA 20 BE 84 Tsiadana, Antananarivo, Madagascar MANDA S.A. – Seafood exporter Managing Director RAZAKANAVALONA Bakoly +261 33 12 048 06 [email protected] and local wholesaler Lot IA 90 bis, Manerinerina, IVATO (30 min from Tana.) Note: working with collectors only for traditional fishery products OSO - R&O, Seafood Gastronomy Group Managing ISMAIL Mathias +33 (0) 1 45 12 71 71 [email protected] 01 Avenue des Savoies, Paris Director www.madagascar- www.rno.fr International Market of Rungis gambas.com , www.rno.fr Rungis , F.94150, FRANCE Shrimp producer and fish distributor in Europe SICOCEAN Managing Director REMANALY Echok +261 20 22 482 58 [email protected] Wholesaler of frozen low value [email protected] products for the Tana market (mainly) and exporter outside EU

242 IRFS – Regional Market Assessment (Supply and Demand) Study – Report

ORGANISATION with address and Position(s)/former NAME First name Phone number Emails brief information on the relevant post(s), Fax (if any) Website (if any) organisation (specialisms if any) SOPROMER, Group Commercial QUINOT Christian +261 33 11 455 75 [email protected] REFRIGEPECHE – shrimp fishing- Director www.sopromer.com exporter/wholesaler of low value And Financial products on the Tana Director market/pelagic fishing Immeuble SMEF Ouest Ankadimbahoada Route Digue TANA 101 MADAGASCAR UNIMA GROUP, Shrimp Director of the DIAS André +261 20 22 478 80 [email protected] farming/fishing/exporting – Transversal www.unima.com wholesale of bycatch on the local Activities www.nossibe.fr market/fish-shrimp feed (mainly Tana) BP 6070 Immeuble Ikopa Center, Tanjombato, Antananarivo 101, MADAGASCAR

Unity of Rural Development Policy, Director of the Unit RANDRIANARISOA Mina Tel.: +261 20 22 [email protected] Ministry of Agriculture Scientist Plant Tsiriarijao 56 316 [email protected] Anosy BP 301, 101 Antananarivo, Breeder MADAGASCAR Specialist in Trade MAHARAVO Tel. :+261 20 22 563 [email protected] Policy Rahantamalala Clarisse 16 [email protected] Negociator in SPS Y. Fax: +261 20 22 643 trade barriers 08 Note: made a WTO Cel.: +261 32 42 919 study on Malagasy 46 shrimp products competitiveness,

2011 (cf. bibliography) Note: Interviews of 2 random taxi drivers and 3 fisheries head staff on consumption habits (total: 5)

243 IRFS – Regional Market Assessment (Supply and Demand) Study – Report

ORGANISATION with address and Position(s)/former NAME First name Phone number Emails brief information on the relevant post(s), Fax (if any) Website (if any) organisation (specialisms if any) INDIAN OCEAN - Mauritius Albion Fisheries Research Center -- Soondron, Mr. Sreenivasan 259 44 34, 238 41 84 [email protected] (AFRC) Albion Fisheries Research Center -- Mootoosmay Lindsay [email protected], (AFRC) [email protected] Interviews of 2 people: a taxi driver, a waiter in the Hotel Bay on their fish food consumption habits Mauritius Export Association Manager Ammearally-Nistar, Mrs. Sadna [email protected] (MEXA)

Mauritius Export Association Director Wong, Mrs Danielle [email protected] (MEXA) RECOMAP, Regional Coastal Fisheries Expert ANDERSON James Tel.: (+230) 427 25 [email protected] Management Programme of the 83 Indian Ocean Countries Fax.: (+230) 427 28 112,Farquhar Avenue, Quatre 08 Bornes, Mauritius Note: actions on Octopus fishing in Madagascar. Note: ARHIM (Restaurant association) and Ferme Marine Mahebourg contacted by phone for a meeting but not met

244 IRFS – Regional Market Assessment (Supply and Demand) Study – Report

ORGANISATION with address and Position(s)/former NAME First name Phone number Emails brief information on the relevant post(s), Fax (if any) Website (if any) organisation (specialisms if any) INDIAN OCEAN – Réunion (France) Armement des Mascareignes S.A. CEO GOULAMALY Abdé Ali See below See below (fishing vessels owners/exporters of Goulamaly pelagic and toothfish/ importers/wholesaler of seafood and other food products) 2 rue de Djibouti, BP 99 97 823 Le Port Cedex, Réunion, France Note: owner of several other companies in other sectors in La Réunion and France (painting, telecomm., entertainment, Etc.); a shrimp farm in Mozambique Armement des Mascareignes Purchase Manager PAYET Lionel Tel. +262 (0) 2 62 42 [email protected] Note : Representative of Seafood 00 73 Importers and Wholesalers at the F: +262 (0) 2 62 42 www.sicr.fr « Syndicat de l’Importation et du 07 52 Commerce de la Réunion (SICR) » CRPMEM Réunion Island Regional Officer in charge of CIOLEK Delphine Tél : 02.62.42.23.75 www.crpm.re Committee for Sea Fisheries and organising the inter- (int: +262 262 42 23 [email protected] Aquaculture, in La Réunion professional 75) (Comité Régional des Pêches organisation ARIPA Maritimes et Elevages Marins de La (Chargée de mission Réunion) - Animatrice de filière) 47, rue Evariste de Parny, BP 295 - 97 827 LE PORT Cedex, LA Scientific studies GUYOMARD (note: David [email protected] RÉUNION (FR) project manager Permanent staff) (Chargé de mission Etudes et expérimentations)

245 IRFS – Regional Market Assessment (Supply and Demand) Study – Report

ORGANISATION with address and Position(s)/former NAME First name Phone number Emails brief information on the relevant post(s), Fax (if any) Website (if any) organisation (specialisms if any) NUTRIMA, premium fish feed Executive Director DIAS André +262 (0) 62 70 90 00 [email protected] producer (especially for hatcheries, nurseries) 8 rue Claude Chappe ZAC 2000 97 420 Le Port, RÉUNION Note: met in Madagascar, office of his company UNIMA producing and exporting premium shrimp. REUNIPECHE Managing Director CHENEDE Hubert Tel. +262 (0) 262 42 www.reunipeche.com Exporter to EU of fresh tuna, 13 82 [email protected] swordfish, marlin; seafood importer Direct: +262 (0) 262 (frozen and fresh) to La Réunion 45 82 93 9 rue Armagnac, ZI n°1 BP 141 97 428 Port, LA RÉUNION (FR) Note: One company based in Tulear, Madagascar exporting octopus, under the SAM Société Aquacole des Manager BETTES Arnaud Tel. +262 (0) 2 62 22 www.ombrine-Réunion.com Mascareignes, 61 65 Port Ouest – Hangar 10 97 420 Le Port Farming red drum and goldlined seabream

