URBAN LAND MODELS Chapters 13ish, 14ish, and 15ish Urban Morphology

• Morphology (pg 302) is the shape of the city • layout of a city • physical form or structure

White House Morphology

White House Morphology Tennessee Morphology – advantages or disadvantages?

Morphology advantages? http://www.evo.org/sherlock/northeastern_usa.html

Site oSite (pg 9) – is the absolute location and physical characteristics of a place oPositive Sites – Paris, Singapore oNegative Sites – Mexico City, Bangkok oSite does not change

Site characteristics of Paris http://historic-cities.huji.ac.il/france/paris/paris.html

Singapore site http://www.ezilon.com/maps/asia/singapore-maps.html Mexico City – pollution?

Nashville – pollution?

Bangkok, Thailand

Situation

• Situation (pg 9) is the relative location and its place in the region and world • Situation is the position relative to much-traveled transport routes, productive farmland, manufacturing, other towns/cities, etc. • Situation can change

What are possible site characteristics of this place in Germany?

Urban Concepts • How and why did cities begin? • How did cities grow? Remember Gravity Model? • Primate City • Megacities • Global Cities

Borchert’s Epochs of Urban Transportation Development

• Sail-Wagon Epoch (1790–1830), low and slow tech • Iron Horse Epoch (1830–70), characterized by impact of steam engine technology, and development of steamboats and regional railroad networks • Steel Rail Epoch (1870–1920), dominated by the development of long haul railroads and a national railroad network • Auto-Air-Amenity Epoch (1920–70), with growth in the gasoline combustion engine • Satellite-Electronic-Jet Propulsion (1970–?). Also called the High-Technology Epoch

Borchert – U.S. Urban Growth Stages Borchert and Urban Growth US. Cities structure – circa end of WW II – Compare to Borchert Denmark? Parking tower in Germany. Why?

Same but a little less fancy in Shanghai, China What do we always say about models? • It’s just a model! • Is this what most men & women look like? • It’s the same way with models in geography… • Geography models are simply theoretical representations of the built environment Definitions we need to know Urban Functions – What are they? • Hamlet, Village, Town, City, Metropolis, Megalopolis – What’s difference between each one? # & type of urban functions • Low order goods • High order goods • Population Threshold - # of people • Market threshold – amount of $ in the place/area • Range or Range of Sale - the maximum distance people are willing to travel to use a service. • Rank-Size Rule • Functional hierarchies (linkages – pg 285-286) – this determines big, small, or medium – how does everything fit together? • Basic Sector – factory jobs • Non-basic Sector – teachers, restaurants • Multiplier Effect – for every BS job, 2 NBS jobs are created • Complementary Region - exclusive hinterland within which the town has a monopoly on the sale of a certain good(s)

• Rank-Size Rule • Settlements in a country may be ranked in order of their size. The 'rule' states that, if the population of a town is multiplied by its rank, the sum will equal the population of the highest ranked city. In other words, the population of a town ranked n will be 1/nth of the size of the largest city—the fifth town, by rank, will have a population one- fifth of the first. Pg 382 - Christaller looked at the arrangement of urban place and functions. He started trying to model what he saw.

Pg 382 - Christaller looked at the arrangement of urban place and functions. He started trying to model what he saw. Ok, put your round crackers onto your paper towel and start hypothesizing as Christaller did. Next use the hexagonal crackers.

Central Place Theory - CPT • Circular shapes resulted in unserved or overlapped areas • Hexagons had no gaps or overlaps • This suggests an inverse relationship of higher order and lower order settlements (towns and cities) • Theoretically, settlements will be equidistant from each other • In other words, big towns/cities are farther apart from each other • Why?

The model to reality

 Three Classic Urban Models Other Urban Models Burgess Concentric Zone Model

Characteristics of Concentric Zone

 Burgess studied 1920s Chicago to make this model  5 concentric zones  Focus is on the primacy of the CBD  Burgess suggested that immigrants lived in inner zones which caused affluent residents to move farther out  Invasion and Succession  Concentric Zone’s weakness is that it does not allow for change in the city  Concentric Zone does not allow for physical geographic barriers Or this… http://teacherweb.ftl.pinecrest.edu/snyderd/APHG/Unit%206/urbannotes.htm

Or, how about this? Pg. 411 Rubenstein Does this really work on the landscape? Urban Issues – Segregation – Where are Cubs and White Sox fans? http://www.thechicago77.com/2009/01/chicago-is-americas-most-segregated-city/

Hoyt Sector Model Hoyt Sector Model  Late 1930s  Answered the drawbacks of Burgess Model  Hoyt said growth created on these pie-shaped urban structures  Sector model is also based on bid rent  Hoyt said his pie-shaped zones could reach from the Core (CBD) to the edge of the city (e.g. low rent sector 3 from CBD to outskirt of city)  Sectors were developed along transport routes (e.g. highways, RRs, etc.)  Sector Model says that the CBD is not as important as Burgess indicated

Or, how about this? Applying the Models – use Rubenstein pp. 413-14 • Look at the map (figure 13-8) of Dallas on Page 413 of Rubenstein (10th ed) for Sector Model • Compare with Dallas map on Page 422 SKIP

