ISSN 0075-2088

J.L.B. SMITH INSTITUTE OF GRAHAMSTOWN, SOUTH

SPECIAL PUBLICATION No. 56

SCIENTIFIC AND COMMON NAMES OF SOUTHERN AFRICAN FRESHWATER

by Paul H. Skelton

November 1993 SERIAL PUBLICATIONS o f THE J.L.B. SMITH INSTITUTE OF ICHTHYOLOGY The Institute publishes original research on the systematics, zoogeography, ecology, biology and conservation of fishes. Manuscripts on ancillary subjects (aquaculture, fishery biology, historical ichthyology and archaeology pertaining to fishes) will be considered subject to the availability of publication funds. Two series are produced at irregular intervals: the Special Publication series and the Ichthyological Bulletin series. Acceptance of manuscripts for publication is subject to the approval of reviewers from outside the Institute. Priority is given to papers by staff of the Institute, but manuscripts from outside the Institute will be considered if they are pertinent to the work of the Institute. Colour illustrations can be printed at the expense of the author. Publications of the Institute are available by subscription or in exchange for publi­ cations of other institutions. Lists of the Institute’s publications are available from the Publications Secretary at the address below.

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ISBN 0-86810-259-8 SCIENTIFIC AND COMMON NAMES OF SOUTHERN AFRICAN FRESHWATER FISHES.

by Paul H. Skelton J.L.B. Smith Institute of Ichthyology Private Bag 1015, Grahamstown 6140, Republic of South Africa

ABSTRACT A list of the scientific and recommended English and Afrikaans common names of fishes found in freshwater of is presented. Notes explaining the additions and changes made to the list of Jackson (1975) are provided. The list includes 259 of which 201 (78%) are indigenous primary and secondary freshwater fishes, 34 (13%) are of marine origin and 4 (2%) are diadromous. Twenty alien species (8%) are also included. The number of species has increased by 47 (22%). Of these 47 species, 32 are strictly freshwater fishes and 15 are marine species. Two new alien species are added to the list

INTRODUCTION A list of the freshwater fishes of southern Africa giving the scientific names, authors, dates and the English and Afrikaans common names has not appeared since Jackson (1975) and that is now much out of date. Many of the changes to the scientific nomenclature that have occurred since 1975 are given in the four volume Checklist of the freshwater fishes of Africa (CLOFFA) (Daget et al. 1984, 1986a, 1986b, 1991). Although CLOFFA embraces southern Africa, it does not include common names and the range of many species is imprecisely recorded. CLOFFA also is not generally in the hands of the non-specialist dealing with fishes in the area. Additional records and corrections to Jackson’s (1975) list were included in Skelton etal. (1980,1985), Penrith (1982) and Bell-Cross and Minshull (1988). Further changes to the list of freshwater fishes in southern Africa or their names have been made in the literature and have not yet been brought to a wider general audience. The sum of changes to Jackson’s (1975) list is now considerable and it is important that a comprehensive updated list of the names of southern African freshwater fishes is made available to the scientific and interested public. METHODS Systematic presentation The classification and order of presentation used here is based on Eschmeyer (1990) with minor modifications. Departures from Eschmeyer’s classification and changes to family allocations or rankings are explained below. The species names are as deter­

1 mined from the most recent literature. Notes explaining changes to Jackson’s (1975) list are given separately after the list; each note is numbered in accordance with a number opposite the taxon name. The spelling of a species name is the original form or justified emendations in accordance with the International Code of Nomenclature (1985). Institutional abbreviations follow Leviton et al. (1985). References for the original species descriptions that are not given here are listed in volumes 3 and 4 of CLOFFA (Daget, et al. 1986,1991). Common names The common names presented here are based on Jackson (1975) with changes made to certain names in order to bring them into line with general usage or with the principles governing the choice of common names as applied by the American Fisheries Society (Robins et a l 1991). As acceptance or use of common names is not binding on any party, it should be emphasised that the present list is given in order to further establish and stabilize common names in the literature. A summary of the principles applied for choosing common names is given here to explain and justify the changes made to common names in this list The principles are: (1) a single name shall be accepted for each species; (2) the same name shall not be given to more than one species; (3) the expression “common” shall be avoided wherever possible; (4) simplicity is favoured; (5) common names shall not be capitalized in text use except for those elements that are proper nouns; (6) names intended to honour persons are discouraged as they are without descriptive value; (7) only clearly defined taxonomic entities (species) shall be assigned common names; (8) the common name shall not be intimately linked to the scientific name; (9) names shall not violate the tenets of good taste. Additional guidelines include the following : (1) colorful or distinctive names are especially appropriate; (2) native names are welcome as common names; (3) names in general use are to be retained wherever possible; (4) traditional names are given wide latitude in taxonomic placement; (5) structural attributes, colour etc are desirable sources of common names; (6) ecological characteristics and geographical distribution are useful sources; (7) generic names may be used as common names; (8) duplication of names used for other organisms should be avoided if possible. Changes in common names of species cm the list given by Jackson (1975) are explained in the notes following the list. Categories and definitions In this paper the term ’freshwater” is used in a broad sense of continental aquatic systems, viz. rivers and lakes, and not in the narrow technical sense (i.e. water with less than 0.5 grams per litre total dissolved mineral salts). Most species included on this list are indigenous primary and secondary freshwater fishes recorded from freshwaters of southern Africa as determined by museum collection records or from the literature. Primary freshwater fishes are those with little or no tolerance of brackish water (i.e. water with more than 0.5 grams per litre total dissolved mineral salts). Secondary freshwater fishes are tolerant of brackish waters but normally occur in inland aquatic

2 systems rather than the sea. The other categories of fishes on this list comprise the following : Introduced or alien (exotic) species (EX) - species introduced to southern Africa from outside the region. Marine or estuarine species (M) - fishes that are normally found in estuaries or the sea but which also are frequently encountered in inland waters or are known to have established breeding populations in inland waters. Sporadic marine species (MS) - fishes found or reported sporadically or infrequently from inland waters and which are not known to form breeding populations in such habitats. Diadromous species (D) - fishes that, in the course of their life cycle, migrate between the sea and inland waters. “Southern Africa” is that part of the African continent south of the northern divides of the Cunene, Okavango and River systems excluding Lake and the above Kapachira Falls (Figure 1.).

SUMMARY OF CHANGES MADE A summary of the pertinent changes to the list of fishes from southern African fresh waters since Jackson (1975) is given below under relevant headings. The present list includes 259 species, an increase of 47 or 22% on the number in Jackson (1975). The number of primary and secondary freshwater species has increased by 16% from 189 to 221. The number of “marine” fishes included has increased by 89% from 18 to 34. The number of diadromous species has remained constant (at 4) and only two alien species are added to the list (Phalloceros caudimaculatus and Oreochromis niloticus). The number of families represented has increased from 34 to 39, and the number of orders from 13 to 17. These figures emphasize the dynamic nature of systematics in southern Africa, and (as several undescribed species are currently under investiga­ tion) further increases to the known freshwater fish fauna of southern Africa are anticipated. Changes to genera and to species names are given in the notes to the list Fam ilies Apart from the following exceptions, the systematic listing and families used here follow Eschmeyer (1990). In agreement with Nelson (1984) and CLOFFA 1 (Daget et al, 1984) full family status is given to the African lungfishes Protopteridae (Eshmeyer considered the family to be Lepidosirenidae with the African lungfishes having subfamily status). Likewise in agreement with Vari (1979) full family status is given to the Distichodontidae (Eschmeyer considers the Distichodontinae a subfamily of the Citharinidae). Use of the family Characidae for African alestiine characins follows Nelson (1984) and CLOFFA 1 (Daget et al. 1984). Mo’s (1991) family designations for certain genera formerly placed in the Bagridae are also accepted (Austroglanididae for species of the Austroglanis and Claroteidae for other former bagrids from southern Africa). The placement of the family Cichlidae on the list agrees with its allocation to the (unlisted here) sub-order Labroidei by Kaufman & Liem (1982) and Stiassny (1991), rather than in the Percoidei as given by Eschmeyer. Another notable change is

