Best Packet Ever – Abrey/Ewald Term Definition Example/Drawing
agglomeration
agricultural village central business district
(CBD)
commuter zone
counterurbanization
deindustrialization
favela
first urban revolution
formal economy
gentrification
ghetto
hinterland
infrastructure
megacity
new urbanism
primate city range
shantytown/squatter
settlement
Sunbelt phenomenon
world city zone in transition (ZIT)
zoning law
MODELS
Bid-rent theory
Central Place theory
(Christaller) Concentric Zone model
(Burgess)
Griffin-Ford model
Multiple Nuclei model
(Harris/Ullman)
Rank-Size rule
Sector model (Hoyt)
Top 10 Cities in the Year 100 Population Top 10 Cities in the Year 1000 Population 1 Rome 450,000 1 Cordova, Spain 450,000 2 Luoyang (Honan), China 420,000 2 Kaifeng, China 400,000 3 Seleucia (on the Tigris), Iraq 250,000 3 Constantinople (Istanbul), Turkey 300,000 4 Alexandria, Egypt 250,000 4 Angkor, Cambodia 200,000 5 Antioch, Turkey 150,000 5 Kyoto, Japan 175,000 6 Anuradhapura, Sri Lanka 130,000 6 Cairo, Egypt 135,000 7 Peshawar, Pakistan 120,000 7 Baghdad, Iraq 125,000 8 Carthage, Tunisia 100,000 8 Nishapur (Neyshabur), Iran 125,000 9 Suzhou, China n/a 9 Al-Hasa, Saudi Arabia 110,000 10 Smyrna, Turkey 90,000 10 Patan (Anhilwara), India 100,000
Top 10 Cities of the Year 1500 Population Top 10 Cities of the Year 1800 Population
1 Beijing, China 672,000 1 Beijing, China 1,100,000
2 Vijayanagar, India 500,000 2 London, United Kingdom 861,000 3 Guangzhou, China 800,000 3 Cairo, Egypt 400,000 4 Edo (Tokyo), Japan 685,000 4 Hangzhou, China 250,000 5 Constantinople (Istanbul), Turkey 570,000 5 Tabriz, Iran 250,000 6 Constantinople (Istanbul), Turkey 200,000 6 Paris, France 547,000 7 Gaur, India 200,000 7 Naples, Italy 430,000 8 Paris, France 185,000 8 Hangzhou, China 387,000 9 Guangzhou, China 150,000 9 Osaka, Japan 383,000 10 Nanjing, China 147,000 10 Kyoto, Japan 377,000
Top 10 Cities of the Year 1900 Population Top 10 Cities of the Year 1950 Population 1 London, United Kingdom 6,480,000 1 New York, United States 12,463,000 2 New York, United States 4,242,000 2 London, United Kingdom 8,860,000 3 Paris, France 3,330,000 3 Tokyo, Japan 7,000,000 4 Berlin, Germany 2,707,000 4 Paris, France 5,900,000 5 Chicago, United States 1,717,000 5 Shanghai, China 5,406,000 6 Vienna, Austria 1,698,000 6 Moscow, Russia 5,100,000 7 Tokyo, Japan 1,497,000 7 Buenos Aires, Argentina 5,000,000 8 St. Petersburg, Russia 1,439,000 8 Chicago, United States 4,906,000 9 Manchester, United Kingdom 1,435,000 9 Ruhr, Germany 4,900,000 10 Philadelphia, United States 1,418,000 10 Kolkata, India 4,800,000
Top Ten Cities Mapping Activity – Abrey/Ewald Name:______
Answer the questions below based on the chart above.
1. What trends do you see in the growth of cities over time? How do the locations of the world’s most populous cities change by Continent? How has the geographic focus of city development changed over the years?
2. Choose two cities that drop off the list at some point and tell why you think it dropped off the list?
3. For each era, describe the general historical situation at the time. How does that historical situation help determine which cities and regions rise to prominence? What drives city growth in each period? 100:
1000:
1500:
1800:
1900:
1950:
4. What were some of the changes in the ways cities functioned and felt after the industrial revolution? How do you think the cities of the industrial revolution set precedence for the cities we see today?