Harris & Ullman – Multiple Nuclei

 1940s Multiple Nuclei  Harris & Ullman hypothesized the CBD was further losing its dominance  CBD no longer the nucleus of the modern city, thus emergence of ‘nuclei’  Reflects decentralization and then re-nucleation of urban functions  Also each nucleus is disconnected and do not necessarily rely on another nucleus  Suburban downtowns appear Or, how about this? Pg. 412 Rubenstein

Applying the Models – use Rubenstein pp. 413-14 • Look at the map (figure 13-9) of Dallas on Page 414 of Rubenstein (10th ed) for Multiple Nuclei • Compare with Dallas map on Page 422

•SKIP

Let’s look at all three now www.csiss.org Urban Realms Model www.csiss.org • Vance • 1980s • Modeled after cities like Atlanta and Los Angeles • Further metamorphosis of multiple nuclei

Galactic City Model and Edge Cities

Galactic City Model

• A mini edge city that is connected to another city by beltways or highways • Businesses are moving from CBD to suburbs • …am/pm side businesses https://docs.google.com/a/russellvilleschools.net/presentation/d/19GW35hYkk_7tlfiW9xAFz7PJ48s47x1PJJhsfNH2OmQ/embed?hl=en&size=s#slide=id.p33

• How does this…

• …become this? https://docs.google.com/a/russellvilleschools.net/presentation/d/19GW35hYkk_7tlfiW9xAFz7PJ48s47x1PJJhsfNH2OmQ/embed?hl=en&size=s#slide=id.p33

Galactic City Model and Edge Cities

• Good overview of all of the urban models • https://docs.google.com/a/russellvilleschools.net/presenta tion/d/19GW35hYkk_7tlfiW9xAFz7PJ48s47x1PJJhsfNH2 OmQ/embed?hl=en&size=s#slide=id.p33 Suburbanization

• Video One – Post-WWII Suburbanization

Redlining, Blockbusting, Property Values, Race • Video Two – Chicago – Redlining and Blockbusting • APHG\APHG - Urban - Video2 - Redlining and Blockbusting.mov • Video Three - Creation of parks to block development - Deerfield, IL case study - video • APHG\APHG - Urban - Video3 - Chicago - Deerfield.m4v • Adam Ruins Everything – The Suburbs Who can afford to live in the upscale neighborhoods? What about accessibility and proximity to affordable housing?

• Video Four – Where do the firemen, teachers and clergy live? • APHG\APHG - Urban - Video4 - Affordable Housing.mov • Videos Five & Six – Affordable housing in proximity to where one works • APHG\APHG - Urban - Video5 - Chicago - Transportation.mov • APHG\APHG - Urban - Video6 - Transportation City.mov More on CZM – pg 310

Urban Terms • Commodification • White Flight • Blockbusting • Sprawl • Redlining • Rank-Size Rule • Other Side of the Tracks • Bedroom Communities • Tenements/Row • Sense of Place Houses/Brownstones • In-fill or In-filling • Edge Cities • Covenants • Megalopolis • Zoning – See Russellville • Big Box or Power Center Zoning Handout • Traffic Generator • NIMBY • Anchor • Revitalization • AM and PM Side of • Gentrification Market • DINK • Gated Community

NIMBY

A very interesting look at NIMBY

• http://www.npr.org/sections/thetwo- way/2014/01/17/263476645/whats-inside-this-mystery- house-in-north-carolina

Other Special Urban Areas/Clusters

• Gay/Lesbian districts • Sports/Entertainment Districts • Art Districts • Medical districts/corridors • Homeless Areas • Urban Villages (e.g., Ft. Worth) - characterized by medium-density housing, mixed use zoning, good public transit and an emphasis on pedestrianization and public space. Church Street - Nashville

Revitalization and Gentrification – see Baltimore’s downtown and Inner Harbor district Another way to keep “those people” out

• Zoning • School zones – particularly elementary schools • Transportation geography – creating highways, rails as buffers between disparate racial areas • Suburbs – property values

Property values, race, income and other such things…A real estate contract from Miami area

• http://www.nytimes.com/2014/12/05/opinion/gentrification- is-threatening-nashvilles-soul.html?_r=0 Let’s look at poverty in urban areas

• http://www.nytimes.com/newsgraphics/2014/01/05/poverty -map/

World City Models

World City Models - Latin American City Model

Latin American City Model

• elite is close to CBD along spine, market is next to CBD, industrial connected to CBD, squatter on periphery ex: Rio de Janiero and Mexico City Lima, Peru World City Models - Southeast Asian City Model Southeast Asian City Model

• No CBD is visible. However, several components of the CBD are present in separate areas in the city. Basically the components of the CBD are clustered around the port zone. • ex. Kuala Lampur, Malaysia & Jakarta, Indonesia

World City Models - African City Model African City Model

• 3 main CBDs-Colonial, Traditional, Market, rich live further in and poor further out, ethnic groups cluster around dif areas • ex: Nairobi and Johannesburg Favela in Rio de Janiero

Slums, Squatter Settlements in Nairobi, Kenya

sense of place – What is it? pg. 8

• Identity • Perceptions • Experiences • Giving meaning and emotion to a place • Important events that occurred there • rules, mores, norms, values of that place • Seeing a symbol of a place and immediately knowing where it is cityscapes – What are they? Chicago Seattle St. Louis Shanghai London New York City Paris Athens

What do we always say about models?  Most importantly – they are just models  Models only represent patterns in space  The landscape does NOT look exactly like the model  Models are thus representations of the landscape to help better understand patterns

Let’s look at all three now • New Urbanism is next…and last