3 the placement of the family Mastacembelidae in the order Synbranchiformes by Travers (1984). Species added to the list Additions to the checklist of southern African freshwater fishes not mentioned by Skelton et al. (1980) and Penrith (1982), include the following: Protopterus amphibius Peters, 1844; Paramormyrops jacksoni (Poll,1967); Barbus amatolicus Skelton, 1990; Barbus atkinsoni Bailey, 1969; Barbus dorsolineatus Trewavas, 1936; Barbus bre- viceps Trewavas, 1936; Barbus kessleri Steindachner, 1866; Neolebias lozii Winemiller & Kelso-Winemiller, 1993; Amphilius laticaudatus Skelton, 1984 ; Schilbe yangambianus Poll, 1953; Clarias liocephalus Boulenger, 1898; macro stoma Skelton & White, 1990; Synodontis vanderwaali Skelton & White, 1990; Synodontis thamalakanensis Fowler, 1935; kafuensis Wildekamp & Rosenstock, 1989; gracilis (Greenwood, 1987); altus Winemiller & Kelso-Winemiller, 1991. Most of these are new species or new discoveries in the region; others are taxonomic resurrections or were previously overlooked. Deletions Elops machnata (ForsskAl, 1775) has been deleted from the list as there is no evidence that the species has been taken or recorded from freshwater habitats in southern Africa. Bell-Cross (1972) reported 20 “estuarine” species from the lower Zambezi system; several of these species are included on the present list because they have been definitely recorded from freshwater habitats in the region. However the majority of these estuarine species were not included by Jackson (1975) as there is little evidence that they are anything other than estuarine species (i.e. there is no evidence that they were taken in freshwater). Jackson (1975) did however include the species Hilsa kelee (Cuvier, 1829), but this is excluded here as it was taken from the Zambezi Delta (21MB 1662) and is no different to the other records of “estuarine” species from this area. Other species in a similar situation include Atherinomorus lacunosus (Forster, 1801), Strongylura leiura (Bleeker, 1851), Hyporhamphus capensis (Thomi- not, 1886), Clinus superciliosus (Linnaeus, 1758), Omobranchus ferox (Herre, 1927) and Pandaka syl\ana (Barnard, 1943). Several species are deleted through being relegated to junior synonyms of other species on the list These include Barbus aurantiacus and B. rubellus (both = B. radiatus), rubropunctatus Gilchrist & Thompson (= L congoro), Eutropius depressirostris Peters (= S. intermedius) and Mastacembelus mutombotombo Pellegrin (= Aethiomastacembelus frenatus). Spelling changes Following the 1985 version of the International Code of Zoological Nomenclature the original spelling of a species name is accepted unless it is shown to be incorrect Contrary to the practice by certain authors to automatically change all -ii endings to -i, the use of the -ii in the original spelling is often correct (made in cases where the latinized name is masculine and would end in -ius, the genitive correctly changing the

4 terminal -us to -i and therefore becoming -ii) and is retained. Spelling corrections made here are simple corrections (e.g. the spelling of Hepsetus odoe without an umlaut) or a result of applying the correct gender to the specific name (e.g. Gilchristella aestuaria). Common names Jackson’s (1975) list included recommended English and Afrikaans common names for each fish species. Although many of these common names have been accepted in the literature, in a number of cases, especially with Afrikaans names, Jackson’s proposals have not been adopted, with different authors preferring existing previously established or subsequently generated alternatives. Newly described species and addi­ tions to the fauna have also required a common name. Therefore whilst the common names presented here are basically those given in Jackson (1975), changes have been made to bring the names in line with actual usage or in line with the principles set out in Robins et al. (1991). The common names of marine and estuarine fishes here follows those given in Smith & Heemstra (1986). A few examples of the more notable changes to common names follow. The entrenched and descriptive Afrikaans names for certain mormyrids are preferred e.g. snawelvisfor “boelhond” (Marcusenius macrolepidotus), stompkoppiefor “Churchill” (Petrocephalus catostoma) and roof-bottelneus for “comish jack” (Mormyrops anguil- loides). I have also preferred to use traditional Afrikaans names for groups of fishes like the (kuipers) and (moddervis) where Jackson (1975) gave angli­ cised group names like “happy” and Tabeo”. The term “happie” is singularly inappro­ priate in Afrikaans (meaning a small morsel) and also has not been used in the popular (English) literature. This has therefore been replaced by the older term “bream” discarded by Jackson (1974). The traditional term “bream” for various species is still popular in countries like and and the objection to its use on the grounds that it originally referred to a cyprinid species is not a serious objection in the southern African context, as traditional English names are specifically given wide latitude within the above guidelines. Changes are made to common names honoring persons, e.g. “Hamilton’s barb”, “Burchell’s redfm” and “Johnston’s topminnow” are replaced by “plump barb”, “Breede River redfm” and “slender topminnow” respec­ tively. In cases where a choice of common names is available, I prefer to promote the more simple or euphonius alternative, e.g. ‘kapenta” for the less suitable ‘ sardine”. Further explanations on common name changes are provided in the ‘Notes and Comments” section following the list of species.

LIST OF FISHES IN SOUTHERN AFRICAN FRESHWATERS The following symbols are used to indicate a note under the section ‘Notes and Comments” : * note on the species or a change to the scientific name; + note on the common name. The following abbreviations indicate species that are not indigenous primary or secondary freshwater fishes : EX - introduced or alien species; M - marine species often encountered in freshwater habitats; MS - marine species encountered sporadically in freshwater habitats; D - diadromous species.

5 Note Scientific Name English and Afrikaans names

CLASS: CHONDRICHTHYES ORDER: CARCHARHINIFORMES Carcharhinidae - requiem sharks +1 Carcharhinus leucas (Valenciennes, 1839) bull shark (M) bulhaai ORDER: RAJIFORMES Pristidae - sawfishes Pristis microdon Latham, 1794 smalltooth sawfish (M) kleintand-saagvis

CLASS: OSTEICHTHYES ORDER: LEPIDOSIRENIFORMES Protopteridae - African lungfishes Protopterus annectens brieni Poll, 1961 lungfish longvis *2 Protopterus amphibius (Peters, 1844) east coast lungfish Ooskus-longvis ORDER: - snoutfishes, snawelvisse Hippopotamyrus cursorgii (Boulenger,1905) slender stonebasher slanke klips tamper Hippopotamyrus discorhynchus (Peters, 1852) Zambezi parrotfish Zambesi-pappagaaivis +3 Marcusenius macrolepidotus (Peters, 1852) bulldog snawelvis *44 Mormyrops anguilloides (Linnaeus, 1758) com ishjack roof-bottelneus lacerda Castelnau, 1861 western bottlenose westelike bottelneus Mormyrus longirostris Peters, 1852 eastern bottelnose oostelike bottelneus 45 Petrocephalus catostoma (Gunther, 1866) Churchill stompkoppie Pollimyrus castelnaui (Boulenger, 1911) dwarf stonebasher dwerg-klipstamper *6 Paramormyrops jacksoni (Poll, 1967) ghost stonebasher spook-klipstamper ORDER: ELOPIFORMES Megalopidae - tarpons Megalops cyprinoides (Broussonet, 1782) oxeye tarpon (M) osoog-tarpon

6 ORDER: ANGUILLIFORMES Anguillidae - eels, palings Anguilla bicolor bicolor McClelland, 1844 shortfm eel (D) kortvin-paling +7 Anguilla marmorata Quoy & Gaimard, 1824 giant mottled eel (D) reus-bontpaling Anguilla mossambica Peters, 1852 longfin eel (D) geelbek-paling *8 Anguilla bengalensis labiata Peters, 1852 African mottled eel (D) Afrika-bontpaling ORDER: CLUPEIFORMES Clupeidae - herrings, harings *9 Gilchristella aestuaria (Gilchrist, 1913) estuarine round-herring (M) rivier-rondeharing +10 Umnothrissa miodon (Boulenger, 1906) kapenta (EX) kapenta ORDER: GONORYNCIIIFORMES - knerias, skulpoortjies Kneria angolensis Steindachnerr, 1866 Angola kneria Angola-skulpoortjie Kneria auriculata (Pellegrin, 1905) southern kneria suidelike skulpoortjie *11 Kneria maydelli Ladiges & Voelker, 1961 Cunene kneria Kunene-skulpoortj ie Kneria polli Trewavas, 1936 northern kneria noordelike skulpoortjie Parakneriafortuita Penrith, 1973 Cubango kneria Cubango-skulpoortj ie ParaJcneria mossambica Jubb & Bell-Cross, 1974 Gorongoza kneria Gorongoza-skulpoortj ie ORDER: - barbs & labeos, ghieliemientjies & moddervisse *12 Barbus aeneus (Burchell, 1822) kleinbek-geelvis +13 Barbus afrohamiltoni Crass, 1960 plump barb dik-ghieliemientj ie Barbus afrovemayi Nichols & Boulton, 1927 spottail barb kolstert-ghieliemientj ie *14 Barbus amatolicus Skelton, 1990 Amatolabarb Amatola-ghieliemientj ie Barbus andrewi Barnard, 1937 whitefish witvis Barbus annectens Gilchrist & Thompson, 1917 broadstriped barb bregstreep-ghieliemientj ie

