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Guide 55 Kari of Strand, FINLAND Juha Köykkä and Jarmo Kohonen (Eds.) GEOLOGICAL SURVEY of FINLAND Guide 55 2010

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Guide 55 Kari of Strand, FINLAND Juha Köykkä and Jarmo Kohonen (Eds.) GEOLOGICAL SURVEY of FINLAND Guide 55 2010 GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF FINLAND OF • Guide 55 SURVEY GEOLOGICAL GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF FINLAND Guide 55 2010 Kari Strand, Juha Köykkä and Jarmo Kohonen Jarmo and Köykkä Juha Strand, Kari (eds.) Guidelines and Procedures for Naming ISBN 978-952-217-140-5 (PDF) ISSN 0781-643X Precambrian Geological Units in Finland 2010 Edition Stratigraphic Commission of Finland: Precambrian Sub-Commission Kari Strand, Juha Köykkä and Jarmo Kohonen (eds.) GEOLOGIAN TUTKIMUSKESKUS GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF FINLAND Opas 55 Guide 55 Kari Strand, Juha Köykkä and Jarmo Kohonen (eds.) GUIDELINES AND PROCEDURES FOR NAMING PRECAMBRIAN GEOLOGICAL UNITS IN FINLAND 2010 Edition Stratigraphic Commission of Finland: Precambrian Sub-Commission Espoo 2010 Cover photo: Bedforms in quartzites of the Kometto Formation in Siikavaara, northern Finland. Photo: Kari Strand. Strand, K., Köykkä, J. & Kohonen, J. (eds.) 2010. Guidelines and Procedures for Naming Precambrian Geological Units in Finland. 2010 Edition Stratigraphic Commission of Finland: Precambrian Sub-Commission. Geological Survey of Finland, Guide 55, 41 pages, 6 figures and 1 table. This guide and procedure for naming Precambrian geological units in Finland was produced under the supervision of the Stratigraphic Commission of Finland. The role of the commission is to provide guidance for stratigraphic procedures, terminology and the revision of geological units in Finland. An increasing need for advice on the use of stratigraphic terminology and for rules for establishing geological units has clearly been apparent in recent years, both nation- ally and internationally. Effective communication in geosciences requires accurate and precise internationally acceptable terminology and procedures. In this guide, the principal types of stratigraphy related to Precambrian geology are outlined and guidelines and recommendations are provided on the procedure for recognizing and formalizing geological units and termino- logical usage. A significant development in principles has included recognition of the meaning of correlative unconformities in the rock record as a part of stratigraphy, and their application in sequence stratigraphy. The definition and description of geological units and their possible stratigraphic order forms an essential part of every country’s geological vocabulary. To avoid misunderstanding and confusion and to help in transferring knowledge of geoscience infor- mation and systems, geological units need to be named and classified according to accepted guidelines and stratigraphic codes. This guide seeks to be taken as an essential tool for geoscientists, students and information professionals in defining and naming geological units in Finland. The adopted procedures will then also provide valid information for the stratigraphic databases used in the country. The Geological Survey of Finland is maintaining the stratigraphic database under its map services (http://www.geo.fi) in collaboration with the Stratigraphic Commission of Finland. With sig- nificant new international recommendations, online updates of this guide will appear under the guidance of the Stratigraphic Commission of Finland. The use of the guide in everyday work is the best way to ensure best practices in naming the Precambrian geological units in Finland. Keywords (GeoRef Thesaurus, AGI): lithostratigraphy, stratigraphic units, lithodemic units, tectonostratigraphic units, sequence stratigraphy, chronostratigraphy, Precambrian, nomencla- ture, guidelines, Finland Kari Strand* Thule Institute, University of Oulu P.O. Box 7300, FI-90014, Oulu, Finland E-mail: [email protected] * Corresponding editor Juha Köykkä Department of Geology, University of Oulu P.O. Box 3000, FI-90014, Oulu, Finland Jarmo Kohonen Geological Survey of Finland P.O. Box 96, FI-02151, Espoo, Finland ISBN 978-952-217-140-5 (PDF) ISSN 0781-643X Strand, K., Köykkä, J. & Kohonen, J. (toim.) 2010. Guidelines and Procedures for Naming Precambrian Geological Units in Finland. 