246 IRFS – Regional Market Assessment (Supply and Demand) Study – Report

ORGANISATION with address and Position(s)/former NAME First name Phone number Emails brief information on the relevant post(s), Fax (if any) Website (if any) organisation (specialisms if any) SOUTHERN AFRICA – South Africa IRD-UMR 212 EME (Exploited Research MARSAC Francis +27 (0) 21 650 32 79 [email protected] Marine Ecosystems) Coordinator, (Dept Oceanography) University of Cape Town - Specialist in tuna +27 (0) 21 650 32 77 Department of Oceanography, species fisheries Fax +27 (0) 21 650 Private Bag X3, Rondebosch 7701, research in the 39 79 South Africa Indian Ocean Cell +27 (0) 78 786 SWIOFP Focal point for France 18 61 ADVANCE AFRICA Management -- HECHT (Prof. ) Thomas Tel & Fax +27 (0) 46 www.advanceafrica.co.za Services cc 6751010 Note: interest in obtaining data on the PO Box 381, Port Alfred, 6170, Cell: 082 8011 363 Copper Belt supply and demand for South Africa aquaculture development in the region SOUTHERN AFRICA – Zimbabwe FAO Food Safety Advisor McCoubrey Dorothy- -- [email protected] Jean FAO Fisheries Officer Songore Newman -- [email protected] FAO Nutritionist Mbanga Emily -- Lake Harvest -- Schreuder Hanlie -- [email protected] Ministry of Agriculture Livestock and Madzima Welbourne -- [email protected] Veterinary consultant Ministry of Agriculture, Department Fisheries and Ngoshi, Mr. Misheck 0772929424 (cell), [email protected] of Livestock Production and Aquaculture officer +2363 4 795257 Development

University of Zimbabwe Scientist Dr Nhiwatiwa -- 0772 439922 [email protected]

247 IRFS – Regional Market Assessment (Supply and Demand) Study – Report

6.1.2 SCHEDULE BY EXPERTS Expert 1: Vincent DEFAUX 2011 Monday Tuesday Wednesday Thursday Friday Saturday Sunday June 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 Day -- Study starting date FRANCE FRANCE FRANCE -- --

OFFICE OFFICE OFFICE Desk study/ Desk study/ Desk study/ Field mission Field mission Field mission preparation (0.5 day) preparation (0.5 day) preparation (0.5 day)

June 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 Day FRANCE FRANCE -- FRANCE FRANCE -- --

OFFICE OFFICE OFFICE OFFICE Desk study/ Desk study/ Desk study/ Desk study/ Field mission Field mission Field mission Field mission preparation (0.5 day) preparation (0.5 day) preparation (0.5 day) preparation (0.5 day) June/July 27 28 29 30 1 2 3 Day FRANCE FRANCE -- FRANCE FRANCE -- --

248 IRFS – Regional Market Assessment (Supply and Demand) Study – Report

2011 Monday Tuesday Wednesday Thursday Friday Saturday Sunday July 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Morning OFFICE OFFICE MAURITIUS MAURITIUS MAURITIUS MAURITIUS LA RÉUNION Desk study/ Desk study/ Arrival in the Meeting with MEXA Field mission Field mission morning Brief visit to Desk study Desk study Desk study preparation (0.5 day) preparation Desk study with SmartFish Antonia HJORT, Coordination Unit Market Analyst Afternoon -- -- Desk study Desk study Desk study Desk study Travel (flight): from / / / FRANCE (Paris) to Organisation of Organisation of Evening: Travel Organisation of MAURITIUS missions to next missions to next (flight): to LA missions to next countries countries RÉUNION countries July 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 Morning LA RÉUNION LA RÉUNION MADAGASCAR MADAGASCAR MADAGASCAR MADAGASCAR MADAGASCAR Travel (flight) from RÉUNION arrival 9 Desk study Meeting with CRPM Meeting with Société am (Tana.*) // (Regional Marine des Armements des Meeting: General Meeting: Meeting: MANDA Meeting: Fisheries Mascareignes, Le Secretary, Director SICOCEAN SA SOPROMER, Committee), Le Port Port Fisheries, Ministry in REFRIGEPECHE charge of Fisheries, Group Director of Fisheries Meeting Director of Resources Aquaculture, Monitoring Fisheries Directorate. Afternoon Meeting with Visit of 2 different Meeting GAPCM Meeting Meeting: Meeting: CIRAD Desk study

REUNIPECHE supermarkets chains: Meeting Unit of UNIMA/NUTRIMA COPEFRITO / (with the presence of a discount LEADER Rural Development GEXPROMER INRA) Meeting with SAM, PRICE and a large Policy, Ministry of Aquaculture, Le Port supermarket, JUMBO Fisheries, Agriculture Retail stall and SCORE): products and Livestock wholesale market available and prices, *: 5 day mission in (Isouty): smoked le Port and nearby. ‘Tana.’ expected. and salted-dried fish

249 IRFS – Regional Market Assessment (Supply and Demand) Study – Report

2011 Monday Tuesday Wednesday Thursday Friday Saturday Sunday July 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 Morning MADAGASCAR KENYA (transit) ETHIOPIA* ETHIOPIA MAURITIUS MAURITIUS MAURITIUS – Remark: expected Arrival 10 am Preparing Zambia ZAMBIA travel (flight) from Travel (flight - all Arrival: 9.30 am Meeting Customs Presentation MADAGASCAR 2 day) from Authority Travel (all day) am ; arrival 9 am Madagascar Desk study CANCELLED Meeting Chamber of Departure: 9 am THEN Commerce Afternoon RESCHEDULED Meeting Smartfish Desk study // ON TUESDAY focal point, Senior Second meeting FAO Meeting with the Preparing Zambia noon Fishery Expert and Sub-regional office trade study team Presentation Deputy Director, (Smartfish parallel Agriculture Visiting retail and mission) Extension wholesales selling Directorate, Ministry points: NOVIS Desk study // of Agriculture supermarket; the Preparing Zambia Arrival: 9 pm parastatal Presentation Meeting IFPRI wholesale/retail Meeting ILRI – company FPME; Sea IPMS project world market wholesale and retail Meeting FAO Sub- selling poing, regional office shopping mall near *: 4 day mission Sunbird Coffee Addis Ababa expected, made 2 days. Evening (7pm): Travel (flight) from ETHIOPIA to MAURITIUS

250 IRFS – Regional Market Assessment (Supply and Demand) Study – Report

2011 Monday Tuesday Wednesday Thursday Friday Saturday Sunday July 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 Morning ZAMBIA MAURITIUS MAURITIUS MAURITIUS MAURITIUS MAURITIUS to Lusaka FRANCE (Paris) Travel (flight - all Desk study Desk study SmartFish 2.5 day day) Travel (flight – all workshop on trade day) and market – Departure: 9 am attending 1st day Departure: 9 am

Afternoon Arrival: 7 pm Arrival: 8 pm August 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Day Report writing August 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 Day Report writing August 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 Day

251 IRFS – Regional Market Assessment (Supply and Demand) Study – Report

Expert 2: Antonia HJORT

2011 Monday Tuesday Wednesday Thursday Friday Saturday Sunday June 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 Day Botswana: Botswana: Botswana: -- -- Desk review Desk review Desk review June 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 Day June/July 27 28 29 30 1 2 3 Day Botswana: Botswana: Botswana: Botswana: Desk review Desk review Desk review Desk review July 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Morning Travel to Mauritius Mauritius Mauritius Mauritius Travel to Kenya Kenya

Afternoon Meetings with: Meetings with: • Mauritius Export • Albion Fisheries Association Research Center (MEXA) (AFRC)

July 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 Morning Kenya Kenya Travel to home (Botswana) Meetings with: Meetings with: • Ministry of • Delegation of the Fisheries EC in Kenya Development • AFIPEK Afternoon July 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 Day July 25 26 27 28 29 30 31