7 Barbus anoplus Weber, 1897 chubbyhead barb dikkop-ghieliemientj ie Barbus argenteus Gunther, 1868 rosefin barb roos vlerk-ghieliemientj ie *15 Barbus atkinsoni Bailey, 1969 dash-dot barb streeppunt-ghieliemientj ie Barbus barnardi Jubb, 1965 blackback barb swartrug-ghieliemientjie Barbus barotseensis Pellegrin, 1920 Barotse barb Barotse-ghieliemientjie Barbus bellcrossi Jubb, 1964 gorgeous barb prag-ghieliemientj ie Barbus bifrenatus Fowler, 1935 hyphen barb skakel-ghieliemientjie *16 Barbus breviceps Trewavas, 1936 shorthead barb stompkop-ghieliemientj ie *17 Barbus brevidorsalis Boulenger, 1915 dwarf barb dwerg-ghieliemientj ie Barbus brevipiruiis Jubb, 1966 shortfin barb kortvlerk-ghieliemientj ie Barbus calidus Barnard, 1938 Ganwilliam redfin Clanwilliam-rooivlerkie Barbus capensis Smith, 1841 Ganwilliam-geelvis *18 Barbus choloensis Norman, 1925 silver barb silwer-ghieliemientj ie Barbus codringtonii Boulenger, 1908 Upper Zambezi yellowfish Bo-Zambesi-geelvis *19 Barbus dorsolineatus Trewavas, 1936 topstripe barb bostreep-ghieliemientj ie Barbus erubescens Skelton, 1974 Twee River redfin Tweerivier-rooivlerkie Barbus eutaenia Boulenger, 1904 orangefin barb oranjevlerk-ghieliemientj ie Barbus fasciolatus Gunther, 1868 red barb rooi-ghieliemientj ie Barbus gurneyi Gunther, 1868 redtail barb rooistert-ghieliemientjie Barbus haasianus David, 1936 sicklefm barb sekelvin-ghieliemientj ie Barbus hospes Barnard, 1938 Namaqua barb Namakwa-ghieliemientjie *20 Barbus kerstenii Peters, 1868 redspot barb rooikol-ghieliemientj ie *21 Barbus kessleri (Steindachner, 1866) gillbar barb kieustreep-ghieliemientj ie Barbus kimberleyensis Gilchrist & Thompson, 1913 grootbek-geelvis

8 Barbus lineomaculatus Boulenger, 1903 line-spotted barb lynkol-ghieliemientjie *22 Barbus macrotaenia Worthington, 1933 broadband barb brefiband-ghieliemientj ie Barbus manicensis Pellegrin, 1919 yellow barb geel-ghieliemientj ie Barbus marequensis Smith, 1841 largescale yellowfish grootskub-geelvis Barbus mattozi Guimaraes, 1884 papermouth papierbek *23 Barbus miolepis Boulenger, 1902 zig-zag barb sigsag-ghieliemientjie Barbus motebensis Steindachner, 1894 Marico barb Marico-ghieliemientj ie Barbus multilineatus Worthington, 1933 copperstripe barb koperstreep-ghieliemientj ie Barbus natalensis Castelnau, 1861 scaly Natalse geelvis Barbus neefi Greenwood, 1962 sidespot barb sykol-ghieliemientj ie Barbus pallidus Smith, 1841 goldie barb goud-ghieliemientj ie Barbus paludinosus Peters, 1852 straightfin barb lyn vin-ghieliemientj ie Barbus poechii Steindachner, 1911 dashtail barb streeps tert-ghieliemientj ie Barbus polylepis Boulenger, 1907 smallscale yellowfish kleinskub-geelvis *24 Barbus radiatus Peters, 1853 Beira barb Beira-ghieliemientjie Barbus serra Peters, 1864 sawfin saagvin Barbus thamalakanensis Fowler, 1935 Thamalakane barb Thamalakane-ghieliemientj ie Barbus toppini Boulenger, 1916 East-coast barb Ooskus-ghieliemientj ie Barbus treurensis Groenewald, 1958 Treur River barb Treurrivier-ghieliemientj ie Barbus trevelyani Gunther, 1877 Border barb Grens-ghieliemientj ie Barbus trimaculatus Peters, 1852 threespot barb driekol-ghieliemientj ie Barbus unitaeniatus Gunther, 1866 longbeard barb langbaard-ghieliemientj ie Barbus viviparus Weber, 1897 bowstripe barb boogstreep-ghieliemientj ie Carassius auratus (Linnaeus, 1758) goldfish (EX) goudvis

9 Coptostomabarbus wittei David & Poll, 1937 upjaw barb boel-ghieliemientj ie Ctenopharyngodon idella (Valenciennes, 1844) grass (EX) graskarp Cyprinus carpio Linnaeus, 1758 carp (EX) karp *25 Hypophthalmichthys molitrix (Valenciennes, 1844) silver carp (EX) silwer-karp +26 Labeo altivelis Peters, 1852 manyame labeo manyame-moddervis *27 Labeo cursorgii Boulenger, 1907 Cunene labeo Kunene-moddervis Labeo capensis (Smith, 1841) mudfish Oranj eri vier-moddervis +28 Labeo congoro Peters, 1852 purple labeo rooiskub-moddervis +26 Labeo cylindricus Peters, 1852 redeye labeo rooioog-moddervis +26 Labeo lunatus Jubb, 1963 Upper Zambezi labeo Bo-Zambesi-moddervis Labeo molybdinus du Plessis, 1963 leaden labeo loodvis +26 Labeo rosae Steindachner, 1894 rednose labeo rooineus-moddervis +26 Labeo rubromaculatus Gilchrist & Thompson, 1913 Tugela labeo Tugela-moddervis +26 Labeo ruddi Boulenger, 1907 silver labeo silwer-moddervis Labeo seeberi Gilchrist & Thompson, 1911 Clanwilliam sandfish Clanwilliam-sandvis Labeo umbratus (Smith, 1841) moggel *29 Mesobola brevianalis (Boulenger, 1908) river sardine riviersardyn *30 Opsaridium peringueyi (Gilchrist & Thompson, 1913) southern barred minnow suiderlike balkghieliemientjie *30 Opsaridium zambezense (Peters, 1852) barred minnow balkghieliemientj ie *30 Opsaridium sp. dwarf sanjika bandvin-balkghieliemien tj ie *31 ctfer (Peters, 1864) Eastern Cape redfin Oos-Kaapse rooivlerkie *31 Pseudobarbus asper (Boulenger, 1911) smallscale redfin kleinskub-rooivlerkie *31 Pseudobarbus burchelli Smith, 1841 Breede River redfin Breederivier-rooivlerkie *31 Pseudobarbus burgi (Boulenger, 1911) Berg River redfin Bergrivier-rooivlerkie

10 *31 Pseudobarbus phlegethon (Barnard, 1938) fiery redfm vurige rooivlerkie *31 Pseudobarbus tenuis (Barnard, 1938) slender redfin slank-rooivlerkie *+31 Pseudobarbus quathlambae (Barnard, 1938) Drakensberg minnow (redfin) Drakensberg-rooivlerkie Tinea tinea (Linnaeus, 1758) tench (EX) seelt Varicorhinus nasutus Gilchrist & Thompson, 1911 shortsnout chiselmouth kortsnoet-beitelbek Varicorhinus nelspruitensis Gilchrist & Thompson, 1911 Incomati chiselmouth Inkomati-beitelbek Varicorhinus pungweensis Jubb, 1959 Pungwe chiselmouth Pungwe-beitelbek ORDER: CHARACIFORMES Distichodontidae - citharines, sitariene Distichodus mossambicus Peters, 1852 nkupe nkupe Distichodus schenga Peters, 1852 chessa chessa Hemigrammocharax machadoi Poll, 1967 dwarf citharine dwerg-sitarien Hemigrammocharax multifasciatus Boulenger, 1923 multibar citharine veelbalk-sitarien Nanno char ax macropterus Pellegrin, 1925 broadbarred citharine breebalk-sitarien *32 Neolebias lozii Winemiller & Kelso-Winemiller, 1993 banded neolebias balk-dwergsitarien Characidae - characins, karasinne *33 Brycinus imberi (Peters, 1852) imberi imberi *33 Brycinus lateralis (Boulenger, 1900) striped robber streep-rower +34 Hemigrammopetersius bamardi (Herre, 1936) sootfrn robber tv in-rower *35 Castelnau, 1861 tigerfish tiervis Micralestes acutidens (Peters, 1852) silver robber silwer-rower Rhdbdcdestes maunensis (Fowler, 1935) slender robber slank-rower Hepsetidae - African pike, Afrika-greepvis Hepsetus odoe (Bloch, 1794) African pike Afrika-greepvis