2010 Edition Stratigraphic Commission of Finland: Precambrian Sub-Commission. Geologian tutkimuskeskus, Opas 55, 41 sivua, 6 kuvaa ja 1 taulukko. Tämä Suomen prekambristen geologisten yksiköiden nimeämisohjeet ja käytännöt kokoava opas valmisteltiin Suomen stratigrafisen komitean johdolla. Komitean tehtävänä on ohjeistaa, uudistaa ja valvoa Suomen stratigrafisen luokittelun ja nimistön käyttöä. Viime aikoina kan- sainvälisesti ja kansallisesti on tullut esille selkeä tarve saada ohjeet ja käytänteet stratigrafisen terminologian käytöstä ja siitä, miten nimetä geologisia yksiköitä. Johdonmukainen geologi- nen keskustelu vaatii käyttämään kansainvälisesti hyväksyttyä ja tarkkaa terminologiaa ja käy- täntöjä. Tässä oppaassa on koottuna prekambrisen geologian kannalta keskeisimmät stratigra- fiset menetelmät ja annetaan ohjeet ja suositukset käytänteistä ja keskeisen terminologian käy- töstä. Merkittävä kehitys stratigrafisissa periaatteissa on ollut korreloitavien epäjatkuvuuksien merkityksen ymmärtäminen kiviseurannoissa ja näiden soveltaminen sekvenssistratigrafiassa. Geologisten yksiköiden kuvaus ja systemaattinen nimeäminen sekä mahdollisen stratigrafisen järjestyksen määrittäminen ovat keskeisiä jokaisen maan kannalta. Väärinkäsitysten välttämi- seksi ja geotieteellisen tiedonsiirron ja -hallinnan kannalta on tärkeää, että geologiset yksiköt nimetään ja luokitellaan hyväksyttyjen ohjeiden ja stratigrafisen käytänteiden mukaisesti. Tämä opas halutaan geotieteiden tekijöiden, opiskelijoiden ja tietoammattilaisten keskei- seksi työvälineeksi nimettäessä ja kirjattaessa Suomen prekambrisia geologisia yksiköitä. Opas antaa ohjeita myös Suomen stratigrafisten tietokantojen kokoamiseen. Geologian tutki- muskeskus ylläpitää stratigrafista tietokantaa karttapalvelunsa kautta (http://www.geo.fi) yh- teistyössä Suomen stratigrafisen komitean kanssa. Jos merkittäviä uusia kansainvälisiä suosi- tuksia ilmaantuu, tämä opas tullaan päivittämään Suomen stratigrafisen komitean ohjauksessa. Oppaan mukaanotto käytännön työhön takaa parhaiten sen, että Suomen prekambriset yksiköt tulee nimettyä parhaiden käytäntöjen mukaisesti. Asiasanat (Geosanasto, GTK): litostratigrafia, stratigrafiset yksiköt, litodeemiset yksiköt, tek- tonostratigrafiset yksiköt, sekvenssistratigrafia, kronostratigrafia, prekambri, terminologia, ohjeet, Suomi Kari Strand* Thule-instituutti, Oulun yliopisto PL 7300, 90014 Oulu Sähköposti: [email protected] * Vastaava toimittaja Juha Köykkä Geotieteiden laitos, Oulun yliopisto PL 3000, 90014 Oulu Jarmo Kohonen Geologian tutkimuskeskus PL 96, 02151 Espoo CONTENTS Contents 4 PREFACE 6 CONTENTS 1 INTRODUCTION 7 1.1 Background 7 PREFACE ............................................................................................................................................. 6 1.2 Purpose of the guide 7 2 GENERAL RULES FOR NAMING AND DEFINING GEOLOGICAL UNITS 1 INTRODUCTION ............................................................................................................................ 7 8 1.1 Background ................................................................................................................................ 7 2.1 Categories and ranking of geological units 8 1.2 Purpose of the guide .................................................................................................................. 7 2.1.1 Material categories 9 2 GENERAL RULES FOR NAMING AND DEFINING GEOLOGICAL UNITS .......................... 8 2.1.2 Categories based on geological time or age 9 2.1 Categories and ranking of geological units ............................................................................... 8 2.1.3 Other categories 9 2.1.1 Material categories ........................................................................................................... 9 2.2 Formal and informal units 10 2.1.2 Categories based on geological time or age ..................................................................... 9 2.2.1 Definition of formal units 10 2.1.3 Other categories ............................................................................................................... 9 2.2.1.1 Naming 12 2.2 Formal and informal units ......................................................................................................... 10 2.2.1.2 Stratotypes 12 2.2.1 Definition of formal units ................................................................................................. 10 2.2.1.3 Boundaries, dimensions and age 13 2.2.1.1 Naming ................................................................................................................ 12 2.2.2 Definition of informal units 13 2.2.1.2 Stratotypes ........................................................................................................... 12 2.2.2.1 Naming and designation 13 2.2.1.3 Boundaries, dimensions and age ......................................................................... 13 2.2.3 Revision and abandonment of formal units 14 2.2.2 Definition of informal units .............................................................................................. 13 2.2.3.1 Redefinition and revision 14 2.2.2.1 Naming and designation ..................................................................................... 13 2.2.3.2 Abandonment 14 2.2.3 Revision and abandonment of formal units ...................................................................... 14 2.2.4 Procedure in Finland 14 2.2.3.1 Redefinition and revision ...................................................................................
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