● URBANIZATION (All page numbers are for 11th edition)
1. Define urbanization and identify its two dimensions (p 454)….
(a) definition:
(b) dimensions (i)
(ii)
2. Describe what is happening in MDCs and LDCs as far as the percentage of urban dwellers is concerned. MDC’s LDC’s
3. List the largest cities in MDCs and LDCs as defined by the US Bureau of the Census and the United Nations
4. How does the growth of urban areas in LDCs represent a reversal of the trend in urban growth historically?
● DEFINING URBAN SETTLEMENTS (p 454) During the 1930's, Louis Wirth argued that people living in urban areas led a different kind of life than people in rural areas. He believed that human sociology was affected by three characteristics of urban areas. These are listed in the table below in the left column. Complete the table with a description of the sociological effect he believed each condition had upon people in cities.
Large Size
High Density
Social Heterogeneity
Physical Definitions of Urban Settlements
5. What are three characteristics of a “city” as it is defined legally? (p476) a. b. c.
6. What does MSA stand for? (p477)
7. What are the characteristics of an MSA?
8. Regarding micropolitan areas… a. what is their size? b. what were these cities classified as previously? c. how many, and where, are they in the US?
9. What is the meaning of the term megalopolis? (and what was the original example?)
10. Sketch/shade in the three major American megalopoli (as described in the text, p. 478) on the map below.
NOTE: Label the major cities in each.
11. Identify two European megalopolis (regional name and major cities)
A.
B.
12. Identify an Asian megalopolis (country and major cities)
● THREE MODELS OF URBAN STRUCTURE
13. Read the first section of this key issue and for each of the three models, annotate the diagrams below and do the following (p 466):
1) Identify the model by name 2) Name the geographer(s) who devised the model by name 3) Identify and label the key parts of the model 4) “Bullet” in other important characteristics and/or features of the model
14a. What are census tracts?
14b. What types of data are reported by the US Census Bureau regarding the population of each census tract?
15. What is social area analysis? ● USE OF THE MODELS OUTSIDE NORTH AMERICA
16. In European cities, the wealthy tend to live in the inner-ring of cities and in a spine extending out from it. (a) What are the advantages of the southwestern extending spine of Paris?
(b) What are the advantages of living in the inner-ring, near the city center?
17. List three points about the conditions of European suburbs, where the poor live.
(a)
(b)
(c)
18. In LDC’s, Cities in Africa, Asia, and Latin America resemble European cities in their structure. Why? (p 474)
19. Colonial cities often contained a new “European sector” to the side of the pre-colonial city. Contrast their various elements in the table below.
20. What are the causes of squatter settlements?
21. Describe services and amenities in a typical squatter settlement.
22. List the different names and locations for various squatter settlements throughout the world.
● INNER CITY PHYSICAL PROBLEMS (p 490) 23. What is the major problem faced by inner-city residents?
243a. Describe the inner-city process known as filtering.
24b. What is the ultimate result of this process?
25. What is redlining and its result?
26. What is urban renewal?
27. Why has urban renewal been criticized?
28a. Define gentrification:
28b. Why are middle class family attracted to deteriorated inner-city neighborhoods?
28c. Why has gentrification been criticized?
● INNER-CITY SOCIAL PROBLEMS
29. List and briefly describe three specific social problems of inner-city residents.
A.
B.
C.
● INNER CITY ECONOMIC PROBLEMS
30. What financial crisis does the high proportion of low-income residents in the inner city create?
31. What two choices does a city have to solve this problem? Which have most chosen?
32. Regarding ANNEXATION (p480): (a) What is annexation?
(b) What is required before an area can be annexed by a city?
(c) In the past, why did peripheral areas desire annexation?
(d) What has changed?
● THE PERIPHERAL MODEL 33. List the elements of an urban area according to the peripheral model (p 476).