11 ORDER: SILURIFORMES Claroteidae - clarotid , knorbabers *36 Parauchenoglanis ngamensis (Boulenger, 1911) Zambezi grunter Zambesi-knorbaber *37 Amarginops hildae (Bell-Cross, 1973) Buzi grunter Buzi-baber Austroglanididae - southern rock-catfishes, suidelike klipbabers *38 Austroglanis bamardi (Skelton, 1981) spotted rock-catfish gevlekte klipbaber *38 Austroglanis gilli (Barnard, 1943) Clanwilliam rock-catfish Clanwilliam-klipbaber *38 Austroglanis sclateri (Boulenger, 1901) rock-catfish klipbaber Schilbeidae - butter catfish, botterbabers *39 Schilbe intermedius Ruppell, 1832 silver catfish silwer-baber *40 Schilbe yangambianus (Poll, 1954) Yangambi buttercatfish Y angambi-botterbaber Amphiliidae - mountain catfishes, bergbabers *41 Amphilius laticaudatus Skelton, 1984 broadtail mountain catfish brefistert-bergbaber Amphilius natalensis Boulenger, 1917 Natal mountain catfish Natalse bergbaber +42 Amphilius uranoscopus (Pfeffer, 1889) stargazer (mountain catfish) opkyk-bergbaber *43 Leptoglanis sp. Chobe sand cadet sandbabertjie *43 Leptoglanis rotundiceps (Hilgendorf, 1905) spotted sand cadet gevlekte sandbabertjie Clariidae - airbreathing catfishes, lugasemhalend babers Clariallabes platyprosopos Jubb, 1964 broadhead catfish brefikop-baber Clarias cavemicola Trewavas, 1936 cave catfish spelonk-baber *44 Clarias liocephalus Boulenger, 1898 smoothhead catfish sagkop-baber (Burchell, 1822) sharp tooth catfish skerptand-baber Clarias ngamensis Castelnau, 1861 blunttooth catfish stomptand-baber *45 Clarias stappersii Boulenger, 1915 blotched catfish gevlekte baber Clarias theodorae Weber, 1897 snake catfish slang-baber

12 Heterobranchus longifilis Valenciennes, 1840 vundu vundu Malapteruridae - electric catfishes, elektiese babers Malapterurus electricus (Gmelin, 1789) electric catfish elektriese baber - squeakers & suckermouths, skreeubabers & suierbekkies +46 Chiloglanis anoterus Crass, 1960 pennant-tail suckermouth wimpelstert-suierbekkie +46 Chiloglanis bifurcus Jubb & le Roux, 1969 Incomati suckermouth Inkomati-suierbekkie +46 Chiloglanis emarginatus Jubb & le Roux, 1969 Pongolo suckermouth Pongolo-suierbekkie *47 Chiloglanisfasciatus Pellegrin, 1936 Okavango suckermouth Okovango-suierbekkie +46 Chiloglanis neumanni Boulenger, 1911 prickleback suckermouth prikkelrug-suierbekkie +46 Chiloglanis paratus Crass, 1960 sawfin suckermouth saagvin-suierbekkie +46 Chiloglanis preloriae van der Horst, 1931 shortspine suckermouth kortstekel-suierbekkie +46 Chiloglanis swierstrai van der Horst, 1931 lowveld suckermouth laeveld-suierbekkie Synodontis leopardinus Pellegrin, 1914 leopard squeaker luiperdkol-skreeubaber Synodontis macrostigma Boulenger, 1911 large-spot squeaker grootvlek-skreeubaber *48 Synodontis macrostoma Skelton & White, 1990 largemouth squeaker grootbek-skieeubaber Synodontis nebulosus Peters, 1852 cloudy squeaker newelrige-skreeubaber Synodontis nigromaculatus Boulenger, 1905 spotted squeaker spikkel-skreeubaber *49 Synodontis thamalakanensis Fowler, 1935 bubblebarb squeaker borrelbaard-skreeubaber *50 Synodontis vanderwaali Skelton & White, 1990 finetooth squeaker fyntand-skreeubaber Synodontis woosnami Boulenger, 1911 Upper Zambezi squeaker Bo-Zambesi-skreeubaber Synodontis zambezensis Peters, 1852 brown squeaker bruin-skreeubaber

ORDER: SALMONIFORMES Galaxiidae - galaxiids, galaxias Galaxias zebratus Castelnau, 1861 Cape galaxias Kaapse galaxias

13 Salmonidae - , forelle *51 mykiss (Walbaum, 1792) rainbow (EX) reSnboogforel trutta Linnaeus, 1758 brown trout (EX) bruinforel +52 Salvelinus fontinalis (Mitchill, 1814) brook trout (EX) Beekforel ORDER: ATHERINIFORMES Atherinidae - silversides, spierinkies *53 Atherina breviceps Valenciennes, 1835 Cape silverside (MS) Kaapse spierinkie ORDER: Cyprinodontidae - topminnows, lampogies *54 Aplocheilichthys hutereaui (Boulenger, 1913) meshscaled topminnow tralie-lampogie Aplocheilichthys johnstoni (Gunther, 1893) slender topminnow slank-lampogie Aplocheilichthys katangae (Boulenger, 1912) striped topminnow streep-lampogie Aplocheilichthys myaposae (Boulenger, 1908) Natal topminnow Natalse lampogie Hypsopanchax jubbi Poll & Lambert, 1965 (southern) deepbody (suidelike) dieplyf-kuilvissie Poeciliidae - livebearers, lewendraers Gambusia affinis (Baird & Girard, 1853) mosquitofish (EX) muskietvis Poecilia reticulata Peters, 1859 guppy (EX) guppie Xiphophorus helleri Heckel, 1848 swordtail (EX) Swaardstert/Swaarddraer *55 Phalloceros caudimaculatus (Hensel, 1868) spottail mosquitofish (EX) kolstert-muskietvis Aplocheilidae - annual , kuilvissies Jubb, 1971 turquoise killifish blougroen-kuilvissie *56 Nothobranchius kafuensis Wildekamp & Rosenstock, 1989 Kafue killifish Kafue-kuilvissie Nothobranchius kuhntae (Ahl, 1926) Beira killifish Beira-kuilvissie Nothobranchius orthonotus (Peters, 1844) spikkel-kuilvissie Ahl, 1926 rainbow killifish regnboog-kuilvissie

14 *57 Nothobranchius sp. Caprivi killifish Gestreepte kuilvissie ORDER: SYNGNATHIFORMES Syngnathidae - pipefishes, pypvisse *58 Microphis brachyurus Bleeker, 1853 opossum pipefish (M) kortstert-pypvis *59 Microphis fluviatilis (Peters, 1852) freshwater pipefish (M) varswater-pypvis ORDER: SYNBRANCIOFORMES Mastacembelidae - spiny-eels, stekel-palings *60 Aethiomastacembelus frenatus (Boulenger, 1901) longtail spinyeel langstert-stekelpaling *61 Aethiomastacembelus shiranus (Gunther, 1896) Malawi spinyeel Malawi-stekelpaling *62 Aethiomastacembelus vanderwaali (Skelton, 1976) ocellate spinyeel kolvin-stekelpaling ORDER: PERCIFORMES Ambassidae - glassies, glasvisse *63 Ambassis productus Guichenot, 1866 longspine glassy (MS) langstekel-glasvis Kuhliidae - flagtails, vlagsterte *64 Kuhlia rupestris (Lacepfcde, 1801) rock flagtail (MS) klip-vlagstert Centrarchidae - sunfishes & basses, sonvis & baars *65 Lepomis macrochirus Rafmesque, 1819 bluegill (EX) blouwang-sonvis dolomieu Lacepfede, 1802 (EX) kleinbek-baars Micropterus punctulatus (Rafmesque, 1819) spotted bass (EX) spikkel-baars Micropterus salmoides (Lacepfcde, 1802) (EX) grootbek-baars Percidae - perch, Europese baars Perea fluviatilis Linnaeus, 1758 European perch (EX) Europese-baars Lutjanidae - snappers *66 Lutjanus argentimaculatus (Forssldl, 1775) river snapper (M) rivier-snapper