252 IRFS – Regional Market Assessment (Supply and Demand) Study – Report

2011 Monday Tuesday Wednesday Thursday Friday Saturday Sunday Morning Travel to Zimbabwe Zimbabwe Zimbabwe Zimbabwe

Meetings with: Meetings with: • Lake Harvest • University of Zimbabwe Afternoon Meetings with: Meetings with: Travel to home • Ministry of • FAO Regional (Botswana). Agriculture, Office Department of Livestock Production and Development

August 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Day Botswana: Botswana: Botswana: Botswana: Botswana: report finalization report finalization report finalization report finalization report finalization August 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 Day Botswana: Botswana: Botswana: Botswana: report finalization report finalization report finalization report finalization August 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 Day

253 IRFS – Regional Market Assessment (Supply and Demand) Study – Report

ANNEX 4 – NIBLIOGRAPHY AND WEB BASED SOURCES Bibliography ARDILL, D., & BARNES, C. 2010. - EU Regulations on IUU Fishing, Policy and Practice to Tuna Processing in Mauritius. Cambridge Resource Economics. July 2010. MEXA Seafood Council. ARDJOSOEDIR, I & NEVEN, D. - The Kenya Capture Fisheries Value Chain: an AMAP-FSKG Value Chain Finance Case Study. Microreport No. 122. October 2008. USAID. BARRANIA A. & HOSAM NAGATY A. 2007. - Fish Trade In Nile Basin Countries. 11 pages. Cairo: Institute of National Planning. CHAMBERLAIN, 2011. - Shrimp session of World Aquaculture Society, June 2011 – “Can We Double in a Decade, Responsibly?” In: Global Aquaculture Advocate (2011), Volume 14, Issue 4 (July – August 2011). President of the GAA (Global Aquaculture Advocate). DELGADO C.L., WADA N., ROSEGRANT M. W., MEIJER S., AHMED M., 2003. Fish to 2020: supply and demand in changing global markets. Washington/Penang: International Food Policy Research Institute/WorldFish Center. DEY M.M, KAMBEWA P., PREIN M., JAMU D., PARAGUAS F.J., PEMSL D.E. & BRIONES R.M. 200.7- Impact of the Development and Dissemination of Integrated Aquaculture – Agriculculture Technologies in Malawi. In: International Research on Natural Resource Management. FAO abd CAB International. Eds Waibel H. and Zilberman D. DEY M.M, PARAGUAS F.J., KAMBEWA P., & PEMSL D.E. - The impact of integrated aquaculture- agriculture on small-scale farms in Southern Malawi. Agriculture Economics 41 (2010): 67-79. EXPORT PROCESSING ZONES AUTHORITY. Kenya. - Fishery industry in Kenya 2005: http://www.epzakenya.com/UserFiles/File/Fishkenya.pdf FAO. 2004. - Report of the Workshop on the Promotion of Sustainable Commercial Aquaculture in Zambia and Malawi. Lusaka, Zambia, 2-4 October 2002. FAO Fisheries Report No. 733. Rome. 46 p. FAO, 2010. - State of World Fisheries and Aquaculture: http://www.fao.org/docrep/013/i1820e/i1820e00.htm GORDON A., SEWMEHON D. T. & MELAKU T. 2007. - Marketing systems for fish from Lake Tana, Ethiopia: Opportunities for improved marketing and livelihoods. 49 pages. IPMS (Improving Productivity and Market Success) of Ethiopian Farmers. Project Working Paper 2. Kenya: ILRI (International Livestock Research Institute). HEMPHILL, S. - Sport fisheries management. Kenya Association of Sea Anglers. JORY D.E, 2011. - Keeping Pace In The Race For More Seafood In: Global Aquaculture Advocate (2011), Volume 14, Issue 4 (July – August 2011), page 3. GAA editor. JOSUPEIT, H. 2011. - World Supply and Demand of Tilapia. Presentation. FAO, Rome. KABAHENDA M.K. & HÜSKEN, S.M.C., 2009. - A review of low-value fish products marketed in the Lake Victoria region. Regional Programme Fisheries and HIV/AIDS in Africa: Investing in Sustainable Solutions. The WorldFish Center. Project Report 1974. KAMAL M., HAUZER M., POONIAN C. & KISZKA J., 2009. – Artisanal shark fisheries of the Comoros: Status and Threats. IUCN Sharks specialist group. Poster. Note: data collected by semi-structured questionnaires conducted with artisanal fishers in local languages KENYA GAZETTE SUPPLEMENT NO. 13, Legislative Supplement No. 10, Legal Notice No. 20, The Fisheries Act (Cap. 378), Prawn Fishery Management Plan. MAHARAVO C., 2011. – Malagasy shrimp sector study. Note: exact title unknown (cover page missing); the study reviews the current situation, the key challenges, as well as the best alternatives found and the trade-offs made. WTO. MARRIOTT A., DILLON M. & HANNAH S., 2004. - Impacts of globalisation on fish utilisation and marketing systems in Uganda. Final report. DFID Project R8112. MEXA. - Annual Report 2010. Mauritius Export Association. MEXA. - Export Directory 2011. Mauritius Export Association.

254 IRFS – Regional Market Assessment (Supply and Demand) Study – Report

MINISTRY OF AGRO INDUSTRY, FOOD PRODUCTION AND SECURITY, FISHERIES DIVISION. MAURITIUS. - Annual Report 2009. MINISTRY OF AGRO-INDUSTRIES AND FISHERIES, FISHERIES DIVISION. MAURITIUS. ESA Meeting on Trade and Sustainable Approaches to Fisheries Negotiations under WTO/EPA. Mauritius paper prepared for the Commonwealth Secretariat. Labourdonnais, Waterfront Hotel, Port Louis. Mauritius, 2-4 May 2007. MINISTRY OF AGRO-INDUSTRY AND FISHERIE, FISHERIES DIVISION, AND BOARD OF INVESTMENT. Mauritius. - Potential for Sustainable Aquaculture Development in Mauritius. By December 2007: http://www.kalipso.mu/wp-content/uploads/aquacultureopportunities-boi2.pdf MINISTRY OF FISHERIES DEVELOPMENT, KENYA. - Fisheries Annual Statistical Bulletin 2009. MINISTRY OF FISHERIES DEVELOPMENT, KENYA. - National Aquaculture Strategy and Development Plan 2010-2015: “Filling the fish supply gap for food security, income and healthy living”. November 2010, Edition One. MINISTRY OF LIVESTOCK AND FISHERIES DEVELOPMENT, UNITED REPUBLIC OF TANZANIA. The Fisheries Development Programme. May 2011. MINISTRY OF LIVESTOCK AND FISHERIES DEVELOPMENT, UNITED REPUBLIC OF TANZANIA. The Fisheries Development Strategy. Draft, February 2010. MUBILA M. & BEN AISSA M.-S., 2011. - The Middle of the Pyramid: Dynamics of the Middle Class in Africa. African Development Bank. Market Brief, April 20, 2011. Notes: prepared under the supervision of Charles Leyeka Lufumpa, Director, Statistics Department (ESTA)., Available on www.afdb.org . MUJINGA W., MUTALA S. & HÜSKEN, S.M.C., 2009. - Rapport d’analyse et table de valeur bromatologique de catégorie des poissons trouvés sur les marchés de poisson à Lubumbashi, République Démocratique du Congo. Regional Programmel “Les pêches et le VIH/SIDA en Afrique: investir dans des solutions durables”. WorldFish Center. Note: useful information on prices and consumer preferences on fish in Lubumbashi. NAJI M. (2010). - Marché pour les Produits de la pêche artisanale dans la Région Arabe (Djibouti, Maroc et Yémen). Project FAO-CMC- INFOSAMAK (CFC/FSFCT/27). Casablanca: INFOSAMAK. OECD & FAO, 2011. - OECD – FAO Agricultural Outlook 2011-2020 Flyer. ROULLOT C., 1994. – Valorisation des poissons d’accompagnements de la pêche industrielle crevettière. 70 p. Rome: FAO. RUNNEBAUM J.M., BEVERIDGE M.C.M., HÜSKEN S.M.C, ENRIGHT N., & LUNGU P. 2011. - Aquaculture Big Numbers Study, Zambia. Country Report. Draft. RUSSEL A.J.M., GRÖTZ P.A., KRIESEMER S.K. & PEMSL D.E. 2008. - Recommendation Domains for Pond Aquaculture. Country Case Study: Development and Status of Freshwater Aquaculture in Malawi. WorldFish Center Studies and Reviews No. 1869. The WorldFish Center, Pengang, Malaysia. 52 p. SEN, S. 1995. - The market for fish and fish products in Zimbabwe.Aquaculture for Local Community Development Programme, ALCOM Field Document No. 34. FAO, Harare, Zimbabwe, February 1995: http://www.fao.org/docrep/005/AD030E/AD030E05.htm UNKNOWN, 2011. - Un quota supplémentaire de poisson chinchard pour la RDC. Online article on Digitalcongo.net 3.0, June 2011