34. Describe the formation of an EDGE CITY in the flowchart below.
35. Describe the density gradient of an urban area (p 480).
36. How has the density gradient changed in recent years? (2 ways.)
(a)
(b)
37. Define sprawl:
38. In what two ways are suburban areas “segregated”? a. b.
39. What is a zoning ordinance? (p 465)
● LOCAL GOVERNMENT FRAGMENTATION (p 479)
40. What is the basic problem caused by the multiplicity of governments in US urban areas?
41. Briefly not how each of the following forms of local government attempts to solve this problem?
A. council of government
B. federations
C. consolidations
42. What is smart growth?
43. Describe how “smart growth” laws have been designed in the following states.
Oregon/Tennessee New Jersey/Rhode Island/Washington Maryland
Article Review – Abrey/Ewald
Using the four articles below, in the space provide, briefly explain the main idea of the article and select four vocab words related to Human Geography and define them. Finally Rank the articles from 1(most interesting) to 4 (least interesting) and why.
Edge City From Matt Rosenberg, Identified by Joel Garreau in 1991 There were a hundred thousand shapes and substances of incompleteness, wildly mingled out of their places, upside down, burrowing in the earth, aspiring in the earth, moldering in the water, and unintelligible as in any dream. - Charles Dickens on London in 1848; Garreau calls this quote the "best one-sentence description of Edge City extant." They're called suburban business districts, major diversified centers, suburban cores, minicities, suburban activity centers, cities of realms, galactic cities, urban subcenters, pepperoni-pizza cities, superburbia, technoburbs, nucleations, disurbs, service cities, perimeter cities, peripheral centers, urban villages, and suburban downtowns but the name that's now most commonly used for places that the foregoing terms describe is "edge cities." The term "edge cities" was coined by Washington Post journalist and author Joel Garreau in his 1991 book Edge City: Life on the New Frontier. Garreau equates the growing edge cities at major suburban freeway interchanges around America as the latest transformation of how we live and work. These new suburban cities have sprung up like dandelions across the fruited plain, they're home to glistening office towers, huge retail complexes, and are always located close to major highways.
The archetypal edge city is Tysons Corner, Virginia, outside Washington, D.C. It's located near the junctions of Interstate 495 (the D.C. beltway), Interstate 66, and Virginia 267 (the route from D.C. to Dulles International Airport). Tysons Corner wasn't much more than a village a few decades ago but today it's home to the largest retail area on the east coast south of New York City (that includes Tysons Corner Center, home to six anchor department stores and over 230 stores in all), over 3,400 hotel rooms, over 100,000 jobs, over 25 million square feet of office space. Yet Tysons Corner is a city without a local civic government; much of it lies in unincorporated Fairfax County.
Garreau established five rules for a place to be considered an edge city: 1. The area must have more than five million square feet of office space (about the space of a good-sized downtown) 2. The place must include over 600,000 square feet of retail space (the size of a large regional shopping mall) 3. The population must rise every morning and drop every afternoon (i.e., there are more jobs than homes) 4. The place is known as a single end destination (the place "has it all;" entertainment, shopping, recreation, etc.) 5. The area must not have been anything like a "city" 30 years ago (cow pastures would have been nice)
Garreau identified 123 places in a chapter of his book called "The List" as being true edge cities and 83 up-and-coming or planned edge cities around the country. "The List" included two dozen edge cities or those in progress in greater Los Angeles alone, 23 in metro Washington, D.C., and 21 in greater New York City.
Garreau speaks to the history of the edge city: Edge Cities represent the third wave of our lives pushing into new frontiers in this half century. First, we moved our homes out past the traditional idea of what constituted a city. This was the suburbanization of America, especially after World War II. Then we wearied of returning downtown for the necessities of life, so we moved our marketplaces out to where we lived. This was the malling of America, especially in the 1960s and 1970s. Today, we have moved our means of creating wealth, the essence of urbanism - our jobs - out to where most of us have lived and shopped for two generations. That has led to the rise of Edge City.
