/ Eon / Cretaceous Paleogene Neogene Quaternary / Period Pleistocene eis/EohStage / / Paleocene Oligocene Holocene Pliocene Miocene Eocene Lower Upper INTERNATIONAL CHRONOSTRATIGRAPHIC CHART Cenomanian Serravallian Valanginian Campanian Hauterivian Burdigalian Piacenzian Priabonian Aquitanian Barremian Berriasian Messinian Santonian Coniacian Selandian Thanetian www.stratigraphy.org Calabrian Bartonian Tortonian Langhian Zanclean Rupelian Gelasian Turonian Ypresian Chattian Lutetian Middle Aptian Albian Upper

GSSP 89.8 ±0.3 86.3 ±0.5 83.6 ±0.2 numerical 72.1 ±0.2 age (Ma) ~ 145.0 ~ 139.8 ~ 132.9 ~ 129.4 ~ 125.0 ~ 113.0 0.0117 present 100.5 23.03 20.44 15.97 13.82 7.246 5.333 3.600 0.781 0.126 11.63 93.9 66.0 61.6 59.2 56.0 47.8 41.2 37.8 33.9 28.1 2.58 1.80

Phanerozoic Eonothem / Eon Mesozoic Erathem / Era Carboniferous Permian Triassic Jurassic System / Period Guadalupian eis/EohStage / Age Series /Epoch Cisuralian Mississippian Pennsylvanian Lopingian Middle Middle Lower Upper Lower Upper Middle Middle Lower Upper Lower Upper Changhsingian Wuchiapingian Pliensbachian Kimmeridgian Serpukhovian Kasimovian Tournaisian Sinemurian Hettangian Sakmarian Moscovian Capitanian Bashkirian Kungurian Bathonian Olenekian Artinskian Oxfordian Callovian Tithonian Rhaetian Gzhelian Aalenian Bajocian Toarcian Ladinian Asselian Roadian Wordian Carnian Anisian Visean Norian International CommissiononStratigraphy

GSSP 252.17 ±0.06 254.14 ±0.07 298.9 ±0.15 295.0 ±0.18 290.1 ±0.26 259.8 ±0.4 358.9 ±0.4 346.7 ±0.4 330.9 ±0.2 323.2 ±0.4 315.2 ±0.2 307.0 ±0.1 303.7 ±0.1 283.5 ±0.6 272.3 ±0.5 268.8 ±0.5 265.1 ±0.4 201.3 ±0.2 199.3 ±0.3 190.8 ±1.0 182.7 ±0.7 174.1 ±1.0 170.3 ±1.4 168.3 ±1.3 166.1 ±1.2 163.5 ±1.0 157.3 ±1.0 152.1 ±0.9 numerical age (Ma) ~ 208.5 ~ 145.0 ~ 242 ~ 237 ~ 227 251.2 247.2

Phanerozoic Eonothem / Eon Paleozoic Erathem / Era Cambrian Ordovician Silurian Devonian System / Period Terreneuvian eis/EohStage / Age Series /Epoch Llandovery Furongian Wenlock Series 2 Series 3 Ludlow Middle Middle Pridoli Lower Upper Lower Upper Sheinwoodian Tremadocian Jiangshanian Rhuddanian Guzhangian Lochkovian Famennian Ludfordian Darriwilian Hirnantian Dapingian Homerian Sandbian Telychian Aeronian Frasnian Fortunian Gorstian Givetian Pragian Emsian Eifelian Drumian 10 Katian Paibian Floian Stage 2 Stage 3 Stage 4 Stage 5

GSSP 541.0 ±1.0 485.4 ±1.9 477.7 ±1.4 470.0 ±1.4 467.3 ±1.1 458.4 ±0.9 453.0 ±0.7 445.2 ±1.4 443.8 ±1.5 440.8 ±1.2 438.5 ±1.1 433.4 ±0.8 430.5 ±0.7 427.4 ±0.5 425.6 ±0.9 423.0 ±2.3 419.2 ±3.2 410.8 ±2.8 407.6 ±2.6 393.3 ±1.2 387.7 ±0.8 382.7 ±1.6 372.2 ±1.6 numerical 358.9 ±0.4 age (Ma) ~ 489.5 ~ 504.5 ~ 500.5 ~ 529 ~ 521 ~ 514 ~ 509 ~ 497 ~ 494 URL: http://www.stratigraphy.org/ICSchart/ChronostratChart2015-01.pdf The ICS InternationalChronostratigraphic Chart.Episodes 36:199-204. To cite:Cohen,K.M.,Finney, S.C., Gibbard, P.L. &Fan,J.-X. (2013;updated) (c) InternationalCommission onStratigraphy, January2015 Chart drafted byK.M.Cohen,S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard Geological MapoftheWorld (http://www.ccgm.org) Coloring followstheCommission for the were providedbytherelevantICS subcommissions. those fortheLowerPleistocene, Permian, Triassic andCretaceous ‘A Geologic Time Scale2012’ by Gradsteinetal.(2012); Permian,Triassic, Cretaceous andPrecambrianaretaken from Numerical ages for all systems except Lower Pleistocene, numerical ages,anapproximateage(~)isprovided. in thePhanerozoicwithoutratifiedGSSPsorconstrained boundaries For do. GSSPs only Ediacaran; the and Phanerozoic the Numerical agesaresubjecttorevisionanddonotdefineunits in http://www.stratigraphy.org. The URL tothischartisfoundbelow. are availableatthewebsite detailed informationonratifiedGSSPs defined byGlobalStandard Stratigraphic Ages (GSSA).Charts and boundaries, includingthoseofthe andProterozoic,long Boundary Stratotype Section and Points (GSSP) for their lower Units ofallranksareintheprocessbeingdefinedbyGlobal Eonothem Precambrian /Eon Archean Erathem /Era proterozoic proterozoic proterozoic v archean archean archean archean Paleo- Paleo- Meso- Meso- Neo- Neo- 2015 Eo- Hadean System /Period Cryogenian Calymmian Statherian Ediacaran Rhyacian Orosirian Ectasian Siderian Stenian /01 Tonian

GSSP GSSA ~ 541.0±1.0 ~ 4600 numerical age (Ma) ~ 720 ~ 635 2050 4000 3600 3200 2800 2500 2300 1800 1600 1400 1200 1000