255 IRFS – Regional Market Assessment (Supply and Demand) Study – Report

Web-based sources • ComStat. Common Market for Eastern and Southern Africa Statistical Database: http://comstat.comesa.int/ • FAO Fisheries and Aquaculture Country Profiles: http://www.fao.org/fishery/countryprofiles/search/en o FAO Country Profile Djibouti (2002): http://www.fao.org/fishery/countrysector/FI-CP_DJ/en o FAO Country Profile DRC (2009): ftp://ftp.fao.org/FI/DOCUMENT/fcp/fr/FI_CP_CD.pdf o FAO Country Profile Ethiopia (2002): http://www.fao.org/fishery/countrysector/FI-CP_ET/en o FAO Country Profile Eritrea (2003): http://www.fao.org/fishery/countrysector/FI-CP_ER/en o FAO Country Profile Kenya (2007): ftp://ftp.fao.org/FI/DOCUMENT/fcp/en/FI_CP_KE.pdf o FAO Country Profile Madagascar (2008): ftp://ftp.fao.org/FI/DOCUMENT/fcp/en/FI_CP_MG.pdf o FAO Country Profile Malawi (2005): http://www.fao.org/fishery/countrysector/FI-CP_MW/en o FAO Country Profile Mauritius (2004): http://www.fao.org/fishery/countrysector/FI-CP_MU/en o FAO Country Profile Seychelles (2005): http://www.fao.org/fishery/countrysector/FI-CP_SC/en o FAO Country Profile Somalia (2005): ftp://ftp.fao.org/FI/DOCUMENT/fcp/en/FI_CP_SO.pdf o FAO Country Profile Sudan (2008): ftp://ftp.fao.org/FI/DOCUMENT/fcp/en/FI_CP_SD.pdf o FAO Country Profile Swaziland (2008): ftp://ftp.fao.org/FI/DOCUMENT/fcp/en/FI_CP_SZ.pdf o FAO Country Profiles Uganda (2003): http://www.fao.org/fishery/countrysector/FI-CP_UG/en and http://www.fao.org/fi/oldsite/FCP/en/UGA/body.htm o FAO Country Profile Zambia (2006): http://www.fao.org/fishery/countrysector/FI-CP_ZM/en o FAO Country Profile Zimbabwe (2007): http://www.fao.org/fishery/countrysector/FI-CP_ZW/en o FAO Country Profile Tanzania (2007): ftp://ftp.fao.org/FI/DOCUMENT/fcp/en/FI_CP_TZ.pdf o FAO National Aquaculture Sector Overview of Kenya: http://www.fao.org/fishery/countrysector/naso_kenya/en o FAO National Aquaculture Sector Overview of Madagascar: http://www.fao.org/fishery/countrysector/naso_madagascar/en o FAO National Aquaculture Sector Overview of Malawi: http://www.fao.org/fishery/countrysector/naso_malawi/en o FAO National Aquaculture Sector Overview of Tanzania: http://www.fao.org/fishery/countrysector/naso_tanzania/en o FAO National Aquaculture Sector Overview of Uganda: http://www.fao.org/fishery/countrysector/naso_uganda/en o FAO National Aquaculture Sector Overview of Zambia: http://www.fao.org/fishery/countrysector/naso_zambia/en • FAO Fisheries and Aquaculture Information and Statistics Service: http://www.fao.org/fishery/statistics/programme/3,1,1/en • FAO STAT: http://faostat.fao.org/site/610/default.aspx#ancor • IMF World Economic Outlook Database (April 2011): http://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/weo/2011/01/weodata/index.aspx • Population Division of the Department of Economic and Social Affairs of the United Nations Secretariat: World Population Prospects, the 2010 Revision: http://esa.un.org/unpd/wpp/index.htm • UN Commodity Trade Statistics: http://comtrade.un.org/db/ • UN data: http://data.un.org • UN Human Development Index (2010): http://hdr.undp.org/en/statistics/ • World Health Statistics 2011 http://www.who.int/entity/whosis/whostat/EN_WHS2011_Part2.xls