Main Idea:
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Ranking Gravity Model Predict The Movement of People and Ideas Between Two Places by Matt T. Rosenberg
For decades, social scientists have been using a modified version of Isaac Newton's Law of Gravitation to predict movement of people, information, and commodities between cities and even continents.
The gravity model, as social scientists refer to the modified law of gravitation, takes into account the population size of two places and their distance. Since larger places attract people, ideas, and commodities more than smaller places and places closer together have a greater attraction, the gravity model incorporates these two features.
The relative strength of a bond between two places is determined by multiplying the population of city A by the population of city B and then dividing the product by the distance between the two cities squared.
The Gravity Model Thus, if we compare the bond between the New York and Los Angeles metropolitan areas, we first multiply their 1998 populations (20,124,377 and 15,781,273, respectively) to get 317,588,287,391,921 and then we divide that number by the distance (2462 miles) squared (6,061,444). The result is 52,394,823. We can shorten our math by reducing the numbers to the millions place - 20.12 times 15.78 equals 317.5 and then divide by 6 with a result of 52.9.
Now, let's try two metropolitan areas a bit closer - El Paso (Texas) and Tucson (Arizona). We multiply their populations (703,127 and 790,755) to get 556,001,190,885 and then we divide that number by the distance (263 miles) squared (69,169) and the result is 8,038,300. Therefore, the bond between New York and Los Angeles is greater than that of El Paso and Tucson!
How about El Paso and Los Angeles? They're 712 miles apart, 2.7 times farther than El Paso and Tucson! Well, Los Angeles is so large that it provides a huge gravitational force for El Paso. Their relative force is 21,888,491, a surprising 2.7 times greater than the gravitational force between El Paso and Tucson! (The repetition of 2.7 is simply a coincidence.)
While the gravity model was created to anticipate migration between cities (and we can expect that more people migrate between LA and NYC than between El Paso and Tucson), it can also be used to anticipate the traffic between two places, the number of telephone calls, the transportation of goods and mail, and other types of movement between places. The gravity model can also be used to compare the gravitational attraction between two continents, two countries, two states, two counties, or even two neighborhoods within the same city.
Some prefer to use the functional distance between cities instead of the actual distance. The functional distance can be the driving distance or can even be flight time between cities.
The gravity model was expanded by William J. Reilly in 1931 into Reilly's law of retail gravitation to calculate the breaking point between two places where customers will be drawn to one or another of two competing commercial centers. Opponents of the gravity model explain that it can not be confirmed scientifically, that it's only based on observation. They also state that the gravity model is an unfair method of predicting movement because its biased toward historic ties and toward the largest population centers. Thus, it can be used to perpetuate the status quo.
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Ranking Primate Cities The Law of the Primate City and the Rank-Size Rule By Matt Rosenberg,
A country's leading city is always disproportionately large and exceptionally expressive of national capacity and feeling. The primate city is commonly at least twice as large as the next largest city and more than twice as significant. - Mark Jefferson, 1939 Geographer Mark Jefferson developed the law of the primate city to explain the phenomenon of huge cities that capture such a large proportion of a country's population as well as its economic activity. These primate cities are often, but not always, the capital cities of a country. An excellent example of a primate city is Paris, which truly represents and serves as the focus of France. They dominate the country in influence and are the national focal-point. Their sheer size and activity becomes a strong pull factor, bringing additional residents to the city and causing the primate city to become even larger and more disproportional to smaller cities in the country. However, not every country has a primate city, as you'll see from the list below. Some scholars define a primate city as one that is larger than the combined populations of the second and third ranked cities in a country. This definition does not represent true primacy, however, as the size of the first ranked city is not disproportionate to the second. The law can be applied to smaller regions as well. For example, California's primate city is Los Angeles, with a metropolitan area population of 16 million, which is more than double the San Francisco metropolitan area of 7 million. Even counties can be examined with regard to the Law of the Primate City.