15 Sparidae - seabreams (porgies), seebrasse Acanthopagrus berda (Forssldl, 1775) riverbream (M) slimjannie Monodactylidae - moonies, maanvisse Monodactylus argenteus (Linnaeus, 1758) Natal moony (M) Natalse maanskynvis Monodactylus falciformis LacepMe, 1801 Cape moony (M) Kaapse maanskynvis Mugilidae - mullets, harders Mugil cephalus Linnaeus, 1758 flathead mullet (M) platkop-harder Myxus capensis (Valenciennes, 1836) freshwater mullet (M) varswater-harder *67 Liza falcipinnis (Valenciennes, 1836) sickle-fin mullet (MS) sekelvin-harder *68 Liza macrolepis (Smith, 1846) large-scale mullet (MS) grootskub-harder *69 Liza richardsonii (Smith, 1846) southern mullet (MS) suidelike harder Cichlidae - cichlids, kurpers *70 calliptera (Gunther, 1893) eastern bream oostelike kurper *+71 Chetia brevis Jubb, 1968 orange-fringed largemouth oranj erand-kurper +71 Chetia flaviventris Trewavas, 1961 canary kurper kanarie-kurper *72 Chetia gracilis (Greenwood, 1984) slender bream slank-kurper *73 Chetia welwitschi (Boulenger, 1898) Angolan bream Angola-kurper *74 Hemichromis e long at us (Guichenot, 1859) banded jewelfish balk-juweelvis *75 Oreochromis macrochir (Boulenger, 1912) greenhead groenkop-kurper *75 Oreochromis andersonii (Castelnau, 1861) threespot tilapia driekol-kurper *75 Oreochromis aureus (Steindachner, 1864) Israeli tilapia (EX) Israelse kurper *75 Oreochromis mortimeri (Trewavas, 1966) Kariba tilapia Kariba-kurper *+75 Oreochromis mossambicus (Peters, 1852) tilapia Blou-kurper *76 Oreochromis niloticus (Linnaeus, 1758) Nile tilapia (EX) Nyl-kurper

16 *77 Oreochromis shiranus (Boulenger, 1896) Shire tilapia Shire-kurper *75 Oreochromis placidus (Trewavas, 1941) black tilapia swart-kurper *78 Orthochromis machadoi (Poll, 1967) Cunene dwarf-bream Kunene-dwergmondbroeier *79 acuticeps (Steindachner, 1866) Zambezi bream Zambesi-kurper +80 Pseudocrenilabrus philander (Weber, 1897) southern mouth brooder suidelike mondbroeier *81 carlottae (Boulenger, 1905) rainbow bream re Snboog-kurper *81 Sargochromis codringtonii (Boulenger, 1908) green bream groen-kurper *81 Sargochromis coulteri (Bell-Cross, 1975) Cunene bream Kunene-kurper *81 Sargochromis giardi (Pellegrin, 1903) Pink bream ligroos-kurper *+81 Sargochromis greenwoodi (Bell-Cross, 1975) deepcheek bream langwang-kurper *+81 Sargochromis mortimeri (Bell-Cross, 1975) Kafue bream Kafue-kurper *82 Winemiller & humpback largemouth Kelso-Winemiller, 1991 kromkop-kurper Serrano chromis angusticeps (Boulenger, 1907) thinface largemouth smalkop-kurper Serranochromis longimanus (Boulenger, 1911) longfin largemouth langvin-kurper Serranochromis macrocephalus (Boulenger, 1899) purpleface largemouth perskop-kurper Serranochromis meridianus Jubb, 1967 lowveld largemouth laeveld-kurper +83 Serranochromis robustus jallae (Boulenger, 1896) nembwe olyf-kurper +84 Serranochromis robustus robustus (Gunther, 1896) tsungwa olyf-kurper Serranochromis thumbergv (Castelnau, 1861) brownspot largemouth bruinkol-kurper *85 Thoracochromis albolabris (Trewavas & thicklipped bream Thys van den Audenaerde, 1969) dikbek-kurper *86 Thoraco chromis buysi (Penrith, 1970) Namib bream Namib-kurper Tilapia guinasana Trewavas, 1936 Otjikoto tilapia Otjikoto-kurper *87 Tilapia rendalli (Boulenger, 1896) redbreast tilapia rooibors-kurper Tilapia ruweti (Poll & Thys van den Audenaerde, 1965) Okavango tilapia Okavango-kurper

17 Tilapia sparrmanii Smith, 1840 banded tilapia vlei-kurper Eleotridae - sleepers, slapers *88 Batanga lebretonis (Steindachner, 1870) deep sleeper (MS) diep-slaper *89 Eleotris fusca (Schneider, 1801) dusky sleeper (MS) donker-slaper *90 Eleotris melanosoma Bleeker, 1852 broadhead sleeper (MS) breSkop-slaper *91 Eleotris vittata Dum6ril, 1858 striped sleeper (MS) streep-slaper Hypseleotris dayi Smith, 1950 golden sleeper (M) goue-slaper Gobiidae - gobies, dikkoppe *92 Awaous aeneojuscus (Peters 1852) freshwater goby (M) varswater-dikkop *93 Awaous guineensis (Peters, 1876) brown goby (M) bruin-dikkop +94 Croilia mossambica Smith, 1955 burrowing goby (M) grawende-dikkop *95 Glossogobius callidus Smith, 1937 river goby (M) rivier-dikkop Glossogobius giuris (Hamilton-Buchanan, 1822) tank goby (M) tenk-dikkop *96 Gobionellus lepturus Pfaff, 1933 slender goby (MS) slank-dikkop *97 Mugilogobius durbanensis (Barnard, 1927) Durban goby (MS) Durban-dikkop *98 Nematogobius ansorgii Boulenger, 1910 spotfin goby (MS) kolvin-dikkop *99 Redigobius dewaali (Weber, 1897) checked goby (M) blokkies-dikkop +100 Silhouettea sibayi Farquharson, 1970 barebreast goby (M) kaalbors-dikkop *101 Stenogobius kenyae Smith 1959 Africa rivergoby (M) Afrika-rivierdikkop Anabantidae - labyrinth fishes, labirint-visse *102 Ctenopoma intermedium (Pellegrin, 1920) blackspot climbing perch swartkol-kurper Ctenopoma multispine Peters, 1844 manyspined climbing perch stekelrige-kurper Sandelia bainsii Castelnau, 1861 Eastern Cape rocky Oos-Kaapse kurper Sandelia capensis (Cuvier, 1831) Cape kurper Kaapse kurper