256 IRFS – Regional Market Assessment (Supply and Demand) Study – Report

ANNEX 5 – NUGGESTED READING AND RECOMMENDED WEBSITES Suggested reading ACKELLO-OGUTU C. & ECHESSAH P., 1997. - Unrecorded Cross-Border Trade Between Kenya and Uganda. Implications for Food Security. 92 p. USAID. SD Publication Series Office of Sustainable Development Bureau for Africa, 59. ACKELLO-OGUTU C. & ECHESSAH P., 1998. - Unrecorded Cross-Border Trade Between Tanzania and Her Neighbors. Implications for Food Security SD Publication Series Office of Sustainable Development Bureau for Africa, 89. ANDERSEN M., 2010.- Cadre général pour le développement de l’aquaculture continentale dans les pays ACP, principalement en Afrique. Note: study carried on behalf of the CDE in collaboration with the EU funded ‘SFP’ programme ‘Strengthening Fishery Products Health Conditions in ACP/OCT countries’. BAUMÜLLER H., RUSSELL D., HANOOMANJEE S., NDIAYE P. G., ICHIBANE M., CRILLY R., ESTEBAN A. & HJORT A., 2011. – Mapping Africa’s International fisheries trade. Note: study funded by the Partnership for African Fisheries (an AU/NEPAD Programme) BERTILE E., CANABADY-MOUTIEN G., COUAPEL G., GOULAMALY A., MAINIX Y., MANDROUX F., MILLOT B., 2010. - L’insertion de la Réunion dans son environnement régional. 158 pages. St Andre (Guadeloupe, France): Imprimerie Graphica. BJØRNDAL T. & NORMAN-LOPEZ A., 2010. – Markets for tilapia. 37p. Globefish Research Programme, Volume 101. Rome: FAO. CIAN 2010. CIAN Conseil Français des Investisseurs en Afrique. Rapport 2011 Les entreprises françaises et l’Afrique. Le Moniteur du Commerce International, Hors Série, December 2010. www.lemoci.com – www.cian.asso.fr CIOLEK D., SENGEL R. & CRPMEM, 2011. - Etude économique et financière visant à mettre en place une interprofession des produits de la pêche et de l’aquaculture à la Réunion. 116 p. Réunion: CRPMEM. In collaboration with ARIBEV. Study carried with EU funds (European Fisheries Funds) on behalf of the EU and France. COMESA, 2011. COMESA Strategy for the Sustainable Development of Fisheries and Aquaculture. Annex I. 30 p. CS/IPPSD/AGC/MAENR//IV/2. CRPMEM, 2009. – Contribution du Comité Régional des Pêches et des Elevages Marins de la Réuion au Grenelle de la Mer et aux Etats Généraux pour l’Outre Mer. 16p. CRPMEM, 2009. Les Assises Régionales de la Pêche et de l’Aquaculture Ile de la Réunion 22-23 octobre 2009. 30 p. Réunion: CRPMEM. CRPMEM, 2011. Intégration du secteur de la pêche et de l’aquaculture dans le dispositif POSEI – Agri. Dossier de Presse, jeudi 6 janvier 2011. CSO, 2010. - Census of population and housing preliminary report. CSO: Central Statistical Office of Zambia. Département des Affaires foncières, Environnement et Conservation de La Nature, 1986. - Plan directeur des pêche, 1987. EU, 2009. – Commision Decision 2009/951/EU of 14 December 2009 amending Annexes I and II to Decision 2006/766/EC establishing the lists of third countries and territories from which imports of bivalve molluscs, echinoderms, tunicates, marine gastropods and fishery products are permitted. (notified under document C(2009) 9870). Official Journal of the European Union, L328: 70 - 75. Important note: systematically check the consolidated version on EUR-LEX website for latest version in force and any amendment (or repeal information). EVEN M. A., LAISNE C., 2011. – la demande alimentaire en 2050 : chiffres, incertitudes et marges de manoeuvre. Centre d’Etudes et de Prospective Analyse, 27 (février 2011). 4 p.

257 IRFS – Regional Market Assessment (Supply and Demand) Study – Report

FAILLER P., VAN DE WALLE G., LECRIVAIN N., HIMBES A.& LEWINS R., 2007. - Fish consumption in the European Union in 2015 and 2030. Part 1. European overview. In: Future prospects for fish and fishery products 4. FAO Fisheries Circular No. 972/4, Part 1 FIEP/C972/4, Part 1 (En). Rome: FAO. Note: available on the FAO website only. FAILLER P., VAN DE WALLE G., LECRIVAIN N., HIMBES A.& LEWINS R., 2008. - Fish consumption in the European Union in 2015 and 2030. Part 2. Country Projections. In: Future prospects for fish and fishery products 4. FAO Fisheries Circular No. 972/4, Part 2 FIEP/C972/4, Part 2 (En). Rome: FAO. Note: available on the FAO website only. FAO & WFP, 2010. - The State of Food Insecurity in the World: Addressing food insecurity in protracted crises. ‘SOFI 2010’ FAO Report. 62 p. Rome: FAO. FAO, date unknown. - Increase supply of Mukene (Rastrineobola argentea) for Human Consumption. FAO TCP/UGA/3204(D). Note by authors: sourced by Damien Legros, fish trade specialist as a relevant document to work on any supports on mukene. Recommended to obtain for further actions. FAO, 2002. – Long-term prospects for fish and fishery products: Preliminary projections to the years 2015 and 2030 based on FAO Food Balance Sheets. 83 p. Rome: FAO. FAO, 2010. - Progress towards Millennium Development Goal 1: Hunger Target. 1 p. Rome: FAO. FAVRE R., ZAPPACOSTA M. & AH POE C., 2011. - FAO/WFP Crop and Food Security Assessment Mission to Southern Sudan. 52. Rome: World Food Programme (WFP) and FAO. FEIDI I., 2004. – The market for seafood in the area of greater Cairo (Egypt). 33p. Morocco: Infosamak. FEIDI, I. 2005. Fish Supply and Demand in the Near East Region. 67 p. Rome: FAO. FAO GLOBEFISH Research Programme, Vol.83. FISH FARMING INTERNATIONAL (FFI), 2011. - Why should you invest in the World’s most volatile continent. July 2011: 22-27. GORDON A. & KASSAM L., 2011. - Aquaculture and markets: A research agenda. The WorldFish Center, Penang, Malaysia. Issues Brief 2011-34. 12 p. GROSSE O., 2009. - La place du poisson dans la consommation alimentaire des villageois des régions Centre et Ouest du Cameroun. Study carried out by the APDRA-F Association Pisciculture et Développement rural en Afrique Tropicale humide – France. Under the funds of the project ‘PVCOC’ Projet pour une Pisciculture Villageoise rentable dans les Régions Centre et Ouest du Cameroun. HALL S.J., DELAPORTE A., PHILLIPS M. J., BEVERIDGE M. & O’KEEFE M., 2011. - Blue Frontiers: Managing the Environmental Costs of Aquaculture. 103 p. Penang, Malaysia: The WorldFish Center. HEMPEL E., 2010. - Value Chain Analysis in the Fisheries Sector in Africa. Note: study carried out in collaboration with INFOSA and funded by the Trade Working Group of the PARTNERSHIP FOR AFRICAN FISHERIES, an AU/NEPAD Programme. HLPE, 2011. - Price volatility and food security. 83p. A report by the High Level Panel of Experts on Food Security and Nutrition of the Committee on World Food Security. Rome: FAO. INFOSA, 2011. Africa’s Fish Industry. Africa’s Fish Industry Magazine, 4. INFOSAMAK, 2009. Directory of Fish importers and Exporters. Casablanca: INFOSAMAK. Note: contains useful contacts details in Egypt and Djibouti and other countries members of INFOSAMAK. INSEE, 2008. 10.3 Pêche In: INSEE-RÉUNION TER 2010. pp. 190 – 191. JOSUPEIT H., 2010. - World supply and demand of tilapia. 6 p. Rome: FAO. LEM A., 2011. - Artisanal Fishing: Its Future and Solvency as an Economic Activity. Presentation at the First Artisanal Fishing Day, Santiago, Spain, 11 July 2011. FAO. (Dr. Audun Lem, Senior Fishery Industry Officer, FAO). MAHUNINA A., 2010. – Rapport d’étude Préparé dans le cadre du projet TCP/RAF/3303 (D) Formulation d’un programme d’action et des outils de mise en œuvre pour la gestion durable des pêches et la sécurité alimentaire dans le bassin du fleuve Congo. 34 p. MINDE I.J. & NAKHUMWA T.O., 1998. - Unrecorded Cross-Border Trade between Malawi and Neighboring Countries. 69 p. USAID. SD Publication Series Office of Sustainable Development Bureau for Africa, 90.