Examples of Countries With Primate Cities • Paris (9.6 million) is definitely the focus of France while Marseilles has a population of 1.3 million. • Similarly, the United Kingdom has London as its primate city (7 million) while the second largest city, Birmingham, is home to a mere one million people. • Mexico City, Mexico (8.6 million) outshines Guadalajara (1.6 million). • A huge dichotomy exists between Bangkok (7.5 million) and Thailand's second city, Nanthaburi (481,000). Examples of Countries that Lack Primate Cities • India's most populous city is Mumbai (formerly Bombay) with 16 million; second is Kolkata (formerly Calcutta) with more than 13 million; and third is less than 13 million. • China, Canada, Australia, and Brazil are additional examples of non-primate-city countries. • Utilizing the metropolitan area population of urban areas in the United States, we find that the U.S. lacks a true primate city. With the New York City metropolitan area population at approximately 21 million, second ranked Los Angeles at 16 million, and even third ranked Chicago at 9 million, America lacks a primate city.
Rank-Size Rule In 1949, George Zipf devised his theory of rank-size rule to explain the size cities in a country. He explained that the second and subsequently smaller cities should represent a proportion of the largest city. For example, if the largest city in a country contained one million citizens, Zipf stated that the second city would contain one-half as many as the first, or 500,000. The third would contain one- third or 333,333, the fourth would be home to one-quarter or 250,000, and so on, with the rank of the city representing the denominator in the fraction.
While some countries' urban hierarchy somewhat fits into Zipf's scheme, later geographers argued that his model should be seen as a probability model and that deviations are to be expected.
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Ranking Urban Heat Island Urban Heat Islands and Warm Cities By Matt Rosenberg,
The buildings, concrete, asphalt, and the human and industrial activity of urban areas have caused cities to maintain higher temperatures than their surrounding countryside. This increased heat is known as an urban heat island. The air in an urban heat island can be as much as 20°F (11°C) higher than rural areas surrounding the city.
The increased heat of our cities increases discomfort for everyone, requires an increase in the amount of energy used for cooling purposes, and increases pollution. Each city's urban heat island varies based on the city structure and thus the range of temperatures within the island vary as well. Parks and greenbelts reduce temperatures while the Central Business District (CBD), commercial areas, and even suburban housing tracts are areas of warmer temperatures. Every house, building, and road changes the microclimate around it, contributing to the urban heat islands of our cities.
Los Angeles has been very much affected by its urban heat island. The city has seen its average temperature rise approximately 1°F every decade since the beginning of its super-urban growth since the World War II era. Other cities have seen increases of 0.2°-0.8°F each decade.
Various environmental and governmental agencies are working to decrease the temperatures of urban heat islands. This can be accomplished in several ways; most prominent are switching dark surfaces to light reflective surfaces and by planting trees. Dark surfaces, such as black roofs on buildings, absorb much more heat than light surfaces, which reflect sunlight. Black surfaces can be up to 70°F (21°C) hotter than light surfaces and that excess heat is transferred to the building itself, creating an increased need for cooling. By switching to light colored roofs, buildings can use 40% less energy.
Planting trees not only helps to shade cities from incoming solar radiation, they also increase evapotranspiration, which decreases the air temperature. Trees can reduce energy costs by 10-20%. The concrete and asphalt of our cities increases runoff, which decreases the evaporation rate and thus also increases temperature.
Increased heat enhances photochemical reactions, which increases the particles in the air and thus contributes to the formation of smog and clouds. London receives approximately 270 fewer hours of sunlight than the surrounding countryside due to clouds and smog. Urban heat islands also increase precipitation in cities and areas downwind of cities.
Our stone-like cities only slowly loose heat at night, thus causing the greatest temperature differences between city and countryside to take place at night.
Some suggest that urban heat islands are the true culprit for global warming. Most of our temperature gauges have been located near cities so the cities which grew up around the thermometers have recorded an increase in average temperatures worldwide. However, such data is corrected by atmospheric scientists studying global warming.
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Ranking