18 NOTES AND COMMENTS The comments and explanatory notes are keyed to the appropriate scientific name in the main list by means of an asterisk (*) or (+ in the case of common names), and numerical prefix. 1. Carcharhinus leucas. ‘bull shark” replaces ‘Zambezi shark” in accordance with international usage (e.g. Bass et al., 1986; and Robins et al, 1991). 2. Protopterus amphibius. Trewavas (1953) identified this species from Pe­ ters’ (1844) material, all of which came from the lower Zambezi area. Weir (1962) suggested that rib counts on which Trewavas based her identification, were not reliable for this purpose and rejected the presence of two species in Peters’ samples. The species is considered valid in East Africa (e.g. Eccles 1992), and until the issue of the presence of the species in southern Africa is settled beyond doubt, I chose to include it in the checklist from this region. 3. Marcusenius macrolepidotus. “snawelvis” for “boelhond” : Jackson (1975) replaced an earlier Afrikaans name “oopbek snawelvis” (Jackson, 1974) with a translation of the English ‘bulldog” (on the grounds that it was “clumsy”). However the descriptive name “snawelvis” remains in general use (Van der Waal pers. comm., Kleynhans pers. comm., Pienaar, 1978) and is preferred here as being more appropriate than the direct translation. 4. Mormyrops anguilloides. Bigome (1987) synonymised M. deliciosus (Leach, 1818) with M. anguilloides, a species described from the Nile. The descriptive Afrikaans common name “roof-bottelneus” is preferred for comish jack for the same reasons as given above (3). 5. Petrocephalus catostoma, “stompkoppie” for ‘Churchill” : this Afrikaans name is descriptive and appropriate and is in general usage (van der Waal, pers. comm.; Pienaar, 1978). 6. Paramormyrops jacksoni. Originally named Marcusenius jacksoni this little known mormyrid species from the upper Zambezi in Angola (Poll, 1967) has been overlooked by local authors. The only known record remains the type specimen in the Dundo Museum in Angola. 7. Anguilla marmorata. The name “giant mottled eel” follows Fischer & Bianchi (1984) and is preferred to the name “Madagascar mottled eel” which is used in local literature for this species. The latter name is not only inappropriate because the species has a wide distribution beyond Madagascar, but also has no descrip­ tive value. 8. Anguilla bengalensis labiata. follows Castle (1984; 1986). 9. Gilchristella aestuaria. The spelling of the species name is changed to agree in gender with the genus. 10. Limnothrissa miodon. The name “kapenta” is preferred for “Lake Tanganyika sardine” and ‘Tanjanikameer-sardyn” : “kapenta” is a name that is widely established in Zimbabwe and Zambia for Limnothrissa miodon and is shorter and more euphonius than the alternatives. The change also agrees with common name guidelines to avoid the words Lake, River etc.

19 11. Kneria maydelli. A species described from the Cunene River and overlooked in previous checklists for southern Africa (Penrith, 1982). 12. Barbus aeneus. Hocutt & Skelton (1983) reinstated this older name for the smallmouth yellowfish. 13. Barbus afrohamiltoni. The name ‘'plump barb” is partly based on Crass (1964). 14. Barbus amatolicus. A new minnow described by Skelton (1990) from the Kubusi River, a tributary of the Kei River in the eastern Cape Province. Subsequently it has been taken from the Mbashe river system in the northeastern Cape and Transkei. 15. Barbus atkinsoni. This Tanzanian minnow was collected from tributaries of the lower Shire River, Malawi by D. Tweddle and P. Skelton in 1989 (RUSI34387 and 34861). 16. Barbus breviceps. Specimens from the Cunene and Okavango river systems were identified as B. burgi by Pellegrin (1936). Although he did not examine the specimens Barnard (1948) correctly rejected Pellegrin’s identification and sug­ gested that they might be Barbus unitaeniatus. I have examined Pellegrin’s (1936) specimens (MNHN 36-85-86;MHNC uncatalogued) and consider that they belong to Trewavas’ (1936) B. breviceps. A specimen (RUSI 37741) was recently taken from a Namibian tributary o f the Cunene. 17. Barbus brevidorsalis. I have examined the types of this species (MRAC 8691) as well as the types of Barbus puellus Nichois & Boulton, 1927 (AMNH 8681), and consider that these species are synonyms. Data justifying this decision will be presented in a later publication. 18. Barbus choloensis. Recorded by Tweddle & Willoughby (1979) from tributaries of the lower Shire River in Malawi. 19. Barbus dorsolineatus. Specimens collected by G. Bell-Cross from the Cunhan- gamua river, a tributary of the Cunene system in Angola were lodged in the British Museum (BMNH 1965.3.15:406-435), and the species was listed from the Cunene by Bell-Cross (1965-66). I examined this collection and found that two species are included, B. dorsolineatus and Barbus kessleri. 20. Barbus kerstenii Peters, 1868. An examination of the type (ZMB 6848) and extensive collections of the species from southern African localities, together with observations of live specimens from several localities, confirm Green­ wood’s (1962) suspicion that this is a senior synonym of Barbus tangandensis Jubb, 1954. Supporting data and justification will be presented by D. Tweddle & P.H. Skelton. 21. Barbus kessleri. Recorded from the Upper Zambezi and the Zaire system in Angola by Poll (1967). Part of Bell-Cross’ Cunene collection of Barbus dor­ solineatus (see note 19) as well as samples (RUSI 41041; 41183) taken from the Upper Zambezi and the Kafue River in Zambia by R. Bills are Barbus kessleri. 22. Barbus macrotaenia. Collected from the lower Shire in Malawi (Tweddle & Willoughby, 1979) and the .

20 23. Barbus miolepis. Poll (1967,1976) reported both Barbus miolepis and the very similar Barbus eutaenia from southern Africa. Various samples in the RUSI and AMG collections confirm that there are two or three closely similar species identified as Barbus eutaenia; one species agrees with Poll’s (1967, 1976) descriptions of B. miolepis and another with B. eutaenia. The taxonomy of this complex is being investigated. Jubb’s (1961) record of B. miolepis from the Okavango and Upper Zambezi refers to Barbus kerstenii (Jubb, 1963). 24. Barbus radiatus. Stewart (1977) revised the taxonomy of this widespread species and included Barbus aurantiacus and Barbus rubellus from Jackson’s (1975) list as junior synonyms. 25. Hypopthalmichthys molitrix. The silver carp was introduced to South Africa in 1977 (de Moor & Bruton, 1988). 26. Labeo altivelis. The common name for this species has been changed slightly to conform with modem spelling in Zimbabwe (see Bell-Cross & Minshull, 1988). Another commonly used vernacular name for this species is “pink lady”. “Mod- dervis” is a preferred name for species of Labeo in Afrikaans. 27. Labeo ansorgii. Reid (1985) confirmed the status of this species. It appears to have been overlooked by Jubb (1967) and Jackson (1975). 28. Labeo congoro. Reid (1985) considers L rubropunctatus a junior synonym of this species. The English common name is that of the senior synonym. The Afrikaans common name “rooiskub-moddervis ” is that used by the South African Angling Union Records (1991) and reflects the scientific name for the junior synonym Labeo rubropunctatus. 29. Mesobola brevianalis. Howes (1984) established Mesobola for this species and certain other species formerly placed in Engraulicypris. 30. Opsaridium species. Howes (1980) resurrected this genus for certain species of Barilius. My research indicates that 0. peringueyi (Gilchrist & Thompson, 1913) is a valid species and that the species named Barilius cf. ubangensis by Tweddle & Willoughby (1979) is an undescribed species. This research is currently being prepared for publication. 31. Pseudobarbus species. A genus established for the group of redfin minnows from the Cape Fold Mountains and the Drakensberg with a flexible dorsal fm ray (Skelton, 1988a). The genus includes the species previously named Oreodaimon quathlambae for which an alternative common name is ‘Maluti minnow” (Gephard, 1978). 32. Neolebias lozii. Recently described from the Upper Zambezi River (Winemiller & Kelso-Winemiller, 1993). 33. Brycinus. Paugy (1986) placed the two southern African species of Alestes in the genus Brycinus. 34. Hemigrammopetersius bamardi. The common name refers to the diagnostic black band over the anal fin of this species. 35. Hydrocynus vittatus. Brewster (1986) placed H. vittatus Castelnau in the syno­ nymy o f H. forskahlii Cuvier, 1819. Paugy & Gu6gan (1989) rejected this