258 IRFS – Regional Market Assessment (Supply and Demand) Study – Report

MINISTERE DE L’AGRICULTURE, RDC & FAO, 2008. - Plan national de développement de l’aquaculture en République Démocratique du Congo 2010-1015. MOEHL J., HALWART M., BRUMMETT R. & NOLTING M., 2005. - Report of the FAO-WorldFish Center Workshop on Small-scale Aquaculture in Sub- Saharan Africa: Revisiting the Aquaculture Target Group Paradigm. Limbé, Cameroon, 23–26 March 2004. CIFA Occasional Paper. No. 25. 54p. Rome: FAO. MUJINGA, LUAMBA, MUTALA & HÜSKEN, 2009. - Inventaire des espèces de poissons disponibles sur les marchés urbains de Lubumbashi, RDC. WorldFISH Center et FAO. NAZIRI D., 2011. - Financial Services for SME Aquaculture Producers: Egypt Case study. 30 pages. Notes: this report is an output from a project funded by the German Agency for Technical Cooperation (GTZ) for the benefit of developing countries. Draft only on the website African Fisheries and Aquaculture Investment Partnership website: www.africanfisheriesinvestment.org/. OPIC P., CONAND F. & BOURRET. P, 1994. - Poissons Commerciaux du Sud-Ouest de l’Océan Indien. COI - ORSTOM. 91 pages. Paris: ORSTOM. ISBN : 2-7099-1207-4 PRESIDENCE DE LA REPUBLIQUE, 2009. - Conseil interministériel de l’Outre-Mer, Mesures du CIOM déclinées par Territoire: La Réunion. Palais de l’Elysée, Vendredi 6 novembre 2009. Website: http://www.etatsgenerauxdeloutremer.fr . SPEEDY A. W. , 2003. - Global Production and Consumption of Animal Source Foods. J. Nutr., 133: 4048S– 4053S. TOLLENS E., BILOSO A., 2006. - République Démocratique du Congo : Profil des marchés pour les évaluations d’urgence en sécurité alimentaire. Katholieke Universiteit Leuven. Programme Alimentaire Mondial, Service de l’évaluation des besoins d’urgence (ODAN). TSAMENYI M.& MCILGORM A., 2010. - Opportunities and Challenges for Intra-ACP Trade in Fish and Fish Products. Commonwealth Secretariat: London. UNKNOWN, 2009. – Dossiers Etats Généraux de l’Outre-Mer. Note: document including the report of the Etats Généraux de l’Outre Mer, Atelier 6 “L’insertion de la Réunion dans son environnement régional”, March - July 2009. Hard document provided by Mr. GOULAMALY, CEO of Armements des Mascareignes (Fishing, fish processing, fish wholesale/import/export company). UNIDO & UNCTAD, 2011. - Fostering Industrial Development in Africa in the New Global Environment. United Nations Series Economic developmment in Africa, Report 2011. UNCTAD/ALDC/AFRICA/2011 WALLIS W., J. FARCHY J. & MANSON K., 2011. - Agencies warn of East Africa famine. Financial Times’ website, 5 July 2011. Note: food price rises combined with severe drought and conflict to create the gravest threat of famine in years across large parts of east Africa and the Horn, according to aid agencies desperately short of funds. WORLDFISH CENTER, 2009. - Fish Supply and Food Security for Africa. Flyer.

259 IRFS – Regional Market Assessment (Supply and Demand) Study – Report

Other relevant websites International • Fish taxonomy - online database: o Fishbase: www.fishbase.org o Eschmeyer Catalog of fishes (finfish): http://research.calacademy.org/ichthyology/

Europe • Eurostat: EU statistics • TARIC: http://ec.europa.eu/taxation_customs/dds2/taric/taric_consultation.jsp?Lang=en to check custom taxes to import fishery products to EU.

France • France Agrimer: www.franceagrimer.fr • National Institute of Economics and Statistics: http://www.insee.fr/fr/bases-de-donnees/

260 IRFS – Regional Market Assessment (Supply and Demand) Study – Report

• Public web portal to data on French external trade : http://lekiosque.finances.gouv.fr/appchiffre/portail_default.asp note: detailed statistics available under costs.

261 IRFS – Regional Market Assessment (Supply and Demand) Study – Report

ANNEX 6 – NIST OF RELATED PROJECTS/PROGRAMMES

Overall • ACP FISH II (2009 – 2013): fisheries management programme – see description in the Annex 5 above - with actions on market and trade (managed by the ACP Secretariat, with EU 9 EDF funds) http://www.acpfish2-eu.org (see regional action plans online in particular) FAO GlobeFISH: • African Fisheries and Aquaculture Investment Partnership702; • AFTER project (African Food Tradition rEvisited by Research ): www.after-fp7.eu (2010 – 2014). EU Funds FP7. Note: AFTER includes a component on improving salted-dried fish processing then market acceptance in Benin and smoked fish in Senegal. Note by the authors: the coordinators were contacted, it is recommended to contact them for further actions under Smartfish on smoked and salted-dried fish. • Better Training for Food Safety (EU): http://ec.europa.eu/eahc/food/index.html (training to competent authority staff from third countries held regularly) For instance: the current programme “Value-chain analysis of international fish trade and food security”, Cases studies in 10 developing countries and 2 developed countries (managed by the FAO, funds NORAD): http://www.globefish.org/a-value-chain-analysis-of-international-fish-trade- and-food-security-with-an-impact-assessment-of-the-small-scale-sector.html Results of the study will be presented through various regional and sub-regional workshops and the final report published by the end of 2011; • INFOPECHE (actions on trade in Central Africa) – see Globefish website; • INFOSA (actions on trade in the ESA region) – see Globefish website; • NEPAD/Partnership for African Fisheries Trade Working Group; • SFP Programme Strengthening Fishery Products Health Conditions in ACP/OCT countries 2002 – 2010; ACP Secretariat, funds EU (8 EDF): www.sfp-acp.eu or http://sfp.acp.int . See especially technical reports on the SFP website (e.g Mukene study undertaken by D. LEGROS, 2010 and country profiles on food safety issues). • SWIOFP: South West Indian Ocean Fisheries Programme (World Bank funds) – current www.swiofp.net (useful data to cross-check on productions including www.wiofish.org )

Eastern Africa + DR of Congo • USAID studies on informal trade assessment (end of the 90’s): see suggested reading for further details under Ackello –Ogutu et al. . Congo DR • FISH II – market study (May 2011) : commercial trade study of fish products in the region including DR Congo (« Opportunités et obstacles au commerce durable intra et extra régional des produits de la pêche maritime et continentale en Afrique Centrale »). Kenya • Kenya Coastal Mariculture Development Project (Arab Development Partners); • Enhancing Aquaculture Resources in Sustainable Livelihood Strategies for Food Security, Health and Poverty Reduction (CIDA project); • Kenya Agricultural Productivity and Agribusiness Project (KAPAP); • Kenya-UNDP Aquaculture Initiative; • Government of Kenya-funded catfish and tilapia selective breeding programs for quality seed;

702 http://www.africanfisheriesinvestment.org

262 IRFS – Regional Market Assessment (Supply and Demand) Study – Report

• Technical Cooperation Project on aquaculture (funded by FAO); • Development of small-scale Clarias fingerling production clusters (Kenya Business Development Services); • Integrating cage fish farming system in reservoirs, ponds and temporary water bodies in Eastern Africa (BOMOSA-EU); and • Aquaculture projects by other players, including: o VicRes; o IFS; and o Faith-based organizations.