21 finding and presented data supporting the independent status of both these species, a decision with which I concur. 36. Parauchenoglanis. Teugels et al. (1991) revised the genera Auchenoglanis and Parauchenoglanis, and transferred Auchenoglanis ngamensis to the latter. Mo (1991) re-established the family Claroteidae for several genera of ‘bagrid” catfishes, including Parauchenoglanis. 37. Amarginops hildae. Mo (1991) transferred this species from Chrysichthys to the genus Amarginops. The common name “Buzi grunter” partly follows Bell-Cross (1973). 38. Austroglanis bamardi, A. gilli and A. sclateri, formerly included in Gephyro- glanis were placed in the new genus Austroglanis by Skelton et al. (1984). Mo (1991) erected the new family Austroglanididae for these fishes following a phylogenetic analysis of the family Bagridae. 39. Schilbe intermedius. Discovery of the type specimen of Silurus mystus Linnaeus in the Royal Swedish Museum allowed De Vos & Skelton (1990) to re-identify the southern African species as S. intermedius. As indicated by De Vos (1984), Eutropius depressirostris Peters is a synonym of S. intermedius. 40. Schilbe yangambianus. Recorded by Bell-Cross (1965-66) and Jubb (1967) as Schilbe sp. and by Bell-Cross (1972) as Schilbe yangambianus; not listed by Jackson (1975). The species was collected by G. Bell-Cross from Chavuma on the Upper Zambezi River, Zambia, in 1964 (MRAC 142096), and another specimen from the upper Zambezi (RUSI41205) has been recently received. 41. Amphilius laticaudatus. Originally described by Skelton (1984) from the Pungwe and Buzi rivers in Mozambique. 42. Amphilius uranoscopus. Skelton (1984) revised the taxonomy of this widespread species and showed that the species A. platychir (Gunther) did not occur in southern Africa and that previous identifications under that name could be referred to A. uranoscopus. The descriptive common name “stargazer” (or stargazer mountain catfish) is suggested to replace Jackson’s (1975) common name for this species (“Rhodesian mountain catfish”) as that name is inappropri­ ate. 43. Leptoglanis species. Several small sand catlets are known from southern Africa and their taxonomy is being revised by D.H. Eccles & P.H. Skelton. The Chobe sand cadet was recorded under the name Zaireichthys sp. (cf Leptoglanis dorae) by Van der Waal & Skelton (1984), as Leptoglanis sp. by Skelton et al. (1985) and as Leptoglanis cf dorae (non Poll, 1967) by Bell-Cross & Minshull (1988). Bailey & Stewart (1984) transferred Leptoglanis from the Bagridae to the family Amphiliidae, and this is supported by the phylogenetic studies of Mo (1991). 44. Clarias liocephalus. Included by Jackson (1975) and recorded from southern African rivers under the name of Clarias dumerilii Steindachner by Pellegrin (1936), Jubb (1967), Poll (1967), Skelton et al. (1985) and others. Skelton & Teugels (1991) reidentified the southern African species as C. liocephalus Boulenger. Jackson’s (1975) common name (Okavango catfish) is inappropriate

22 for this widespread species and an alternative common name “smoothhead catfish” (Afrikaans “sagkop baber”) is given. 45. Clarias stappersii. Listed by Jubb (1967) and Jackson (1975) as C. submargi- natus Peters, 1882. The correct identity was given by Bell-Cross (1976), Penrith (1982) and Bell-Cross & Minshull (1988) and confirmed by Teugels (1986) and Skelton & Teugels (1991). 46. Chiloglanis species. The descriptive collective common name “suckermouth” for these catfishes is preferred to ‘'rock catlets” or "rock-catfishes” because these terms are already used for the austroglanid catfishes and “suckermouth” corre­ sponds to the Afrikaans “Suierbekkie”. 47. Chiloglanis fasciatus. Listed by Jubb (1967) and Skelton et al. (1985); over­ looked by Jackson (1975). 48. Synodontis macrostoma. One of two recently described Synodontis species from the Cunene, Okavango and upper Zambezi rivers (Skelton & White, 1990). 49. Synodontis thamalakanensis. Considered first by Barnard (1948) as a junior synonym of Synodontis jallae Gilchrist & Thompson, 1917, then by Jackson (1961) as a junior synonym of Synodontis woosnami Boulenger, 1911, then by Jubb (1967) as a junior synonym of Synodontis leopardinus Pellegrin, 1914; and finally listed as a junior synonym of S. woosnami by Daget et al. 1986. White (1987) confirmed the validity of this species. 50. Synodontis vanderwaali. Described from the upper Zambezi, Okavango and Cunene systems. 51. Oncorhynchus mykiss. Over the years there was considerable resistance to changing the well-known previous name of rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri). However the sound reasons provided by Smith & Stearley (1989) for adopting 0. mykiss have been formally accepted by the American Fisheries Society and other recognised associations and it is now in general international use. 52. Salvelinusfontinalis. “Brook trout” is the accepted common name for this species (Robins et al. 1991). However an alternative name, “Brook charr”, is used by some authors (e.g. Morton, 1980). 53. Atherina breviceps. Given as Hepsetia breviceps by Jackson (1975) the generic change noted here follows Ivantsoff (1986). 54. Aplocheilichthys hutereaui. This species was resurrected from the synonymy of A. johnstoni by Skelton et al. (1980). 55. Phalloceros caudimaculatus. Specimens were first collected from the Ruo river in Malawi by D. Tweddle (Jubb, 1976777; Skelton et al. 1980). 56. Nothobranchius kafiiensis. This species was recorded previously by Jubb (1967) and Jackson (1975) as Nothobranchius taeniopygus (Hilgendorf, 1888), which occurs in the Lake Victoria basin in East Africa. 57. Nothobranchius sp. An undescribed killifish species from Caprivi, recorded by Van der Waal & Skelton (1984), Skelton (1987) and others. 58. Microphis brachyurus. Neither Jubb (1967) nor Jackson (1975) recorded any pipefishes from southern African freshwaters. Records of this species have been

23 made in Natal since 1987 (RUSI27352 - Umbilo River; RUSI30241 - Mzimkulu River, RUSI 36005 - Mgeni River). The recent synonymy of this species was established by Dawson (1984) where the full taxonomic rendering of the southern African species is Microphis (Oostethus) brachyurus millepunctatus (Kaup, 1856). 59. Microphis fluviatilis. This species was originally described from southern Afri­ can fresh waters so it is surprising that neither Jubb (1967) nor Jackson (1975) included it in their checklists. Several records of this species confirm its listing by Skelton et al. (1980)(e.g. Bruton & Kok, 1980; Minshull, 1985, 1987; la Hausse de Lalouvifcre, 1986; Pike & Gunter, 1990). The southern-most record was taken in 1974 from the Mtata River (Transkei) (RUSI 4651). Listed as Microphis (Belonichthys) fluviatilis (Peters, 1852) by Dawson (1985). 60. Aethiomastacembelus frenatus. The generic name was allocated by Travers (1988) to replace his earlier name of Afromastacembelus (Travers, 1984) given to certain African species previously placed in Mastacembelus. Skelton (1976) confirmed and extended Matthes’ (1962) synonymy of A. frenatus to include Mastacembelus mutombotombo. 61. Aethiomastacembelus shir anus. Included on the basis of Tweddle & Wil­ loughby’s (1979) tentative listing from below Kapachira Falls on the Shire River. Confirmation of its presence in these waters is required. 62. Aethiomastacembelus vanderwaali. Recorded as Mastacembelus vanderwaali from the upper Zambezi and Okavango rivers by Skelton (1976). 63. Ambassisproductus. Records of this species from freshwater have been reported in the literature (Skelton et al 1989) and others are present in the RUSI collection (e.g. RUSI 34271 - stream, False Bay Park, St. Lucia, Natal). 64. Kuhlia rupestris. The rock flagtail was reported by Bruton & Kok (1980) and more recently by Kyle (1989) from freshwater streams entering Kosi Bay. 65. Lepomis macrochirus. Although the genus Lepomis is feminine (Eschmeyer, 1990) the International Commission for Zoological Nomenclature has ruled (Opinion 1684, 1992) that it is masculine for the purposes of nomenclature. I follow Robins et al. (1991) to simply call this species “bluegill” instead of “bluegill sunfish”. 66. Lutjanus argentimaculatus. Included on the basis of reports in freshwater habitats by Bruton & Kok (1980). 67. Liza falcipinnis. Reported from freshwater habitats in the Cunene River by Hay et al. (in press). 68. Liza macrolepis. Reported by Bruton & Kok (1980) from Lake Mgobezeleni in Zululand. 69. Liza richardsonii. Reported from freshwaters in the Eastern Cape by Bok (1979). 70. Astatotilapia calliptera. Greenwood (1979) using cladistic methods re-classified many cichlid species formerly included in the catch-all genus . He then tentatively included two southern African species in Astatotilapia, viz A. calliptera and A. brevis. The decision of Van Oijen et al. 1991 to relegate most