Horn of Africa • FAO - Regional office : a support to capacity building to promote formal marketing and trade of fish and fish products from and within the Horn of Africa is expected to be signed and to start in October 2011 (around 500 000 USD ; period expected 18 months) . Djibouti • Value Chain Study analysis and proposed actions to improve it (UNIDO) : expected to start in September 2011 (44 days on 3 months). Project ref. : YA/DJI/10/001-1151 Ethiopia • ACP FISH II : a training on developing fisheries management plans recently carried out. Indian Ocean Islands Madagascar • By catch use in the 90’s : Japanese aid and see Roullot, 1998 under suggested reading. • A FAO project on estimating demand of fish in Antananarivo, early years of 2000 (reference unfound online and report not collected, mentioned by SICOCEAN during the field mission). • Dried-salted project in the early 2000’s : trade of dried-salted fish stopped following project closure (mentioned by the Dept. of Fisheries and SICOCEAN during the field mission, report not collected) Mauritius • ACP Fish II: Action plan on aquaculture development; • Development of FAD fishery (IFAD Rural Diversification Programme); and • Fisheries development project focusing on fishing octopus with pots (Norway). Réunion • EU supports to Réunion on fish trade to continental Europe (POSEI programme): see suggested reading. Southern Africa Zimbabwe • Aquaculture project with the aim of creating youth employment through aquaculture training. Carried out through a partnership between the International Labour Organization (ILO703), University of Zimbabwe and Aquaculture Zimbabwe, a non-governmental organization. Expected to run between July and November 2011.

703 www.ilo.org

263 IRFS – Regional Market Assessment (Supply and Demand) Study – Report

ACP FISH II: projects relevant to the trade component of SmartFish . July 2011 (version) - extracted from a list submitted by the FISH II Coordination Unit

N REF Countries Title

CENTRAL AFRICA

Projet pilote : Formation sur le mode opératoire de fabrique 2 CA-3.1-B13 Tous les pays d’aliments et de gestion pour le système d’élevage intensif des poissons d’aquaculture RDC, RCA, Cameroun, Sao National capacity building of small producers in the intensive 1 CA-4.1-B16 Tome, Gabon production of Clara and Heterotis fingerlings REG (Cameroon, Eq. Guinea, Policy and legal frameworks governing private investment 2 CA-4.2-B17 RDC, Congo, Gabon, Sao Tome in the fisheries and aquaculture sectors; overview and Principe) Capacity building, study tour and visits to intensive production REG (Gabon, Cameroon, Congo, 3 CA-4.3-B18 farms in Nigeria RDC)

EASTERN AFRICA

RWG Aquaculture (TA support) 13 EA-1.3-B5 Ken, Tza, Uga, Rwa, Bdi

14 EA-1.5-B6 Rw, Et, Bd, Sn, Tz, Ke, Ug Training on aquaculture development

9 EA-2.2-B9 Ug, Sd, Ke, Rw, DRC, Bd, Tz Follow-up regional fish trade actions

9 EA-4.2-B19 COMESA Assessment of fisheries in GDP

10 EA-4.2-B20 Sdn (Ethiopia not anymore) Enterprise development

SOUTHERN AFRICA

Genetic Study on local species of tilapia for aquaculture (FYI) 14 SA-3.2-B17 MOZ

18 SA-4.1-B18 Mal Training Fisheries Association of Malawi

19 SA-4.1-B19 COM Training for Fisheries Professionals Organization

20 SA-4.1-B20 Reg Southern Africa Regional training on value chain aspects Regional marketing study on fish products potential 18 SA-4.3-B21 REG

Regional study on fisheries contribution to GDP 19 SA-4.3-B22 REG

4 SA-4.3-B23 ANG Socio-economic study on artisanal fisheries

264 IRFS – Regional Market Assessment (Supply and Demand) Study – Report

ANNEX 7 – NATIONAL GDP PER CAPITA AND HDI OF A SELECTION OF RELEVANT COUNTRIES

45,000 Australia 40,000

35,000 France

30,000

25,000 Seychelles

US$ 20,000

15,000 Mauritius South Africa Brazil 10,000 China Egypt 5,000 AverageSwaziland SmartFish 0 countries 1980 1990 2000 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010

Figure 100: annual GDP per capita (in 2008 PPP US$) in SMARTFISH countries compared to a selection of relevant countries, 1980 to 2010 (UNDP)

Countries: Australia, Brazil, China, France, Egypt, Mozambique, South Africa and Smartfish countries of highest GDPs.

3,500 Average SmartFish Djibouti countries 3,000

2,500 Sudan

2,000

Zambia Kenya 1,500 Zambia Madagascar Tanzania Uganda Sudan Comoros Rwanda 1,000 Ethiopia Madagascar Malawi Eritrea 500 Burundi DR Congo Zimbabwe 0 1980 1990 2000 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010

Figure 101: annual GDP per capita (in 2008 PPP US$) - SMARTFISH countries with GDP <3 500 US$/year from 1980 to 2010 (UNDP)

265 IRFS – Regional Market Assessment (Supply and Demand) Study – Report

0.70 Brazil China Egypt 0.60 South Africa

0.50 Kenya Uganda 0.40 Tanzania Zambia Zambia Trend Smartfish Malawi countries on average 0.30 Mozambique Congo (DRC)

0.20

Zimbabwe 0.10

0.00 1980 1990 2000 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010

Figure 102: Human Development Index from 1980 to 2010 of a group of selected countries

Note: highest HDI – Australia: 0.937, in 2010.

266 IRFS – Regional Market Assessment (Supply and Demand) Study – Report

ANNEX 8 – NATIONAL PER CAPITA CONSUMPTION RATE OF MEAT AND FISH, 1960 – ND FISHSELECTION OF RELEVANT COUNTRIES/SUB-REGIONS All sources of graphs below: extractions by authors from FAOSTAT figures

40 5 France 35 4.5 Djibouti 4 30 Eritrea China 3.5 25 3 2.5 20 Egypt 2 15 Sudan 'Smartfish' 1.5 10 1 5 South Africa 0.5 Ethiopia 0 0 1961 1963 1965 1969 1971 1973 1975 1979 1981 1983 1985 1989 1991 1993 1995 1999 2001 2003 2005 1967 1977 1987 1997 2007 1961 1963 1965 1967 1969 1971 1973 1975 1977 1979 1981 1983 1985 1987 1989 1991 1993 1995 1997 1999 2001 2003 2005 2007

Figure 103: ‘Smartfish’ countries - annual average per capita consumption (kg) Figure 105: Horn of Africa - annual average per capita consumption (kg) of fish of fish compared with a selection of countries, 1961 - 2007 by country (Somalia not available), 1961 - 2007 Note: ‘Smartfish’ average: the 19 beneficiary countries without Somalia) 70 Seychelles 120 Denmark 60 100 50 France 80 Brazil 40 30 Comoros 60 Mauritius China 20 40 South Africa 10 Madagascar Egypt 0 20 'Smartfish' India 0 2001 2003 2005 2007 1961 1963 1965 1967 1969 1971 1973 1975 1977 1979 1981 1983 1985 1987 1989 1991 1993 1995 1997 1999

1961 1963 1965 1967 1969 1971 1973 1975 1977 1979 1981 1983 1985 1987 1989 1991 1993 1995 1997 1999 2001 2003 2005 2007 Figure 106: Indian Ocean countries – average annual per capita consumption (kg) of fish, 1961 – 2007 Figure 104: ‘Smartfish’ countries - annual average per capita consumption (kg) Note: Réunion per capita consumption not included, estimated to 20kg/capita/year of meat compared with a selection of countries, 1961 - 2007 currently (CRPMEM, 2011)