24 of Greenwood’s genera, including Astatotilapia, to the genus Haplochromis is not accepted here. Jackson (1974, 1975) replaced the popular and widely used collective name “bream” with the term “happy” (“happie”) for most southern African cichlids, on the grounds that the traditional European term “bream” refers to a cyprinid and that locally the marine sparids are called bream. However use of the name “bream” accords with the principle giving broad latitude to the use of traditional English names for common names in other parts of the world (Robins et al. 1991). Furthermore the name ‘happy” has not been much used in the popular literature and the Afrikaans equivalent “happie”, meaning a small bite of food, is an inappropriate name. I have therefore reverted to using the term “bream” and ‘kurper” (Afrikaans) for many local cichlid species including A. calliptera. 71. Chetia brevis. Greenwood (1979) tentatively allocated this species to the genus Astatotilapia, however further research has led Greenwood (1992, 1993) to reassign it to Chetia. The Afrikaans name “kurper” remains in general use and replaces “grootbek” for this and several other serranochromine cichlid species. 72. Chetia gracilis. Described as Serranochromis (Sargochromis) gracilis by Green­ wood (1984) from the Cutato river, a tributary of the Okavango system in Angola; this species has been placed in Chetia by Greenwood (1993). 73. Chetia welwitschi. Penrith (1982) pointed to the omission of this species from the southern African list. Greenwood (1984,1992,1993) discussed the taxonomy and status of this species, placing it in the genus Chetia. 74. Hemichromis elongatus. Skelton et al. (1985) noted that P.H. Greenwood (pers. comm.) considered this to be the identity of the ‘Zambezian” Hemichromis species. 75. Oreochromis. Trewavas (1983) provided a detailed and authoritative review of certain tilapiine genera. Species listed under the genus Sarotherodon by Jackson (1975) were allocated to Oreochromis. Her classification includes sub-genera and, in certain cases, sub-species. Popular and common use of ‘kurper” for species of this genus has persisted in Afrikaans. The Afrikaans name “blou-kur­ per” for Oreochromis mossambicus also remains in general use and is preferred to “Mozambique tilapia”. The continued use of the genus Tilapia by Robins et al. (1991) for Oreochromis species is inexplicable in the face of well documented authoritative taxonomic opinion. 76. Oreochromis niloticus. Although introduced to South Africa as early as 1959 (de Moor & Bruton, 1988) the species has not been included on local checklists. It has also been introduced to Zimbabwe where it appears to now be well established in certain areas (see e.g. Zimbabwe Fisherman 4 (1):6,1992). 77. Oreochromis shiranus. Included on the basis o f Tweddle & W illoughby’s (1979) record from the lower Shire River. 78. Orthochromis machadoi. Penrith (1982) drew attention to the omission from the southern African checklist of this species described from the Cunene River. Greenwood (1979,1984) reviewed the taxonomy of this species.

25 79. Pharyngochromis acuticeps. Greenwood (1979) established this genus and recently reviewed the taxonomy of the species (Greenwood, 1992,1993). 80. Pseudocrenilabrus philander. An Afrikaans name sometimes given to this species is “dwerg-mondbroeier” (Kleynhans, pers. comm.; Van der Waal, pers comm.). The name “southern ” is given as the common name of the species to distinguish it from the “northern mouthbrooder” (Pseudocrenil­ abrus multicolor) found elsewhere in Africa. 81. Sargochromis species. Bell-Cross (1975) reviewed the taxonomy of this group of large molluscivorous southern African and described several new species. Greenwood (1979) relegated the lineage to the subgenus Sargo­ chromis within Serranochromis, but in a later paper (Greenwood, 1993) he re-instated Sargochromis Regan as a valid genus. 82. Serranochromis altus. Described from the upper Zambezi-Okavango drainage; previously confused with the similar S. angusticeps. The common name was suggested by Winemiller & Kelso-Winemiller (1991). 83. Serranochromis robustus jallae. The subspecies S. robustus robustus and S. robustus jallae are retained for this taxon because there is still uncertainty about the exact status of the subspecies. Nembwe is the usual common name for the subspecies jallae but “olive bream”, “yellow-bellied bream” and “robbie” are also popular common names, especially in Zimbabwe. 84. Serranochromis robustus robustus. In Malawi, where this subspecies is found, the common name is Tsungwa. 85. Thoracochromis albolabris. Noted for inclusion on the southern African list by Skelton et al. (1980) and allocated to Thoracochromis by Greenwood (1984). 86. Thoracochromis buysi. Noted for inclusion on the southern African list by Skelton et al. (1980) and allocated to Thoracochromis by Greenwood (1984). 87. Tilapia rendalli. In accordance with the findings of Lizemore et al. (1989), the two subspecies listed by Jackson (1975) are no longer accepted. 88. Batanga lebretonis. Recorded by Penrith (1970) from freshwaters in the mouth reaches of the Cunene River. Noted for inclusion by Penrith (1982). 89. Eleotris Jusca. Recorded by Bruton & Kok (1980) from freshwater streams at Kosi, Maputaland. 90. Eleotris melanosoma. As noted by Skelton et al. (1980) this species was recorded from Lake Mgobezeleni, Zululand, by Bruton & Appleton (1975). 91. Eleotris vittata. Occurs in freshwaters of the lower Cunene River (Penrith, 1970; Hay et al. in press). Noted for inclusion by Penrith (1982). 92. Awaous aeneofuscus. Hoese (1986) reallocated Platygobius aeneofuscus Peters, 1852 to Awaous Valenciennes, 1837; however Maug6 (1986) considers the valid name to be Chonophorus on the grounds that the name Awaous, although first introduced by Valenciennes (1837), was not used at the generic level until Steindachner (1860). Although there is still some doubt on which of these two names is correct (e.g. Eschmeyer, 1990), I accept the validity of Awaous until the issue is otherwise settled.

26 93. Awaous guineensis. Recorded from the Cunene River mouth by Penrith (1970) and noted for inclusion by Penrith (1982). The common name ‘brown goby” follows Trewavas & Irvine (1947). 94. Croilia mossambica. Hoese (1986) uses “naked goby” as a common name for this species but the original name of ‘burrowing goby” provided by Jackson (1975) is retained here. 95. Glossogobius callidus. Hoese & Winterbottom (1979) clarified the separate status of this species with respect to the closely similar Glossogobius giuris. Hoese (1986) confirmed this decision. The species is a common breeding resident in many rivers of the eastern Cape to Mozambique. 96. Gobionellus lepturus. Noted for inclusion by Penrith (1982). Collected from the mouth of the Cunene river which Penrith (1982:71) describes as “lacks any trace of typical estuarine conditions, or signs of salt water incursion. Even during late winter, when the river flow is at a minimum the salinity is < 2 ppt at the mouth. The estuarine fish species are permanent inhabitants of fresh water”. 97. Mugilogobius durbanensis. Hoese (1986) states that this species is found in “Freshwater and estuaries”. Fowler (1934:495) records the species from StLucia as follows: “False bay, North Zululand, 1931. From beneath clods of earth at water side, freshwater and drinkable”. 98. Nematogobius ansorgii. Recorded from the Cunene River by Penrith (1978) and confirmed by Penrith (1982) and Hay et al. (in press). 99. Redigobius dewaali. Reported by Kok & Blaber (1977) as a new species (Mugilogobius pongolensis) from the Pongolo (Phongolo) floodplain; synonymised with Redigobius dewaali by Hoese (1986) after Hoese & Winter- bottom (1979) had transferred the species to Redigobius. 100. Silhouettea sibayi. The common name ‘barebreast goby” given by Hoese (1986) is more descriptive and more appropriate than “Sibayi goby” as the species is also recorded from the Kosi system. 101. Stenogobius kenyae. Several records of this species have been made in Natal rivers in recent years (RUSI25692; 27567; 30244; 34272; 40661). 102. Ctenopoma intermedium. Skelton (1988b) reviewed the taxonomy of this species recorded by Jackson (1975) as C. ctenotis.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I am grateful to Dr P. Humphry Greenwood for his advice on the names and taxonomy of southern African freshwater fishes. Several new records have been submitted by donors of collections, and in particular I am grateful to Denis Tweddle, Roger B ills and Clinton Hay for the valuable collections they have submitted from areas that are relatively poorly explored. Dr Ben Van der Waal and Dr Neels Kleynhans provided valuable advice on Afrikaans common names. Beneficial changes to this paper were made on comments received by two referees and the editor Dr P.C. Heemstra. My taxonomic research on freshwater fishes is supported by the Foundation for Research Development

27 Figure 1. Regional limit of southern Africa for the checklist of freshwater fishes. Northern watershed of the Cunene-Okavango-Zambezi rivers shown by the heavy line. Les = Lesotho; S = Swaziland.

28 REFERENCES

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