267 IRFS – Regional Market Assessment (Supply and Demand) Study – Report

20 50 18 Zambia 45 Swaziland 40 Mauritius 16 Seych. 14 35 Swaziland 30 Djibouti 12 Malawi 25Madagascar Sudan 10 S. Africa 20 8 15 Kenya 6 10 Mozambique 4 5 Zimbabwe 2 0 0 2001 2003 2005 2007 1961 1963 1965 1967 1969 1971 1973 1975 1977 1979 1981 1983 1985 1987 1989 1991 1993 1995 1997 1999

1961 1963 1965 1969 1971 1973 1975 1979 1981 1983 1985 1989 1991 1993 1995 1999 2001 2003 2005 1967 1977 1987 1997 2007 Figure 109: Smartfish' countries - national meat consumption per capita per Figure 107: Southern African countries – average annual per capita year (kg), 1961 to 2007 (1/2) consumption (kg) of fish, 1961 – 2007 (FAOSTAT) 20 20 18 Tanzania 15 16 Zambia Uganda Uganda Comoros 14 10 Ethiopia 12 Eritrea 10 5 Malawi 8 Congo DR Rwanda Congo DR Burundi Kenya 6 0 4

2 1961 1963 1965 1967 1969 1971 1973 1975 1977 1979 1981 1983 1985 1987 1989 1991 1993 1995 1997 1999 2001 2003 2005 2007 Rwanda 0 Figure 110: Smartfish' countries - meat consumption per capita per year (kg), 1961 to 2007 (2/2) (Somalia figures n.a) 1961 1963 1965 1969 1971 1973 1975 1979 1981 1983 1985 1989 1991 1993 1995 1999 2001 2003 2005 1967 1977 1987 1997 2007

Figure 108: Eastern African countries – average annual per capita consumption (kg) of fish, 1961 – 2007 (FAOSTAT)

268 IRFS – Regional Market Assessment (Supply and Demand) Study – Report

ANNEX 9 – NRBAN POPULATION CHANGES IN A SELECTION OF RELEVANT COUNTRIES/TERRITORIES, 1950 - ERRI Table 105: Percentage of Population Residing in Urban Areas by Major Area, Region and Country, 1950- 2050 (UNDP, 2009) Major area, region, country or area 1950 1970 1990 2010 2030 2050 World 28.83 36.08 42.62 50.46 58.97 68.70 Eastern Africa (selection) 5.30 10.42 17.96 23.59 33.35 47.44 Burundi 1.73 2.38 6.27 11.00 19.79 33.35 Comoros 6.60 19.39 27.87 28.19 36.51 50.70 Djibouti 39.81 61.78 75.65 76.23 80.15 85.04 Eritrea 7.10 12.59 15.80 21.58 34.39 50.11 Ethiopia 4.60 8.59 12.62 16.66 23.85 37.48 Kenya 5.59 10.30 18.22 22.18 33.04 48.14 Madagascar 7.80 14.10 23.57 30.19 41.39 56.07 Malawi 3.51 6.05 11.56 19.77 32.42 48.47 Mauritius(1) 29.33 42.03 43.90 41.84 47.98 60.55 Mozambique 2.38 5.78 21.10 38.43 53.70 67.39 Réunion 23.49 41.66 81.23 94.01 96.33 97.35 Rwanda 1.80 3.19 5.42 18.85 28.26 42.93 Seychelles 27.40 39.07 49.29 55.32 66.56 76.21 Somalia 12.73 22.68 29.66 37.45 49.86 63.65 Uganda 2.82 6.66 11.08 13.30 20.56 33.52 United Republic of Tanzania 3.49 7.85 18.88 26.38 38.66 54.01 Zambia 11.50 30.35 39.41 35.70 44.71 58.36 Zimbabwe 10.64 17.36 28.99 38.25 50.71 64.35 Central Africa 14.00 24.82 32.61 43.12 55.92 68.13 Democratic Republic of the Congo 19.10 30.30 27.82 35.22 49.16 63.23 Northern Africa 24.78 36.22 44.50 51.15 60.53 70.96 Egypt 31.93 42.21 43.48 43.40 50.92 63.30 Sudan 6.82 16.52 26.62 40.10 54.54 67.69 Southern Africa 37.65 43.68 48.84 58.69 68.31 77.04 South Africa 42.23 47.81 52.04 61.70 71.32 79.57 Swaziland 1.75 9.71 22.91 21.37 26.24 39.50 ( 1) Including Agalega, Rodrigues, and Saint Brandon.

Source : extracted by authors from UN, 2009. - World Urbanization Prospects: The 2009 Revision. Department of economics and social affairs, population division. POP/DB/WUP/Rev.2009/1/F2.

269 IRFS – Regional Market Assessment (Supply and Demand) Study – Report

ANNEX 10 – MIDDLE CLASS GROWTH IN AFRICA

Figure 111: Africa - distribution of the population by sub-classes, 1980 – 2010 (AfDB statistics in: Mubila et al.,2011) Data in daily per capita income levels (USD)

The middle class including the floating one has increased from 26% in 1980 to 34% in 2010. The floating class is a fragile one as it can either get up the social ladder or fall back below the poverty line yet.

Figure 112: Correlation of middle class and economic indicators of development (Mubila et al.,2011)

Note that middle class growth is highly correlated with education, infrastructure and, interestingly speaking, with increase in internet users especially fixed broadband.

270 IRFS – Regional Market Assessment (Supply and Demand) Study – Report

“Africa’s middle class is strongest in countries that have robust and growing private sector as many middle class individuals tend to be local entrepreneurs. In a number of African countries, a new middle class has emerged due to opportunities offered by the private sector” (Mubila et al,2011).

Figure 113: Africa – size of middle class income populations by countries (Mubila et al., 2011)

Note the high rank for Kenya.

271 IRFS – Regional Market Assessment (Supply and Demand) Study – Report

ANNEX 11 – NHOTOS TAKEN DURING FIELD TRIP See separate attachment.

272 LIST OF PUBLICATIONS – LISTE DES PUBLICATIONS

SmartFish Programme

1. Report of the Inception / Focal Point Meeting of the SmartFish Programme – Flic en Flac, Mauritius, 15th-16th June 2011. REPORT/RAPPORT: SF/2011/01. August/Août 2011. SmartFish Programme. Indian Ocean Commission (55 pages).

2. Report of the First Steering Committee Meeting of the SmartFish Programme – Flic en Flac, Mauritius,17th June 2011. REPORT/RAPPORT: SF/2011/02. August/Août 2011. SmartFish Programme Indian Ocean Commission (51 pages).

3. Rapport de la réunion de présentation du programme SmartFish aux points focaux – Flic en Flac, Ile Maurice, 15-16 juin 2011. REPORT/RAPPORT: SF/2011/03. August/Août 2011. SmartFish Programme. Indian Ocean Commission (55 pages).

4. ESA-IO (IRFS). REPORT/RAPPORT: SF/2011/04. May 2011. SmartFish Programme. Indian Ocean Commission (40 pages).

5. Regional Market Assessment (Supply and Demand). REPORT/RAPPORT: SF/2012/05. March/Mars 2012. SmartFish Programme. Indian Ocean Commission (264 pages). Indian Ocean Commission – SmartFish Program Blue Tower, 5th oor, Institute Road - Ebène, Mauritius Tél: (+230) 402 6100 Fax: (+230) 465 7933